WEBVTT - How we’ll remember the Paris Olympics

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<v Speaker 1>Already and this is this is the daily This is

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<v Speaker 1>the Daily.

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<v Speaker 2>Ohs oh, now it makes sense.

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<v Speaker 1>Good morning and welcome to the Daily OS. It's Tuesday,

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<v Speaker 1>the thirteenth of August.

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<v Speaker 2>I'm Sam, I'm Emma.

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<v Speaker 1>And with that, the twenty twenty four Paris Olympic Games

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<v Speaker 1>comes to a close. It was Australia's best ever performance,

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<v Speaker 1>with our team coming home with eighteen gold medals. More

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<v Speaker 1>than nineteen million Australians tuned in to watch at least

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<v Speaker 1>one event, showing yet again that the Olympics is always

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<v Speaker 1>a key part of Australia's social narrative and shared history.

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<v Speaker 1>On today's podcast, Emma and I are going to turn

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<v Speaker 1>to an examination of the legacy of Paris, as well

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<v Speaker 1>as a bit of a broader look at the medal

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<v Speaker 1>table and why we're particularly impressed with the efforts of

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<v Speaker 1>the tiny Caribbean island of Grenada. But first, here's what's

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<v Speaker 1>making headlines.

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<v Speaker 2>Authorities have confirmed the helicopter at the center of a

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<v Speaker 2>fatal crash in cans on Monday was not authorized to

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<v Speaker 2>fly when it collided with a hotel roof early in

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<v Speaker 2>the morning. The pilot and sole occupant of the chopper

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<v Speaker 2>died during the incident, which started a large fire at

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<v Speaker 2>the Double Tree Hotel. All guests were evacuated from the

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<v Speaker 2>hotel with no further injuries reported. In an update to

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<v Speaker 2>media yesterday, Nautilus Aviation, which owns the helicopter, said it

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<v Speaker 2>was working with Queensland Police and other authorities to investigate

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<v Speaker 2>the unauthorized use of one of its aircraft.

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<v Speaker 1>New data claims Australia is responsible for around four point

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<v Speaker 1>five percent of the world's total fossil carbon dioxide emissions.

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<v Speaker 1>The report from Climate Analytics said quote Australia has a

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<v Speaker 1>global carbon footprint that far exceeds its economic size and population.

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<v Speaker 1>Researchers also found fossil fuel exports accounted for eighty percent

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<v Speaker 1>of Australia's carbon emission. From the nineteen sixties to twenty

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<v Speaker 1>twenty three, Australia's fossil fuel exports produced thirty billion tons

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<v Speaker 1>of CO two. Climate Analytics said it expects this figure

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<v Speaker 1>to increase by fifty percent in the next ten years

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<v Speaker 1>without policy action to reduce emissions.

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<v Speaker 2>A landslide in the capital of Uganda has left at

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<v Speaker 2>least twenty people dead. As the search for survivors continues,

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<v Speaker 2>many a feared trapped beneath the rubble after mounting waste

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<v Speaker 2>at a rubbish collection site in Kampala collapsed onto surrounding

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<v Speaker 2>homes over the weekend. Military forces have been deployed to

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<v Speaker 2>assist with rescue efforts as officials question why people were

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<v Speaker 2>allowed to live next to a quote potentially hazardous and

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<v Speaker 2>dangerous heap AID workers are on the ground assisting impacted

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<v Speaker 2>residents as clean up efforts continue.

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<v Speaker 1>And today's good news, Scientists in the US have developed

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<v Speaker 1>a blood test that can help detect whether a person

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<v Speaker 1>is at risk of deve diseases like Alzheimer's. The test,

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<v Speaker 1>nicknamed a protein clock, works by analyzing hundreds of proteins

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<v Speaker 1>found in the blood to determine a patient's disease status,

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<v Speaker 1>which is how likely they are to develop certain illnesses.

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<v Speaker 1>Health researchers at the Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston hope

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<v Speaker 1>the test will help in the early diagnosis of certain

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<v Speaker 1>chronic illnesses, including diabetes, cancer, or heart disease, by analyzing

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<v Speaker 1>risk factors beyond just chronological age.

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<v Speaker 2>So Sam deep breaths, the Olympics has concluded, but don't

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<v Speaker 2>be too sad, We've got a two week breather before

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<v Speaker 2>we jump right back into Paralympic action.

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<v Speaker 1>I mean, it's the happiest time of year.

