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Speaker 1: My name is Lily Maddon and I'm a proud Arunda

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Speaker 1: Bunjelung Calcottin woman from Gadighal Country. The Daily oz acknowledges

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Speaker 1: that this podcast is recorded on the lands of the

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Speaker 1: Gadighl people and pays respect to all Aboriginal and Torrestrate

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Speaker 1: island and nations. We pay our respects to the first

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Speaker 1: peoples of these countries, both past and present.

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Speaker 2: Good morning and welcome to the Daily os. It's Tuesday,

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Speaker 2: the second of May.

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Speaker 3: I'm zara, i'm sam. Conditions in Sudan.

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Speaker 2: Are deteriorating rapidly as a violent clash between two armed

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Speaker 2: groups threatens to spiral into a full blown war.

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Speaker 3: The battle between Khartoumbs warring generals raged on this morning.

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Speaker 1: Both sides say they're making gains and both blame each

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Speaker 1: other for violating yet another cease fire.

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Speaker 2: Australian Foreign Affairs Minister Pennywong has said that more than

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Speaker 2: one hundred and fifties have evacuated Sudan so far, and

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Speaker 2: she's urging those remaining to make plans to leave. We're

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Speaker 2: going to tell you what you need to know in

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Speaker 2: the deep Dive, but first the headlines.

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Speaker 3: The RBA will decide on the cash rate today ahead

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Speaker 3: of the Federal government's delivery of the federal budget next week.

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Speaker 3: The Reserve Bank Board paused the cash rate last month

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Speaker 3: after ten consecutive increases, to allow more time to assess

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Speaker 3: the impacts of the increase. It's largely believes the Reserve

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Speaker 3: Bank will either opt for another pause of the cash

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Speaker 3: rate today or continue with a further increase.

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Speaker 2: The federal government is set to announce big changes to

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Speaker 2: vaping here in Australia. It's expected that the Minister for

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Speaker 2: Health Mark Butler will announce that the government is going

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Speaker 2: to work with states and territories to restrict flavors, colors

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Speaker 2: and other ingredients in vapes, to require specific packaging, and

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Speaker 2: to ban all single use disposable vapes.

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Speaker 3: Jockxon Pillow, who was a Master Chef judge, has died

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Speaker 3: aged forty six. His family and Network ten confirmed the

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Speaker 3: news yesterday. Zonfilo joined Master Chef Australia in twenty nineteen

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Speaker 3: and is survived by his wife and his four children.

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Speaker 3: In a statement, his family asked those who knew zon

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Speaker 3: Philo to keep this proud Scott in your hearts when

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Speaker 3: you have your next Whiskey Master Chef will not air

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Speaker 3: this week, and.

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Speaker 2: The good news Hannah Green has won her first major

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Speaker 2: golfing competition since twenty nineteen. Green, who's from Western Australia

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Speaker 2: and competed at the twenty twenty Olympics, won the JM

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Speaker 2: Eagle Championship in la after defeating two other competitors in

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Speaker 2: a three way playoff. Sudan's on the brink of a

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Speaker 2: civil war, with conflict over the last few weeks resulting

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Speaker 2: in hundreds of deaths. Thousands of people have now fled

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Speaker 2: the country, and humanitarian groups have expressed concern about food

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Speaker 2: security and also access to healthcare. U N Secretary General

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Speaker 2: Antonio Guterrez has called for the violence to stop.

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Speaker 3: It risks a catastrophic conflagration within Sudan that could engulf

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Speaker 3: the Old Region and beyond.

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Speaker 2: It's obviously really difficult to give a detailed overview of

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Speaker 2: such a complex geopolitical conflict with a lot of rich history,

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Speaker 2: but we're here today to give you the basics so

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Speaker 2: that when you see it in the headlines, you understand

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Speaker 2: a bit of the context.

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Speaker 3: That's right, it's a complex issue. Why don't we start

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Speaker 3: with a bit of background of how Sudan got to

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Speaker 3: this point, all.

