1 00:00:02,759 --> 00:00:05,040 Speaker 1: My name is Lily Maddon and I'm a proud Arunda 2 00:00:05,280 --> 00:00:10,080 Speaker 1: Bungelung Calcottin woman from Gadighl Country. The Daily oz acknowledges 3 00:00:10,160 --> 00:00:12,319 Speaker 1: that this podcast is recorded on the lands of the 4 00:00:12,360 --> 00:00:15,920 Speaker 1: Gadighl people and pays respect to all Aboriginal and Torres 5 00:00:15,920 --> 00:00:18,840 Speaker 1: Strait Island and nations. We pay our respects to the 6 00:00:18,840 --> 00:00:21,640 Speaker 1: first peoples of these countries, both past and present. 7 00:00:29,080 --> 00:00:31,440 Speaker 2: Good morning and welcome to the Daily os. It's Friday, 8 00:00:31,520 --> 00:00:35,360 Speaker 2: the twenty sixth of January. I'm Sam, I'm Lucy. Today's 9 00:00:35,360 --> 00:00:39,480 Speaker 2: pod is about today, the twenty sixth of January, Australia's 10 00:00:39,560 --> 00:00:43,240 Speaker 2: national Day and a public holiday. When we told you, 11 00:00:43,320 --> 00:00:46,920 Speaker 2: we found that about one in ten TDA readers don't 12 00:00:46,960 --> 00:00:49,880 Speaker 2: know why Australia Day is held on the twenty sixth 13 00:00:49,920 --> 00:00:52,600 Speaker 2: of January. So in today's deep dive, we're going to 14 00:00:52,680 --> 00:00:55,760 Speaker 2: look at the history of the day, its protests and 15 00:00:55,880 --> 00:00:58,920 Speaker 2: its celebrations before we get to that chat Lucy. What 16 00:00:59,040 --> 00:01:00,560 Speaker 2: is making headlines this morning? 17 00:01:04,200 --> 00:01:07,080 Speaker 3: The Prime Minister has provided more details around how an 18 00:01:07,120 --> 00:01:11,280 Speaker 3: inquiry into supermarket prices will work. During his National Press 19 00:01:11,319 --> 00:01:15,440 Speaker 3: Club address yesterday, Anthony Albanesi announced the Australian Competition and 20 00:01:15,480 --> 00:01:19,280 Speaker 3: Consumer Commission, the a Triple C will lead the twelvemonth inquiry. 21 00:01:19,880 --> 00:01:23,080 Speaker 3: It follows mounting pressure from state and federal politicians to 22 00:01:23,160 --> 00:01:27,319 Speaker 3: investigate Coals and Woolworths over concerns surrounding price gouging and 23 00:01:27,440 --> 00:01:31,199 Speaker 3: billion dollar profits during the cost of living crisis. Both 24 00:01:31,200 --> 00:01:34,080 Speaker 3: the Queensland Government and the Federal Senate have announced their 25 00:01:34,120 --> 00:01:37,240 Speaker 3: own inquiries into supermarket prices. 26 00:01:38,040 --> 00:01:42,280 Speaker 2: NATO, the North Atlantic Treaty organization, has launched its biggest 27 00:01:42,319 --> 00:01:45,840 Speaker 2: military drills since the Cold War, with ninety thousand troops 28 00:01:45,840 --> 00:01:49,200 Speaker 2: from dozens of member countries beginning months of exercises in 29 00:01:49,240 --> 00:01:52,320 Speaker 2: the US. In a press release, NATO said the operation 30 00:01:52,480 --> 00:01:56,320 Speaker 2: will quote demonstrate its ability to deploy forces rapidly from 31 00:01:56,360 --> 00:02:00,920 Speaker 2: North America to reinforce the defense of Europe. NATO's treaty 32 00:02:00,960 --> 00:02:03,760 Speaker 2: requires all members to come to each other's defense if 33 00:02:03,800 --> 00:02:05,600 Speaker 2: attacked by a non member. 34 00:02:07,400 --> 00:02:11,000 Speaker 3: The UK's British Museum and Victoria and Albert Museum are 35 00:02:11,160 --> 00:02:14,520 Speaker 3: loaning thirty two artifacts back to Ghana after they were 36 00:02:14,560 --> 00:02:17,919 Speaker 3: stolen one hundred and fifty years ago. The items will 37 00:02:17,919 --> 00:02:20,560 Speaker 3: be returned to the African country under a long term 38 00:02:20,639 --> 00:02:24,280 Speaker 3: deal which Ghana's chief negotiators said could mark a new 39 00:02:24,400 --> 00:02:25,840 Speaker 3: sense of cultural. 