1 00:00:15,356 --> 00:00:15,796 Speaker 1: Pushkin. 2 00:00:18,396 --> 00:00:21,796 Speaker 2: Hello, Hello Revisionist history listeners. I'm so excited to bring 3 00:00:21,836 --> 00:00:25,796 Speaker 2: you Season seven in just two short weeks. Until then, 4 00:00:25,996 --> 00:00:28,876 Speaker 2: I wanted to share another podcast with you that I've 5 00:00:28,876 --> 00:00:32,876 Speaker 2: been working on. It's a new show called Legacy of Speed. 6 00:00:33,276 --> 00:00:36,636 Speaker 2: As any loyal revisionist history listener knows, I'm totally crazy 7 00:00:36,636 --> 00:00:40,156 Speaker 2: about running. So when Tracksmith approached Pushkin to make a 8 00:00:40,156 --> 00:00:43,036 Speaker 2: show about running in sports activism, I was all in. 9 00:00:43,556 --> 00:00:46,236 Speaker 2: Legacy of Speed is a series about the transformation of 10 00:00:46,276 --> 00:00:49,276 Speaker 2: a track program at San Jose State in the nineteen sixties. 11 00:00:49,996 --> 00:00:53,076 Speaker 2: What started out as just a second tier state college 12 00:00:53,156 --> 00:00:56,516 Speaker 2: that no one outside of northern California had even heard of, 13 00:00:57,116 --> 00:01:00,516 Speaker 2: quickly became known as the home to Speed City. Under 14 00:01:00,556 --> 00:01:04,036 Speaker 2: the guidance of one coach and his unconventional techniques, San 15 00:01:04,116 --> 00:01:07,916 Speaker 2: Jose launched the careers of the fastest sprinters of the day. 16 00:01:08,516 --> 00:01:10,996 Speaker 2: I traced the journey of those sprinters who went on 17 00:01:11,116 --> 00:01:13,956 Speaker 2: to make an iconic protest at the nineteen sixty eight 18 00:01:14,036 --> 00:01:19,516 Speaker 2: Summer Olympics. The show features conversations with Olympic athletes, sports journalists, 19 00:01:19,676 --> 00:01:23,396 Speaker 2: performance coaches, and documentarians. You'll hear from some of the 20 00:01:23,436 --> 00:01:28,156 Speaker 2: best runners of all time. Tommy Smith, John Carlos, Lee Evans. 21 00:01:28,676 --> 00:01:31,396 Speaker 2: It's a story about athletes who dare to take a 22 00:01:31,436 --> 00:01:34,996 Speaker 2: stand and the mentors who made them fast and brave 23 00:01:35,116 --> 00:01:38,596 Speaker 2: enough to pave the way for the sports activism we 24 00:01:38,716 --> 00:01:42,156 Speaker 2: see today. Here's a preview. You can follow the story 25 00:01:42,636 --> 00:01:46,796 Speaker 2: by searching for Legacy of Speed wherever you get your podcasts. 26 00:01:48,036 --> 00:01:51,716 Speaker 2: Nineteen sixty eight, the Summer Olympic Games are in Mexico 27 00:01:51,796 --> 00:01:55,196 Speaker 2: City for the first time. The Games are truly a 28 00:01:55,276 --> 00:01:59,276 Speaker 2: television spectacle, twice as many hours of coverage with new 29 00:01:59,356 --> 00:02:04,636 Speaker 2: technology like instant replay, and it's being broadcast live around 30 00:02:04,676 --> 00:02:08,716 Speaker 2: the world in color. Everyone is watching. 31 00:02:09,596 --> 00:02:12,556 Speaker 3: The United States leads the Olympics and Metal Awards, and 32 00:02:12,796 --> 00:02:15,836 Speaker 3: is just about supreme in the sprint races thanks to 33 00:02:15,876 --> 00:02:18,316 Speaker 3: men like Tommy Smith and John Carlos. 34 00:02:18,916 --> 00:02:22,276 Speaker 2: Tommy Smith John Carlos, two of the greatest sprinters of 35 00:02:22,276 --> 00:02:25,636 Speaker 2: all time, captured in one of the most iconic images 36 00:02:25,716 --> 00:02:30,436 Speaker 2: of the twentieth century, two black men standing on a platform, 37 00:02:30,476 --> 00:02:32,316 Speaker 2: each with a fist in the air. 38 00:02:33,516 --> 00:02:37,316 Speaker 3: Yesterday they stood on the victory platform with bowed heads, 39 00:02:37,396 --> 00:02:40,796 Speaker 3: wearing black socks and gloves and a racial protest. 40 00:02:49,036 --> 00:02:51,236 Speaker 2: I remember seeing that photo as a kid growing up 41 00:02:51,276 --> 00:02:54,556 Speaker 2: in the nineteen seventies, a kid who was obsessed with sports, 42 00:02:55,116 --> 00:02:57,476 Speaker 2: And even though I was much too young to understand 43 00:02:57,516 --> 00:03:00,956 Speaker 2: anything about the context for it, I understood that it 44 00:03:00,996 --> 00:03:05,316 Speaker 2: was an act of transgression. Over the next five episodes, 45 00:03:05,556 --> 00:03:08,636 Speaker 2: I want to tell you the story behind that transgression, 46 00:03:09,396 --> 00:03:11,796 Speaker 2: how those two men ended up on the victory stand, 47 00:03:12,276 --> 00:03:16,316 Speaker 2: their struggles and triumphs, because in that moment half a 48 00:03:16,356 --> 00:03:19,716 Speaker 2: century ago, the way we think about sports and social 49 00:03:19,756 --> 00:03:24,196 Speaker 2: protest shifted forever in ways that we are still wrestling 50 00:03:24,236 --> 00:03:29,036 Speaker 2: with today. Two extraordinary figures made that iconic moment possible. 51 00:03:29,596 --> 00:03:33,956 Speaker 2: One Bud Winter, an eccentric tactician who reinvented what it 52 00:03:33,996 --> 00:03:39,636 Speaker 2: meant to be a coach. The other Harry Edwards, a 53 00:03:39,756 --> 00:03:43,636 Speaker 2: fiery professor and black power activist who dared to challenge 54 00:03:43,916 --> 00:03:49,716 Speaker 2: that most sacred of American institutions. And here's the remarkable thing. 