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<v Speaker 2>It's the gift that keeps on giving. Let's spend some

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<v Speaker 2>time though wrapping up the Paris Games. I would love

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<v Speaker 2>to chat through some of the highlights. A few weeks ago,

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<v Speaker 2>before this all kicked off, I was chatting Tazara on

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<v Speaker 2>the pod about whether or not Paris was Olympic ready.

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<v Speaker 2>With everything's said and done, I want to hear your thoughts,

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<v Speaker 2>your reflections in twenty plus year's time. How are you

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<v Speaker 2>going to remember these games?

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<v Speaker 1>This is always a really interesting question to jump into

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<v Speaker 1>straight after a tournament, to start thinking about the legacy

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<v Speaker 1>of these Olympics. And I think the sport was obviously incredible,

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<v Speaker 1>and the fact that the Australia won the most golds

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<v Speaker 1>is certainly going to be hard to forget. We might

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<v Speaker 1>beat it in La in four years time, don't jinx ITPT.

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<v Speaker 1>But if I answer that question honestly, I think the

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<v Speaker 1>thing I'll most likely remember about Paris is actually the

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<v Speaker 1>city of Paris yea, and the fact that we had

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<v Speaker 1>beach volleyball under the Eiffel Tower, equestrian at the Palace

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<v Speaker 1>of Versailles, the fencing and taekwondo happening in a literal palace,

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<v Speaker 1>even the fact that for all the road racing in

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<v Speaker 1>cycling and athletics, the finish line was always against this

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<v Speaker 1>backdrop of an iconic Parisian landmark like the Arc de Triomph.

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<v Speaker 1>It produced some of the most stunning images and videos

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<v Speaker 1>that I've ever seen in sport. And when I think

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<v Speaker 1>about what I'll be thinking about in twenty years, I

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<v Speaker 1>think I'm going to remember just the whole scene itself.

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah, it was a surreal setting. And we had spoken

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<v Speaker 2>about on the pot a couple of weeks ago that

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<v Speaker 2>Paris had decided to have these kind of pop up

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<v Speaker 2>venues in situ all around the city, that it didn't

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<v Speaker 2>go to these great lengths to build all this permanent

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<v Speaker 2>infrastructure in you know, the far flung suburbs of the city,

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<v Speaker 2>but you're right in the action, and didn't they do

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<v Speaker 2>a marvelous job of showcasing that city.

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<v Speaker 1>Definitely, And as we look ahead to Brisbane, which is

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<v Speaker 1>the host for the twenty thirty two Games, we have

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<v Speaker 1>to admit that that's perhaps a city that doesn't have

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<v Speaker 1>the same natural or architectural beauty as the City.

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<v Speaker 2>Of Love are talking about, Sam.

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<v Speaker 1>But it is interesting to consider what venues currently exist

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<v Speaker 1>in Brisbane and the Gold Coast that could be used

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<v Speaker 1>as these kind of temporary facilities that are perhaps a

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<v Speaker 1>bit interesting. You know, I saw Australia Zoo being thrown

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<v Speaker 1>around online as perhaps a diving venue.

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<v Speaker 2>You know, Robert Owen is going to be all over

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<v Speaker 2>that one. But an interesting thing to consider, especially when

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<v Speaker 2>we're talking more about how to make games and big

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<v Speaker 2>events like this more sustainable and more affordable. Rather than

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<v Speaker 2>having to completely replan a city, what can you do

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<v Speaker 2>with what you've already got. So let's turn to the

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<v Speaker 2>actual sport. Sam and I know you've been going through

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<v Speaker 2>all the gold medal moments in some Bonus podcast episodes

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<v Speaker 2>that we've been doing. We will pop some links in

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<v Speaker 2>the show notes if you want to relive the magic.

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<v Speaker 2>But let's have a slightly different chat when we reflect. Now,

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<v Speaker 2>are there moments that you will remember from Paris that

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<v Speaker 2>don't just involve the Australian glory. There are, of course

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<v Speaker 2>hundreds of athletes, thousands of athletes from hundreds of countries.

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<v Speaker 2>What stands out to you away from the green and gold.

