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Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production

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Speaker 1: of iHeartRadio.

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Speaker 2: Hello, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy B.

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Speaker 1: Wilson and I'm Holly Frye.

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Speaker 3: Today we are going to talk about doctor.

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Speaker 2: Daniel Hale Williams, who's often described as the first person

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Speaker 2: to successfully perform an open heart surgery.

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Speaker 3: That's not completely correct.

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Speaker 2: There were some other earlier open heart procedures, but he

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Speaker 2: was still a surgical innovator at a time when the

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Speaker 2: field of surgery was not nearly as advanced as it

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Speaker 2: is today. And he was also a huge part of

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Speaker 2: the Black hospital movement that was in the pretty much

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Speaker 2: the first half of the twentieth century, opening hospitals for

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Speaker 2: black patients when a lot of the US medical system

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Speaker 2: was racially segregated and a lot of places black patients

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Speaker 2: did not have anywhere they could receive care.

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Speaker 1: Daniel Hale Williams, the third known as Dan, was born

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Speaker 1: on January eighteenth, eighteen fifty six, in Hollidaysburg, Pennsylvania. He

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Speaker 1: was the fifth of seven children born to Sarah Price

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Speaker 1: Williams and Daniel Hale Williams Junior, who was a barber.

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Speaker 1: The family were Methodists, and they had white, Indigenous and

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Speaker 1: African ancestry. Sarah's mother had been enslaved on the same

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Speaker 1: plantation in Maryland as Frederick Douglas, and she and Douglas

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Speaker 1: were cousins.

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Speaker 2: There's not a lot of detail recorded about the younger

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Speaker 2: Dan's earliest years, but in eighteen sixty seven, after the

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Speaker 2: Civil War, the family went to Annapolis, Maryland, where Sarah

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Speaker 2: had had family.

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Speaker 3: Traveling to Maryland.

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Speaker 2: Would not have been nearly as easy or possible before

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Speaker 2: that point. Not long after they got there, though, Dan's

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Speaker 2: father died of tuberculosis and Dan and his siblings were

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Speaker 2: split up. Dan's brother was the oldest, and he was

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Speaker 2: already in law school. Dan's two oldest sisters and their

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Speaker 2: mother all went to Illinois to live with relatives and

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Speaker 2: study hair dressing. Then the next two oldest sisters were

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Speaker 2: placed in a convent school, and the youngest sister stayed

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Speaker 2: with Dan's grandmother. Dan was pulled out of school and

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Speaker 2: sent to Baltimore to live with a family friend and

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Speaker 2: trained to be a shoemaker. Various accounts of all of

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Speaker 2: this are pretty uncharitable toward Dan's mother. Although they were

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Speaker 2: not rich, there were businessmen and landowners on both sides

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Speaker 2: of the family, so Sarah did have some financial resources

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Speaker 2: that she may have been able to draw on. At

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Speaker 2: the same time, though she had gotten married at the

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Speaker 2: age of fifteen, and without a husband, she didn't have

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Speaker 2: a way to support herself and her children. It is

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Speaker 2: absolutely reasonable that Dan would have felt abandoned. He was

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Speaker 2: only eleven years old. But at the same time, it's

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Speaker 2: seems like Sarah may have just been trying to do

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Speaker 2: her best in some very difficult circumstances. Yeah, without like

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Speaker 2: some specifics, I really could not tell whether there were

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Speaker 2: legitimate criticisms of how she handled things or if people

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Speaker 2: were just being really judgy. Dan's feelings might also have

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Speaker 2: been influenced by the fact that he did not like

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Speaker 2: making shoes. He was not enjoying this apprenticeship at all. Eventually,

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Speaker 2: he talked one of his late father's friends into giving

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Speaker 2: him a railroad pass, and he used that to go

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Speaker 2: to Rockford, Illinois, where his mother and sisters were. Later on,

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Speaker 2: he told a niece that when he got there at

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Speaker 2: the age of only twelve, his mother told him that

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Speaker 2: he seemed to have enough spunk to take care of himself.

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Speaker 2: You could read that as impressed with what he had done,

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Speaker 2: or as kind of flippant, and I don't really know

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Speaker 2: which way she meant that. Sarah later moved again, leaving

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Speaker 2: Dan and one of his sisters in Illinois with their cousins.

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Speaker 2: Dan and his sister moved around a bit over the

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Speaker 2: next few years, eventually making their.

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Speaker 1: Way to Wisconsin. Dan wanted to be in school and

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Speaker 1: he liked learning, but they also needed money. He learned

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Speaker 1: to be a barber like his late father, and he

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Speaker 1: worked part time while living in Edgerton, Wisconsin. He left

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Speaker 1: school without graduating after a series of respiratory illnesses. He

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Speaker 1: wanted to finish his education, though, so he later enrolled

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Speaker 1: in a private school called the Classical Academy in Janesville, Wisconsin,

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Speaker 1: which was run by a doctor, Hayre. Dan paid his

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Speaker 1: way by working part time at Charles Henry Anderson's Tonsorial

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Speaker 1: parlor and bathing rooms, and Dan and his sister also

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Speaker 1: boarded with the Andersons. As I understand it, the Andersons

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Speaker 1: were the only black family in the neighborhood.

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Speaker 3: As we said, there's not a lot.

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Speaker 2: Of concrete detail about William's earlier years, but he did

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Speaker 2: have some experiences with racism, while living in Wisconsin. Williams

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Speaker 2: had light skin and reddish hair, and while he identified

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Speaker 2: himself in the parlance of the time as a Negro,

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Speaker 2: people did not always immediately recognize that about him. At

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Speaker 2: one point, the parents of another student at the Classical

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Speaker 2: Academy threatened to withdraw their daughter because they did not

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Speaker 2: want her to attend school with a black student. Doctor

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Speaker 2: Hare's response to this was to offer to return her tuition.

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Speaker 1: Dan also had a relationship, or perhaps just a flirtation,

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Speaker 1: with a young white woman named Ida Williams. They were

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Speaker 1: not related, She was another student at Classical Academy, and

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Speaker 1: it seems like she was more serious about him than

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Speaker 1: he was about her. When her parents learned about the relationship,

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Speaker 1: her father casually dropped that he was thinking of sending

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Speaker 1: her and her sister to public school. Ida seems to

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Speaker 1: have read between the lines that this was really about

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Speaker 1: getting her away from Dan, and soon she was courting

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Speaker 1: a white man named Jim Lord, who she later married.

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Speaker 1: Aida and Dan kept in touch, though, and much later on,

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Speaker 1: when her son was sick, Williams performed surgery on him,

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Speaker 1: and he did not charge Aida for it.

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Speaker 2: In addition to going to school and working at the

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Speaker 2: Tomsorial Parlor, Williams learned to play the fiddle and played

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Speaker 2: with the Harry Anderson Orchestra and the Unitarian Church that

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Speaker 2: he joined. After he graduated from the classical academy, he

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Speaker 2: started law school, following the footsteps of his older brother,

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Speaker 2: who was now a successful lawyer. When Williams decided he

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Speaker 2: didn't like law, he changed courses and he got an

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Speaker 2: apprenticeship with doctor Henry Palmer, who was a very well

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Speaker 2: respected doctor and former Surgeon General of Wisconsin.

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Speaker 1: While medical schools did exist in the US by this point,

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Speaker 1: it was more common for people to at least start

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Speaker 1: their metal education as an apprentice. Palmer was a little

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Speaker 1: reluctant to take Williams on at first because of his

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Speaker 1: short time studying law. Palmer wanted to make sure that

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Speaker 1: Williams was actually committed to medical study and wasn't going

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Speaker 1: to just switch tracks again. Palmer also accepted to other apprentices,

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Speaker 1: Frank Pember and James S. Mills, which allowed all three

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Speaker 1: of them to study at the same time and for

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Speaker 1: Palmer to run his clinic twenty four hours a day.