55 00:03:50,436 --> 00:03:53,436 Speaker 2: All four of those men, those two runners, the professor 56 00:03:53,636 --> 00:03:57,396 Speaker 2: and the coach, came from the same place, a second 57 00:03:57,396 --> 00:04:01,396 Speaker 2: tier state college that no one outside of northern California 58 00:04:01,756 --> 00:04:06,236 Speaker 2: had ever heard of, San Jose State, or as it 59 00:04:06,316 --> 00:04:14,556 Speaker 2: was known back then, Speeds City. I'm Malcolm Gladwell. This 60 00:04:14,756 --> 00:04:18,396 Speaker 2: is Legacy of Speed, a story about athletes who dared 61 00:04:18,396 --> 00:04:20,916 Speaker 2: to take a stand and the visionaries who made them 62 00:04:20,956 --> 00:04:33,076 Speaker 2: fast enough and brave enough to change the world. In 63 00:04:33,116 --> 00:04:37,276 Speaker 2: the nineteen sixties, Silicon Valley was not yet called Silicon Valley. 64 00:04:37,796 --> 00:04:41,396 Speaker 2: That nickname wouldn't come until the early nineteen seventies. But 65 00:04:41,476 --> 00:04:44,836 Speaker 2: among the Rolling Hills and Citrus Grove south of San Francisco, 66 00:04:45,236 --> 00:04:49,636 Speaker 2: one hundred revolutions had already started to bubble, the microchip, 67 00:04:49,996 --> 00:04:54,116 Speaker 2: the beginnings, the personal computer, the Internet. The Bay Area 68 00:04:54,476 --> 00:04:58,276 Speaker 2: was wide open to innovation and reinvention and anyone who 69 00:04:58,276 --> 00:05:00,516 Speaker 2: had a crazy idea about how to do things better. 70 00:05:01,796 --> 00:05:04,116 Speaker 2: And in the middle of that ferment was a commuter 71 00:05:04,156 --> 00:05:09,996 Speaker 2: school in downtown San Jose. San Jose State State was 72 00:05:10,036 --> 00:05:13,076 Speaker 2: where a coach named Bud Winter held court, and Bud 73 00:05:13,116 --> 00:05:16,276 Speaker 2: Winter is where this story begins. Bud was one of 74 00:05:16,316 --> 00:05:20,076 Speaker 2: the most important coaches of the twentieth century. He invented 75 00:05:20,396 --> 00:05:25,356 Speaker 2: modern sprinting with an unconventional approach that has today become dogma. 76 00:05:26,516 --> 00:05:28,636 Speaker 2: Have you ever watched the way of the fastest man 77 00:05:28,676 --> 00:05:34,716 Speaker 2: in history, the Jamaican sprinter Ussain Bolt, glides down the track, You, Saint. 78 00:05:34,556 --> 00:05:40,556 Speaker 1: Bolt, look at the timeline by night, world record, unruffled, 79 00:05:41,156 --> 00:05:42,596 Speaker 1: calm composed. 80 00:05:43,356 --> 00:05:45,836 Speaker 2: You can credit Bud Winter for the way Bolt ran. 81 00:05:46,836 --> 00:05:51,116 Speaker 2: Bolt's coach was a Bud Winter disciple. Over his career, 82 00:05:51,436 --> 00:05:55,556 Speaker 2: Bud coached one hundred and two All Americans, thirty seven 83 00:05:55,796 --> 00:06:00,716 Speaker 2: world record holders, and twenty Olympians, including Tommy Smith and 84 00:06:00,796 --> 00:06:04,116 Speaker 2: John Carlos, the two sprinters who raised their gloved fists 85 00:06:04,156 --> 00:06:09,436 Speaker 2: in Mexico City. Bud's athletes so completely dominated sprinting the 86 00:06:09,516 --> 00:06:11,756 Speaker 2: people stopped calling the San Jose A team by its 87 00:06:11,796 --> 00:06:15,716 Speaker 2: formal nickname, the Spartans, and just called it Speeds City. 88 00:06:16,156 --> 00:06:18,636 Speaker 4: He was a scrapper. He grew up in a poor 89 00:06:18,836 --> 00:06:22,516 Speaker 4: neighborhood in San Francisco. Yeah, it was right by the zoo. 90 00:06:22,796 --> 00:06:27,236 Speaker 2: That's Kathy Winter, Bud's daughter. Bud Winter was born Lloyd C. 91 00:06:27,476 --> 00:06:30,436 Speaker 2: Winter in nineteen oh nine and grew up in San Francisco. 92 00:06:31,396 --> 00:06:36,476 Speaker 4: Well, his mom was a spitfire Irish woman, and his 93 00:06:36,516 --> 00:06:41,316 Speaker 4: father was a photographer and a very quiet introvert. And 94 00:06:41,356 --> 00:06:43,956 Speaker 4: he lived on the poor side, So I think that's 95 00:06:43,996 --> 00:06:46,276 Speaker 4: why he had such a compassion and a heart for 96 00:06:46,356 --> 00:06:47,676 Speaker 4: people that didn't have money. 97 00:06:48,076 --> 00:06:52,796 Speaker 2: Bud ended up at UC Berkeley. He studied psychology. After college, 98 00:06:53,036 --> 00:06:55,196 Speaker 2: Bud coached football at a high school and then a 99 00:06:55,276 --> 00:06:58,756 Speaker 2: junior college. He was a man of obsessions. He didn't 100 00:06:58,836 --> 00:07:02,196 Speaker 2: just golf. He invented a golf club that he swore 101 00:07:02,316 --> 00:07:05,516 Speaker 2: hit the ball further because he'd exposed it to radiation. 102 00:07:06,436 --> 00:07:09,716 Speaker 2: He didn't just fish, He went fishing around the world. 103 00:07:10,156 --> 00:07:15,116 Speaker 2: He was unkempt, unassuming. He wore mismatched patterns. His clothes 104 00:07:15,116 --> 00:07:18,596 Speaker 2: were often wrinkled. When he traveled, he stuffed his suits 105 00:07:18,636 --> 00:07:19,556 Speaker 2: into a Duffel bag. 106 00:07:20,236 --> 00:07:23,196 Speaker 4: You always seem to have soup or something down his shirt, 107 00:07:24,636 --> 00:07:27,116 Speaker 4: but when you pointed it out, he'd go, you know 108 00:07:27,156 --> 00:07:30,076 Speaker 4: who cares. It just wasn't his priority. 109 00:07:30,716 --> 00:07:33,556 Speaker 2: In nineteen forty one, Bud took a job coaching track 110 00:07:33,716 --> 00:07:35,836 Speaker 2: and freshman football at San Jose State. 111 00:07:36,396 --> 00:07:40,676 Speaker 4: I would say my dad was somewhat absent, and I 112 00:07:40,716 --> 00:07:43,516 Speaker 4: don't say that with negativity in my heart or anything, 113 00:07:43,596 --> 00:07:47,476 Speaker 4: but his whole life was about track and field and 114 00:07:47,956 --> 00:07:50,916 Speaker 4: the guys. We'd be sitting there at the table at dinner, 115 00:07:51,156 --> 00:07:52,716 Speaker 4: and all of a sudden, my dad would get up 116 00:07:52,756 --> 00:07:54,196 Speaker 4: and he would go over to the side and he'd 117 00:07:54,236 --> 00:07:57,636 Speaker 4: start to practice like the shot put. Okay, now he 118 00:07:57,676 --> 00:07:59,556 Speaker 4: wants to tell him to turn his head this way. 119 00:07:59,916 --> 00:08:01,756 Speaker 4: And here we were in the middle of trying to 120 00:08:01,796 --> 00:08:03,836 Speaker 4: tell him a story about what we did at school. 