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Speaker 2: Right, So we'll do a bit of a history lesson here. So,

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Speaker 2: Sudan gained independence from joint British and Egyptian rule back

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Speaker 2: in nineteen fifty six. Since then, the nation has seen

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Speaker 2: thirty five either successful or unsuccessful coup attempts, which is

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Speaker 2: when power is seized unlawfully from a government. Until recently,

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Speaker 2: Sudan has been under the leadership of someone called Omar

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Speaker 2: al Basher. He's a dictator who carried out a military

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Speaker 2: coup and appointed himself president in the early nineties. During

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Speaker 2: his rule, a war in the Darfar region between two

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Speaker 2: thousand and three and twenty twenty resulted in hundreds of

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Speaker 2: thousands of deaths, with more killed in a campaign of

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Speaker 2: ethnic cleansing. Bashir is accused of war crimes during that conflict,

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Speaker 2: and he's been charged by the International Criminal Court on

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Speaker 2: five counts of crimes against humanity murder, extermination, forcible transfer, torture,

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Speaker 2: and rape. He's also been accused of two counts of

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Speaker 2: war crimes intentionally directing attacks against civilians and pillaging, as

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Speaker 2: well as three counts of genocide. Between two thousand and

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Speaker 2: three and two thousand and eight.

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Speaker 3: And despite that horrific rap sheet, he remained a leader

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Speaker 3: for some time. How was he eventually thrown out of government.

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Speaker 2: So in twenty nineteen, Basher was ousted from power in

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Speaker 2: a military ca who following a pro democracy protest and

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Speaker 2: a period of civil unrest. There were two key players

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Speaker 2: in that coup that overthrew Bashir, and these are the

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Speaker 2: two names that I want you to remember because they're

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Speaker 2: going to become important very soon. The first was a

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Speaker 2: general named Abdel Fatar al Buruhan, who was the leader

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Speaker 2: of the Sudanese army. And the other is Mohammed Hamdan Degalo,

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Speaker 2: but we're going to call him Hemti, which is what

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Speaker 2: he's known by in Sudan. He leads a separate, independent

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Speaker 2: military group and they are called the Rapid Support Forces

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Speaker 2: or the RSF. So we're going to come back to

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Speaker 2: them in a bit. But remember those two names.

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Speaker 3: So Bashir was overthrown, with the key players in the

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Speaker 3: coup being Bihan and Hahmedti. What happened after that?

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Speaker 2: In the initial period after Bashir was overthrown, it wasn't

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Speaker 2: clear whether democracy would follow or whether the country would

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Speaker 2: move from one dictator to another. When a plan was made,

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Speaker 2: it was that a civilian group would eventually step into

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Speaker 2: power and that there would be a democratic election to

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Speaker 2: be held in twenty twenty three, so this year. But

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Speaker 2: before that could happen, another coup occurred and the military

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Speaker 2: seized power in the country in twenty twenty one, and

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Speaker 2: so since that time, Sudan has effectively been ruled by Boorhan,

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Speaker 2: who I mentioned earlier is the leader of the Sudanese Army.

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Speaker 3: So Sudan essentially went from one military dictatorship to another,

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Speaker 3: and there was a brief plan to move towards democracy

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Speaker 3: in the middle of all of that. What is causing

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Speaker 3: this most recent conflict in the country.

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Speaker 2: It can be a bit confusing, but stick with me

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Speaker 2: because we're going to talk about these key players again.

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Speaker 2: So on the one hand, we've got Borhan, who's the

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Speaker 2: leader of the army, who I said was effectively ruling

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Speaker 2: a country. Then on the other side there's Hehmdti, and

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Speaker 2: I mentioned he leads a separate, independent military group. He's

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Speaker 2: essentially been acting as a deputy to Boorhan. And so

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Speaker 2: the problem now is that they don't agree on how

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Speaker 2: the country should be run and as a result, they've

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Speaker 2: been locked in conflict for months.