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Speaker 1: After a two year apprenticeship, all three of them went

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Speaker 1: to Chicago Medical School, which later became Northwestern University Medical School.

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Speaker 1: They all started in eighteen eighty and due to some

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Speaker 1: kind of a miscommunication, they all got there a week early.

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Speaker 1: They showed up at the school and the only person

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Speaker 1: there was the janitor, who gave them a tour of

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Speaker 1: the building and some tips about the unwritten rules of

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Speaker 1: etiquette among the students, like as first years, they should

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Speaker 1: not take the good seats in the operating theater when

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Speaker 1: they were watching procedures. Williams really struggled to pay for

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Speaker 1: medical school. He lived with a widowed family friend known

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Speaker 1: as missus John Jones. Her late husband had been a

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Speaker 1: friend of his late father. This was less expensive than

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Speaker 1: other housing options, but he still didn't have a lot

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Speaker 1: of money. He cut hair and he played music, but

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Speaker 1: medical school required most of his time and attention. He

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Speaker 1: wrote to his mother for help, and she said she

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Speaker 1: didn't have any money to give him, but that she

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Speaker 1: had made some loans to other people. She suggested that

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Speaker 1: he try to collect on their notes, which immediately proved

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Speaker 1: to be impossible, and then he wound up taking loans

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Speaker 1: from other people, including his former mentor Harry Anderson. While

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Speaker 1: Williams was in medical school, an outbreak of smallpox struck

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Speaker 1: the city of Chicago. Edward Jenner had started really publicizing

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Speaker 1: the smallpox vaccine more than eighty years before this, but

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Speaker 1: vaccination hadn't completely become a routine practice yet. As a

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Speaker 1: medical student working with patients, Williams was exposed and contracted

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Speaker 1: smallpox himself. He had some scars alongside his nose afterward,

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Speaker 1: but beyond that he recovered. While Williams was a student,

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Speaker 1: the medical school became connected to Saint Luke's Hospital, and

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Speaker 1: he started doing some clinical work there. The hospital was

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Speaker 1: employing Joseph Lister's techniques for antiseptic surgery, which Lister had

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Speaker 1: started publishing in the late eighteen sixties. This included using

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Speaker 1: carbolic acid to kill pathogens on instruments and services and

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Speaker 1: on surgeon's hands, as well as a carbolic acid spray

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Speaker 1: to kill pathogens in the air around the patient. This

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Speaker 1: was also fairly early in the development of modern anesthesia.

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Speaker 1: While alcohol, opium, and other substances had been used earlier

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Speaker 1: on in history, gases like nitrous oxide, t ether, and

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Speaker 1: chloroform had come into use in the mid nineteenth century.

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Speaker 1: The methods of delivering these gases weren't always efficient, though,

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Speaker 1: so the operating theater could be filled with a haze

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Speaker 1: of carbolic acid and the gas used to anesthetize the patient.

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Speaker 2: Williams graduated from medical school in eighteen eighty three. Initially,

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Speaker 2: he planned to move closer to where his mother was living,

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Speaker 2: so he applied for a license to practice medicine in Washington,

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Speaker 2: d c. But then he changed his mind and he

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Speaker 2: decided to stay in Chicago, so he applied for a

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Speaker 2: license to practice in Illinois as well. He established his

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Speaker 2: own practice, and he started working to pay back all

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Speaker 2: the money he had borrowed to go to medical school.

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Speaker 3: Which he was able to do, but it was.

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Speaker 2: Difficult since the United States was in the middle of

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Speaker 2: a huge economic downturn.

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Speaker 1: He also built a life for himself in the city.

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Speaker 1: He lived and practiced medicine in a multiracial neighborhood and

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Speaker 1: taught as an anatomy demonstrator at Chicago Medical College. He

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Speaker 1: enjoyed opera and attended All Souls Unitarian Church. He also

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Speaker 1: joined a Republican organization called the Hamilton Club, where he

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Speaker 1: was one of just a few black members. While he

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Speaker 1: was still in school, the people in his community had

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Speaker 1: gotten to know him as Dan, not as doctor Williams,

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Speaker 1: and some of them really struggled to start referring to

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Speaker 1: him in this more formal way, So before long he

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Speaker 1: was just known as doctor Dan. We'll talk about doctor

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Speaker 1: Dan's early medical career. After a sponsor break, after finishing

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Speaker 1: medical school, Daniel Hale Williams was hired as part of

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Speaker 1: the staff at south Side Dispensary. The dispensaries of this

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Speaker 1: era were walk in clinics that were meant for people

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Speaker 1: who couldn't afford to see a private doctor. They were

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Speaker 1: often funded by churches and charitable organizations, or sometimes they

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Speaker 1: were part of the hands on training for medical students.

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Speaker 1: He was able to do very minor outpatient surgical procedures

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Speaker 1: at the dispensary, but he really wanted to be able

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Speaker 1: to do surgeries that were more involved than that. None

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Speaker 1: of the hospitals in Chicago would grant surgical privileges to

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Speaker 1: a black doctor, though, so he did these surgeries in

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Speaker 1: his patients' homes. He followed antiseptic procedures as much as

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Speaker 1: he could in a home environment, including doing things like

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Speaker 1: baking the patient's bedsheets in the oven to use them

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Speaker 1: as surgical drapes. As he got himself established as a

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Speaker 1: doctor and surgeon, Williams became the first black surgeon to

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Speaker 1: be hired by the City Railway Company, and in eighteen

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Speaker 1: eighty nine he accepted an unpaid two year appointment to

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Speaker 1: the Illinois State Board of Health. His appointment it was

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Speaker 1: renewed two years later, but ended after it wasn't renewed

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Speaker 1: a third time following the election of a new governor.

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Speaker 1: During these years, Williams fell in love with a woman

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Speaker 1: named Kitty May Black, who had a similar multi racial

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Speaker 1: ancestry to his own, but since she had very light skin,

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Speaker 1: her parents really wanted hur to marry someone white, and

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Speaker 1: they arranged for her to marry a white lawyer. Williams

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Speaker 1: was really heartbroken about this, and even more so after

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Speaker 1: she died of a sudden illness a few years later,

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Speaker 1: with her friends saying it had not seemed like she

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Speaker 1: wanted to survive. After this, Williams really threw himself into

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Speaker 1: his work. While Williams had not been kept out of

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Speaker 1: medical school because of his race, at this point, there

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Speaker 1: were no nursing schools in Chicago that were accepting black students.

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Speaker 1: In December of eighteen ninety, the Reverend Lewis Reynolds, pastor

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Speaker 1: of Saint Stephen's African Methodist Church, a pro coached Williams

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Speaker 1: on behalf of his sister, Emma. Emma had come to

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Speaker 1: Chicago to live with her brother and to learn to

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Speaker 1: be a nurse, but every nursing school in the city

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Speaker 1: had turned her down because she was black.

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Speaker 2: This was still really early in the development of nursing

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Speaker 2: as a professionalized field. The first nursing school in the

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Speaker 2: United States had been established less than twenty years before this,

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Speaker 2: in eighteen seventy two. Before this, people who worked as

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Speaker 2: nurses had often been through some kind of informal or

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Speaker 2: on the job training, or sometimes they were people who

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Speaker 2: were helping to take care of the sick and injured

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Speaker 2: without really a lot of training or education in that

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Speaker 2: at all. A lot of the nurses that were working

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Speaker 2: were really dedicated and knowledgeable. But the field of medicine

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Speaker 2: was rapidly becoming a lot more complex. There were all

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Speaker 2: kinds of new developments in things like infection control, anesthesia,

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Speaker 2: and surgery, so hospitals and medical practices were also seeing

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Speaker 2: a need for nurses that had a more formal, broader education.