121 00:08:03,796 --> 00:08:07,276 Speaker 2: As a coach. Bud was a teacher, not a screamer. 122 00:08:07,956 --> 00:08:11,116 Speaker 5: The thing that impressed me about Bud he never raised 123 00:08:11,156 --> 00:08:11,836 Speaker 5: his voice. 124 00:08:11,996 --> 00:08:14,796 Speaker 2: This is Ray Norton, one of Bud's athletes. 125 00:08:14,996 --> 00:08:18,316 Speaker 5: And never did I ever hear him use propenity. That's 126 00:08:18,356 --> 00:08:21,236 Speaker 5: pretty unusual for a coach, My high school coach. Is 127 00:08:21,236 --> 00:08:23,916 Speaker 5: all they did yo. They couldn't coach all that they 128 00:08:23,996 --> 00:08:24,676 Speaker 5: was used propetit. 129 00:08:25,956 --> 00:08:28,796 Speaker 2: Bud didn't look like a traditional coach. He didn't sound 130 00:08:28,836 --> 00:08:31,156 Speaker 2: like a traditional coach, and that was all part of 131 00:08:31,156 --> 00:08:34,836 Speaker 2: the charm. Norton remembers the first time he met Bud, 132 00:08:35,116 --> 00:08:37,236 Speaker 2: he was still in high school. He and some of 133 00:08:37,236 --> 00:08:39,676 Speaker 2: his friends who also ran went to a track meet 134 00:08:39,716 --> 00:08:43,516 Speaker 2: at the University of California, Berkeley, the annual showdown between 135 00:08:43,516 --> 00:08:45,876 Speaker 2: the Big Ten and the conference that would become the 136 00:08:45,916 --> 00:08:46,556 Speaker 2: Pac twelve. 137 00:08:48,356 --> 00:08:50,476 Speaker 5: First of all, we snuck in the place and we're 138 00:08:50,556 --> 00:08:53,236 Speaker 5: sitting quietly hoping nobody noticed us. 139 00:08:53,276 --> 00:08:58,116 Speaker 2: You know, Norton and his friends all ran track for 140 00:08:58,156 --> 00:09:00,996 Speaker 2: their high school teams. A couple of them were pretty fast, 141 00:09:01,316 --> 00:09:03,636 Speaker 2: but none of them expected to be recruited by the 142 00:09:03,676 --> 00:09:07,476 Speaker 2: colleges at this meet. It's nineteen fifty five, not too 143 00:09:07,556 --> 00:09:10,836 Speaker 2: many of the big track schools. We're interested in black sprinters. 144 00:09:12,556 --> 00:09:16,276 Speaker 5: We watched the big boys, the collegian guys, and then 145 00:09:16,316 --> 00:09:19,116 Speaker 5: when they left, we kind of eased down on the 146 00:09:19,196 --> 00:09:22,116 Speaker 5: track and got into starting blocks. 147 00:09:22,636 --> 00:09:24,916 Speaker 2: They started to raise each other just for fun. 148 00:09:27,516 --> 00:09:29,956 Speaker 5: We were supposed to be there, obviously, and there were 149 00:09:29,996 --> 00:09:34,276 Speaker 5: several coaches in the stands watching. All of them left 150 00:09:34,356 --> 00:09:40,596 Speaker 5: except one that one was but Winter and but walked 151 00:09:40,636 --> 00:09:42,876 Speaker 5: from the bleachers and then we were in the starting 152 00:09:42,916 --> 00:09:46,916 Speaker 5: blocks and we said, oh god, we've been busted. They're 153 00:09:46,916 --> 00:09:50,036 Speaker 5: going to throw us out of here. And he walked 154 00:09:50,276 --> 00:09:52,836 Speaker 5: real slow, and then he stopped in front of me 155 00:09:53,196 --> 00:09:55,116 Speaker 5: and he said, do you know you could be the 156 00:09:55,156 --> 00:10:04,356 Speaker 5: world's fastest human? And I went k, I wasn't even 157 00:10:04,396 --> 00:10:07,196 Speaker 5: the fastest guy in the starting blocks where he was standing. 158 00:10:08,396 --> 00:10:10,316 Speaker 5: A couple of the high school kids could beat me. 159 00:10:10,876 --> 00:10:13,836 Speaker 5: And they're going, what this coach must be old something. 160 00:10:16,156 --> 00:10:18,956 Speaker 2: At the time, Norton had no idea what Bud saw 161 00:10:18,996 --> 00:10:21,756 Speaker 2: on him. It wasn't until he went to San Jose 162 00:10:21,836 --> 00:10:24,796 Speaker 2: State that he understood that Bud had turned the science 163 00:10:24,796 --> 00:10:26,476 Speaker 2: of sprinting on its head. 164 00:10:27,076 --> 00:10:30,476 Speaker 5: I was six three sprinters are like five eight, five, nine, 165 00:10:30,596 --> 00:10:32,996 Speaker 5: five ten. What he saw is that I had a 166 00:10:33,076 --> 00:10:37,276 Speaker 5: natural relaxation mode. I did string what I ran and 167 00:10:37,316 --> 00:10:41,516 Speaker 5: the other kids did. He could teach me the relaxation mode, 168 00:10:41,556 --> 00:10:42,436 Speaker 5: and I could handle it. 169 00:10:43,076 --> 00:10:49,036 Speaker 2: The relaxation mode shorthand for the complex set of ideas 170 00:10:49,276 --> 00:10:53,436 Speaker 2: at the heart of Bud's philosophy. Coaches for generations had 171 00:10:53,436 --> 00:10:58,436 Speaker 2: stressed the visible application of effort intensity, the grimacing, tightly 172 00:10:58,476 --> 00:11:01,356 Speaker 2: coiled runner, huffing and snorting down the track like a 173 00:11:01,436 --> 00:11:06,396 Speaker 2: runaway plow horse work harder, push, push, push, But Bud's 174 00:11:06,396 --> 00:11:10,876 Speaker 2: thought was, what if that was entirely backward? What if 175 00:11:10,876 --> 00:11:16,316 Speaker 2: the sprinter should be gliding. Norton joined Bud's team in 176 00:11:16,396 --> 00:11:19,716 Speaker 2: nineteen fifty six on a