1 00:00:15,410 --> 00:00:28,410 Speaker 1: Pushkin the port of Zebrugger, Belgium. Assistant Bosa and Mark 2 00:00:28,530 --> 00:00:31,610 Speaker 1: Stanley is helping to direct all the trucks, cars and 3 00:00:31,650 --> 00:00:34,530 Speaker 1: buses off the ferry after their four and a half 4 00:00:34,570 --> 00:00:38,690 Speaker 1: hour journey from Dover, England. Then he'll help to load 5 00:00:38,810 --> 00:00:41,130 Speaker 1: up all the trucks, cars and buses that are waiting 6 00:00:41,170 --> 00:00:43,850 Speaker 1: to board for the trip back to Dover. It's a 7 00:00:43,930 --> 00:00:49,930 Speaker 1: chilly Thursday evening in March nineteen eighty seven. The ferry 8 00:00:50,170 --> 00:00:54,450 Speaker 1: is the herald of free enterprise. It's so relatively new 9 00:00:54,490 --> 00:00:59,330 Speaker 1: design called row Row, roll on, roll off, as the 10 00:00:59,410 --> 00:01:02,690 Speaker 1: name suggests, this type of ferry is designed so vehicles 11 00:01:02,730 --> 00:01:06,090 Speaker 1: can simply drive on in one port and off in 12 00:01:06,130 --> 00:01:08,930 Speaker 1: the other. There are big doors at the front and 13 00:01:09,170 --> 00:01:12,370 Speaker 1: act that opens so a ramp can be lowered. The 14 00:01:12,450 --> 00:01:16,450 Speaker 1: vehicles park on a lower deck and their occupants head 15 00:01:16,530 --> 00:01:19,530 Speaker 1: upstairs to spend the journey on one of the passenger 16 00:01:19,570 --> 00:01:24,970 Speaker 1: decks above. Then, obviously those big doors must be closed 17 00:01:24,970 --> 00:01:29,170 Speaker 1: again before the ferry departs, otherwise you're going to see 18 00:01:29,290 --> 00:01:33,570 Speaker 1: with a hole in one end of your ship. It's 19 00:01:33,650 --> 00:01:37,290 Speaker 1: the job of the assistant Bosa and Mark Stanley to 20 00:01:37,370 --> 00:01:42,970 Speaker 1: close those doors. Four years earlier, on another row row 21 00:01:43,090 --> 00:01:47,450 Speaker 1: ferry owned by the same company. The person responsible didn't 22 00:01:47,650 --> 00:01:52,610 Speaker 1: close the doors he had fallen asleep. That could have 23 00:01:52,970 --> 00:01:58,050 Speaker 1: ended in disaster. Had the waves been too high, or 24 00:01:58,090 --> 00:02:01,410 Speaker 1: the open doors sitting too low in the water, the 25 00:02:01,490 --> 00:02:04,850 Speaker 1: sea would have rushed in. They got away with it 26 00:02:04,930 --> 00:02:10,290 Speaker 1: that time, but they were lucky on the Herald of 27 00:02:10,370 --> 00:02:14,250 Speaker 1: Free Enterprise. On that cold z a brugger evening, the 28 00:02:14,330 --> 00:02:18,010 Speaker 1: vehicles are almost finished loading for their journey back to Dover. 29 00:02:19,210 --> 00:02:23,250 Speaker 1: Mark Stanley's boss, the bo'sum, a kind of foreman, tells 30 00:02:23,290 --> 00:02:26,330 Speaker 1: Stanley to go back to his cabin and take a break. 31 00:02:27,210 --> 00:02:30,170 Speaker 1: It's been a long day. The ship's not yet ready 32 00:02:30,210 --> 00:02:33,810 Speaker 1: to depart. When it is, the captain will call over 33 00:02:33,850 --> 00:02:39,530 Speaker 1: the loud speakers, as always harbor stations. Hearing that will 34 00:02:39,570 --> 00:02:43,010 Speaker 1: be mark Stanley's queue to return to his post and 35 00:02:43,210 --> 00:02:48,290 Speaker 1: close the doors. Stanley goes back to his cabin and 36 00:02:48,370 --> 00:02:51,370 Speaker 1: makes a cup of tea to warm himself up. He 37 00:02:51,450 --> 00:02:54,530 Speaker 1: sits on his bunk, intending to read for a while. 38 00:02:55,610 --> 00:03:01,690 Speaker 1: He yawns and stretches. It really has been a long day. 39 00:03:02,970 --> 00:03:08,730 Speaker 1: His eyelids start to droop. I'm Tim Harford and you're 40 00:03:08,770 --> 00:03:37,970 Speaker 1: listening to cautionary tales. The first time I went on 41 00:03:38,010 --> 00:03:41,050 Speaker 1: a holiday outside the UK at the age of twelve, 42 00:03:41,610 --> 00:03:45,810 Speaker 1: we didn't fly. It was expensive, especially for a family 43 00:03:45,890 --> 00:03:50,570 Speaker 1: with four kids. Instead, we traveled on a brand new 44 00:03:50,850 --> 00:03:55,730 Speaker 1: row Row ferry. I still remember her name, Cunninghen Beatrix. 45 00:03:56,770 --> 00:03:59,490 Speaker 1: We loaded up the car at home, drove a few 46 00:03:59,570 --> 00:04:03,290 Speaker 1: hours to the port, then onto the ferry. You could 47 00:04:03,330 --> 00:04:07,410 Speaker 1: stand outside on an upper deck, feel the sea breeze 48 00:04:07,450 --> 00:04:11,250 Speaker 1: on your face, to the seagulls and the chug of 49 00:04:11,290 --> 00:04:15,770 Speaker 1: the diesel engines, and watch the shoreline receed into the distance, 50 00:04:16,930 --> 00:04:21,090 Speaker 1: or go inside, where there was a cafeteria, slot machines, 51 00:04:21,610 --> 00:04:29,170 Speaker 1: and a TV room showing cartoons. We enjoyed that journey 52 00:04:29,930 --> 00:04:32,570 Speaker 1: I expect we'd have enjoyed it less if we've been 53 00:04:32,610 --> 00:04:38,090 Speaker 1: aware of the memos circulating inside Townsend torreson the company 54 00:04:38,090 --> 00:04:42,250 Speaker 1: that owned the Herald and several other row Row ferries. 55 00:04:44,890 --> 00:04:48,410 Speaker 1: Not long after that near miss on the Herald's sister 56 00:04:48,490 --> 00:04:52,690 Speaker 1: ship when the doors weren't closed, the same ship had 57 00:04:52,770 --> 00:04:58,210 Speaker 1: another near miss. The captain wrote a memo to the crew. 58 00:04:58,250 --> 00:05:01,490 Speaker 1: Twice this ship has sailed with the stern or bow 59 00:05:01,650 --> 00:05:05,530 Speaker 1: doors open. All the named persons must see that the 60 00:05:05,570 --> 00:05:09,610 Speaker 1: system is worked to make sure this dangerous situation does 61 00:05:09,690 --> 00:05:15,610 Speaker 1: not occur. Give it your utmost attention. The captain of 62 00:05:15,650 --> 00:05:19,090 Speaker 1: the sister Ship was a thoughtful man. He understood that 63 00:05:19,290 --> 00:05:24,650 Speaker 1: people are human. Utmost attention or not, things sometimes go wrong. 