40 00:02:25,440 --> 00:02:30,080 Speaker 2: Cooperation and some Friday good news for you. In a 41 00:02:30,200 --> 00:02:35,240 Speaker 2: world first, German scientists used IVF to successfully impregnate a 42 00:02:35,320 --> 00:02:40,480 Speaker 2: white rhino, giving researchers hope endangered rhino populations could be saved. 43 00:02:41,080 --> 00:02:44,400 Speaker 2: The pregnant Southern white rhino is one of two subspecies 44 00:02:44,480 --> 00:02:47,320 Speaker 2: of the white rhinoceros. The team's now going to attempt 45 00:02:47,440 --> 00:02:50,280 Speaker 2: to replicate the procedure on the northern white rhino, of 46 00:02:50,320 --> 00:02:53,600 Speaker 2: which there are only two remaining in the entire species. 47 00:02:53,760 --> 00:02:59,240 Speaker 2: That's an incredible innovation, Lucy. It's so nice to have 48 00:02:59,320 --> 00:03:02,680 Speaker 2: you back on the podcast today. So lots of countries 49 00:03:02,760 --> 00:03:05,440 Speaker 2: have a national day. The US has the fourth of 50 00:03:05,520 --> 00:03:09,040 Speaker 2: July to celebrate their independence from Britain. New Zealand has 51 00:03:09,320 --> 00:03:12,480 Speaker 2: Whitehungy Day, commemorating the signing of the Treaty of White 52 00:03:12,560 --> 00:03:16,560 Speaker 2: Ungy between Maori people and English colonizers. And we've got 53 00:03:16,680 --> 00:03:20,799 Speaker 2: Australia Day. Can you walk us through first what exactly 54 00:03:20,960 --> 00:03:22,279 Speaker 2: Australia Day commemorates. 55 00:03:22,800 --> 00:03:25,800 Speaker 3: So Australia has a national public holiday on the twenty 56 00:03:25,800 --> 00:03:28,679 Speaker 3: sixth of January because it's the anniversary of the day 57 00:03:28,760 --> 00:03:31,440 Speaker 3: in seventeen to eighty eight that we think the First Fleet, 58 00:03:31,840 --> 00:03:34,440 Speaker 3: so the collection of ships sent from Britain to set 59 00:03:34,480 --> 00:03:38,400 Speaker 3: up a colony, including of course famously a prison, arrived 60 00:03:38,440 --> 00:03:40,880 Speaker 3: on the land of the Gatigal people in what's now 61 00:03:41,040 --> 00:03:44,760 Speaker 3: Circular Key. Throughout the following two hundred and thirty six 62 00:03:44,840 --> 00:03:49,440 Speaker 3: years there's been different celebrations and different protests held commemorating 63 00:03:49,440 --> 00:03:53,920 Speaker 3: this arrival, which marked the beginning of British colonization. In fact, 64 00:03:54,040 --> 00:03:57,520 Speaker 3: it actually wasn't until relatively recently that the date of 65 00:03:57,600 --> 00:04:00,400 Speaker 3: the twenty sixth of January was set aside as a 66 00:04:00,520 --> 00:04:03,400 Speaker 3: national public holiday in all states and territories. 67 00:04:03,720 --> 00:04:06,160 Speaker 2: Yeah, I'm keen to get into that discussion of how 68 00:04:06,440 --> 00:04:09,400 Speaker 2: Australia Day came to be what it is today. But 69 00:04:09,440 --> 00:04:11,160 Speaker 2: before we get there, tell me a little bit more 70 00:04:11,240 --> 00:04:14,160 Speaker 2: about that day, twenty sixth of January seventeen eighty eight, 71 00:04:14,240 --> 00:04:17,640 Speaker 2: So the First Fleet sailed into Sydney Cove. Do we 72 00:04:17,720 --> 00:04:19,800 Speaker 2: know anything else about that exact day. 73 00:04:20,040 --> 00:04:22,360 Speaker 3: We actually have quite a few first hand accounts from 74 00:04:22,400 --> 00:04:25,320 Speaker 3: people who were on ships in the First Fleet, certainly 