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Speaker 1: Williams had patients who were recovering from surgery at home

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Speaker 1: or living at home with chronic or progressive conditions, and

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Speaker 1: they needed nurses, and those nurses needed to have specific skills.

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Speaker 1: He also knew that some of his black patients really

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Speaker 1: would not be comfortable in the care of a white nurse,

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Speaker 1: that they didn't know if he could even find a

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Speaker 1: white nurse willing to do the job. So simultaneously, he

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Speaker 1: thought no one should be denied in education in nursing

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Speaker 1: because of their race, and that there was a need

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Speaker 1: for black nurses specifically, and another need was running alongside

253
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Speaker 1: that one. There was only one hospital in Chicago that

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Speaker 1: would admit black patients. That was Cook County Hospital on

255
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Speaker 1: the west side. Williams was living and working on the

256
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Speaker 1: city's south side, and the black members of his community

257
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Speaker 1: just didn't have a hospital nearby that they could go to.

258
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Speaker 1: He realized that he could try to fill all of

259
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Speaker 1: these gaps at once, establishing a hospital that would accept

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Speaker 1: patients regardless of their race, which would also be a

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00:16:17,800 --> 00:16:21,240
Speaker 1: place to train black nurses, and it would be a

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00:16:21,280 --> 00:16:24,880
Speaker 1: place where black doctors and surgeons could work since they

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Speaker 1: were being barred from existing hospitals because of their race

264
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Speaker 1: as well. With the help of churches and community organizations,

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00:16:33,240 --> 00:16:37,520
Speaker 1: Williams and the Reverend Reynolds started raising money. People held

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Speaker 1: bake sales and also donated furniture and other items from

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Speaker 1: their own homes for use in the hospital. Several white

268
00:16:45,200 --> 00:16:50,720
Speaker 1: industrialists became major financial backers, including George Pullman and Cyrus McCormick.

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Speaker 1: This wasn't just about philanthropy, but also making sure their

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Speaker 1: black employees had access to medical care so that they

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Speaker 1: could recover from ill lists and injuries and get back

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Speaker 1: to work. Armor Meat Packing Company provided the down payment

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00:17:06,200 --> 00:17:11,960
Speaker 1: for the hospital building. Williams faced some fierce disagreement from

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Speaker 1: people who did not support his plans to open a hospital,

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Speaker 1: and a lot of that disagreement came from within the

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Speaker 1: black community. His critics argued that he was reinforcing racial

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Speaker 1: segregation at a time when Chicago was becoming increasingly racially segregated.

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Speaker 1: They thought he should instead be focused on fighting segregation

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Speaker 1: at the hospitals and nursing schools that already existed instead.

280
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Speaker 1: In spite of that opposition, articles of incorporation were filed

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Speaker 1: for a twelve bed facility called Provident Hospital and Training

282
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Speaker 1: School Association on January twenty third, eighteen ninety one, and

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Speaker 1: staffing turned out to be a challenge. The nursing program

284
00:17:56,760 --> 00:18:00,159
Speaker 1: was overwhelmed with one hundred and seventy five applications for

285
00:18:00,240 --> 00:18:03,920
Speaker 1: its eighteen month training program, but only seven of them

286
00:18:03,960 --> 00:18:09,200
Speaker 1: were accepted, including Emma Reynolds. Williams wanted applicants who were

287
00:18:09,480 --> 00:18:14,159
Speaker 1: quote fairly educated, as well as being prompt, neat, and organized.

288
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Speaker 1: They had to have a gentle voice and a patient temper,

289
00:18:17,280 --> 00:18:19,280
Speaker 1: and he felt that a lot of the applicants just

290
00:18:19,359 --> 00:18:23,040
Speaker 1: did not meet those criteria, and because black doctors and

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00:18:23,119 --> 00:18:26,399
Speaker 1: surgeons had been excluded from a lot of medical programs

292
00:18:26,520 --> 00:18:29,800
Speaker 1: and from working at other hospitals, he also had trouble

293
00:18:29,880 --> 00:18:33,320
Speaker 1: finding top tier doctors and surgeons who were also black.

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Speaker 2: The hospital did open its doors, though, and it was

295
00:18:37,440 --> 00:18:42,359
Speaker 2: integrated for both patients and staff. The surgical ward was

296
00:18:42,440 --> 00:18:45,400
Speaker 2: always very busy, treating a lot of people who worked

297
00:18:45,440 --> 00:18:49,080
Speaker 2: in Chicago's stockyards and railroads who had been injured on

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Speaker 2: the job. The hospital and the nursing school both did

299
00:18:52,680 --> 00:18:56,640
Speaker 2: really well, although they did face some serious financial issues

300
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Speaker 2: during the Panic of eighteen ninety three. Pent the hospitals

301
00:19:00,640 --> 00:19:05,000
Speaker 2: survived this financial crisis, largely thanks to Frederick Douglas, who

302
00:19:05,080 --> 00:19:09,040
Speaker 2: raised money for it during the Chicago World's Fair. On

303
00:19:09,119 --> 00:19:12,879
Speaker 2: July ninth, eighteen ninety three, a man named James Cornish

304
00:19:13,119 --> 00:19:16,480
Speaker 2: was stabbed in a fight and brought to Provident Hospital.

305
00:19:17,359 --> 00:19:20,200
Speaker 2: They didn't have the knife and he couldn't really describe it,

306
00:19:20,280 --> 00:19:23,320
Speaker 2: and X rays and other imaging techniques had not been

307
00:19:23,359 --> 00:19:26,840
Speaker 2: invented yet, so it wasn't really clear exactly how deep

308
00:19:26,960 --> 00:19:32,040
Speaker 2: the wound was from the outside, though it looked relatively shallow.

309
00:19:33,080 --> 00:19:37,920
Speaker 2: Cornish was admitted for observation, and overnight he started experiencing

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Speaker 2: increasing pain and showing signs of shock. Williams thought that

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00:19:43,320 --> 00:19:46,560
Speaker 2: he might be bleeding internally or having some other more

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00:19:46,680 --> 00:19:50,679
Speaker 2: serious issue, and the only way to tell was to

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Speaker 2: open his chest to look. Williams invited six surgeons to

314
00:19:55,760 --> 00:19:58,639
Speaker 2: observe this, four of them white and two of them black.

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00:19:59,440 --> 00:20:04,720
Speaker 2: Williams made an incision between Cornish's ribs, essentially extending the

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00:20:04,880 --> 00:20:08,960
Speaker 2: edges of the stab wound. Then he lifted the intercostal

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00:20:09,000 --> 00:20:11,959
Speaker 2: cartilage like a trap door to see what was underneath.