64 00:05:25,170 --> 00:05:29,490 Speaker 1: It's good to have a backup. He worried that from 65 00:05:29,530 --> 00:05:32,650 Speaker 1: the captain's position on the bridge, he couldn't see the doors, 66 00:05:33,250 --> 00:05:36,690 Speaker 1: so he couldn't check himself that they'd been closed before 67 00:05:36,730 --> 00:05:40,410 Speaker 1: setting off. He wrote a memo to a company director. 68 00:05:41,250 --> 00:05:45,490 Speaker 1: There was no indication on the bridge. He explained as 69 00:05:45,530 --> 00:05:49,250 Speaker 1: to whether the doors are closed or not. The memo 70 00:05:49,410 --> 00:05:51,970 Speaker 1: pointed out that a worker might be delayed in closing 71 00:05:52,010 --> 00:05:55,570 Speaker 1: the doors, or there might be a mechanical problem the 72 00:05:55,610 --> 00:06:02,610 Speaker 1: captain wouldn't know. He proposed a solution. Indicator lights could 73 00:06:02,730 --> 00:06:07,250 Speaker 1: enable the bridge team to monitor the situation in such circumstances, 74 00:06:08,410 --> 00:06:12,290 Speaker 1: a sensible lights on the bridge to show if the 75 00:06:12,330 --> 00:06:15,610 Speaker 1: doors were open or closed. It would have been a 76 00:06:15,650 --> 00:06:19,650 Speaker 1: bit of hassle and expense to implement, but not that much. 77 00:06:21,290 --> 00:06:23,890 Speaker 1: But when the director got the captain's memo, he was 78 00:06:24,050 --> 00:06:27,490 Speaker 1: far from convinced that it was worth the bother. He 79 00:06:27,610 --> 00:06:30,970 Speaker 1: circulated the memo to his company colleagues and asked for 80 00:06:31,050 --> 00:06:37,250 Speaker 1: their opinions on the idea. Nice, said one, but don't 81 00:06:37,290 --> 00:06:43,610 Speaker 1: we already pay someone? Another shrugged, Assume the guy who 82 00:06:43,690 --> 00:06:46,370 Speaker 1: shuts the doors tells the bridge if there's a problem, 83 00:06:47,410 --> 00:06:51,330 Speaker 1: well he should, but he won't if the problem is 84 00:06:51,650 --> 00:06:58,290 Speaker 1: that he's asleep. The Captain's sensible, easy to implement solution 85 00:06:58,730 --> 00:07:04,850 Speaker 1: went nowhere, and so two years later, as Mark Stanley 86 00:07:05,250 --> 00:07:08,690 Speaker 1: dozed in his bunk on the Herald of Free Enterprise, 87 00:07:09,290 --> 00:07:13,010 Speaker 1: there was no indication on the bridge that the ferry's 88 00:07:13,090 --> 00:07:21,010 Speaker 1: doors were still wide open. As darkness fell and Zebrugger, 89 00:07:21,570 --> 00:07:24,530 Speaker 1: the Herald left the calm of the harbor for the 90 00:07:24,610 --> 00:07:29,730 Speaker 1: open sea, carrying four hundred and fifty nine passengers and 91 00:07:30,010 --> 00:07:36,090 Speaker 1: eighty crew. Ian Yardley's book Ninety Seconds at Zebrugger brings 92 00:07:36,130 --> 00:07:40,050 Speaker 1: together accounts of what happened next. It started with the 93 00:07:40,130 --> 00:07:46,050 Speaker 1: plates and the cafeteria sliding slowly across the tables. Everyone 94 00:07:46,090 --> 00:07:51,330 Speaker 1: began to joke about it, recalled one passenger. Then there 95 00:07:51,370 --> 00:07:54,730 Speaker 1: was a crash from the kitchen, the sound of smashing crockery. 96 00:07:55,530 --> 00:07:59,290 Speaker 1: In British culture, there's a reflex response to the smash 97 00:07:59,370 --> 00:08:04,410 Speaker 1: of dropped crockery in a cafe or pub gray. A 98 00:08:04,450 --> 00:08:08,810 Speaker 1: big cheer went up, said one passenger. Some people clapped, 99 00:08:09,210 --> 00:08:14,530 Speaker 1: added another. The ship righted itself. Presumably it had just 100 00:08:14,610 --> 00:08:18,370 Speaker 1: been hit by a wave. No need to worry. But 101 00:08:18,690 --> 00:08:23,010 Speaker 1: it continued to roll to the other side, slowly at first, 102 00:08:23,370 --> 00:08:28,650 Speaker 1: the passenger recalls. Then it suddenly accelerated like a wire 103 00:08:28,690 --> 00:08:32,930 Speaker 1: had been cut. No one had a chance. Another added, 104 00:08:33,410 --> 00:08:36,410 Speaker 1: the ship literally tipped over, as if you were knocking 105 00:08:36,450 --> 00:08:40,650 Speaker 1: over a glass of water. It seemed that quick. One 106 00:08:40,730 --> 00:08:43,810 Speaker 1: young man was drinking at the bar when he saw 107 00:08:43,970 --> 00:08:49,930 Speaker 1: a baby hurtling through the air like a javelin. Instinctively, 108 00:08:50,090 --> 00:08:52,690 Speaker 1: he dropped the drink and launched himself towards the baby, 109 00:08:53,610 --> 00:08:58,450 Speaker 1: but missed and grabbed onto a chair. I've never sobered 110 00:08:58,490 --> 00:09:03,130 Speaker 1: up so fast in my life, another man recalled. I 111 00:09:03,290 --> 00:09:06,490 Speaker 1: wedged myself up against a chair and table. People were 112 00:09:06,570 --> 00:09:11,330 Speaker 1: flying past me like bullets. The furniture, at least was 113 00:09:11,370 --> 00:09:15,170 Speaker 1: all bolted to the deck. One young woman recalled that 114 00:09:15,570 --> 00:09:19,010 Speaker 1: holding on to a table took every ounce of strength 115 00:09:19,330 --> 00:09:24,530 Speaker 1: and more. Another near the duty three had to hold 116 00:09:24,570 --> 00:09:27,890 Speaker 1: on while being clattered by the falling bottles of whiskey 117 