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<v Speaker 1>Yeah. So I think we've spent quite a bit of

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<v Speaker 1>time focused on those eighteen golds, but away from that,

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<v Speaker 1>there was a lot and those moments have had a

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<v Speaker 1>really big impact on all of us. I do keep

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<v Speaker 1>thinking about the interview that Harry Garside gave after he

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<v Speaker 1>was knocked out in the first round of the men's boxing,

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<v Speaker 1>and for me, it really captured the highs and lows

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<v Speaker 1>of sport. Have a listen to some of that audio

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<v Speaker 1>courtesy of nine. It's crazy.

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<v Speaker 2>You made two decades dedicated to one drave and it's

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<v Speaker 2>only just like that.

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<v Speaker 1>I feel like a failure right now. I feel like

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<v Speaker 1>I don't even know what to say.

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<v Speaker 2>Harry.

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<v Speaker 1>The opposite, not a failure at all. Two time olympiad made.

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<v Speaker 1>It's amazing. Then you've got the gold medal and new

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<v Speaker 1>world record of Swedish pole vaulter armand duplanters. There was

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<v Speaker 1>such an explosion of joy from this twenty four year

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<v Speaker 1>old when he set that new world record of six

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<v Speaker 1>point two five meters. He's already broken the world record

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<v Speaker 1>nine times in his career and at twenty four, this

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<v Speaker 1>is not the last we're going to see of him

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<v Speaker 1>leaping and literally pushing the bar higher.

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<v Speaker 2>Imagine out doing yourself to that level nine times.

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<v Speaker 1>It's amazing at twenty four. At twenty four, then you

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<v Speaker 1>know to rattle off a couple of amazing moments that

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<v Speaker 1>will stick with me that don't involve the eighteen Australian Golds.

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<v Speaker 1>You've got the men's one hundred meters sprint ending in

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<v Speaker 1>a photo finish, the US women's basketball team winning yesterday

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<v Speaker 1>in their final by a single point. Hometown hero Leon

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<v Speaker 1>Marshon sending crowds into an absolute frenzy with every gold

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<v Speaker 1>medal he's in the pool. Simoone Biles define gravity. Cindy

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<v Speaker 1>Nagumba securing the first ever medal for the Refugee Olympic team.

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<v Speaker 1>Katie Ladecki becoming the most successful American female athlete of

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<v Speaker 1>all time. Julian Alfred winning Saint Lucia's first ever medal

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<v Speaker 1>in style by taking out gold in one hundred meters sprint.

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<v Speaker 1>Not a bad first medal for your country. And of

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<v Speaker 1>course Snoop Doggie Dogs outfits.

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<v Speaker 2>Who could deny the unofficial mascot of the Paris Games.

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<v Speaker 2>I can't help but agree with you there with that list,

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<v Speaker 2>particularly in the pool this year. I mean, I can't

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<v Speaker 2>remember an Olympic swimming event or schedule that was so exciting.

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<v Speaker 2>Leon Marshawn, what an absolute force of nature, smashing some

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<v Speaker 2>of that legacy held by the likes of Michael Phelps

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<v Speaker 2>in the US. Katie Ludeci, I don't know if you

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<v Speaker 2>saw that viral graph of the top twenty times in

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<v Speaker 2>her event, and she has swam the fastest twenty in

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<v Speaker 2>that event. Just an absolute star of the pool. But

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<v Speaker 2>of course Team Australia, the dolphins in the pool, the

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<v Speaker 2>true Jens of this Games. Let's turn to the overall

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<v Speaker 2>medal tally. We know Australia performed the best they ever had.

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<v Speaker 2>Break it down for us in terms of how it

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<v Speaker 2>all ended and came out in the wash.

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<v Speaker 1>Well, it really took until almost the very last event

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<v Speaker 1>for the top of the table to be fully sorted out.

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<v Speaker 1>So the US just edged out China on the last

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<v Speaker 1>day of competition to finish first overall. Both the US

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<v Speaker 1>and China finished with forty gold medals, but the US

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<v Speaker 1>took that top spot on the ladder because they won

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<v Speaker 1>more silver medals. They won forty four compared to China's

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<v Speaker 1>twenty seven.

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<v Speaker 2>Forty gold medals, what did we have eighteen?

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<v Speaker 1>But when you think about population, I'm going to go

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<v Speaker 1>into that in a sec but absolutely, you know, these

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<v Speaker 1>are two massive countries with massive population bases. So Australia

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<v Speaker 1>is still doing pretty well.

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<v Speaker 2>So take me to Australia's part in the overall picture.

