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Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff you missed in History class from how

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Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot com. Hello and welcome to the podcast.

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Speaker 1: I'm Katie Lambert and I'm their Dowdy and we put

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Speaker 1: a call out on our Twitter at Misston History if

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Speaker 1: you haven't followed us yet for some Irish history topics

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Speaker 1: in honor of St Patrick's day, and we got back

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Speaker 1: lots of suggestions. Today's choice is Brian Boru, who is

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Speaker 1: the High King of Ireland. But we also put out

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Speaker 1: a call for some pronunciation help because we have to

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Speaker 1: confess that even though we're both Irish girls, it was

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Speaker 1: easier for us to figure out the Chinese pronunciations in

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Speaker 1: the Opium Wars and it is for us to figure

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Speaker 1: out the Gaelic pronunciations for this one. So we owe

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Speaker 1: Roger and his Irish friends Caroline and Ashling a huge

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Speaker 1: thank you, and any mistakes we make are not their fault,

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Speaker 1: their hours. They did their best to spell them out

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Speaker 1: phonetically for us, So we're doing our best today, we promise,

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Speaker 1: so onto Brian Burrew and you know, we got some

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Speaker 1: suggestions for St Patrick which are really great, but we

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Speaker 1: were hoping that maybe most of you would have a

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Speaker 1: pretty good idea of the story of Ireland's other national hero.

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Speaker 1: But for Brian Beru, I mean, I don't think either

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Speaker 1: of us had ever heard of him. No, so he

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Speaker 1: is called by some the last great high King of Ireland,

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Speaker 1: and he's the originator of the O'Brien clan um. The

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Speaker 1: Kennedy's are supposedly descendants of Brian Beru, and apparently everyone

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Speaker 1: in an Irish pub I think if you ask around,

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Speaker 1: you're gonna find a lot of descendants of Brian Boru.

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Speaker 1: So to talk about him, we're going to go into

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Speaker 1: a little bit of Irish history first. So in four

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Speaker 1: hundred BC is when the Celts get to Ireland from

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Speaker 1: Europe and they introduced iron. On the fifth century a d. St.

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Speaker 1: Patrick introduced Christianity, and this is considered to be a

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Speaker 1: golden age for Ireland. There's peace, there's scholarly pursuits. But

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Speaker 1: that all changes in seven ninety five when the Vikings

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Speaker 1: showed up. And the Vikings are of course Scandinavian peoples

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Speaker 1: from Norway, Sweden and Denmark, and they called themselves the

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Speaker 1: Osman which is East, the men of these Um. And

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Speaker 1: at first they stick to stealing from the monasteries you know,

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Speaker 1: we talked about the Book of Kells sacking all the

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Speaker 1: good loot that you could find at a monastery and

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Speaker 1: burning fields. But then they decided that they might actually

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Speaker 1: like to settle down and trade, and there's not a

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Speaker 1: strong government to oppose them, so they can pretty much

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Speaker 1: do whatever they want. What were the Irish clans doing, well,

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Speaker 1: they were all fighting with each other. Europe's feudal system

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Speaker 1: had a way of dealing with interlopers like the Vikings,

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Speaker 1: but there was too much conflict between the tribes and

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Speaker 1: the clans in Ireland for it to work there. And

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Speaker 1: there were also a lot of weird rules about succession

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Speaker 1: and land ownership that made that difficult. And we should

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Speaker 1: also say that some say the Irish were just as

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Speaker 1: violent and aggressive as the Vikings. There's a tendency to

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Speaker 1: paint I guess the Irish people as as innocent, peace

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Speaker 1: loving people and then the Vikings is evil interlopers and

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Speaker 1: that's not quite the way it went. And there's not

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Speaker 1: an Ireland like we would think of today either. There

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Speaker 1: are a bunch of warring tribes. People are identifying themselves

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Speaker 1: with their families, not this country. Yes, the Vikings themselves

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Speaker 1: were united in Ireland. Either the Norse Vikings and the

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Speaker 1: Danish Vikings would get into conflicts, and they would also

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Speaker 1: team up with Irish people, and Irish king might get

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Speaker 1: together with a Viking against another Irish king, for example.