00:09:27,930 --> 00:09:33,770 Speaker 1: and vodkast. One man was dangling from a table, trying 118 00:09:33,770 --> 00:09:36,610 Speaker 1: to keep hold of his seven year old son, when 119 00:09:36,650 --> 00:09:39,330 Speaker 1: a girl flew by and made a desperate grab for 120 00:09:39,370 --> 00:09:44,490 Speaker 1: the man's legs. It was too much, his partner recalls, 121 00:09:45,690 --> 00:09:50,210 Speaker 1: he lost his grip. That was the last I saw 122 00:09:50,290 --> 00:09:59,130 Speaker 1: of them. Then the lights went out. For one crew member, 123 00:09:59,530 --> 00:10:04,050 Speaker 1: that was actually a relief. He had been clinging to 124 00:10:04,130 --> 00:10:10,330 Speaker 1: a partition wall, watching with helpless despair. People were thrown 125 00:10:10,450 --> 00:10:15,130 Speaker 1: like rag dolls thirty forty feet through the air. It 126 00:10:15,170 --> 00:10:18,410 Speaker 1: will be embedded in my mind for the rest of 127 00:10:18,450 --> 00:10:23,050 Speaker 1: my life. It took just a minute and a half 128 00:10:23,490 --> 00:10:26,490 Speaker 1: for the ship to settle on its side. It was 129 00:10:26,530 --> 00:10:29,010 Speaker 1: only by chance that it wedged on a sand bank 130 00:10:29,250 --> 00:10:34,930 Speaker 1: instead of sinking completely. The sea rushed in. Those inside 131 00:10:34,930 --> 00:10:38,730 Speaker 1: the ship who survived the fall now found themselves struggling 132 00:10:38,770 --> 00:10:43,570 Speaker 1: to stay afloat in bitterly cold water in pitch darkness. 133 00:10:45,050 --> 00:10:48,850 Speaker 1: Then objects began to rain down on them, making it 134 00:10:48,970 --> 00:10:54,050 Speaker 1: hard to find space. Ironically, they were life jackets. A 135 00:10:54,130 --> 00:10:58,290 Speaker 1: locker on the wall now above them had burst open. 136 00:10:59,290 --> 00:11:03,570 Speaker 1: There were so many life jackets, said one passenger. Everyone 137 00:11:03,690 --> 00:11:10,010 Speaker 1: was tangled up in the straps. Assistant bosun Marks meanwhile, 138 00:11:10,530 --> 00:11:16,530 Speaker 1: had found his boss Bows and Terry ailing the doors. Terry, 139 00:11:16,850 --> 00:11:20,130 Speaker 1: don't worry about that now, said Ailing. We've got this 140 00:11:20,290 --> 00:11:37,610 Speaker 1: to sort out. Cautionary tales will be back after the break. 141 00:11:38,570 --> 00:11:41,730 Speaker 1: I was thirteen years old when the Herald of Free 142 00:11:41,970 --> 00:11:46,810 Speaker 1: Enterprise capsized in Zebruger. It's the first news story I 143 00:11:46,890 --> 00:11:52,850 Speaker 1: remember finding personally shocking. The pictures on the television showed 144 00:11:52,850 --> 00:11:57,650 Speaker 1: the faerry lying on its side, so agonizingly close to 145 00:11:57,690 --> 00:12:01,770 Speaker 1: the safety of the harbor walls. I've been on holiday 146 00:12:01,850 --> 00:12:04,890 Speaker 1: last year on a ship like that. It had sailed 147 00:12:05,490 --> 00:12:09,730 Speaker 1: with the doors open. How on earth could that happened? 148 00:12:12,810 --> 00:12:17,810 Speaker 1: A senior judge, the Honorable Mister Justice Sheen, was put 149 00:12:17,890 --> 00:12:21,610 Speaker 1: in charge of answering that question at an official inquiry. 150 00:12:22,530 --> 00:12:27,330 Speaker 1: The immediate cause was easy enough to identify. Mark Stanley 151 00:12:27,570 --> 00:12:32,210 Speaker 1: was supposed to close the doors and didn't. Stanley told 152 00:12:32,250 --> 00:12:36,690 Speaker 1: the inquiry, I thought I was dreaming. I never fell 153 00:12:36,690 --> 00:12:39,490 Speaker 1: off my bunk. I leapt because I knew something was 154 00:12:39,530 --> 00:12:43,450 Speaker 1: not right. I thought, then was the doors. The doors. 155 00:12:44,610 --> 00:12:49,210 Speaker 1: The doors had not been shut. I knew I hadn't 156 00:12:49,290 --> 00:12:53,210 Speaker 1: checked them. I was just hoping someone else had done it. 157 00:12:55,250 --> 00:12:59,610 Speaker 1: Mister Justice Sheen clearly had some sympathy for the assistant Bosum. 158 00:13:01,010 --> 00:13:05,170 Speaker 1: Mister Stanley has frankly recognized his failure to turn up 159 00:13:05,170 --> 00:13:08,730 Speaker 1: for duty, and he will no doubt suffer remorse for 160 00:13:08,770 --> 00:13:14,170 Speaker 1: a lot long time to come. But it was clear 161 00:13:14,210 --> 00:13:17,090 Speaker 1: to mister Justice Sheen that the safety of a ship 162 00:13:17,410 --> 00:13:20,970 Speaker 1: really shouldn't depend on whether or not one man nods 163 00:13:21,010 --> 00:13:25,330 Speaker 1: off on his tee break townshend Torrison must have had 164 00:13:25,450 --> 00:13:29,490 Speaker 1: backup systems, mustn't they? She wanted to know what they were. 165 00:13:31,090 --> 00:13:34,970 Speaker 1: He talked to Mark Stanley's boss Bows and Terry Ailing. 166 00:13:36,090 --> 00:13:40,570 Speaker 1: Ailing could have closed the doors. Why didn't he? It 167 00:13:40,650 --> 00:13:43,290 Speaker 1: has never been part of my duties to close the doors, 168 00:13:43,890 --> 00:13:47,810 Speaker 1: said Ailing, or make sure anybody is there to close 169 00:13:47,850 --> 00:13:53,850 Speaker 1: the doors. The judge was unimpressed. He took a narrow 170 00:13:54,050 --> 00:13:57,730 Speaker 1: view of his duties, and it is most unfortunate that 171 00:13:57,730 --> 00:14:03,290 Speaker 1: that was his attitude. Still, we can hardly get outraged 172 00:14:03,370 --> 00:14:08,290 Speaker 1: about someone not doing something that isn't their job. But 173 00:14:08,370 --> 00:14:12,290 Speaker 1: hold on, Ailing said, it wasn't his duty to make 174 00:14:12,330 --> 00:14:16,330 Speaker 1: sure anybody's there to close