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Speaker 2: He could see that the knife had damaged the left

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Speaker 2: internal memory artery, it had also penetrated through the pericardium

320
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Speaker 2: that's the sack that surrounds and protects the heart, and

321
00:20:24,280 --> 00:20:29,639
Speaker 2: into the heart muscle itself. First, Williams repaired the damage

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00:20:29,640 --> 00:20:33,119
Speaker 2: to that artery. Then he irrigated the wounds to the

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00:20:33,119 --> 00:20:38,440
Speaker 2: pericardium and heart with saline. The heart muscle wasn't hemorrhaging,

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Speaker 2: and he left that part of the injury alone. He

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00:20:42,320 --> 00:20:45,760
Speaker 2: used forceps to hold the damaged edges of the pericardium

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00:20:45,920 --> 00:20:48,719
Speaker 2: and he sutured them together, and once he had done that,

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00:20:49,000 --> 00:20:53,359
Speaker 2: he closed all of his incisions. Williams did all of

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Speaker 2: this without a lot of the tools that would be

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00:20:55,480 --> 00:20:59,040
Speaker 2: used for this kind of surgery today. In addition to

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Speaker 2: the lack of X ray and other imaging, antibiotics and

331
00:21:02,320 --> 00:21:07,040
Speaker 2: anticoagulants had not been invented yet. Neither had rib spreaders

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00:21:07,160 --> 00:21:10,000
Speaker 2: or tools for keeping a patient's airway open while they

333
00:21:10,000 --> 00:21:15,080
Speaker 2: were anesthetized. Obviously, neither had heart bypass machines that allow

334
00:21:15,160 --> 00:21:19,679
Speaker 2: surgeons to stop a person's heart during surgery today. So

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00:21:19,760 --> 00:21:22,840
Speaker 2: Williams was doing this surgery as the heart was beating

336
00:21:22,960 --> 00:21:27,200
Speaker 2: and the edges of the torn pericardium were continually fluttering.

337
00:21:28,320 --> 00:21:31,520
Speaker 2: In addition to carrying out this procedure on a beating

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00:21:31,600 --> 00:21:36,040
Speaker 2: heart with very basic tools, Williams was also doing something

339
00:21:36,080 --> 00:21:41,399
Speaker 2: that most of the surgical community thought was impossible. Williams

340
00:21:41,520 --> 00:21:44,880
Speaker 2: had read a paper that had theorized about a surgical

341
00:21:44,920 --> 00:21:47,760
Speaker 2: repair to the pericardium while he was in medical school,

342
00:21:47,840 --> 00:21:52,480
Speaker 2: but that surgeon had not actually tried to perform one. Really,

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00:21:52,560 --> 00:21:56,359
Speaker 2: most surgeons in Europe and North America believed that even

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00:21:56,640 --> 00:22:00,199
Speaker 2: trying to explore a beating heart was likely to just

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00:22:00,359 --> 00:22:04,080
Speaker 2: kill the patient. German surgeon Theodore bill Roth, who is

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00:22:04,119 --> 00:22:08,800
Speaker 2: sometimes called the founder of abdominal surgery, was quoted as saying, quote,

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00:22:08,840 --> 00:22:12,040
Speaker 2: any surgeon who would attempt to suture a wound of

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00:22:12,080 --> 00:22:15,840
Speaker 2: the heart is not worthy of the serious consideration of

349
00:22:15,880 --> 00:22:20,280
Speaker 2: his colleagues. The common course of treatment for an injury

350
00:22:20,400 --> 00:22:25,000
Speaker 2: like Cornish's was cold rest and opium, and not surgery.

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Speaker 1: Cornish survived this surgery. A few days later, The Chicago

352
00:22:30,480 --> 00:22:33,480
Speaker 1: Daily inter Ocean reported on it, describing it as a

353
00:22:33,520 --> 00:22:38,879
Speaker 1: marvelous surgical operation and an astonishing feat. Twenty one days

354
00:22:38,920 --> 00:22:43,680
Speaker 1: into Cornish's recovery, he developed cardiac tampanaud or, a build

355
00:22:43,760 --> 00:22:47,439
Speaker 1: up of fluid in his pericardium, and Williams performed another

356
00:22:47,520 --> 00:22:51,119
Speaker 1: procedure to remove it through a needle. He did know

357
00:22:51,359 --> 00:22:54,840
Speaker 1: about earlier attempts to remove excess fluid from the pericardium,

358
00:22:54,960 --> 00:23:00,720
Speaker 1: although without today's imaging technologies that was extremely risky. Cornish

359
00:23:00,840 --> 00:23:05,400
Speaker 1: was discharged from the hospital after fifty one days. Williams

360
00:23:05,520 --> 00:23:08,040
Speaker 1: searched through medical literature to see if he could find

361
00:23:08,080 --> 00:23:11,560
Speaker 1: evidence of another surgeon having done something similar, and he

362
00:23:11,680 --> 00:23:15,840
Speaker 1: came up with nothing. After following up with Cornish three

363
00:23:15,920 --> 00:23:18,919
Speaker 1: years later and confirming that he was alive and in

364
00:23:18,960 --> 00:23:22,359
Speaker 1: good health, Williams wrote up a paper on the surgery,

365
00:23:22,520 --> 00:23:24,919
Speaker 1: and that was published in the Medical Record in eighteen

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Speaker 1: ninety seven. Although it was initially hailed as a first,

367
00:23:30,280 --> 00:23:34,119
Speaker 1: it was later discovered that doctor Henry Dalton had published

368
00:23:34,160 --> 00:23:37,199
Speaker 1: on a similar procedure in the Annals of Surgery in

369
00:23:37,240 --> 00:23:38,760
Speaker 1: eighteen ninety one, and there.

370
00:23:38,600 --> 00:23:43,640
Speaker 2: Were also some other even earlier examples of similar procedures.

371
00:23:44,240 --> 00:23:47,480
Speaker 2: By the time his paper was published, Williams had moved

372
00:23:47,520 --> 00:23:50,840
Speaker 2: on from Provident Hospital, and we'll get to that after

373
00:23:50,880 --> 00:24:04,920
Speaker 2: a sponsor break. Not long after his surgery on James Cornish,

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00:24:05,040 --> 00:24:08,720
Speaker 2: Daniel Hale Williams was appointed to the position of surgeon

375
00:24:08,840 --> 00:24:13,239
Speaker 2: in chief at Freedman's Hospital in Washington, d C. The

376
00:24:13,240 --> 00:24:17,520
Speaker 2: federal government had established Freedman's Hospital in eighteen sixty two,

377
00:24:18,080 --> 00:24:20,760
Speaker 2: and in eighteen sixty eight it had also become a

378
00:24:20,840 --> 00:24:26,160
Speaker 2: teaching hospital for Howard University Medical School. As chief surgeon,

379
00:24:26,320 --> 00:24:29,960
Speaker 2: that would also make Williams a professor of surgery at Howard.

380
00:24:31,000 --> 00:24:35,959
Speaker 2: Williams was really reluctant to leave Provident Hospital, but he

381
00:24:36,000 --> 00:24:39,760
Speaker 2: apparently changed his mind after a conversation with Secretary of

382
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Speaker 2: State Walter Q.

383
00:24:41,119 --> 00:24:41,600
Speaker 3: Gresham.

384
00:24:42,400 --> 00:24:46,200
Speaker 2: Gresham told him quote, if it's service to your race,

385
00:24:46,280 --> 00:24:49,920
Speaker 2: you're thinking of Freedman's needs, you more than Provident from

386
00:24:50,000 --> 00:24:55,119
Speaker 2: all I hear. William's start date was unfortunately delayed by

387
00:24:55,160 --> 00:24:59,000
Speaker 2: an accident. While out quail hunting, he was shot in

388
00:24:59,040 --> 00:25:02,359
Speaker 2: the foot. He developed an infection, and for a while

389
00:25:02,440 --> 00:25:04,840
Speaker 2: it looked like his leg might have to be amputated.