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Speaker 3: So is it fair to say they have different visions

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Speaker 3: for Sudan.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, So the dispute between the two men is actually

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Speaker 2: over a proposal to transition to democratic civilian government, and

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Speaker 2: the proposal includes a merger of hehmdti's RSF, which could

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Speaker 2: threaten the military and financial influence of both figures. So

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Speaker 2: the current leader and the deputy leader of the country,

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Speaker 2: but at the heart of it, both of these men

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Speaker 2: are fighting for control of the country and to be

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Speaker 2: Sudan's next president because it's likely that whoever loses this

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Speaker 2: conflict could be exiled, arrested, or even killed. The disagreement

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Speaker 2: has led to violence across the country. It's not just

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Speaker 2: confined to an argument between two men. Hundreds of civilians

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Speaker 2: have been killed and more than a thousand people have

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Speaker 2: been wounded.

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Speaker 3: There were some headlines yesterday that a ceasefire in Sudan

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Speaker 3: had been extended. Does that mean the conflict is now

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Speaker 3: on hold?

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Speaker 2: Well, it's not the first ceasefire that's been called in

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Speaker 2: this conflict, but so far, and often as ceasefires are,

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Speaker 2: they've been largely ignored by both sides. And both sides

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Speaker 2: are blaming each other for the ceasefires failing. Both Burhun

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Speaker 2: and Hemdti have so far resisted any kind of negotiations

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Speaker 2: or sitting down to talk. And the fighting has been

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Speaker 2: broadly condemned by the international community. And it's one of

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Speaker 2: those rare times where countries like US, China, and Russia

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Speaker 2: are all unanimous in their agreement in condemning what is happening.

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Speaker 3: And in all the condemnations, there's always a focus on

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Speaker 3: what's happening on the ground, And you mentioned the death

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Speaker 3: toll and injuries so far, generally speaking, how are people

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Speaker 3: faring on the ground.

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Speaker 2: There are grave concerns about the humanitarian consequences of the

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Speaker 2: violence in a country that already has severe food and

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Speaker 2: health issues. The UN has been forced to suspend its

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Speaker 2: aid through the World Food Program because three of its

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Speaker 2: staff members were killed, and as a result of that,

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Speaker 2: for the last week, there's been no food delivered to

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Speaker 2: the capital, Khartoum, and that city has a population of

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Speaker 2: over six million. The UN also says that sixty percent

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Speaker 2: of Sudan's health facilities have closed, and that is for

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Speaker 2: obvious reasons, limiting the ability to treat the nearly fifty

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Speaker 2: thousand acutely malnourished children that we know about.

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Speaker 3: It's clearly a crisis on the ground and it's clear

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Speaker 3: from what you're telling me that it's not going to

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Speaker 3: wrap up quickly. Where are people going to escape the violence?

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Speaker 2: Well, thousands of people have already fled to neighboring countries,

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Speaker 2: places like Egypt and Chad. Several countries have also been

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Speaker 2: working to evacuate their citizens from the country, and Australia

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Speaker 2: is one of those places. We had Foreign Minister Penny

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Speaker 2: Wong saying that more than one hundred and fifty Ausies

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Speaker 2: have safely left Sudan and has said that others wanting

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Speaker 2: to leave should do so as soon as possible. But

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Speaker 2: as you said, this violence does it look to be

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Speaker 2: slowing orders this conflict, and so we are likely to

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Speaker 2: see a lot and a lot of people fleeing and

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Speaker 2: refugees leaving the country.

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Speaker 3: Thank you for joining us on the Daily OS this morning.

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Speaker 3: If you learned something from today's episode, don't forget to

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Speaker 3: hit subscribe. So there's a TDA episode waiting for you

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Speaker 3: every morning. We'll be back again tomorrow. Until then, have

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Speaker 3: a great day.