the doors. Was there someone 175 00:14:16,450 --> 00:14:21,650 Speaker 1: else who did have this duty? Yes, she discovered the 176 00:14:21,690 --> 00:14:26,770 Speaker 1: ship's chief officer actually, in the company's written policy, his 177 00:14:26,970 --> 00:14:31,370 Speaker 1: duty was to ensure that the doors are secured, but 178 00:14:31,810 --> 00:14:36,090 Speaker 1: in practice, Townsend Torreson defined that as checking that the 179 00:14:36,130 --> 00:14:39,050 Speaker 1: person whose job it was to close the doors was 180 00:14:39,490 --> 00:14:43,610 Speaker 1: somewhere in the vicinity of the doors and therefore presumably 181 00:14:43,770 --> 00:14:49,050 Speaker 1: about to close them. Mister Justice Sheen shook his head. 182 00:14:50,290 --> 00:14:54,210 Speaker 1: That's a weird way to understand ensure that the doors 183 00:14:54,210 --> 00:14:58,970 Speaker 1: are secured. The chief officer told she that he thought 184 00:14:59,050 --> 00:15:02,050 Speaker 1: he saw Mark Stanley on the deck approaching the doors, 185 00:15:02,130 --> 00:15:08,370 Speaker 1: but must have been mistaken. Sheen interrogated the captain. It's 186 00:15:08,610 --> 00:15:12,530 Speaker 1: his ponsibility to make sure that his ship is seaworthy. 187 00:15:13,130 --> 00:15:15,650 Speaker 1: Why had he set off with a large hole in 188 00:15:15,770 --> 00:15:20,290 Speaker 1: one end of it? He explained to Sheen that nobody 189 00:15:20,330 --> 00:15:23,650 Speaker 1: had told him the doors hadn't been closed, so he 190 00:15:23,730 --> 00:15:29,210 Speaker 1: assumed they had. If that sounds crazy, remember it was 191 00:15:29,530 --> 00:15:34,250 Speaker 1: exactly what a senior company figure had shrugged in response 192 00:15:34,330 --> 00:15:38,370 Speaker 1: to the sensible idea of an indicator light. Assume the 193 00:15:38,450 --> 00:15:41,210 Speaker 1: guy who shuts the doors tells the bridge if there's 194 00:15:41,210 --> 00:15:44,890 Speaker 1: a problem. It was even written down in a company policy. 195 00:15:45,370 --> 00:15:49,490 Speaker 1: Kind of the policy said that others on the ship 196 00:15:49,930 --> 00:15:53,730 Speaker 1: had to report any deficiency which is likely to cause 197 00:15:53,770 --> 00:15:58,570 Speaker 1: them to be unready for sea, and in the absence 198 00:15:58,610 --> 00:16:02,210 Speaker 1: of any such report, the captain could assume that the 199 00:16:02,290 --> 00:16:07,930 Speaker 1: vessel is ready for sea. Once again, mister Justice Sheen 200 00:16:08,370 --> 00:16:14,410 Speaker 1: frowned at the drafting. Were open doors a deficiency? Unclear? 201 00:16:15,570 --> 00:16:19,290 Speaker 1: The company interpreted its own policy to mean that the 202 00:16:19,330 --> 00:16:23,410 Speaker 1: captain could simply assume the doors had been closed unless 203 00:16:23,450 --> 00:16:29,330 Speaker 1: told they hadn't. As mister Justice Sheen pointed out, that was, 204 00:16:30,170 --> 00:16:40,370 Speaker 1: of course a very dangerous assumption. The sea wasn't especially 205 00:16:40,450 --> 00:16:44,210 Speaker 1: rough in Zebruger, but the Herald was sitting low in 206 00:16:44,250 --> 00:16:47,970 Speaker 1: the water and lower at the front, which was the 207 00:16:48,090 --> 00:16:51,810 Speaker 1: end where the doors were open. As the ferry picked 208 00:16:51,890 --> 00:16:55,930 Speaker 1: up speed, that pushed the front end lower still, and 209 00:16:56,090 --> 00:17:00,010 Speaker 1: waves began to lap onto the vehicle deck. The deck 210 00:17:00,130 --> 00:17:04,610 Speaker 1: was a big open space. As water sloshed about, the 211 00:17:04,650 --> 00:17:10,250 Speaker 1: ship lost all stability, rapidly tipping onto its side. It 212 00:17:10,330 --> 00:17:13,570 Speaker 1: took just a minute and a half to plunge everyone 213 00:17:13,650 --> 00:17:20,210 Speaker 1: on board into a horrible, black, freezing nightmare. As eyes 214 00:17:20,530 --> 00:17:24,450 Speaker 1: slowly got used to the darkness, some passengers realized they 215 00:17:24,490 --> 00:17:28,010 Speaker 1: were trapped under toughened glass partitions down the middle of 216 00:17:28,050 --> 00:17:30,930 Speaker 1: the deck, just a couple of feet above where the 217 00:17:30,970 --> 00:17:35,250 Speaker 1: water had risen. One pummeled the glass above with such 218 00:17:35,450 --> 00:17:40,210 Speaker 1: force he dislocated all his fingers. Bosa and Terry ailing 219 00:17:40,570 --> 00:17:44,370 Speaker 1: found himself above those glass partitions and went to look 220 00:17:44,370 --> 00:17:47,610 Speaker 1: for something to smash them. I'll never forget having to 221 00:17:47,690 --> 00:17:51,210 Speaker 1: walk on the windows, he said. It was like a 222 00:17:51,250 --> 00:17:54,370 Speaker 1: scene out of a horror film. We were walking on 223 00:17:54,450 --> 00:18:01,130 Speaker 1: people's faces. Fists hammering at the windows to struggle for 224 00:18:01,170 --> 00:18:05,290 Speaker 1: survival brought out the best and worst of human nature. 225 00:18:05,930 --> 00:18:09,010 Speaker 1: In one part of the ship, with a yawning space 226 00:18:09,250 --> 00:18:14,170 Speaker 1: above the fatally cold water, a rope was lowered. Two 227 00:18:14,250 --> 00:18:16,810 Speaker 1: men shoved others aside so they could be the first 228 00:18:16,810 --> 00:18:23,010 Speaker 1: to climb. Both lost their grip and fell to their deaths, 229 00:18:24,450 --> 00:18:28,810 Speaker 1: but others were heroic. One man with his wife and 230 00:18:28,930 --> 00:18:32,610 Speaker 1: daughter realized that their route to safety lay on the 231 00:18:32,650 --> 00:18:36,210 Speaker 1: other side of what used to be a corridor and 232 00:18:36,330 --> 00:18:39,930 Speaker 1: was now a vertical shaft filled with water and too 233 00:18:40,010 --> 00:18:44,810 Speaker 1: wide to jump. I spread myself in the water, he recalled. 