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<v Speaker 1>Well, we didn't slip out of the top five almost

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<v Speaker 1>the entire tournament, which is just amazing. Normally we have

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<v Speaker 1>this strong start because of the swimming, and then we

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<v Speaker 1>might fade a little bit down the ladder get out

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<v Speaker 1>of that top five.

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<v Speaker 2>I'm sure I'm not the only one to admit that

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<v Speaker 2>sometimes second week slump you sort of stop paying attention

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<v Speaker 2>when the glory stops.

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<v Speaker 1>Definitely, But you know, we finished in fourth place and

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<v Speaker 1>that eighteen medals, you're going to hear that a lot.

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<v Speaker 1>That is the most we've ever won. We were behind

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<v Speaker 1>Japan who took third place with twenty gold medals. The

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<v Speaker 1>host nation France, they rounded out the top five. They

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<v Speaker 1>won sixteen gold medals. It's worth noting that there was

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<v Speaker 1>that kind of host city halo effect continuing for France.

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<v Speaker 1>It was their best Olympic performance since they hosted the

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<v Speaker 1>Games in Paris in nineteen hundred. They hosted the Games

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<v Speaker 1>one more time in nineteen twenty four, but it's taken

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<v Speaker 1>them one hundred and twenty four years to break their

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<v Speaker 1>previous record. It wasn't such good news though for Great

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<v Speaker 1>Britain across the Channel. They finished in seventh on the ladder,

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<v Speaker 1>which is their lowest position since Athens in two thousand

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<v Speaker 1>and four.

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<v Speaker 2>One of my favorite things at the end of an

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<v Speaker 2>Olympic Games is looking at some of the online stats.

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<v Speaker 2>There are so many experts out there who layer on

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<v Speaker 2>that extra analysis and I know you, being the sports

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<v Speaker 2>nerd that you are, have spent a lot of time

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<v Speaker 2>looking at that analysis. What did you learn?

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<v Speaker 1>So it's always interesting to kind of overlay different factors

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<v Speaker 1>with the way that countries performed at the Olympics. And

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<v Speaker 1>NBC had some really interesting analysis. So when you look

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<v Speaker 1>at medals per capita or in relation to GDPs.

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<v Speaker 2>So we're talking there about the size of a country

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<v Speaker 2>and the.

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<v Speaker 1>Wealth of a country exactly, that's when you start to

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<v Speaker 1>see some different nations stand out. So take Granada for example.

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<v Speaker 1>This is a small Caribbean nation of only about one

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<v Speaker 1>hundred and twenty five thousand people, in total, they performed

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<v Speaker 1>exceptionally well in several metrics. They won one point five

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<v Speaker 1>to eighty five medals for every one hundred thousand people

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<v Speaker 1>in the country. That was the highest of any country

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<v Speaker 1>in the world.

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<v Speaker 2>Wow.

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<v Speaker 1>They also ranked high in medals per athlete they sent

0:11:44.240 --> 0:11:47.400
<v Speaker 1>to the Games and medals per billion dollars of GDP.

0:11:47.880 --> 0:11:49.360
<v Speaker 1>So basically, if you think about the size of the

0:11:49.400 --> 0:11:51.720
<v Speaker 1>economy in relation to the number of medals they won,

0:11:52.000 --> 0:11:56.439
<v Speaker 1>Granada really overperformed. Special mention also to Saint Lucia, they

0:11:56.480 --> 0:11:59.320
<v Speaker 1>won point five of a medal for every athlete after

0:11:59.320 --> 0:12:01.760
<v Speaker 1>their sprint. Chat Bin Julian Alfred took gold in the

0:12:01.880 --> 0:12:04.280
<v Speaker 1>hundred and silver in the two hundred. Of course, the

0:12:04.360 --> 0:12:06.480
<v Speaker 1>day that she won gold is now called Juju Day

0:12:06.640 --> 0:12:07.800
<v Speaker 1>in that tiny nation.

0:12:07.920 --> 0:12:11.640
<v Speaker 2>Oh my god, I didn't know what a moment. So

0:12:12.160 --> 0:12:14.960
<v Speaker 2>a lot of looking back and reflecting, I'm sure, over

0:12:15.000 --> 0:12:18.000
<v Speaker 2>the next few days, but we will also begin to

0:12:18.120 --> 0:12:22.000
<v Speaker 2>look ahead to LA twenty twenty eight. If you didn't

0:12:22.040 --> 0:12:23.800
<v Speaker 2>know that the next Games were going to be hosted

0:12:24.000 --> 0:12:26.160
<v Speaker 2>in La, how you do, you have to have been

0:12:26.240 --> 0:12:30.360
<v Speaker 2>living under a rock. There's been a really calculated pr effort.