scholarship. He would become a star, 177 00:11:20,036 --> 00:11:22,956 Speaker 2: the first real star of the so called speed city 178 00:11:23,036 --> 00:11:43,596 Speaker 2: era at San Jose State. We'll be right back. Bud 179 00:11:43,596 --> 00:11:46,716 Speaker 2: Winter had his light bulb moment when he first arrived 180 00:11:46,756 --> 00:11:49,636 Speaker 2: at San Jose State. He sat in on a class 181 00:11:49,676 --> 00:11:53,956 Speaker 2: taught by Dorothy Hazeltine Yates. It was about the psychology 182 00:11:53,956 --> 00:11:57,636 Speaker 2: of fighter pilots, an enormously important subject. At the start 183 00:11:57,636 --> 00:12:01,196 Speaker 2: of World War Two. Pilots were suffering from nervous exhaustion, 184 00:12:01,556 --> 00:12:05,996 Speaker 2: burnout breakdowns. They were making fatal errors in combat because 185 00:12:06,036 --> 00:12:09,116 Speaker 2: of the enormous stress they were under. In the class, 186 00:12:09,556 --> 00:12:12,316 Speaker 2: Bud learned about a new approach to tackling the problem, 187 00:12:12,876 --> 00:12:18,116 Speaker 2: teaching the pilot's relaxation techniques. Bud watched as the techniques 188 00:12:18,116 --> 00:12:21,196 Speaker 2: were applied to boxers at San Jose State. This is 189 00:12:21,196 --> 00:12:24,036 Speaker 2: what Bud wrote in his nineteen eighty one book, Relax 190 00:12:24,116 --> 00:12:29,476 Speaker 2: and Win. The results proved not only gratifying in some cases, 191 00:12:29,676 --> 00:12:34,116 Speaker 2: they were amazing to us. Green inexperienced novices very soon 192 00:12:34,196 --> 00:12:38,716 Speaker 2: showed the cool, confident poise of champions. San Jose boxers 193 00:12:38,916 --> 00:12:46,556 Speaker 2: won every bout that season, some spectacularly. At the start 194 00:12:46,596 --> 00:12:49,476 Speaker 2: of the Second World War, Bud enlisted in the Navy, 195 00:12:50,036 --> 00:12:51,756 Speaker 2: and he got a chance to build on what he'd 196 00:12:51,836 --> 00:12:54,916 Speaker 2: learned with Yates's class at San Jose. He was put 197 00:12:54,956 --> 00:12:57,236 Speaker 2: in charge of a research study at a flight school 198 00:12:57,276 --> 00:13:02,396 Speaker 2: in California looking at relaxation training for cadets. It was 199 00:13:02,436 --> 00:13:04,916 Speaker 2: the beginning of what would be a radical transformation in 200 00:13:04,956 --> 00:13:08,316 Speaker 2: the way we think about preparing people for stressful jobs. 201 00:13:09,276 --> 00:13:12,036 Speaker 2: We called up doctor Belisa Vranich to get a little 202 00:13:12,116 --> 00:13:14,156 Speaker 2: one oh one on relaxation techniques. 203 00:13:14,796 --> 00:13:18,156 Speaker 6: So, any tense muscle you have on your body is 204 00:13:18,276 --> 00:13:23,676 Speaker 6: using oxygen, and you need other muscles to be sort 205 00:13:23,676 --> 00:13:25,716 Speaker 6: of prepped and alert and ready to go. 206 00:13:26,356 --> 00:13:28,956 Speaker 2: Brandich is a clinical psychologist who works with lots of 207 00:13:28,956 --> 00:13:34,236 Speaker 2: people in high stressed jobs, law enforcement, firefighters, navy seals, pilots. 208 00:13:35,076 --> 00:13:38,436 Speaker 6: So if your entire body is tense, you are going 209 00:13:38,476 --> 00:13:40,876 Speaker 6: to be using up calories and you're going to be 210 00:13:40,956 --> 00:13:45,316 Speaker 6: using up oxygen. For instance, chess masters burn a tremendous 211 00:13:45,356 --> 00:13:49,836 Speaker 6: amount of calories playing chess, and it's because your brain 212 00:13:50,156 --> 00:13:53,956 Speaker 6: uses so much oxygen. So if you are thinking intense 213 00:13:53,996 --> 00:13:56,636 Speaker 6: and if your body is tense, you're tapping into your 214 00:13:56,676 --> 00:13:57,476 Speaker 6: tank of energy. 215 00:13:57,996 --> 00:14:00,756 Speaker 2: Imagine how quickly you might drain that tank of energy 216 00:14:00,756 --> 00:14:03,636 Speaker 2: in a dog fight, And if you return safely, how 217 00:14:03,636 --> 00:14:05,836 Speaker 2: would you manage to get some sleep so you could 218 00:14:05,836 --> 00:14:10,276 Speaker 2: fight again tomorrow. The solution is to learn how to relax, 219 00:14:10,996 --> 00:14:14,036 Speaker 2: to contain and control your stress. 220 00:14:14,156 --> 00:14:17,916 Speaker 6: Inhale two three four. 221 00:14:17,796 --> 00:14:22,356 Speaker 2: Breathing slowly and deliberately. This is called tactical breathing. 222 00:14:22,876 --> 00:14:30,516 Speaker 6: Inhale, stretch a little bit more, sigh on the exhale, 223 00:14:30,676 --> 00:14:34,956 Speaker 6: and you're ready to go. So your breathing controls your 224 00:14:34,956 --> 00:14:38,396 Speaker 6: heart rate, and your heart rate is your main indicator 225 00:14:38,436 --> 00:14:41,796 Speaker 6: of stress. So when you get stressed out, your heart 226 00:14:41,916 --> 00:14:45,596 Speaker 6: rate goes up, and once it goes past a certain point, 227 00:14:45,836 --> 00:14:50,236 Speaker 6: it affects your motor skills, your fine motor skills, your memory, 228 00:14:50,756 --> 00:14:55,356 Speaker 6: and your ability to perform. So, whether you are working 229 00:14:55,396 --> 00:14:58,396 Speaker 6: in a corporate setting or you're an athlete, you'd like 230 00:14:58,476 --> 00:15:01,156 Speaker 6: your heart rate to be at a place where you 231 00:15:01,276 --> 00:15:03,396 Speaker 6: are calm but alert. 232 00:15:03,996 --> 00:15:07,356 Speaker 2: At the Flight School, Winter study involved two hundred cadets. 233 00:15:07,716 --> 00:15:11,316 Speaker 2: For six weeks, they get tended classes, played sports, and 234 00:15:11,356 --> 00:15:15,476 Speaker 2: took psychological tests. The cadets were split into two groups. 