390
00:25:05,720 --> 00:25:08,159
Speaker 2: Once Williams was well enough to return to work, he

391
00:25:08,320 --> 00:25:12,679
Speaker 2: was months later than planned and really still recovering. He

392
00:25:12,720 --> 00:25:16,400
Speaker 2: had also been targeted by a smear campaign by another surgeon,

393
00:25:16,680 --> 00:25:19,760
Speaker 2: George Cleveland Hall, who seems to have had a grudge

394
00:25:19,760 --> 00:25:23,159
Speaker 2: against Williams after Williams didn't back him for an appointment

395
00:25:23,480 --> 00:25:29,840
Speaker 2: at Provident Hospital. William's predecessor at Friedman's Hospital was Charles

396
00:25:29,840 --> 00:25:33,440
Speaker 2: Burley Purvis, who had been the hospital's surgeon in Chards

397
00:25:33,560 --> 00:25:36,960
Speaker 2: for over a decade. Purvis had also served in the

398
00:25:37,119 --> 00:25:40,360
Speaker 2: Union Army during the Civil War and had been one

399
00:25:40,359 --> 00:25:44,280
Speaker 2: of the founders of Howard Medical School. But a lot

400
00:25:44,520 --> 00:25:48,040
Speaker 2: had changed in the world of medicine over all those years,

401
00:25:48,640 --> 00:25:52,280
Speaker 2: and William's perception was that Purvis and the hospital had

402
00:25:52,359 --> 00:25:56,960
Speaker 2: just not kept up with those changes. Purvis later alleged

403
00:25:57,000 --> 00:25:59,680
Speaker 2: that he had been replaced because of politics.

404
00:26:00,600 --> 00:26:05,800
Speaker 1: When Williams started, Freedman's Hospital was organized into three general wards,

405
00:26:06,240 --> 00:26:09,000
Speaker 1: one for men, one for women, and one for.

406
00:26:09,000 --> 00:26:10,720
Speaker 3: Labor and delivery.

407
00:26:10,880 --> 00:26:13,640
Speaker 1: The nursing staff was mostly made up of people who

408
00:26:13,680 --> 00:26:17,399
Speaker 1: had not been through formal training, meaning they also didn't

409
00:26:17,440 --> 00:26:20,520
Speaker 1: have the kind of experience or skills that Williams thought

410
00:26:20,600 --> 00:26:24,960
Speaker 1: was necessary. He also found the hospital's surgical mortality rate

411
00:26:25,040 --> 00:26:27,600
Speaker 1: of almost ten percent to be unacceptable.

412
00:26:28,760 --> 00:26:34,359
Speaker 2: Williams reorganized the hospital into departments. I used all the

413
00:26:34,440 --> 00:26:42,680
Speaker 2: modern terms for these departments today. They were general medicine, surgery, gynecology, obstetrics, dermatology, urology,

414
00:26:42,760 --> 00:26:47,520
Speaker 2: and pulmonology. He also established an ambulance service, which was

415
00:26:47,640 --> 00:26:51,320
Speaker 2: essentially a delivery wagon that could bring patients to the hospital.

416
00:26:51,880 --> 00:26:55,919
Speaker 2: He replaced the nursing staff and updated surgical techniques and

417
00:26:55,960 --> 00:27:01,720
Speaker 2: antiseptic procedures. In addition to recruiting new medical and surgical staff,

418
00:27:01,800 --> 00:27:05,280
Speaker 2: he also granted surgical privileges to some of the area's

419
00:27:05,320 --> 00:27:09,880
Speaker 2: best surgeons. Soon, the surgical mortality rate at the hospital

420
00:27:09,920 --> 00:27:14,760
Speaker 2: had dropped to one point five percent. Williams also wanted

421
00:27:14,800 --> 00:27:18,320
Speaker 2: Freedman's Hospital to be seen as a highly respected and

422
00:27:18,520 --> 00:27:22,159
Speaker 2: cutting edge facility, which meant getting the public to trust

423
00:27:22,200 --> 00:27:25,960
Speaker 2: the abilities of black surgeons. To that end, he offered

424
00:27:26,040 --> 00:27:30,159
Speaker 2: lectures and demonstrations at the hospital, including opportunities for the

425
00:27:30,200 --> 00:27:35,560
Speaker 2: public to observe surgical procedures in the operating theater. Williams

426
00:27:35,600 --> 00:27:39,600
Speaker 2: resigned from Freedman's Hospital in eighteen ninety eight after about

427
00:27:39,640 --> 00:27:43,159
Speaker 2: five years. The hospital was still under the control of

428
00:27:43,200 --> 00:27:46,000
Speaker 2: the Department of the Interior, and that meant that it

429
00:27:46,119 --> 00:27:51,160
Speaker 2: was often in the crosshairs of various political squabbles. An

430
00:27:51,160 --> 00:27:56,240
Speaker 2: investigation into charitable institutions in Washington, d C. Including the

431
00:27:56,320 --> 00:28:01,040
Speaker 2: hospital had also started in eighteen ninety six, and Purvis

432
00:28:01,080 --> 00:28:05,680
Speaker 2: hadn't been trying to get reinstated to his position. Williams

433
00:28:05,800 --> 00:28:09,600
Speaker 2: was accused of financial mismanagement, but the reason he gave

434
00:28:09,720 --> 00:28:12,560
Speaker 2: for leaving was that he was just tired of all

435
00:28:12,560 --> 00:28:16,400
Speaker 2: the politics. That same year, at the age of forty two,

436
00:28:17,040 --> 00:28:20,520
Speaker 2: Williams married thirty nine year old Alice Johnson, who was

437
00:28:20,560 --> 00:28:24,399
Speaker 2: the daughter of American artist Moses jacob Ezekiel, who was

438
00:28:24,480 --> 00:28:29,160
Speaker 2: Jewish and a formerly enslaved woman. Alice was a teacher

439
00:28:29,200 --> 00:28:32,320
Speaker 2: and a graduate of Howard University who had remained single

440
00:28:32,680 --> 00:28:36,280
Speaker 2: after an ugly breakup when she was much younger. She

441
00:28:36,359 --> 00:28:38,680
Speaker 2: didn't want to wear white for her wedding because her

442
00:28:38,720 --> 00:28:42,280
Speaker 2: mother had recently died, so instead she wore a navy

443
00:28:42,280 --> 00:28:46,400
Speaker 2: blue suit. Dan's friend Paul Lawrence Dunbar wrote a poem

444
00:28:46,480 --> 00:28:50,440
Speaker 2: to commemorate his marriage, titled to Dan. That poem started

445
00:28:50,640 --> 00:28:53,720
Speaker 2: step me now a bridal measure, work, give way to

446
00:28:53,840 --> 00:28:57,280
Speaker 2: love and leisure. Hearts be free, and hearts be gay.

447
00:28:57,720 --> 00:29:01,800
Speaker 2: Doctor Dan Doth wed today. They moved back to Chicago,

448
00:29:01,840 --> 00:29:05,280
Speaker 2: and they had one child together, who sadly died at birth.

449
00:29:06,360 --> 00:29:10,800
Speaker 2: A congressional report about Friedman's Hospital was released after Dan

450
00:29:10,960 --> 00:29:13,959
Speaker 2: and Alice had gotten married, and it detailed a lot

451
00:29:14,000 --> 00:29:16,840
Speaker 2: of issues at the hospital. A lot of those issues, though,

452
00:29:16,960 --> 00:29:20,040
Speaker 2: were ones that Williams had reported to the Department of

453
00:29:20,080 --> 00:29:23,520
Speaker 2: the Interior but which had not been dealt with. The

454
00:29:23,640 --> 00:29:27,520
Speaker 2: report recommended huge cuts to the staff, including to the

455
00:29:27,600 --> 00:29:31,560
Speaker 2: nursing staff, and it described Howard Medical School as quote

456
00:29:31,680 --> 00:29:33,440
Speaker 2: encroaching on the hospital.

457
00:29:34,440 --> 00:29:38,080
Speaker 1: There were some newspapers that defended Williams after this report

458
00:29:38,200 --> 00:29:42,280
Speaker 1: was released, and others that attacked him. He was questioned

459
00:29:42,320 --> 00:29:46,160
Speaker 1: about his work, including a lot of questions about hospital spending.