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Speaker 1: So you have weird black and white with this one.

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Speaker 1: And I love also that I said the Irish word

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Speaker 1: peace loving people when we're talking about the fighting Irish

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Speaker 1: kind of snicker that, Katie, We're just gonna gloss over

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Speaker 1: that one. The Vikings also intermarried with the Irish, and

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Speaker 1: they all traded with each other, so there's a little

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Speaker 1: bit more to it than you might usually get. We

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Speaker 1: can generally call this a period of chaos, however, and

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Speaker 1: the Vikings display some of these clans in Ireland that

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Speaker 1: have held power for so long, and it leaves a

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Speaker 1: power vacuum. There's an open space and somebody comes along

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Speaker 1: to phill it. And that person was Brian Boaru. He

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Speaker 1: was born around ninety County Claire and he was a

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Speaker 1: member of the dol Kosh tribe. His father, Kenn Tague,

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Speaker 1: was King of North munster Um. When he was growing up,

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Speaker 1: he was probably taught by monks and his experience with

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Speaker 1: the Vikings was negative, to say the very least. His

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Speaker 1: mother was murdered by Vikings and various other members of

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Speaker 1: his family and he was a witness to that, so

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Speaker 1: understandably he held a lot of animosity towards them. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: he has eleven siblings and his brother mahoun Or mcgauman,

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Speaker 1: took over as king after their dad died in nine

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Speaker 1: and they added more of Munster to their kingdom, and

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Speaker 1: he tries for peace with the Vikings. The brother Um Brian,

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Speaker 1: wants war though, and specifically he wants to wage guerrilla warfare,

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Speaker 1: which as we've mentioned, is becoming a bit of theme

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Speaker 1: in our podcast. So Brian heads to the hills and

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Speaker 1: attacks the Norsemen from there, and he's very very good

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Speaker 1: at what he does. The Irish people back him up

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Speaker 1: because many of them don't want the Vikings there either,

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Speaker 1: and eventually his brother comes around to his frame of

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Speaker 1: mind and joins him, you know, when things are looking

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Speaker 1: pretty good. So they get the Vikings out of South Ireland,

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Speaker 1: which some might say is is great an accomplishment of

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Speaker 1: St Patrick driving the Snakes out, but that's up to you.

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Speaker 1: So Brian becomes the leader of the doll cosh In

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Speaker 1: when his brother dies and he defeats mule Vidal, who

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Speaker 1: was the king of the Nacht, which was a very

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Speaker 1: powerful clan in so now he's king of all of Munster.

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Speaker 1: So Brian Baru is now in control of most of

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Speaker 1: southwestern Ireland, actually most of southern Ireland. But it's not

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Speaker 1: just the Vikings he has to worry about fighting anymore.

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Speaker 1: There is a man named mal Shucknal who's king of

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Speaker 1: one of the most powerful clans, if not the most

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Speaker 1: powerful clan in Ireland. And since this clan is just

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Speaker 1: so important, and also because we forgot to ask Roger

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Speaker 1: how to pronounce it, we're just going to spell it

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Speaker 1: for you. It's UI space and E I L L

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Speaker 1: and mal Shachnal is their king, and he doesn't like

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Speaker 1: the Vikings, and he also doesn't like how much power

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Speaker 1: Brian has. According to legend, even cut down a sacred

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Speaker 1: tree of the dog Casians to show that they didn't

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Speaker 1: have dominion over him, which is that's those are fighting.

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Speaker 1: Oh no, you did, Nottures. So mal Shacknall fought the

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Speaker 1: Vikings too, though, and he drove them out of Dublin,

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Speaker 1: becoming High King of Ireland there. But in Brian came

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Speaker 1: up the River Shannon and attacked mal Shacknal's holdings in

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Speaker 1: Connacht and Neath, and finally he and mal Shacknall split

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Speaker 1: up Ireland in Brian becoming High King of the South.