234 00:18:45,570 --> 00:18:48,330 Speaker 1: I arched my back and held onto the railings on 235 00:18:48,330 --> 00:18:50,690 Speaker 1: the other side so people could use me as a 236 00:18:50,730 --> 00:18:54,730 Speaker 1: stepping stone. He told his daughter to walk across his back, 237 00:18:55,690 --> 00:19:02,770 Speaker 1: then his wife, then twenty total strangers the press dubbed 238 00:19:02,810 --> 00:19:08,610 Speaker 1: him the human Bridge. People looked after children. It didn't 239 00:19:08,650 --> 00:19:12,450 Speaker 1: matter who child. Babies were plucked from the water and 240 00:19:12,650 --> 00:19:15,090 Speaker 1: handed up to those above who could hug them to 241 00:19:15,170 --> 00:19:18,450 Speaker 1: keep them warm. A woman consoled a nine year old 242 00:19:18,930 --> 00:19:23,010 Speaker 1: who kept asking, why should I die? I've been such 243 00:19:23,050 --> 00:19:27,690 Speaker 1: a good girl. I've never told any lies. A middle 244 00:19:27,690 --> 00:19:31,090 Speaker 1: aged truck driver found himself in charge of another small child. 245 00:19:31,690 --> 00:19:34,930 Speaker 1: I mean all is panic and chaos, he recalled. She 246 00:19:35,130 --> 00:19:38,330 Speaker 1: just sat on my knee, smiling. I'll never forget her 247 00:19:38,370 --> 00:19:42,730 Speaker 1: for as long as I live. One woman recalled how 248 00:19:42,810 --> 00:19:46,490 Speaker 1: her husband made sure she was safe, then went back 249 00:19:46,530 --> 00:19:49,770 Speaker 1: into the bowels of the ship. He was not looking 250 00:19:49,810 --> 00:19:54,850 Speaker 1: for anybody in particular, just anybody he could help. She 251 00:19:54,970 --> 00:19:58,970 Speaker 1: had no idea where he was for the next day 252 00:19:59,130 --> 00:20:02,850 Speaker 1: and a half. It turned out he'd been helping people 253 00:20:02,890 --> 00:20:07,130 Speaker 1: for hours until he collapsed with hypothermia and had to 254 00:20:07,130 --> 00:20:10,850 Speaker 1: be taken off the ship by professional rescue us. He 255 00:20:10,890 --> 00:20:16,850 Speaker 1: had saved many lives and was traumatized. I obviously didn't 256 00:20:16,850 --> 00:20:22,970 Speaker 1: do enough. Assistant Bosa and Mark Stanley meanwhile spent two 257 00:20:23,290 --> 00:20:27,650 Speaker 1: hours pulling people up thro a smashed window before he 258 00:20:27,770 --> 00:20:32,130 Speaker 1: too collapsed, bleeding from a deep gash in his arm. 259 00:20:33,010 --> 00:20:43,610 Speaker 1: He kept repeating, it's my fault, It's my fault. One 260 00:20:43,730 --> 00:20:47,090 Speaker 1: hundred and ninety three people died on the Herald of 261 00:20:47,130 --> 00:20:51,690 Speaker 1: Free Enterprise. We've met four workers on the ship whose 262 00:20:51,770 --> 00:20:57,970 Speaker 1: actions combined to cause those deaths. One fell asleep, one 263 00:20:58,170 --> 00:21:03,490 Speaker 1: didn't do something that wasn't his job, one misidentified a colleague, 264 00:21:04,050 --> 00:21:09,090 Speaker 1: and one followed company policy. None of these things seemed 265 00:21:09,290 --> 00:21:14,290 Speaker 1: like hanging offenses. Regular listeners to cautionary tales will know 266 00:21:14,410 --> 00:21:18,970 Speaker 1: that this is typical of many disasters. There's no obvious 267 00:21:19,090 --> 00:21:22,930 Speaker 1: villain who deserves to be locked up, just a series 268 00:21:23,010 --> 00:21:26,970 Speaker 1: of innocuous, seeming things that happen or fail to happen. 269 00:21:29,170 --> 00:21:31,690 Speaker 1: The classic way to look at such disasters is the 270 00:21:31,730 --> 00:21:37,210 Speaker 1: famous Swiss cheese model, developed by the accident expert James Reason. 271 00:21:38,170 --> 00:21:42,370 Speaker 1: It imagines safety systems as being like layers of cheese, 272 00:21:42,930 --> 00:21:45,890 Speaker 1: each have holes in them, and the problem comes when 273 00:21:46,010 --> 00:21:50,650 Speaker 1: all the holes just happen to line up. The Herald 274 00:21:50,690 --> 00:21:55,810 Speaker 1: of Pre Enterprise was one of Reason's first case studies. Indeed, 275 00:21:55,810 --> 00:21:59,090 Speaker 1: the idea of the Swiss cheese model traces back to 276 00:21:59,210 --> 00:22:03,970 Speaker 1: nineteen eighty seven, the year of the Herald disaster. Reason 277 00:22:04,130 --> 00:22:07,250 Speaker 1: and a colleague doodled the layers on a paper napkin 278 00:22:07,530 --> 00:22:13,530 Speaker 1: in a pub. Often inquiries into disasters find that nobody 279 00:22:13,610 --> 00:22:18,010 Speaker 1: had ever foreseen how the holes might line up. The 280 00:22:18,090 --> 00:22:23,410 Speaker 1: inquiries inform new regulations that plug holes or add another layer. 281 00:22:24,490 --> 00:22:28,610 Speaker 1: But what if an inquiry finds that people had foreseen 282 00:22:28,850 --> 00:22:32,610 Speaker 1: exactly how those holes might line up and done nothing 283 00:22:32,650 --> 00:22:37,210 Speaker 1: about it. Then a good way to prevent future disasters 284 00:22:37,650 --> 00:22:41,770 Speaker 1: might be to identify who's to blame and hold them accountable. 285 00:22:43,170 --> 00:22:48,490 Speaker 1: Mister Justice Sheen could see exactly who to blame, but 286 00:22:48,610 --> 00:22:54,290 Speaker 1: could they be held to account? Cautionary tales will be 287 00:22:54,330 --> 00:23:05,730 Speaker 1: back after the break. Two years before the Herald disaster, 288 00:23:05,970 --> 00:23:09,970 Speaker 1: remember a sister ship had sailed with its doors open. 289 00:23:11,530 --> 00:23:14,890 Speaker 1: The captain made a sensible request for an indicator light 290 00:23:15,530 --> 00:23:18,770 Speaker 1: and got a dismissive reaction from the higher ups at 291 00:23:18,770 --> 00:23:22,850 Speaker 1: the company. Assume the guy who shuts the doors tells 292 00:23:22,850 --> 00:23:27,810 Speaker 1: the bridge if there's a problem. Another response was outright sarcastic. 