460
00:29:47,000 --> 00:29:51,040
Speaker 1: This included very specific questions about transactions that had happened

461
00:29:51,120 --> 00:29:54,400
Speaker 1: years before the sale of two cameras that he said

462
00:29:54,440 --> 00:29:57,480
Speaker 1: were his personal property but that were implied to have

463
00:29:57,560 --> 00:30:00,600
Speaker 1: really belonged to the government, and and how much was

464
00:30:00,600 --> 00:30:04,720
Speaker 1: spent on various equipment that was both expensive and useless

465
00:30:04,760 --> 00:30:08,200
Speaker 1: if it was damaged or worn. This has to have

466
00:30:08,280 --> 00:30:11,000
Speaker 1: been frustrating, considering that he brought a lot of his

467
00:30:11,120 --> 00:30:13,440
Speaker 1: own equipment with him when he started working at the

468
00:30:13,440 --> 00:30:16,920
Speaker 1: hospital because the hospital didn't have it, and a lot

469
00:30:16,960 --> 00:30:20,320
Speaker 1: of that equipment he never got back. Yeah, some of

470
00:30:20,360 --> 00:30:23,400
Speaker 1: these questions were like questions about purchases of needles from

471
00:30:23,440 --> 00:30:25,440
Speaker 1: eighteen ninety four or something, and he was like, how

472
00:30:25,440 --> 00:30:28,920
Speaker 1: do you expect me to know this? There's a stationary invoice.

473
00:30:31,800 --> 00:30:35,760
Speaker 2: Back in Chicago, Williams went back to working at Provident Hospital,

474
00:30:35,840 --> 00:30:38,800
Speaker 2: which had moved to a new sixty five bed location.

475
00:30:39,800 --> 00:30:42,880
Speaker 2: George Cleveland Hall was now on the board there, and

476
00:30:42,920 --> 00:30:46,280
Speaker 2: there continued to be a lot of friction between him

477
00:30:46,440 --> 00:30:51,040
Speaker 2: and Williams. Williams also started writing to Booker T. Washington

478
00:30:51,200 --> 00:30:54,640
Speaker 2: trying to get a teaching hospital established at the Tuskegee

479
00:30:54,640 --> 00:30:58,880
Speaker 2: Institute in Alabama. The Tuskegee Institute had been founded in

480
00:30:58,920 --> 00:30:59,840
Speaker 2: eighteen eighty one.

481
00:31:00,920 --> 00:31:01,360
Speaker 3: Booker T.

482
00:31:01,720 --> 00:31:05,080
Speaker 2: Washington seems to have thought a hospital would be taking

483
00:31:05,120 --> 00:31:08,600
Speaker 2: on too much, too fast and put the institute at risk,

484
00:31:09,160 --> 00:31:12,440
Speaker 2: but Williams thought there was an obvious need for one.

485
00:31:13,360 --> 00:31:16,800
Speaker 2: In addition to thinking it was critical to training doctors,

486
00:31:16,880 --> 00:31:19,480
Speaker 2: he had seen black patients who had come all the

487
00:31:19,520 --> 00:31:22,680
Speaker 2: way from Alabama trying to get access to medical care.

488
00:31:24,040 --> 00:31:29,040
Speaker 2: Washington eventually stopped answering Williams letters, and Williams later learned

489
00:31:29,080 --> 00:31:31,800
Speaker 2: that Washington had also been getting a lot of letters

490
00:31:31,840 --> 00:31:35,080
Speaker 2: from George Cleveland Hall. There seems to just have been

491
00:31:35,120 --> 00:31:39,040
Speaker 2: a lot of animosity between the two of them. In

492
00:31:39,120 --> 00:31:42,760
Speaker 2: eighteen ninety nine, George Hubbard, president and dean of Mahary

493
00:31:42,840 --> 00:31:47,720
Speaker 2: Medical College in Nashville, Tennessee, contacted Williams about conducting surgical

494
00:31:47,720 --> 00:31:52,080
Speaker 2: clinics at the college. Maharry is a historically black medical

495
00:31:52,120 --> 00:31:55,680
Speaker 2: school founded in eighteen seventy six, but at the time

496
00:31:55,880 --> 00:32:00,680
Speaker 2: it wasn't connected to a teaching hospital. Williams's first clinic

497
00:32:00,840 --> 00:32:04,280
Speaker 2: was held in a cramped room, and afterward he stressed

498
00:32:04,280 --> 00:32:07,520
Speaker 2: that the only way for doctors insurgeons to really excel,

499
00:32:08,200 --> 00:32:10,840
Speaker 2: or even to be truly ready to practice medicine and

500
00:32:10,880 --> 00:32:14,640
Speaker 2: surgery was to have the opportunity for hands on instruction

501
00:32:14,760 --> 00:32:18,880
Speaker 2: and practice at a teaching hospital. He was quoted as saying,

502
00:32:19,320 --> 00:32:22,920
Speaker 2: we can't sit any longer idly and inanely deploring the

503
00:32:23,000 --> 00:32:28,160
Speaker 2: existing conditions. We must start our own hospitals and training schools.

504
00:32:29,360 --> 00:32:33,560
Speaker 2: In January of nineteen hundred, Williams returned to Nashville to

505
00:32:33,560 --> 00:32:36,720
Speaker 2: give a lecture on this subject at the Phyllis Wheetlee Club.

506
00:32:37,520 --> 00:32:40,600
Speaker 2: He advocated for every city in the South with a

507
00:32:40,640 --> 00:32:43,680
Speaker 2: population of more than ten thousand black people to have

508
00:32:43,800 --> 00:32:48,280
Speaker 2: its own black hospital with an attached nursing training school.

509
00:32:49,160 --> 00:32:52,640
Speaker 2: This would provide hospitals that would accept black patients and

510
00:32:52,920 --> 00:32:56,840
Speaker 2: places for black doctors and surgeons to work. He talked

511
00:32:56,840 --> 00:32:59,680
Speaker 2: about how to get such a hospital started by renting

512
00:32:59,720 --> 00:33:03,040
Speaker 2: a house with ten or twelve rooms, preferably with a basement,

513
00:33:03,680 --> 00:33:06,400
Speaker 2: furnishing it modestly so that it would be easy to clean,

514
00:33:07,240 --> 00:33:10,680
Speaker 2: and hiring a level headed graduate nurse to act as

515
00:33:10,680 --> 00:33:14,760
Speaker 2: the superintendent, and then appointing the best physicians that could

516
00:33:14,760 --> 00:33:18,440
Speaker 2: be found to work there. Then he passed on something

517
00:33:18,480 --> 00:33:21,120
Speaker 2: Frederick Douglass had written to him in a letter in

518
00:33:21,200 --> 00:33:24,880
Speaker 2: eighteen ninety four, quote, the only way you can succeed

519
00:33:25,080 --> 00:33:28,960
Speaker 2: is to override the obstacles in your path. Hope will

520
00:33:28,960 --> 00:33:31,800
Speaker 2: be of no avail by the power that is within you.

521
00:33:32,280 --> 00:33:36,240
Speaker 2: Do what you hope to do. A teaching hospital was

522
00:33:36,320 --> 00:33:40,960
Speaker 2: established in Nashville that September. Williams continued to hold his

523
00:33:41,120 --> 00:33:44,360
Speaker 2: annual surgical clinics there and they were described as the

524
00:33:44,480 --> 00:33:48,440
Speaker 2: highlight of every year for the medical students. He was

525
00:33:48,520 --> 00:33:51,400
Speaker 2: paid only a travel stipend, and he donated that.

526
00:33:51,560 --> 00:33:52,400
Speaker 3: Back to Mahary.