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Speaker 1: So we have um two rulers at this point, splitting

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Speaker 1: the country in half. But this didn't hold, of course.

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Speaker 1: One of the provinces, Leinster, rebelled. There were five provinces

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Speaker 1: at the time, Ulster, Leinster, Munster, connect and Meath. Today

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Speaker 1: Meath is just a county in Leinster, just so you know.

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Speaker 1: And the leinsterman rebelled. They didn't like being under Brian's rule,

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Speaker 1: so he basically smashed their army and then plundered Dublin.

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Speaker 1: He marched on Tara, which was the seat of the kings,

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Speaker 1: and made malsche Canal give him the High Kingship of

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Speaker 1: all of Ireland in ten o two. So Brian rules

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Speaker 1: of High King from ten o two to ten fourteen.

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Speaker 1: And we should say too that the role of High

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Speaker 1: King is more of a symbolic one because it's not

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Speaker 1: like we have a united Ireland. Even now. The feudal

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Speaker 1: system is kind of kicked in, but things are still

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Speaker 1: too fractured with all of these warring clans and tribes

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Speaker 1: for him to really rule them all. And sure there

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Speaker 1: are plenty of people who aren't um allied with the king.

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Speaker 1: And under Brian's rule we have a bit of a renaissance.

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Speaker 1: He does a lot to try to rebuild what the

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Speaker 1: Vikings destroyed. He's a patron of the arts of literature,

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Speaker 1: of religious architecture, and he tries to reclaim relics from

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Speaker 1: Europe that have been taken from Ireland. So as his

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Speaker 1: personal life goes, he had multiple marriages and sons, which

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Speaker 1: was apparently par for the course among the Irish kings.

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Speaker 1: But nothing lasts forever, even for Brian. And there's another

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Speaker 1: revolt in ten thirteen when the king of Leinster mel

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Speaker 1: Morda got the Vikings on his side, and we're reinforced

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Speaker 1: by lots of the other counties. And to quell this rebellion,

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Speaker 1: Brian got thirty thousand men together and headed to Clontarf

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Speaker 1: near Dublin in April of ten fourteen. But Brian is

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Speaker 1: very old by the time, somewhere in his eighties, so

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Speaker 1: he's not much for battle. His relatives are going to

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Speaker 1: lead the army instead, he'll be in a tent praying

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Speaker 1: for them, and much to his surprise and mine mal

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Speaker 1: Shachnal agrees to help him his rival, yeah, the other

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Speaker 1: old high king. And so we have the Battle of Clontarf,

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Speaker 1: which started on April fourteen, which was good Friday. Almost

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Speaker 1: four thousand irishmen died um, which was you know, a

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Speaker 1: large number, and including Brian's son barak or Market, who

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Speaker 1: supposedly behaved heroically. But it was even worse for the

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Speaker 1: Vikings and the Leinsterman. They lost around seven thousand people

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Speaker 1: according to some estimates. Um Brian ended up winning. The

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Speaker 1: Vikings retreated pursued to their ships, but on their way back,

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Speaker 1: according to the story, they found Brian in his tent

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Speaker 1: praying and they killed him with an axe, although supposedly

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Speaker 1: he was able to kill three of them before he died,

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Speaker 1: including beheading one of them. So the victorious, yet dead

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Speaker 1: Brian is honored with a twelve day wake, and we're

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Speaker 1: left with the question was the Battle of Clontarf important?