293 00:23:28,810 --> 00:23:31,170 Speaker 1: Do they need an indicator to tell them whether the 294 00:23:31,290 --> 00:23:37,610 Speaker 1: deck storekeeper is awake and sober? My goodness, mister Justice 295 00:23:37,650 --> 00:23:43,810 Speaker 1: Sheen was scathing. It is hardly necessary to comment that 296 00:23:43,890 --> 00:23:50,010 Speaker 1: these replies display an absence of any proper sense of responsibility. 297 00:23:51,530 --> 00:23:55,970 Speaker 1: A year later, another captain sent another memo after another 298 00:23:56,130 --> 00:24:00,250 Speaker 1: near miss, to chase up the suggestion it is so 299 00:24:00,850 --> 00:24:04,050 Speaker 1: important to the safety of the ship that the doors 300 00:24:04,050 --> 00:24:08,770 Speaker 1: are closed, He pointed out, we should have bridge indication. 301 00:24:09,850 --> 00:24:14,610 Speaker 1: Is the issue still being considered? The reply said, simply, 302 00:24:15,490 --> 00:24:19,210 Speaker 1: if the doors are left open, then the person responsible 303 00:24:19,290 --> 00:24:24,850 Speaker 1: for closing them should be disciplined. The failure of imagination 304 00:24:25,570 --> 00:24:29,650 Speaker 1: is staggering. It should have been obvious that leaving the 305 00:24:29,730 --> 00:24:34,730 Speaker 1: doors open might sink the ship. If that happened, how 306 00:24:34,730 --> 00:24:39,570 Speaker 1: could anyone possibly think that disciplining the assistant Bosun would 307 00:24:39,570 --> 00:24:45,170 Speaker 1: solve anything. The assistant Boson, Mark Stanley, didn't need anyone 308 00:24:45,170 --> 00:24:50,090 Speaker 1: to tell him of The next morning in hospital, one 309 00:24:50,210 --> 00:24:56,410 Speaker 1: survivor recalls seeing him in a dreadful state, sobbing and repeating, 310 00:24:57,690 --> 00:25:05,570 Speaker 1: it's my fault. Mister Justice Sheen disagreed. A full investigation 311 00:25:05,970 --> 00:25:11,410 Speaker 1: leads inexorably to the conclusion that the underlying or cardinal 312 00:25:11,530 --> 00:25:17,290 Speaker 1: faults lay higher up in the company. The more she 313 00:25:17,690 --> 00:25:22,530 Speaker 1: learned about how Townsend Torreson was managed, the more appalled 314 00:25:22,650 --> 00:25:27,050 Speaker 1: he became. She wanted to know who was responsible for 315 00:25:27,130 --> 00:25:34,170 Speaker 1: those sloppy and ambiguous written orders. The company's lawyer replied, well, 316 00:25:34,570 --> 00:25:40,370 Speaker 1: in truth, nobody, though there ought to have been. Nobody 317 00:25:40,530 --> 00:25:45,290 Speaker 1: was responsible for safety either. Sheen found the board of 318 00:25:45,370 --> 00:25:50,250 Speaker 1: directors did not appreciate their responsibility for the safe management 319 00:25:50,290 --> 00:25:55,810 Speaker 1: of their ships. The Fairies regularly sailed with more passengers 320 00:25:55,850 --> 00:25:59,210 Speaker 1: than the legal limit because nobody had come up with 321 00:25:59,250 --> 00:26:04,290 Speaker 1: a system for counting them. That, observed Sheen should not 322 00:26:04,610 --> 00:26:08,890 Speaker 1: have been beyond the wit of the managers. When the 323 00:26:09,170 --> 00:26:13,810 Speaker 1: Herald sank townshend Torreson had no idea how many people 324 00:26:13,850 --> 00:26:16,730 Speaker 1: had been on it. Thet alone a list of their names. 325 00:26:18,290 --> 00:26:21,890 Speaker 1: What about keeping track of how low the ship sat 326 00:26:21,970 --> 00:26:25,810 Speaker 1: in the water at the front and the back. That 327 00:26:25,890 --> 00:26:29,330 Speaker 1: should be measured before each journey, And the Herald's log 328 00:26:29,330 --> 00:26:33,370 Speaker 1: book was full of numbers, But those numbers showed that 329 00:26:33,450 --> 00:26:39,090 Speaker 1: it always sailed on an even keel. That wasn't credible. 330 00:26:40,250 --> 00:26:44,090 Speaker 1: The captain admitted that instead of actually doing the measurements, 331 00:26:45,170 --> 00:26:49,610 Speaker 1: the crew had simply been making the numbers up. Nobody 332 00:26:49,890 --> 00:26:56,410 Speaker 1: ever checked. Mister Justice, Sheen delivered a clear and damning 333 00:26:56,650 --> 00:27:00,290 Speaker 1: answer to the question of how on earth a ferry 334 00:27:00,370 --> 00:27:05,010 Speaker 1: had set sail with its doors open? From top to bottom. 335 00:27:05,090 --> 00:27:09,850 Speaker 1: He said the body corporate was infected with the disease 336 00:27:10,010 --> 00:27:19,410 Speaker 1: of sloppiness. She made some specific practical recommendations for preventing 337 00:27:19,610 --> 00:27:26,130 Speaker 1: future disasters, such as install indicator lights. But if the 338 00:27:26,170 --> 00:27:30,770 Speaker 1: real cause of the accident was corporate sloppiness, the best 339 00:27:30,770 --> 00:27:35,370 Speaker 1: way to prevent a repeat might be to incentivize corporations 340 00:27:35,450 --> 00:27:40,570 Speaker 1: to be less sloppy. She couldn't do that. Though. He 341 00:27:40,650 --> 00:27:43,970 Speaker 1: might be a judge, but as chair of an inquiry, 342 00:27:44,290 --> 00:27:47,770 Speaker 1: his remit was limited to finding out what had happened. 