527
00:33:53,240 --> 00:33:55,520
Speaker 2: A lot of the time he was doing surgeries that

528
00:33:55,560 --> 00:33:59,719
Speaker 2: the students really didn't have other opportunities to see. They

529
00:33:59,720 --> 00:34:04,600
Speaker 2: were often very complicated or uncommon procedures. He was known

530
00:34:04,760 --> 00:34:10,239
Speaker 2: for operating incredibly skillfully and also very quickly given the

531
00:34:10,320 --> 00:34:14,840
Speaker 2: limitations of general anesthesia at the time. He was also

532
00:34:14,880 --> 00:34:18,759
Speaker 2: continually pushing himself as a surgeon, and he was also

533
00:34:18,880 --> 00:34:21,920
Speaker 2: breaking new ground in the field. In nineteen oh two,

534
00:34:22,040 --> 00:34:25,120
Speaker 2: he became one of the first surgeons to successfully repair

535
00:34:25,480 --> 00:34:29,120
Speaker 2: a traumatic hemorrhage in a spleen. At the time, it

536
00:34:29,160 --> 00:34:31,640
Speaker 2: was more common to remove the spleen than to try

537
00:34:31,680 --> 00:34:35,200
Speaker 2: to repair it. There had been at least one successful

538
00:34:35,239 --> 00:34:38,719
Speaker 2: surgical spleen repair before this, but Williams did not know

539
00:34:38,840 --> 00:34:42,880
Speaker 2: about it. In nineteen twelve, while he was still working

540
00:34:42,920 --> 00:34:47,839
Speaker 2: at Provident Hospital, Williams also became associate attending surgeon at

541
00:34:47,920 --> 00:34:51,960
Speaker 2: Saint Luke's Hospital in Chicago, but the following year he

542
00:34:52,160 --> 00:34:56,800
Speaker 2: resigned from Provident. There are kind of multiple conflicting stories

543
00:34:56,840 --> 00:35:01,480
Speaker 2: about why what is that Providence bore passed a policy

544
00:35:01,760 --> 00:35:06,400
Speaker 2: that surgeons who worked at Provident could only work at Provident.

545
00:35:07,160 --> 00:35:10,920
Speaker 2: That was a policy that was probably written to target Williams,

546
00:35:11,239 --> 00:35:14,359
Speaker 2: and it might also have been connected to the ongoing

547
00:35:14,480 --> 00:35:19,759
Speaker 2: animosity with George Cleveland Hall. It's also possible that Williams

548
00:35:19,760 --> 00:35:22,600
Speaker 2: felt like Provident was no longer really aligned with his

549
00:35:22,760 --> 00:35:27,399
Speaker 2: original vision for it. He had established it in order

550
00:35:27,440 --> 00:35:30,279
Speaker 2: to train black nurses and to provide a place that

551
00:35:30,280 --> 00:35:33,600
Speaker 2: would accept black patients and where black doctors could work.

552
00:35:34,600 --> 00:35:38,319
Speaker 2: He had also helped to establish the National Medical Association

553
00:35:38,520 --> 00:35:43,080
Speaker 2: since black doctors were being excluded from the American Medical Association,

554
00:35:44,080 --> 00:35:48,120
Speaker 2: but he had wanted Provident to specifically be integrated and

555
00:35:48,200 --> 00:35:51,560
Speaker 2: to provide connections between the white and black medical communities

556
00:35:51,560 --> 00:35:56,840
Speaker 2: in Chicago. Over time, Providence staff had become less and

557
00:35:57,120 --> 00:36:01,200
Speaker 2: less integrated and more predominantly black, and that was part

558
00:36:01,280 --> 00:36:05,719
Speaker 2: of an increasing pattern of racial segregation in Chicago more generally.

559
00:36:06,760 --> 00:36:10,120
Speaker 2: Williams kept working at Saint Luke's as well as teaching

560
00:36:10,160 --> 00:36:14,279
Speaker 2: and consulting. Former students and colleagues would write to him

561
00:36:14,320 --> 00:36:18,040
Speaker 2: for help and advice, and sometimes when his former students'

562
00:36:18,080 --> 00:36:20,719
Speaker 2: patients did not have access to a hospital that would

563
00:36:20,760 --> 00:36:24,600
Speaker 2: admit them, he would still perform surgery in their homes.

564
00:36:25,280 --> 00:36:28,680
Speaker 2: He also continued to advocate for the establishment of black

565
00:36:28,719 --> 00:36:32,640
Speaker 2: owned hospitals that would benefit black patients and doctors alike.

566
00:36:33,400 --> 00:36:36,360
Speaker 2: He helped establish at least forty hospitals that were open

567
00:36:36,400 --> 00:36:40,600
Speaker 2: to black patients. In nineteen thirteen, Williams also became the

568
00:36:40,640 --> 00:36:44,160
Speaker 2: only black founding member of the American College of Surgeons,

569
00:36:44,440 --> 00:36:47,680
Speaker 2: which got its second black member twenty one years later.

570
00:36:49,080 --> 00:36:53,360
Speaker 2: Dan's wife, Alice, developed Parkinson's disease and died in nineteen

571
00:36:53,440 --> 00:36:57,200
Speaker 2: twenty four. They were married until her death, but their

572
00:36:57,239 --> 00:37:01,000
Speaker 2: relationship had become more strained after d had an affair

573
00:37:01,280 --> 00:37:07,239
Speaker 2: years before. Daniel Hale Williams moved to northern Michigan. In

574
00:37:07,320 --> 00:37:10,600
Speaker 2: nineteen twenty six, he was partially paralyzed after a stroke.

575
00:37:11,360 --> 00:37:14,120
Speaker 2: He died on August fourth, nineteen thirty one, at the

576
00:37:14,160 --> 00:37:17,400
Speaker 2: age of seventy five, and he was buried in Chicago's

577
00:37:17,440 --> 00:37:22,040
Speaker 2: Graceland Cemetery. He had become known as an advocate for

578
00:37:22,120 --> 00:37:25,840
Speaker 2: medical and nursing training and medical care for black people,

579
00:37:26,040 --> 00:37:30,680
Speaker 2: and for being an incredibly talented surgeon who charged people

580
00:37:30,680 --> 00:37:33,800
Speaker 2: what they could afford to pay him. He took risks,

581
00:37:33,800 --> 00:37:36,440
Speaker 2: and he attempted surgeries that he didn't know of anybody

582
00:37:36,440 --> 00:37:39,800
Speaker 2: else trying before. And he had a reputation for going

583
00:37:39,840 --> 00:37:43,359
Speaker 2: to great links to try to treat people's limbs rather

584
00:37:43,440 --> 00:37:47,839
Speaker 2: than amputating them. But he also did not do surgeries

585
00:37:47,920 --> 00:37:50,640
Speaker 2: if he knew that they would not be successful, and

586
00:37:50,680 --> 00:37:53,600
Speaker 2: he didn't give people treatments that he didn't think they needed.

587
00:37:54,400 --> 00:37:57,480
Speaker 2: If he decided someone was too sick or too badly

588
00:37:57,600 --> 00:38:00,439
Speaker 2: injured to survive a surgery, he would stay with them

589
00:38:00,520 --> 00:38:04,960
Speaker 2: until they died. In the words of biographer Helen Buckler, quote,

590
00:38:05,000 --> 00:38:07,880
Speaker 2: it was as though in the sickroom, and only in

591
00:38:07,960 --> 00:38:11,719
Speaker 2: the sickroom, could doctor Dan be a whole man, a

592
00:38:11,719 --> 00:38:14,240
Speaker 2: man of feeling as well as a man of science

593
00:38:14,280 --> 00:38:19,080
Speaker 2: and intellect. Here emotions buried deep by pride and circumstance

594
00:38:19,160 --> 00:38:23,520
Speaker 2: were set free. Provident Hospital moved into a much bigger

595
00:38:23,520 --> 00:38:26,560
Speaker 2: building on East fifty first Street in nineteen thirty three.