235 00:15:15,836 --> 00:15:19,636 Speaker 2: One was the control group. The other group learned relaxation techniques. 236 00:15:20,476 --> 00:15:24,796 Speaker 2: Bud wrote about the outcome in his book. The relaxation 237 00:15:24,916 --> 00:15:30,116 Speaker 2: group made more significant and even spectacular progress. The greatest 238 00:15:30,156 --> 00:15:33,916 Speaker 2: improvement by the relaxation group was demonstrated in the courses 239 00:15:33,956 --> 00:15:40,076 Speaker 2: that involved the most pressure. When the war was over, 240 00:15:40,476 --> 00:15:43,196 Speaker 2: Bud went back to San Jose staid, and that's when 241 00:15:43,276 --> 00:15:48,356 Speaker 2: he realized if relaxation techniques could help pilots. Surely they 242 00:15:48,356 --> 00:15:52,516 Speaker 2: could also help sprinters. Doctor Belisa Vranich again. 243 00:15:52,876 --> 00:15:57,836 Speaker 6: If you are able to get yourself to breathe well 244 00:15:57,876 --> 00:16:02,196 Speaker 6: mechanically meaning dive framatically, and now you train those muscles 245 00:16:02,316 --> 00:16:06,996 Speaker 6: separate from your sport, it actually affects your times. It 246 00:16:07,076 --> 00:16:08,676 Speaker 6: delays fatigue. 247 00:16:09,196 --> 00:16:12,396 Speaker 2: The problem at the heart of a sprinter's task was pressure. 248 00:16:13,156 --> 00:16:15,436 Speaker 2: They weren't running a marathon where they had two hours 249 00:16:15,436 --> 00:16:18,396 Speaker 2: to settle in and adjust and make up for mistakes 250 00:16:18,396 --> 00:16:22,556 Speaker 2: and misjudgments. One hundred meters sprint is ten seconds, the 251 00:16:22,556 --> 00:16:26,836 Speaker 2: two hundred meters is twenty seconds. The runner must react 252 00:16:26,876 --> 00:16:30,716 Speaker 2: instantly to the gun, run a flawless race, extract every 253 00:16:30,796 --> 00:16:35,236 Speaker 2: ounce of speed from their bodies over an impossibly compressed timeframe. 254 00:16:36,116 --> 00:16:39,116 Speaker 2: The sprinter settling into the blocks before a race was 255 00:16:39,236 --> 00:16:43,756 Speaker 2: under an extraordinary, potentially debilitating amount of pressure, and the 256 00:16:43,796 --> 00:16:47,996 Speaker 2: body's untrained response to that pressure makes the runner slower, 257 00:16:48,516 --> 00:16:53,676 Speaker 2: not faster. Bud realized he needed to fix that problem. 258 00:16:54,116 --> 00:16:57,316 Speaker 2: That idea seems common sense to our ears today, but 259 00:16:57,396 --> 00:16:58,236 Speaker 2: he came from Bud. 260 00:16:58,876 --> 00:17:03,516 Speaker 6: He was really visionary and understanding how important relaxation was 261 00:17:03,556 --> 00:17:07,636 Speaker 6: to performance. Think about it in the forties fifties, or sixties. 262 00:17:07,676 --> 00:17:10,916 Speaker 6: What you were hearing was buck right, and maybe a 263 00:17:10,956 --> 00:17:13,956 Speaker 6: little bit later was no pain, no gain, was pull 264 00:17:13,996 --> 00:17:17,356 Speaker 6: yourself up by your bootstraps. So that he was saying, 265 00:17:17,556 --> 00:17:23,476 Speaker 6: relaxed to perform better was fantastic because it works. 266 00:17:24,036 --> 00:17:26,916 Speaker 2: Ray Norton and other athletes on the track team remember 267 00:17:26,996 --> 00:17:28,236 Speaker 2: Bud and his phrases. 268 00:17:28,796 --> 00:17:34,316 Speaker 5: How do you explain to a sprinter running bull speed 269 00:17:34,836 --> 00:17:42,076 Speaker 5: to relax? Well, you teach them to relax by using 270 00:17:42,196 --> 00:17:44,636 Speaker 5: certain terminologies, mantras. 271 00:17:44,676 --> 00:17:47,676 Speaker 2: Really, they were designed to keep parts of your body relaxed. 272 00:17:48,356 --> 00:17:50,996 Speaker 2: If you ran for Bud, a couple of them were 273 00:17:51,076 --> 00:17:52,116 Speaker 2: burned into your brain. 274 00:17:55,156 --> 00:17:56,036 Speaker 7: Loose hands. 275 00:17:56,356 --> 00:17:59,516 Speaker 5: You never clinch your fists when you're running. Loose jaws, 276 00:17:59,996 --> 00:18:02,796 Speaker 5: but you don't have to open your mouth, but just relax. 277 00:18:03,276 --> 00:18:07,036 Speaker 2: To demonstrate the power of loose hands loose jaws, Bud 278 00:18:07,036 --> 00:18:10,356 Speaker 2: would have his athletes run it tight, straining with effort 279 00:18:10,516 --> 00:18:21,476 Speaker 2: and time them. Then he'd have them run relaxed, their 280 00:18:21,516 --> 00:18:26,516 Speaker 2: hands unclenched, their faces sagging with what Bud called fish lips. 281 00:18:32,596 --> 00:18:43,196 Speaker 2: The stopwatch didn't lie. I spoke with Tommy Smith, one 282 00:18:43,236 --> 00:18:47,676 Speaker 2: of the greatest of all Bud's athletes. Was it difficult 283 00:18:47,676 --> 00:18:49,796 Speaker 2: to master some of the things he was talking about. 284 00:18:50,076 --> 00:18:51,796 Speaker 8: So it was a lot of things that he put 285 00:18:52,156 --> 00:18:57,876 Speaker 8: into a process that we had to understand, and it 286 00:18:57,956 --> 00:19:02,596 Speaker 8: was very difficult at times for us to master the 287 00:19:02,796 --> 00:19:06,876 Speaker 8: usage of the muscles to their maximum without tensing up, 288 00:19:07,236 --> 00:19:12,236 Speaker 8: without overdoing it. The process of too much is not good, 289 00:19:12,596 --> 00:19:14,356 Speaker 8: too little is just as bad. 290 00:19:14,836 --> 00:19:18,116 Speaker 2: And just like the Navy cadets, Bud's athletes also had 291 00:19:18,116 --> 00:19:22,556 Speaker 2: to do visualization exercises. This is Ben Tucker, a distance runner. 