75 00:04:25,400 --> 00:04:28,160 Speaker 3: in terms of written records. I'm going to read out 76 00:04:28,200 --> 00:04:31,279 Speaker 3: a little excerpt from a book called An Account of 77 00:04:31,279 --> 00:04:33,880 Speaker 3: the English Colony of New South Wales by a man 78 00:04:33,960 --> 00:04:37,680 Speaker 3: named David Collins, who worked under Governor Arthur Phillip. Here's 79 00:04:37,720 --> 00:04:40,640 Speaker 3: the excerpt. In the course of the day, so the 80 00:04:40,680 --> 00:04:44,159 Speaker 3: twenty sixth sufficient ground was cleared for camping. In the 81 00:04:44,200 --> 00:04:47,360 Speaker 3: evening of this day, a flag staff was purposely erected 82 00:04:47,480 --> 00:04:51,360 Speaker 3: and a union jack displayed. Another first hand account, this 83 00:04:51,400 --> 00:04:54,080 Speaker 3: one from Daniel Southwell, who traveled with the first fleet 84 00:04:54,080 --> 00:04:58,039 Speaker 3: as well, has a different description of their arrival. Southwell 85 00:04:58,080 --> 00:05:01,240 Speaker 3: said that as the ships came into the heart First Nations, 86 00:05:01,279 --> 00:05:05,080 Speaker 3: people were visible on the shore, quote brandishing their spears 87 00:05:05,120 --> 00:05:07,880 Speaker 3: as though to dispute our passage, and that they seemed 88 00:05:07,920 --> 00:05:09,400 Speaker 3: frantic and agitated. 89 00:05:09,800 --> 00:05:12,560 Speaker 2: And so even from those first hand accounts we start 90 00:05:12,600 --> 00:05:14,360 Speaker 2: to get a little bit of a sense of what 91 00:05:14,400 --> 00:05:17,320 Speaker 2: Sydney Cove would have looked and felt like back in 92 00:05:17,400 --> 00:05:20,159 Speaker 2: seventeen eighty eight. But here we are in twenty twenty 93 00:05:20,200 --> 00:05:23,960 Speaker 2: four and a public holiday today seems a long way 94 00:05:24,080 --> 00:05:27,200 Speaker 2: from that day in seventeen eighty eight. In the couple 95 00:05:27,279 --> 00:05:30,680 Speaker 2: of one hundred years since, what's the history of the day 96 00:05:30,880 --> 00:05:32,040 Speaker 2: up until today. 97 00:05:31,960 --> 00:05:35,360 Speaker 3: So just fifty years down the track, from seventeen eighty eight. 98 00:05:35,440 --> 00:05:38,720 Speaker 3: In eighteen thirty eight, one of the biggest events that's 99 00:05:38,760 --> 00:05:41,320 Speaker 3: ever taken place on this continent, on the twenty sixth 100 00:05:41,320 --> 00:05:45,279 Speaker 3: of January was in northern New South Wales where police 101 00:05:45,320 --> 00:05:48,800 Speaker 3: and settlers killed at least forty Gamillroy people in what's 102 00:05:48,839 --> 00:05:51,719 Speaker 3: known as the Waterloo Creek massacre. So that's on the 103 00:05:51,720 --> 00:05:55,680 Speaker 3: twenty sixth of January eighteen thirty eight, and that massacre 104 00:05:55,800 --> 00:05:58,440 Speaker 3: was just one in a series of violent attacks and 105 00:05:58,480 --> 00:06:01,920 Speaker 3: clashes that we know as the Frontier Wars. They began 106 00:06:01,960 --> 00:06:05,360 Speaker 3: in seventeen eighty eight with the establishment of that colony 107 00:06:05,600 --> 00:06:09,560 Speaker 3: and continued well into the twentieth century. So British settlers 108 00:06:09,600 --> 00:06:13,920 Speaker 3: were violently often advancing the colony across the country from 109 00:06:13,920 --> 00:06:18,560 Speaker 3: the east coast, and those First Nations communities resisted. It's 110 00:06:18,640 --> 00:06:21,360 Speaker 3: estimated that as much as ninety percent of the pre 111 00:06:21,440 --> 00:06:26,400 Speaker 3: colonization population was killed during these wars. And in twenty twenty, 112 00:06:26,520 --> 00:06:31,200 Speaker 3: Gamilroy elder Polycarpmore told the ABC the trauma continues on 113 00:06:31,600 --> 00:06:32,480 Speaker 3: from that massacre. 