596
00:38:27,520 --> 00:38:30,799
Speaker 2: This was followed by construction of an outpatient building, and

597
00:38:30,880 --> 00:38:34,360
Speaker 2: two apartment buildings were purchased as housing for nursing students.

598
00:38:35,120 --> 00:38:38,759
Speaker 2: But the hospital faced periods of financial struggle, especially in

599
00:38:38,840 --> 00:38:44,160
Speaker 2: times of more widespread economic downturns. This included serious financial

600
00:38:44,160 --> 00:38:47,240
Speaker 2: problems in the nineteen eighties, and the hospital was closed

601
00:38:47,239 --> 00:38:50,760
Speaker 2: in nineteen eighty seven. It was acquired by the Cook

602
00:38:50,760 --> 00:38:54,560
Speaker 2: County Board of Commissioners in nineteen ninety one and reopened

603
00:38:54,600 --> 00:38:58,400
Speaker 2: in nineteen ninety three. It is now Provident Hospital of

604
00:38:58,440 --> 00:39:02,480
Speaker 2: Cook County in Chicago and is affiliated with Loyola University's

605
00:39:02,800 --> 00:39:06,879
Speaker 2: Stritch School of Medicine. Most of the hospitals that were

606
00:39:07,040 --> 00:39:10,680
Speaker 2: established during the Black Hospital movement closed or merged with

607
00:39:10,719 --> 00:39:14,720
Speaker 2: other hospitals after the Civil Rights Act of nineteen sixty

608
00:39:14,840 --> 00:39:19,000
Speaker 2: four and the establishment of Medicare and Medicaid the following year.

609
00:39:19,800 --> 00:39:24,200
Speaker 2: Hospitals accepting Medicare and Medicaid funding were required to comply

610
00:39:24,360 --> 00:39:28,839
Speaker 2: with the Civil Rights Acts outlawing of racial discrimination. This

611
00:39:29,040 --> 00:39:34,240
Speaker 2: was a huge part of desegregating the medical system. Desegregation

612
00:39:34,440 --> 00:39:37,600
Speaker 2: gave black patients access to care that they might not

613
00:39:37,719 --> 00:39:40,759
Speaker 2: have been able to access otherwise, but the loss of

614
00:39:40,840 --> 00:39:44,799
Speaker 2: these hospitals could also be devastating to the communities where

615
00:39:44,840 --> 00:39:49,040
Speaker 2: they had been operating. Many of them were major employers

616
00:39:49,120 --> 00:39:52,279
Speaker 2: in their neighborhoods and also sources of civic pride and

617
00:39:52,400 --> 00:39:57,279
Speaker 2: just major community resources. And of course, the desegregation of

618
00:39:57,320 --> 00:40:00,480
Speaker 2: the medical system in the US did not allow eliminate

619
00:40:00,640 --> 00:40:05,080
Speaker 2: medical racism, and there are ongoing disparities and access to

620
00:40:05,160 --> 00:40:09,120
Speaker 2: medical care and outcomes across a lot of the country

621
00:40:09,160 --> 00:40:13,160
Speaker 2: today and that is Daniel Hale Williams.

622
00:40:13,840 --> 00:40:15,880
Speaker 1: Do you also have some listener mail for us?

623
00:40:16,280 --> 00:40:17,799
Speaker 3: I do have listener mail.

624
00:40:17,920 --> 00:40:21,720
Speaker 2: This is from Caitlin who wrote, Hi, Tracy and Holly.

625
00:40:22,520 --> 00:40:25,880
Speaker 2: I'm always delighted by the Unearthed episodes and this set

626
00:40:25,920 --> 00:40:30,160
Speaker 2: with no exception. I especially appreciated the let's recreate this

627
00:40:30,360 --> 00:40:32,840
Speaker 2: artifact from antiquity to see if we can use it

628
00:40:32,840 --> 00:40:36,640
Speaker 2: as hypothesized item variety. How do I get a job

629
00:40:36,800 --> 00:40:40,440
Speaker 2: checking a javelin from various heights on a scissor lift.

630
00:40:41,239 --> 00:40:43,759
Speaker 2: I'm a grad student who teaches undergrads as part of

631
00:40:43,760 --> 00:40:47,160
Speaker 2: my program, and this semester, I'm leading a historical research

632
00:40:47,239 --> 00:40:50,680
Speaker 2: methodology course where we're showing students how to do archival

633
00:40:50,719 --> 00:40:54,960
Speaker 2: research by working on a group project. Coincidentally, the day

634
00:40:55,000 --> 00:40:59,000
Speaker 2: before the first class, an interstate construction project turned up

635
00:40:59,000 --> 00:41:04,480
Speaker 2: an archaeologically significant find, a series of privy pits their

636
00:41:04,600 --> 00:41:07,080
Speaker 2: thought to date to the construction of the Erie Canal.

637
00:41:07,440 --> 00:41:10,160
Speaker 2: The archaeologist interviewed for the article I read was so

638
00:41:10,280 --> 00:41:13,560
Speaker 2: incredibly excited about the chance to learn from the unearthed

639
00:41:13,640 --> 00:41:18,319
Speaker 2: artifacts that had been rescued before the construction resumed. I

640
00:41:18,360 --> 00:41:20,799
Speaker 2: shared this with my students as an example of how

641
00:41:20,880 --> 00:41:25,160
Speaker 2: local history can be. I waxed rhapsodic about the potential

642
00:41:25,239 --> 00:41:28,280
Speaker 2: discoveries for a few moments before one of my students

643
00:41:28,360 --> 00:41:30,920
Speaker 2: raised his hand and said, wait, isn't a privy just

644
00:41:30,960 --> 00:41:35,759
Speaker 2: a toilet? What's important about poop? Bless his heart, he

645
00:41:35,800 --> 00:41:39,000
Speaker 2: didn't know how deep my repertoire of factoids and tidbits

646
00:41:39,000 --> 00:41:42,600
Speaker 2: on Latrine's privy, septic systems, dumps, and so on is.

647
00:41:42,840 --> 00:41:46,520
Speaker 2: Thanks Unearthed, Thank you as always for all you do.

648
00:41:47,440 --> 00:41:49,480
Speaker 2: I look forward to the new episodes every week and

649
00:41:49,560 --> 00:41:53,040
Speaker 2: am constantly re listening to favorites from the back catalog.

650
00:41:53,320 --> 00:41:54,440
Speaker 3: Best Caitlin.

651
00:41:55,320 --> 00:41:59,600
Speaker 2: Thank you so much Caitlin for this email, and thank

652
00:41:59,600 --> 00:42:03,520
Speaker 2: you for your past emails. Caitlin is another frequent correspondent,

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Speaker 2: and I loved this bit about the privies. The discoveries

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Speaker 2: I thought of first connected to the privies were the

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Speaker 2: ones that we've talked about that are all about how

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Speaker 2: the Roman Empire was full of parasites, and wherever the

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Speaker 2: Romans went, they took the parasites with the riddled with Romans.

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Speaker 2: I also think in earlier years of doing Unearthed, we

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Speaker 2: had a lot of discoveries that came from middens which

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Speaker 2: were basically trash dumps. And I don't think I can

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Speaker 2: remember a very recent midden discovery. Maybe there has been,

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Speaker 2: I don't know, but anyway, thank you again, Caitlin for

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Speaker 2: this email. If you would like to send us a

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Speaker 2: note about this or any other podcast where at history

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00:42:55,800 --> 00:42:58,640
Speaker 2: our show on the iHeartRadio app or anywhere else you'd

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Speaker 2: like to get your podcasts.

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Speaker 3: Stuff you missed in History Class is a production of iHeartRadio.

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Speaker 2: For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts,

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