343 00:27:48,570 --> 00:27:54,250 Speaker 1: He couldn't hand down punishment. In parallel to Sheen's inquiry, 344 00:27:54,610 --> 00:28:00,410 Speaker 1: another legal process was running its course, the coroner's inquest. 345 00:28:00,850 --> 00:28:05,730 Speaker 1: It too had a limited remit to decide what cause 346 00:28:05,770 --> 00:28:10,290 Speaker 1: of death to put on the victim's death certificates. The 347 00:28:10,290 --> 00:28:13,610 Speaker 1: inquest's jury decided that the deaths on the Herald of 348 00:28:13,690 --> 00:28:20,730 Speaker 1: Free Enterprise were unlawful killing, but they again had no 349 00:28:20,970 --> 00:28:24,890 Speaker 1: power to punish anyone. They couldn't even say who they 350 00:28:24,970 --> 00:28:31,450 Speaker 1: thought had acted unlawfully. So what would happen to Townsend Torreson? 351 00:28:32,930 --> 00:28:37,850 Speaker 1: Nothing much? It seemed. There'd be monetary costs, of course, 352 00:28:37,970 --> 00:28:41,730 Speaker 1: but they had insurance. The brand name had taken a 353 00:28:41,810 --> 00:28:46,050 Speaker 1: hit from all of those aerial shots of the capsized 354 00:28:46,090 --> 00:28:51,410 Speaker 1: Herald with Townsend Torreson emblazoned down its side. But not 355 00:28:51,490 --> 00:28:56,690 Speaker 1: to worry. They could and did simply change their name 356 00:28:57,770 --> 00:29:03,730 Speaker 1: and keep on doing business. That seemed very wrong to 357 00:29:03,810 --> 00:29:13,130 Speaker 1: a man named Peter Spooner. When Peter Spooner first heard 358 00:29:13,130 --> 00:29:18,410 Speaker 1: the news about the Herald of Free Enterprise, his heart lurched. 359 00:29:19,570 --> 00:29:22,490 Speaker 1: His son, Martin, had planned to take that ferry with 360 00:29:22,530 --> 00:29:27,250 Speaker 1: his friends. Coming home from a holiday in Bruges the 361 00:29:27,330 --> 00:29:30,490 Speaker 1: next day, Spooner tried and tried to get through to 362 00:29:30,570 --> 00:29:35,330 Speaker 1: an emergency hotline. He found a number for Townsend Torreson's 363 00:29:35,370 --> 00:29:40,410 Speaker 1: head office and rang it. He recalls, I was shewed 364 00:29:40,450 --> 00:29:45,730 Speaker 1: away by an unsympathetic executive. It was only when Martin's 365 00:29:45,770 --> 00:29:51,810 Speaker 1: friend turned up ashen faced on Spooner's doorstep that he 366 00:29:51,890 --> 00:29:58,090 Speaker 1: found out Martin hadn't made it. Peter Spooner went into 367 00:29:58,130 --> 00:30:03,090 Speaker 1: a period of shock. After six months, he snapped out 368 00:30:03,130 --> 00:30:07,810 Speaker 1: of it. The Inquiry had published its report. The Inquest 369 00:30:07,970 --> 00:30:12,810 Speaker 1: was drawing to a cloone. Spooner realized that Townsend Torreson 370 00:30:13,250 --> 00:30:17,650 Speaker 1: was going to face no meaningful consequences for their sloppy 371 00:30:17,810 --> 00:30:22,850 Speaker 1: corporate culture, so what was to deter other companies in 372 00:30:23,010 --> 00:30:28,330 Speaker 1: future from being similarly sloppy with matters of public safety. 373 00:30:28,730 --> 00:30:33,090 Speaker 1: Spooner helped to form a group, the Herald Families Association, 374 00:30:34,010 --> 00:30:38,130 Speaker 1: that would take Townsend torreson to court. It was a 375 00:30:38,130 --> 00:30:48,290 Speaker 1: case of seeking justice, said Spooner, not vengeance. The inquiry 376 00:30:48,490 --> 00:30:52,210 Speaker 1: and the inquest had both had narrow terms of reference. 377 00:30:53,210 --> 00:30:57,570 Speaker 1: A criminal trial they thought might focus minds in other 378 00:30:57,650 --> 00:31:03,770 Speaker 1: companies and help prevent other tragedies. But the families faced 379 00:31:03,810 --> 00:31:08,730 Speaker 1: a problem. Setting Saalle with the doors open didn't seem 380 00:31:08,770 --> 00:31:14,730 Speaker 1: to have broken any specific law. That might seem surprising. 381 00:31:15,330 --> 00:31:18,890 Speaker 1: But the rowrou ferry, remember, was a relatively new design 382 00:31:18,970 --> 00:31:23,210 Speaker 1: of ship. Maritime laws had been written long before they 383 00:31:23,210 --> 00:31:27,250 Speaker 1: were invented. Those laws said it's an offense to keep 384 00:31:27,290 --> 00:31:30,170 Speaker 1: a ship in port that's unfit to go to sea, 385 00:31:31,250 --> 00:31:34,690 Speaker 1: But a row row ferry in port with its doors 386 00:31:34,770 --> 00:31:39,450 Speaker 1: open isn't a problem. The law said nothing about going 387 00:31:39,570 --> 00:31:45,050 Speaker 1: to sea in an unseaworthy condition. Row Row ferries sailed 388 00:31:45,090 --> 00:31:51,130 Speaker 1: through a loophole that no one had ever imagined. The 389 00:31:51,250 --> 00:31:55,210 Speaker 1: rowrou ferry is an early example of what's since become 390 00:31:55,290 --> 00:32:00,810 Speaker 1: known as the pacing problem. Innovations create risks that laws 391 00:32:00,930 --> 00:32:06,410 Speaker 1: never envisaged, and regulators don't always notice until after something's 392 00:32:06,450 --> 00:32:11,890 Speaker 1: gone wrong. As Spooner put it, regulation and legislation can 393 00:32:12,010 --> 00:32:15,410 Speaker 1: only do so much. They follow in the wake of 394 00:32:15,490 --> 00:32:22,250 Speaker 1: disasters instead of anticipating them. Still, though the risk of 395 00:32:22,330 --> 00:32:25,210 Speaker 1: sailing with the doors open should have been obvious to 396 00:32:25,210 --> 00:32:29,970 Speaker 1: Townsend Toaurreson, the company's failure to manage that risk seemed 397 00:32:30,010 --> 00:32:33,930 Speaker 1: like it might fit the legal concept of gross negligence. 