0:12:30.400 --> 0:12:32.720
<v Speaker 2>I think throughout the game, certainly with the presence of

0:12:32.720 --> 0:12:35.360
<v Speaker 2>someone like Snoop Dog popping up a lot, but even

0:12:35.440 --> 0:12:38.120
<v Speaker 2>you know Tom Cruise and his big stunt in the

0:12:38.160 --> 0:12:42.120
<v Speaker 2>closing ceremony. After LA, of course, we have a home

0:12:42.200 --> 0:12:46.240
<v Speaker 2>Olympics here in Brisbane twenty thirty two. But before that,

0:12:46.600 --> 0:12:49.440
<v Speaker 2>LA and those games are going to be a bit different,

0:12:49.480 --> 0:12:49.960
<v Speaker 2>aren't they.

0:12:50.280 --> 0:12:52.440
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, well, it's funny you're bringing up your second week

0:12:52.520 --> 0:12:55.200
<v Speaker 1>blues because you're going to have to flip that. And

0:12:55.240 --> 0:12:58.319
<v Speaker 1>the reason why is that the twenty twenty eight LA

0:12:58.360 --> 0:13:01.600
<v Speaker 1>Olympics will be the first Olympia since nineteen sixty eight

0:13:01.840 --> 0:13:05.120
<v Speaker 1>to change the order of swimming and athletics competitions.

0:13:05.360 --> 0:13:06.760
<v Speaker 2>So athletics, oh idea.

0:13:06.640 --> 0:13:09.120
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, so athletics is going to be week one and

0:13:09.200 --> 0:13:12.160
<v Speaker 1>swimming is going to be week two. And the reason

0:13:12.200 --> 0:13:14.680
<v Speaker 1>why that adjustment has been made to the program is

0:13:14.720 --> 0:13:17.320
<v Speaker 1>because they want the opening ceremony to be held at

0:13:17.320 --> 0:13:20.720
<v Speaker 1>the news Sofi Stadium and that will also host the

0:13:20.760 --> 0:13:24.120
<v Speaker 1>swimming and they need time to transition it from being

0:13:24.280 --> 0:13:27.640
<v Speaker 1>a ceremony stadium to a swimming stadium. And whilst there

0:13:27.720 --> 0:13:31.120
<v Speaker 1>is that delay, the swimming will definitely be worth waiting

0:13:31.160 --> 0:13:34.120
<v Speaker 1>for because that stadium has a capacity of thirty eight

0:13:34.440 --> 0:13:37.680
<v Speaker 1>thousand people, which will be the largest live audience for

0:13:37.720 --> 0:13:39.400
<v Speaker 1>swimming in Olympic history.

0:13:39.679 --> 0:13:43.480
<v Speaker 2>I'm actually excited for the athletes here because I always

0:13:43.520 --> 0:13:46.320
<v Speaker 2>feel bad for the swimmers. They never get to participate

0:13:46.360 --> 0:13:49.360
<v Speaker 2>in the opening ceremony because it's like, you know, game face.

0:13:49.400 --> 0:13:51.040
<v Speaker 2>They've got to get prepped, they've got to jump in

0:13:51.080 --> 0:13:53.719
<v Speaker 2>the pool hours later. So I'm really happy for them

0:13:53.720 --> 0:13:56.280
<v Speaker 2>that they'll get to enjoy it. I'm also excited as

0:13:56.280 --> 0:13:59.640
<v Speaker 2>a spectator to see how La you know, we're talking

0:13:59.679 --> 0:14:02.120
<v Speaker 2>about Hollywood here, how they it's going to be a show,

0:14:02.360 --> 0:14:04.960
<v Speaker 2>an opening ceremony. You know, we had Billie Eilish the

0:14:04.960 --> 0:14:07.720
<v Speaker 2>Red Hot Chili Peppers at the closing ceremony in Paris.