292 00:19:23,036 --> 00:19:27,596 Speaker 7: Before each competition, Bud would always call us in on 293 00:19:27,636 --> 00:19:31,676 Speaker 7: the Friday night. This is the night before the event, 294 00:19:32,876 --> 00:19:37,516 Speaker 7: and then he would have us sit in a room, 295 00:19:39,396 --> 00:19:42,476 Speaker 7: turn the lights out, and then we would just sit 296 00:19:42,556 --> 00:19:47,516 Speaker 7: there and he would just talk us through. This is 297 00:19:47,516 --> 00:19:54,316 Speaker 7: the first lap. This is a second lap. And so 298 00:19:55,036 --> 00:20:00,516 Speaker 7: he had us not only strategizing, but he had us 299 00:20:00,916 --> 00:20:10,316 Speaker 7: seeing ourselves. This is the night before. A hypnosis, but 300 00:20:10,476 --> 00:20:15,236 Speaker 7: it's hypnotize on us, but it got into our heads, 301 00:20:16,276 --> 00:20:17,396 Speaker 7: got into our heads. 302 00:20:21,436 --> 00:20:25,356 Speaker 2: But also ran his athletes methodically through drills he'd created, 303 00:20:25,756 --> 00:20:28,956 Speaker 2: like the high knee exercise. The runner marches up and 304 00:20:28,996 --> 00:20:31,996 Speaker 2: down the track, driving one knee after the other high 305 00:20:32,036 --> 00:20:36,076 Speaker 2: into the air. In an exaggerated slow motion version of running. 306 00:20:36,716 --> 00:20:38,796 Speaker 1: That's a real basic of how sprinter's run. 307 00:20:39,236 --> 00:20:42,516 Speaker 2: Doctor Peter wayAnd And studies the biomechanics of sprinting at 308 00:20:42,516 --> 00:20:47,596 Speaker 2: the Locomotive Performance Laboratory at Southern Methodist University, and it's. 309 00:20:47,436 --> 00:20:51,156 Speaker 1: Directly connected to how forcefully the sprinters hit the ground. 310 00:20:51,156 --> 00:20:53,156 Speaker 1: So if you watch a marathon or run, they don't 311 00:20:53,236 --> 00:20:55,796 Speaker 1: run that way. They have kind of a shuffling gait. 312 00:20:56,196 --> 00:20:59,116 Speaker 1: The sprinters punch the track with their limb, so the 313 00:20:59,196 --> 00:21:00,956 Speaker 1: high knee lift allows in the space to get the 314 00:21:00,996 --> 00:21:03,476 Speaker 1: high velocity and then the quick stop. It's like delivering 315 00:21:03,476 --> 00:21:04,516 Speaker 1: a punch to the ground. 316 00:21:04,956 --> 00:21:07,716 Speaker 2: The more force the sprinter can deliver with that leg punch, 317 00:21:08,196 --> 00:21:11,116 Speaker 2: the faster they can get off the ground, which leads 318 00:21:11,156 --> 00:21:13,916 Speaker 2: to a longer, more efficient stride. 319 00:21:13,956 --> 00:21:16,116 Speaker 1: All of the difference in how fast they can run, 320 00:21:16,236 --> 00:21:19,796 Speaker 1: all of the force difference happens during that initial impact period. 321 00:21:20,276 --> 00:21:22,436 Speaker 1: So it's essential that they get the highknee lift and 322 00:21:22,436 --> 00:21:25,196 Speaker 1: that they execute the high velocity and quick stop. That's 323 00:21:25,196 --> 00:21:26,916 Speaker 1: the entire secret right there. 324 00:21:27,676 --> 00:21:31,476 Speaker 2: The innovations, the tinkering, the rethinking, the search for the 325 00:21:31,516 --> 00:21:33,636 Speaker 2: slightest edge never stopped. 326 00:21:35,956 --> 00:21:38,636 Speaker 9: I realized, I said, this is the first genius. I 327 00:21:38,676 --> 00:21:41,956 Speaker 9: remember because his mind was busy of how to make 328 00:21:42,036 --> 00:21:42,796 Speaker 9: us run faster. 329 00:21:43,756 --> 00:21:46,556 Speaker 2: That's Lee Evans, another Abud's greatest sprinters. 330 00:21:47,596 --> 00:21:50,876 Speaker 9: I remember he said, okay, everybody, give me your your shorts, 331 00:21:52,716 --> 00:21:56,116 Speaker 9: and he was punch holes in the back part of 332 00:21:56,196 --> 00:22:00,916 Speaker 9: him so the wind could throw through them better. And 333 00:22:01,036 --> 00:22:02,836 Speaker 9: he said, okay, okay, give me, everybody, give me the 334 00:22:02,876 --> 00:22:04,636 Speaker 9: spikes out of your shoes. We take our spikes on 335 00:22:04,716 --> 00:22:07,036 Speaker 9: get to him, and he would shape them like a 336 00:22:07,076 --> 00:22:11,796 Speaker 9: pyramid so that the real part would get more push off. 337 00:22:12,156 --> 00:22:14,876 Speaker 9: He was always thinking of waye to take off a 338 00:22:14,996 --> 00:22:18,756 Speaker 9: tenth or one hundredths of a second, and I never 339 00:22:18,796 --> 00:22:21,436 Speaker 9: had a coach to you'd be concerned about little minor 340 00:22:21,556 --> 00:22:22,276 Speaker 9: details like that. 341 00:22:34,876 --> 00:22:37,516 Speaker 2: At the heart of the Bud Winter Revolution is that 342 00:22:37,556 --> 00:22:40,836 Speaker 2: he saw his role as cultivating the talent of his athletes. 343 00:22:41,276 --> 00:22:44,996 Speaker 2: He took raw clay and molded it. That is not 344 00:22:45,036 --> 00:22:48,276 Speaker 2: how coaches saw their role in those years. The traditional 345 00:22:48,316 --> 00:22:54,396 Speaker 2: coach exploited talent. The distinction between cultivation and exploitation is crucial. 346 00:22:54,996 --> 00:23:01,156 Speaker 2: Coaches of that era were motivators, recruiters, tacticians. Coaches took 347 00:23:01,196 --> 00:23:04,636 Speaker 2: what they were given and put it to use. Bud 348 00:23:04,956 --> 00:23:07,716 Speaker 2: was one of the first modern coaches who understood that 349 00:23:07,796 --> 00:23:10,996 Speaker 2: a coach's job was to make you facture elite performance 350 00:23:11,356 --> 00:23:16,516 Speaker 2: systematically and methodically, not just shepherd it into existence. The 351 00:23:16,516 --> 00:23:20,156 Speaker 2: most successful of the coaches of the contemporary age, Bill 352 00:23:20,156 --> 00:23:23,956 Speaker 2: Belichick and football, Phil Jackson and Pat Summit and basketball 353 00:23:24,156 --> 00:23:27,756 Speaker 2: are in many ways Bud's disciples. When a coach wins 354 00:23:27,836 --> 00:23:31,476 Speaker 2: again and again in different places and with different athletes, 355 00:23:31,716 --> 00:23:35,476 Speaker 2: it means they have crossed the line from exploitation to cultivation. 