398 00:32:35,250 --> 00:32:39,650 Speaker 1: If a person causes death by gross negligence, they can 399 00:32:39,690 --> 00:32:48,850 Speaker 1: stand trial for manslaughter. How about a company. The Herald 400 00:32:48,930 --> 00:32:53,650 Speaker 1: became only the third trial for corporate manslaughter in English 401 00:32:53,810 --> 00:32:58,650 Speaker 1: legal history. Neither of the first two had succeeded. The 402 00:32:58,770 --> 00:33:04,210 Speaker 1: prosecution soon bumped up against an ironic problem. The offense 403 00:33:04,290 --> 00:33:09,450 Speaker 1: of corporate manslaughter was as sloppily worded as town Centarosson's 404 00:33:09,530 --> 00:33:15,410 Speaker 1: company policies. It required the identification of controlling mind behind 405 00:33:15,450 --> 00:33:18,970 Speaker 1: the company, but as mister Justice Sheen had made all 406 00:33:19,050 --> 00:33:24,970 Speaker 1: too clear, nobody was in control. The case against Townshend 407 00:33:25,010 --> 00:33:32,890 Speaker 1: Torreson collapsed. Paradoxically, the company's very failure to designate responsibilities 408 00:33:32,930 --> 00:33:36,250 Speaker 1: had let it off the hook. The problem wasn't with 409 00:33:36,450 --> 00:33:41,370 Speaker 1: one individual, but the cumulative effect of a rotten culture 410 00:33:42,130 --> 00:33:48,130 Speaker 1: a flippant memo here, some loosely interpreted phrasing there. The 411 00:33:48,210 --> 00:33:53,370 Speaker 1: sloppiness infected the whole body corporate, and the law simply 412 00:33:53,490 --> 00:33:58,490 Speaker 1: wasn't set up to deal with that. In two thousand 413 00:33:58,530 --> 00:34:03,370 Speaker 1: and seven, twenty years after the Herald disaster, the British 414 00:34:03,450 --> 00:34:08,810 Speaker 1: government introduced a new law on corporate manslaughter. It followed 415 00:34:08,810 --> 00:34:13,530 Speaker 1: a law campaign by the Herald Families Association and Peter Spooner, 416 00:34:14,690 --> 00:34:18,090 Speaker 1: But legal scholars say the new law isn't working as 417 00:34:18,090 --> 00:34:22,210 Speaker 1: well as they'd hoped. How to deter companies from being 418 00:34:22,290 --> 00:34:26,450 Speaker 1: sloppy with public safety seems to be a harder problem 419 00:34:26,530 --> 00:34:31,850 Speaker 1: to solve than we might hope. Five years later, on 420 00:34:31,930 --> 00:34:37,250 Speaker 1: the twenty fifth anniversary of the disaster, one retired director 421 00:34:37,450 --> 00:34:41,850 Speaker 1: of Townsend Torreson, saw fit to complain to a newspaper 422 00:34:42,090 --> 00:34:46,370 Speaker 1: that it was a monstrous injustice that the company had 423 00:34:46,450 --> 00:34:50,290 Speaker 1: ever been prosecuted. He sniffed, it was just one of 424 00:34:50,290 --> 00:34:58,370 Speaker 1: those tragic accidents. The assistant bosun Mark Stanley could never 425 00:34:58,810 --> 00:35:02,410 Speaker 1: shrug it off like that. It's not up to me 426 00:35:02,570 --> 00:35:06,690 Speaker 1: to blame anyone else he said, and I'm not going 427 00:35:06,730 --> 00:35:13,370 Speaker 1: to with his remorse as best he could, and died 428 00:35:13,570 --> 00:35:18,330 Speaker 1: in twenty sixteen. A grandfather and much loved coach at 429 00:35:18,330 --> 00:35:24,330 Speaker 1: his local football club. He once reflected, you thought, how 430 00:35:24,330 --> 00:35:29,490 Speaker 1: can I ever live with this? You can in the end, 431 00:35:32,490 --> 00:35:35,410 Speaker 1: but perhaps the final word should go to a nine 432 00:35:35,450 --> 00:35:39,690 Speaker 1: year old. I've been such a good girl. I've never 433 00:35:39,730 --> 00:35:45,730 Speaker 1: told any lies. We tend at age nine to think 434 00:35:45,770 --> 00:35:51,930 Speaker 1: that the world is just that actions always have consequences. 435 00:35:52,690 --> 00:35:57,450 Speaker 1: As we get older, we realize that's not true. But 436 00:35:57,690 --> 00:36:02,210 Speaker 1: even as adults it's a lesson we never stop having 437 00:36:02,290 --> 00:36:18,450 Speaker 1: to relearn. Key sources for this episode include Mister Justice 438 00:36:18,490 --> 00:36:23,650 Speaker 1: Sheen's nineteen eighty seven investigation report and Ian Yardley's book 439 00:36:24,130 --> 00:36:28,930 Speaker 1: ninety Seconds at Zibruger, The Herald of Free Enterprise Story. 440 00:36:29,890 --> 00:36:32,410 Speaker 1: For a full list of sources, see the show notes 441 00:36:32,450 --> 00:36:40,890 Speaker 1: at Timharford dot com. Cautionary Tales is presented by me 442 00:36:41,170 --> 00:36:44,970 Speaker 1: Tim Harford. It's produced by Georgia Mills and Marilyn Rust. 443 00:36:45,330 --> 00:36:48,170 Speaker 1: The sound design and original music are the work of 444 00:36:48,370 --> 00:36:52,330 Speaker 1: Pascal Wise. The show also wouldn't have been possible without 445 00:36:52,370 --> 00:36:56,530 Speaker 1: the work of Jacob Weisberg, Greta Cohne, Corn Gilliard, Fisher 446 00:36:56,770 --> 00:37:02,530 Speaker 1: benderdaf Haffrey, Eric Sandler, Christina Sullivan, Kira Posey, and Owen Miller. 447 00:37:03,290 --> 00:37:07,170 Speaker 1: Cautionary Tales is a production of Pushkin Industries. If you 448 00:37:07,250 --> 00:37:11,210 Speaker 1: like the show, please remember to share, rate, and review. 449 00:37:11,450 --> 00:37:14,810 Speaker 1: It really does make a difference to us. And if 450 00:37:14,850 --> 00:37:17,690 Speaker 1: you want to hear it, add free and receive a 451 00:37:17,770 --> 00:37:23,530 Speaker 1: bonus audio episode, video episode, and members only newsletter every month. 452 00:37:24,050 --> 00:37:27,730 Speaker 1: Why not join the Cautionary Club. To sign up, head 453 00:37:27,770 --> 00:37:32,690 Speaker 1: to patreon dot com slash Cautionary Club. That's Patreon, p A, 454 00:37:32,850 --> 00:37:37,770 Speaker 1: t R, e o N dot com Slash Cautionary Club