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Speaker 1: And some people say it marks the end of Viking

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Speaker 1: do nation in Ireland, so in that count, yeah, it's

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Speaker 1: very important, but the other side says not really. Most

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Speaker 1: of the Vikings ended up staying and it was just, uh,

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Speaker 1: it made a pretty story. It was something that was

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Speaker 1: easy to turn into, you know, literary loveliness. But as

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Speaker 1: far as actual political significance, maybe there wasn't a lot,

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Speaker 1: and maybe it even had a negative impact. What's interesting

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Speaker 1: to think about you Brian's male relatives mostly died in

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Speaker 1: the battle, as did he, of course, so their power

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Speaker 1: kind of fell apart. But if he hadn't died, and

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Speaker 1: if they all hadn't died they left heirs, would Ireland

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Speaker 1: have been a monarchy And that's a really interesting question

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Speaker 1: to ponder. Um if you imagine this unified, very cohesive

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Speaker 1: Ireland existing after this, and if you have any insight there,

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Speaker 1: please email us at History Podcast at how stuff works

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Speaker 1: dot com. We'd love to hear your ideas about what

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Speaker 1: might have happened had In and his descendants ruled on.

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Speaker 1: We'd also like to hear your viewpoint on Brian Boru,

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Speaker 1: because there are a couple of different ones. There's the

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Speaker 1: side of thinks of him as this great Irish patriot

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Speaker 1: and national hero who led the Irish people against the

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Speaker 1: Vikings and died for them. It's the story that's almost

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Speaker 1: mythical the Stone of Destiny was said to roar when

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Speaker 1: Brian was crowned, and his blood when he died was

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Speaker 1: said to have healed the injuries of an Irish boy.

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Speaker 1: But of course there's always another side. But of course

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Speaker 1: some people also say that Brian Burrew better epitomizes the

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Speaker 1: Irish infighting, Irish fighting Irish rather than Irish fighting Vikings,

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Speaker 1: and that the Vikings fought on both sides anyways, and

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Speaker 1: some people say that his allegiance to his clan was

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Speaker 1: more important than his allegiance to Ireland as a whole.

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Speaker 1: Regardless of what you think Brian Boru's place is, he

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Speaker 1: still very much has a place in Ireland. At trying

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Speaker 1: to be college, you can find what's called Brian Brew's harp,

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Speaker 1: even though it was not his and has nothing to

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Speaker 1: do with his life, but it's an instrument dating back

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Speaker 1: to the fifteenth century, and that same harp is seen

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Speaker 1: on the Guinness logo as well as the heraldic symbols

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Speaker 1: of Ireland. He's still very much around in their seven

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Speaker 1: fifty thousand O'Brien throughout the world, so he's made some

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Speaker 1: kind of impact. We plan to talk to Conan O'Brien

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Speaker 1: about this on Twitter Watch Out Conan, and that brings

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Speaker 1: us to listener mail. Today's email is from Ted of

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Speaker 1: Santa Cruz, California about our Zenobia Warrior Queen podcast, and

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Speaker 1: he says you made one slight error by referring to

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Speaker 1: corn in the podcast. Prior to Columbus's discovery of the

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Speaker 1: America's and North American maize, corn referred to any grain,

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Speaker 1: usually beat. Only after May's became the major staple crop

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Speaker 1: of the world did it become popularly known as corn.

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Speaker 1: The other grains are named nicely, such as wheat, rye, barbie, oats, etcetera.

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Speaker 1: So your listeners might have been confused by your use

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Speaker 1: of corn. I do love your podcasts, so please keep

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Speaker 1: doing them. So thank you to Ted for the correction.

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Speaker 1: So that about wraps up. Brian Baru. We're gonna wish

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Speaker 1: everyone happy St. Patrick's Day, Katie Blancha and pick up

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Speaker 1: a Guinness Brian Barreu. Celebrate that harp um And if

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Speaker 1: you have anything else you'd like to learn about Irish history,

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Speaker 1: you should visit our homepage. It's www dot How Stuff

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Speaker 1: Works dot com for more on this and thousands of

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Speaker 1: other topics. Visit how stuff works dot com and be

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Speaker 1: sure to check out this stuff you missed in History

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Speaker 1: Glass blog on the how stuff works dot com home

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Speaker 1: page