0:14:08.160 --> 0:14:11.240
<v Speaker 2>I am ready for La Tinseltown to pull out all

0:14:11.280 --> 0:14:15.040
<v Speaker 2>stops for that opening ceremony. Then, of course we have

0:14:15.280 --> 0:14:19.120
<v Speaker 2>Brisbane twenty thirty two. Usually we know kind of pretty

0:14:19.120 --> 0:14:22.280
<v Speaker 2>far in advance the next few games. So do we

0:14:22.400 --> 0:14:24.720
<v Speaker 2>have an idea of who's hosting twenty thirty six.

0:14:24.960 --> 0:14:27.680
<v Speaker 1>It's crazy to be even talking about twenty thirty six,

0:14:27.720 --> 0:14:30.760
<v Speaker 1>but yeah, there are countries that have already thrown firm

0:14:30.760 --> 0:14:33.320
<v Speaker 1>bids out there and are kind of jostling on the

0:14:33.360 --> 0:14:36.720
<v Speaker 1>sidelines of even the Paris Games to get cozy with

0:14:36.760 --> 0:14:39.480
<v Speaker 1>the IOC officials put their case in front of the

0:14:39.520 --> 0:14:42.080
<v Speaker 1>decision makers. So you had a strong bid come through

0:14:42.080 --> 0:14:45.800
<v Speaker 1>from Nusentara, which is the new capital of Indonesia. Remember

0:14:45.800 --> 0:14:48.200
<v Speaker 1>they moved to the capital of Indonesia from Japada, so

0:14:48.200 --> 0:14:51.640
<v Speaker 1>they've put their new capital forward for the Games. Istanbul

0:14:51.760 --> 0:14:54.480
<v Speaker 1>in Turkey have also thrown their hand up, are yet

0:14:54.520 --> 0:14:57.320
<v Speaker 1>to be determined city in India, another yet to be

0:14:57.400 --> 0:15:01.280
<v Speaker 1>determined city in Egypt, and Santiago, the capital of Chile.

0:15:01.800 --> 0:15:03.880
<v Speaker 1>Those are the countries that have kind of said we're

0:15:03.960 --> 0:15:06.520
<v Speaker 1>up for it. There are some countries who put forward

0:15:06.560 --> 0:15:08.760
<v Speaker 1>a bid but have since pulled it back and said

0:15:08.800 --> 0:15:10.640
<v Speaker 1>perhaps they want to go for the twenty forty Games

0:15:10.720 --> 0:15:13.200
<v Speaker 1>or something in the twenty forties, fifties or sixties. That's

0:15:13.240 --> 0:15:16.240
<v Speaker 1>how far they're thinking. So those are cities like Mexico City,

0:15:16.280 --> 0:15:17.600
<v Speaker 1>Berlin and Madrid.

0:15:17.920 --> 0:15:21.040
<v Speaker 2>Wow. Well, wherever it ends up being, we will keep

0:15:21.080 --> 0:15:23.840
<v Speaker 2>you updated on the daily ohs and of course you

0:15:23.880 --> 0:15:26.400
<v Speaker 2>can sign up to our sport newsletter that drops in

0:15:26.400 --> 0:15:29.720
<v Speaker 2>your inbox every weekday at five pm. We will put

0:15:29.760 --> 0:15:32.240
<v Speaker 2>a link in the show notes. Thank you so much

0:15:32.320 --> 0:15:35.320
<v Speaker 2>for listening to today's episode. If you enjoyed it, send

0:15:35.320 --> 0:15:39.280
<v Speaker 2>it to a friend. Don't forget to follow, subscribe wherever

0:15:39.360 --> 0:15:41.440
<v Speaker 2>you listen to The Daily Ohs or if you're watching

0:15:41.480 --> 0:15:44.520
<v Speaker 2>over on our YouTube. We'll be back tomorrow. Until then,

0:15:44.680 --> 0:15:45.480
<v Speaker 2>have a great day.

0:15:48.320 --> 0:15:50.640
<v Speaker 1>My name is Lily Maddon and I'm a proud Arunda

0:15:50.880 --> 0:15:55.640
<v Speaker 1>Bungelung Calcottin woman from Gadigol Country. The Daily os acknowledges

0:15:55.720 --> 0:15:57.880
<v Speaker 1>that this podcast is recorded on the lands of the

0:15:57.920 --> 0:16:01.560
<v Speaker 1>Gadigol people and pays respect to all Aboriginal and torrest

0:16:01.600 --> 0:16:04.400
<v Speaker 1>Rate island and nations. We pay our respects to the

0:16:04.440 --> 0:16:07.200
<v Speaker 1>first peoples of these countries, both past and present.