114 00:06:32,760 --> 00:06:35,360 Speaker 2: I think what strikes a lot of Australians about today 115 00:06:35,520 --> 00:06:39,240 Speaker 2: is just the contrast of what the day can be 116 00:06:39,480 --> 00:06:43,000 Speaker 2: as both a celebration or a day of mourning, and 117 00:06:43,080 --> 00:06:46,880 Speaker 2: it seems like even back then there was a fairly 118 00:06:46,960 --> 00:06:50,359 Speaker 2: split experience of the day. When did we start seeing 119 00:06:50,400 --> 00:06:53,880 Speaker 2: more organized demonstrations of both celebration and mourning. 120 00:06:53,760 --> 00:06:56,479 Speaker 3: In eighteen eighty eight, so one hundred years down the line, 121 00:06:56,560 --> 00:06:59,680 Speaker 3: there were celebrations across the country, which of course was 122 00:06:59,720 --> 00:07:03,240 Speaker 3: still just a collection of states and territories pre federation 123 00:07:03,640 --> 00:07:06,880 Speaker 3: and Wurajeri Rider doctor Anita Heiss has said that there 124 00:07:06,880 --> 00:07:10,440 Speaker 3: were boycotts of celebrations by First Nations people even in 125 00:07:10,520 --> 00:07:14,680 Speaker 3: eighteen eighty eight, but the first really organized demonstrations we 126 00:07:14,720 --> 00:07:17,040 Speaker 3: started to see were on the one hundred and fiftieth 127 00:07:17,040 --> 00:07:21,480 Speaker 3: anniversary in nineteen thirty eight. So in Sydney in nineteen 128 00:07:21,520 --> 00:07:24,440 Speaker 3: thirty eight there was a reenactment of the first Fleet's 129 00:07:24,520 --> 00:07:29,520 Speaker 3: arrival tall ships and people in colonial garb, and at 130 00:07:29,560 --> 00:07:33,960 Speaker 3: the same time, celebration organizers drove in First Nations men 131 00:07:34,000 --> 00:07:36,680 Speaker 3: from Minindi, which is on bark and g country way 132 00:07:36,720 --> 00:07:41,040 Speaker 3: out west in New South Wales to perform in the reenactment, 133 00:07:41,560 --> 00:07:45,600 Speaker 3: running away from Governor Arthur Phillip or the reenactor and 134 00:07:45,800 --> 00:07:48,200 Speaker 3: appearing in a parade that was taken through the city. 135 00:07:49,120 --> 00:07:52,840 Speaker 3: You can actually see footage of this on YouTube, although 136 00:07:52,880 --> 00:07:55,760 Speaker 3: I would just advise any First Nation's viewers not only 137 00:07:55,880 --> 00:07:58,640 Speaker 3: would it possibly be distressing, but the faces and images 138 00:07:58,680 --> 00:08:03,600 Speaker 3: of people who've died. Accounts from these men's descendants reported 139 00:08:03,600 --> 00:08:07,000 Speaker 3: by the ABC indicate that these men were traumatized by 140 00:08:07,000 --> 00:08:09,960 Speaker 3: this experience. On the same day, in the same city 141 00:08:10,000 --> 00:08:12,280 Speaker 3: as this was happening, in nineteen thirty eight, there was 142 00:08:12,400 --> 00:08:15,720 Speaker 3: a major First Nations led demonstration. It was called a 143 00:08:15,840 --> 00:08:20,120 Speaker 3: Day of Mourning and protest to Yortamn and civil rights 144 00:08:20,200 --> 00:08:24,320 Speaker 3: activist Jack Patten is quoted as telling attendees on this day, 145 00:08:24,440 --> 00:08:27,400 Speaker 3: the white people are rejoicing, but we have no reason 146 00:08:27,480 --> 00:08:30,960 Speaker 3: to rejoice. This land belonged to our forefathers one hundred 147 00:08:30,960 --> 00:08:33,760 Speaker 3: and fifty years ago, but today we're pushed further and 148 00:08:33,800 --> 00:08:38,160 Speaker 3: further into the background. So from this point forward, from 149 00:08:38,200 --> 00:08:41,679 Speaker 3: the nineteen thirties, we started seeing a public holiday called 150 00:08:41,720 --> 00:08:45,720 Speaker 3: Australia Day held around the twenty sixth of January across 151 00:08:45,760 --> 00:08:48,640 Speaker 3: the states and territories, although as I mentioned up top, 152 00:08:48,679 --> 00:08:51,400 Speaker 3: it was only recently in nineteen ninety four that the 153 00:08:51,440 --> 00:08:54,959 Speaker 3: twenty sixth of January became a formal national public holiday. 