356 00:23:36,276 --> 00:23:42,796 Speaker 2: Bud was the profit of that movement. Bud held coaching 357 00:23:42,836 --> 00:23:46,116 Speaker 2: clinics NonStop. He wrote a how to manual, So You 358 00:23:46,156 --> 00:23:48,516 Speaker 2: Want to Be a Sprinter that became a must read 359 00:23:48,756 --> 00:23:52,876 Speaker 2: for coaches and athletes alike. In it, two cartoon sprinters 360 00:23:53,036 --> 00:23:55,716 Speaker 2: helped demonstrate the right way and the wrong way to 361 00:23:55,796 --> 00:24:00,396 Speaker 2: execute Bud's techniques. Their names were Jack Champ and Joe Chump. 362 00:24:00,996 --> 00:24:04,636 Speaker 2: Their coach is a Bud like figure named Igor Beaver. 363 00:24:05,436 --> 00:24:09,116 Speaker 2: Get it egor Beaver. He eventually made a fifteen minute 364 00:24:09,196 --> 00:24:11,836 Speaker 2: instructional film that he shot at San Jose State. 365 00:24:12,476 --> 00:24:15,556 Speaker 10: Coach Winter believes that the sprinter should undergo a special drill. 366 00:24:16,156 --> 00:24:18,556 Speaker 2: Members of Bud's team appeared in the film, which was 367 00:24:18,556 --> 00:24:20,836 Speaker 2: called sprinting with Bud Winter. 368 00:24:20,916 --> 00:24:24,796 Speaker 10: Bohm action is powerful, but it is also relaxed. The 369 00:24:24,916 --> 00:24:28,236 Speaker 10: run of things, of driving his elbows, the hands are loose. 370 00:24:28,876 --> 00:24:33,076 Speaker 2: Ray Norton was his first major recruit. In nineteen fifty eight, 371 00:24:33,436 --> 00:24:35,756 Speaker 2: Norton tied the world record for the one hundred yard 372 00:24:35,836 --> 00:24:39,116 Speaker 2: dash with a time of nine point three seconds. The 373 00:24:39,156 --> 00:24:42,156 Speaker 2: only other Americans that held that record were from big 374 00:24:42,196 --> 00:24:47,316 Speaker 2: schools like USC and COL. That same year, Budd added 375 00:24:47,396 --> 00:24:50,276 Speaker 2: another star to his team. This one was shorter in 376 00:24:50,316 --> 00:24:54,236 Speaker 2: stock here, a more traditional looking sprinter. Bob Pointer was 377 00:24:54,236 --> 00:24:57,116 Speaker 2: a high school state champion from Pasadena who had his 378 00:24:57,196 --> 00:25:00,916 Speaker 2: heart set on USC. He went to junior college trying 379 00:25:00,916 --> 00:25:04,276 Speaker 2: to study his way onto the USC track team. Meanwhile, 380 00:25:04,636 --> 00:25:06,916 Speaker 2: Bud kept sending him letters. 381 00:25:06,716 --> 00:25:08,196 Speaker 11: That kind of thrilled me, you know, in fact that 382 00:25:08,316 --> 00:25:09,716 Speaker 11: somebody for you tented to you. 383 00:25:10,156 --> 00:25:12,756 Speaker 2: Eithers started to pay attention to San Jose State too. 384 00:25:13,436 --> 00:25:16,236 Speaker 11: It drew crowds from you know, the Bay area and 385 00:25:17,236 --> 00:25:19,596 Speaker 11: all around because Bud would promote the heck out of 386 00:25:19,876 --> 00:25:23,596 Speaker 11: attract meet and we got an invitation to go to 387 00:25:23,636 --> 00:25:25,316 Speaker 11: the pen relays. Well, I didn't even know where that 388 00:25:25,516 --> 00:25:28,716 Speaker 11: was because I'd never been back east in my life. 389 00:25:29,276 --> 00:25:31,956 Speaker 2: The Penn Relays in Philadelphia are the oldest track and 390 00:25:31,956 --> 00:25:35,916 Speaker 2: field event in the United States, a massive international carnival 391 00:25:35,916 --> 00:25:36,756 Speaker 2: of track and field. 392 00:25:37,316 --> 00:25:42,356 Speaker 11: So Ray and I went and we won all the 393 00:25:42,396 --> 00:25:45,676 Speaker 11: stuff back east, and people back there they hadn't heard 394 00:25:45,676 --> 00:25:48,796 Speaker 11: the sounds. They used to pronounce its San Josie and say, 395 00:25:48,916 --> 00:25:50,596 Speaker 11: those guys from San Jose, And they thought it was 396 00:25:50,956 --> 00:25:55,676 Speaker 11: a black college because we had gold uniforms and most 397 00:25:55,676 --> 00:25:58,916 Speaker 11: of the kids were African Americans. But what that did? 398 00:25:59,076 --> 00:26:01,276 Speaker 11: That put Soundly State on the map. 399 00:26:01,756 --> 00:26:04,156 Speaker 2: Bud was doing all of this with a minuscule budget 400 00:26:04,316 --> 00:26:06,716 Speaker 2: out of state college that when he arrived didn't even 401 00:26:06,716 --> 00:26:07,556 Speaker 2: have dormitories. 402 00:26:08,556 --> 00:26:15,756 Speaker 11: He loved beating Carol of Stafford and anybody who's big, 403 00:26:16,596 --> 00:26:19,236 Speaker 11: because he felt that like the poor people going out 404 00:26:19,236 --> 00:26:20,156 Speaker 11: against the rich people. 405 00:26:20,756 --> 00:26:23,436 Speaker 2: And Ray Norton, he was beating almost everyone. 406 00:26:24,196 --> 00:26:27,636 Speaker 5: Fifty nine was my biggest year. At that time. I 407 00:26:27,716 --> 00:26:30,596 Speaker 5: held the world's record for the one hundred yards, two 408 00:26:30,716 --> 00:26:34,716 Speaker 5: hundred and twenty yards around a curve, the hundred meters, 409 00:26:35,356 --> 00:26:38,876 Speaker 5: and the two hundred meters. I had all those records 410 00:26:38,916 --> 00:26:43,436 Speaker 5: at one time, and I also went undefeated another meters 411 00:26:43,476 --> 00:26:47,596 Speaker 5: period for two years. I beat them all, everybody. 