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Speaker 1: Good morning and welcome to the Daily OS. It's Wednesday,

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Speaker 1: the seventeenth of February. My name is Sam Kazlowski, and

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Speaker 1: helping me make sense of today's news is Zara Seidler.

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Speaker 1: Making news today, Prime Minister Scott Morrison's response to workplace culture.

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Speaker 2: A new vaccine for Australians, and some good news about

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Speaker 2: Juguar going green. Here's today's Daily Digest. Prime Minister Scott

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Speaker 2: Morrison yesterday announced the launch of a four more review

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Speaker 2: into workplace culture and the complaints processes in parliament House.

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Speaker 2: He also apologized to form a Liberal staff of Britney

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Speaker 2: Higgins for the alleged assault that took place in twenty nineteen.

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Speaker 2: Britney Higgins has welcomed the review, but she said that

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Speaker 2: it was long overdue and she's called for an independent

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Speaker 2: body to be established to handle complaints from parliamentary staff

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Speaker 2: in the future.

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Speaker 1: The Astrosenica COVID nineteen vaccine has been cleared for use

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Speaker 1: in Australia by the Therapeutic Goods Administration, their Australia's medical regulator.

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Speaker 1: It's been approved for all Australians over eighteen with no

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Speaker 1: uprage limit. It's the second vaccination to be approved in

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Speaker 1: the country.

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Speaker 2: Hopefully some good news coming for our Victorian listeners today

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Speaker 2: as Premier Dan Andrews is set to announce whether the

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Speaker 2: state's hard lockdown will be lifted. Victoria recorded two new

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Speaker 2: cases yesterday, with both cases known to be linked to

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Speaker 2: the holiday in cluster.

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Speaker 1: Over to the US, where Speaker of the House Nancy

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Speaker 1: Pelosi has announced plans to create a nine to eleven

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Speaker 1: type commission to investigate the Capitol Hill insurrection. In a

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Speaker 1: letter to Democrats, she explained the commission would be established

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Speaker 1: by law passed by both chambers and signed into law

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Speaker 1: by the President, but members of that committee would actually

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Speaker 1: sit outside the government.

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Speaker 2: Finally, to the good news, car company Jaguar will become

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Speaker 2: an electric only brand from twenty twenty five. British PM

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Speaker 2: Boris Johnson welcomed the move, saying it was quote a

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Speaker 2: brilliant example of British engineering leading the industry to a

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Speaker 2: cleaner future. Up next is today's daily deep dive. The

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Speaker 2: big news of the day is that we now have

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Speaker 2: a second vaccine approved, and for those of us who

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Speaker 2: want to go traveling, we know that we're now a

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Speaker 2: step closer. But that got me thinking, what's the actual

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Speaker 2: process of getting a vaccine approved in Australia. What tests

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Speaker 2: does it have to pass? All?

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Speaker 1: Right? So, after the scientists have conducted their own research

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Speaker 1: and produced a sample batch of the new vaccine, it

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Speaker 1: starts a long journey to receive the green tick from

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Speaker 1: the TGA's similar to a verified tick on Instagram. First,

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Speaker 1: the pharmaceutical companies making the vaccine need to put their

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Speaker 1: product through a three stage clinical trial.

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Speaker 2: In phase one, they tested on a few dozen healthy

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Speaker 2: adult volunteers. There's a few key things they look for here. Firstly,

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Speaker 2: of course, that the volunteers don't get sick, secondly that

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Speaker 2: it's safe, and thirdly whether or not it induces an

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Speaker 2: immune response.

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Speaker 1: Next stop is phase two. These trials have many hundreds

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Speaker 1: of volunteers, but they often aren't all just healthy adults.

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Speaker 1: At this stage, they'll focus on testing groups of peace,

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Speaker 1: people with pre existing conditions, and the elderly. This stage

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Speaker 1: is normally where the minor side effects will be identified,

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Speaker 1: like a headache after you get the vaccination, or some

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Speaker 1: sore muscles.

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Speaker 2: Then we go to the final stage, which is phase three,

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Speaker 2: and this includes thousands of participants. They aim to test

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Speaker 2: whether a vaccine is effective in preventing people from getting

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Speaker 2: the disease, which in this case is COVID nineteen. They also,

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Speaker 2: at this stage thoroughly test for safety and side effects.

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Speaker 2: During this part of the trial, they'll actually also give

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Speaker 2: people a placebo, which it could be a salt water injection.

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Speaker 2: Here they compare the frequency of infection, disease severity, and

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Speaker 2: any reported side effects between the two groups.

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Speaker 1: They then get all of those test results and submit

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Speaker 1: everything to the TGA. The TGA then forensically looks at

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Speaker 1: the results with their own experts. According to the TGA,

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Speaker 1: they'll give their tick if they decide it presents more

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Speaker 1: benefit than risks, but their work does naturally just stop there.

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Speaker 1: They'll continue to monitor the vaccine to see if anything

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Speaker 1: changes in the months and years after, and to make

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Speaker 1: sure it remains safe.

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Speaker 2: So one final point when talking about this among your mates,

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Speaker 2: when we read or hear things about the process being

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Speaker 2: sped up, that doesn't actually mean that any of these

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Speaker 2: processes or phases haven't occurred. It just means that the

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Speaker 2: pharmaceutical companies might have conducted two phases of testing at

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Speaker 2: the same time rather than one at a time. And

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Speaker 2: we know that This is just because of the severity

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Speaker 2: of COVID nineteen. More than anything, we all want our

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Speaker 2: lives to go back to normal and everyone is working

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Speaker 2: together to get us there.

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Speaker 1: That's all for today. We'll chat to you again tomorrow,

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Speaker 1: but in the meantime, don't forget to catch up on

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Speaker 1: the day's news on Instagram at the Daily OS. It's

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Speaker 1: where over eighty thousand Australians get their news throughout the

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Speaker 1: day and we'd love you to become part of the

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Speaker 1: tribe o