154 00:08:55,440 --> 00:08:58,800 Speaker 2: And so here we are in twenty twenty four, so 155 00:08:59,240 --> 00:09:02,960 Speaker 2: thirty years after it became a formal national public holiday. 156 00:09:03,000 --> 00:09:06,040 Speaker 2: What can we expect to see around Australia today. 157 00:09:06,320 --> 00:09:10,800 Speaker 3: Both celebrations and protests. There will be major Invasion Day 158 00:09:10,920 --> 00:09:14,160 Speaker 3: rallies and marches in the capital cities. In Sydney where 159 00:09:14,160 --> 00:09:17,080 Speaker 3: we're recording this and also available on a live stream. 160 00:09:17,120 --> 00:09:20,480 Speaker 3: There's the Yaburn Festival with lots of First Nations artists 161 00:09:20,480 --> 00:09:24,839 Speaker 3: set to perform around the country. In regional centers and 162 00:09:24,960 --> 00:09:30,800 Speaker 3: in cities. There'll be barbecues, fairs, festivals, concerts, fireworks had 163 00:09:30,840 --> 00:09:33,400 Speaker 3: a look in Canberra. There's a drone light show tonight. 164 00:09:34,160 --> 00:09:37,840 Speaker 3: And of course, until twenty twenty two, local councils were 165 00:09:37,880 --> 00:09:42,360 Speaker 3: required to hold citizenship ceremonies where people formally become citizens 166 00:09:42,360 --> 00:09:46,520 Speaker 3: of Australia. On the twenty six government data actually shows 167 00:09:46,600 --> 00:09:50,440 Speaker 3: seventy councils have reported they're not holding ceremonies today, but 168 00:09:50,800 --> 00:09:53,800 Speaker 3: there are over five hundred local councils in Australia, so 169 00:09:54,000 --> 00:09:56,760 Speaker 3: that's still quite a few citizenship ceremonies around the country. 170 00:09:57,000 --> 00:10:01,160 Speaker 2: Really appreciate you taking us on this journey through history. Lucy, 171 00:10:01,320 --> 00:10:04,680 Speaker 2: and hope everybody has a meaningful day, whether there's celebrations 172 00:10:04,760 --> 00:10:07,240 Speaker 2: or morning. We're really keen to hear your thoughts on 173 00:10:07,360 --> 00:10:10,040 Speaker 2: Australia Day. We've now polled the TVA audience over a 174 00:10:10,040 --> 00:10:12,520 Speaker 2: couple of years and it's really interesting to see some 175 00:10:12,559 --> 00:10:15,280 Speaker 2: of those longer term trends emerging from the audience. At 176 00:10:15,280 --> 00:10:18,040 Speaker 2: the time of recording this, Lucy, we've got eleven thousand 177 00:10:18,240 --> 00:10:21,079 Speaker 2: responses to our poll and that poll is still live 178 00:10:21,240 --> 00:10:22,880 Speaker 2: on Instagram, but I'm also going to put a link 179 00:10:22,920 --> 00:10:25,880 Speaker 2: to it in today's show notes of this episode. We'd 180 00:10:25,920 --> 00:10:27,360 Speaker 2: love to hear from you and for you to have 181 00:10:27,480 --> 00:10:30,120 Speaker 2: your say. We'll be back again in your ears on 182 00:10:30,200 --> 00:10:33,679 Speaker 2: Monday morning. Until then, have a wonderful weekend. 183 00:10:37,520 --> 00:10:42,640 Speaker 3: Already, and this is the daily This is the Daily Oars. Oh, 184 00:10:42,840 --> 00:10:43,839 Speaker 3: now it makes sense.