412 00:26:48,276 --> 00:26:51,356 Speaker 2: It was now nineteen sixty. Norton had been going strong 413 00:26:51,396 --> 00:26:54,476 Speaker 2: for almost two years. Everyone thought he would win big 414 00:26:54,516 --> 00:26:57,516 Speaker 2: at the Rome Olympics that year, but then just before 415 00:26:57,516 --> 00:27:02,116 Speaker 2: the games, he suffered a freak injury. A teammate, the 416 00:27:02,196 --> 00:27:05,516 Speaker 2: high jumper John Thomas, played a prank and threw a 417 00:27:05,556 --> 00:27:06,636 Speaker 2: snake at him. 418 00:27:07,156 --> 00:27:08,836 Speaker 5: That was a real stink. It was a little one, 419 00:27:09,196 --> 00:27:10,916 Speaker 5: but it was, you know, done. No, I don't do 420 00:27:11,116 --> 00:27:15,316 Speaker 5: things still though. I jumped out of that hurdle's position 421 00:27:15,676 --> 00:27:18,756 Speaker 5: and snapped my back low part of my back. It 422 00:27:19,036 --> 00:27:21,436 Speaker 5: roughs at the nerve. This is three weeks before the 423 00:27:21,436 --> 00:27:26,836 Speaker 5: Olympic Games. I had no feeling in my legs, couldn't walk. 424 00:27:27,476 --> 00:27:29,836 Speaker 5: I didn't run in any tune up meets. I couldn't 425 00:27:30,556 --> 00:27:35,156 Speaker 5: I didn't run anymore until the Olympic Games, which I 426 00:27:35,156 --> 00:27:39,596 Speaker 5: had probably lost ninety percent of my conditioning. I couldn't sleep, 427 00:27:40,796 --> 00:27:42,876 Speaker 5: couldn't eat. I lost ten pounds. 428 00:27:43,316 --> 00:27:45,196 Speaker 2: But Norton didn't want to give up his chance at 429 00:27:45,236 --> 00:27:46,236 Speaker 2: the Olympics. 430 00:27:46,556 --> 00:27:49,956 Speaker 5: I just decided that I still could win and nobody 431 00:27:49,996 --> 00:27:52,956 Speaker 5: can beat me, even though I couldn't walk. Three weeks before. 432 00:27:52,716 --> 00:27:55,356 Speaker 2: That, Norton made it to the finals of the one 433 00:27:55,436 --> 00:27:57,996 Speaker 2: hundred meters and the two hundred meters at the Olympics, 434 00:27:58,316 --> 00:28:01,156 Speaker 2: but he finished dead last. Then he botched a baton 435 00:28:01,236 --> 00:28:03,636 Speaker 2: pass in a four by one hundred meter relay, leading 436 00:28:03,676 --> 00:28:08,996 Speaker 2: to a disqualification. The meltdown was astonishing. The US hadn't 437 00:28:08,996 --> 00:28:12,316 Speaker 2: like the men's hundred meters since nineteen twenty eight. 438 00:28:13,036 --> 00:28:14,996 Speaker 5: I don't even know how I ran. To be honest with. 439 00:28:14,996 --> 00:28:22,116 Speaker 2: You, only a few people knew about his injury. One 440 00:28:22,156 --> 00:28:25,716 Speaker 2: of them was Bud. Norton says he begged his coach 441 00:28:25,796 --> 00:28:26,916 Speaker 2: not to reveal the truth. 442 00:28:27,516 --> 00:28:29,956 Speaker 5: I'm in one room, Bud next door. My door's open, 443 00:28:30,036 --> 00:28:32,516 Speaker 5: so Buck to see me because I'm hurt, and he 444 00:28:32,636 --> 00:28:36,716 Speaker 5: knows it. Okay, So I say, Bud, I said, you know, 445 00:28:36,756 --> 00:28:41,556 Speaker 5: I'm drafted. I'm gonna play football after the Olympics. He says, 446 00:28:41,596 --> 00:28:43,796 Speaker 5: I know. Champ he called me Jim and I said, 447 00:28:43,796 --> 00:28:45,236 Speaker 5: I don't want him to know I'm hurt. 448 00:28:45,876 --> 00:28:47,836 Speaker 2: Norton says Bud didn't want to lie. 449 00:28:48,316 --> 00:28:52,156 Speaker 5: I said, you're not. It's my nerves in my back 450 00:28:52,276 --> 00:28:55,156 Speaker 5: that's killing me. All you got to see is my nerves. 451 00:28:55,236 --> 00:28:57,196 Speaker 5: You're not gonna be telling a lie. Let's say I 452 00:28:57,236 --> 00:28:58,996 Speaker 5: said can you do that? But I don't want these 453 00:28:59,036 --> 00:29:01,676 Speaker 5: people to think they get damaged goods because I'm playing 454 00:29:01,676 --> 00:29:05,236 Speaker 5: football as soon as I get back out of the Olympics. 455 00:29:05,796 --> 00:29:08,876 Speaker 2: All Bud would say after Norton's loss was that ra 456 00:29:09,236 --> 00:29:11,676 Speaker 2: Orton was trying too hard and that's the worst thing 457 00:29:11,676 --> 00:29:14,476 Speaker 2: a runner can do, which was the truth as far 458 00:29:14,516 --> 00:29:18,516 Speaker 2: as Bud Winter was concerned. Speed City had been stopped 459 00:29:18,516 --> 00:29:21,236 Speaker 2: short in its first great international test. 460 00:29:22,556 --> 00:29:31,276 Speaker 12: The Olympic Games to me were at once a inspiring, exciting, interesting, 461 00:29:31,556 --> 00:29:32,636 Speaker 12: horrible experience. 462 00:29:33,316 --> 00:29:36,956 Speaker 2: That's Bud in nineteen sixty three giving the opening remarks 463 00:29:36,956 --> 00:29:39,596 Speaker 2: that a sports symposium hosted by San Jose Steai. 464 00:29:40,276 --> 00:29:42,636 Speaker 13: They were aspiring because once again they pointed out what 465 00:29:42,676 --> 00:29:44,596 Speaker 13: we must do in the United States if we're going 466 00:29:44,636 --> 00:29:49,116 Speaker 13: to maintain our sports supremacy. They were wonderful because it 467 00:29:49,236 --> 00:29:51,516 Speaker 13: pointed out that maybe on the field of sport is 468 00:29:51,516 --> 00:29:53,396 Speaker 13: the one common ground upon which the nations in the 469 00:29:53,396 --> 00:29:56,436 Speaker 13: world can get together. And now horrible because of what 470 00:29:56,476 --> 00:29:59,236 Speaker 13: happened to Ray and Norton and are losing the sprint supremacy. 471 00:29:59,836 --> 00:30:04,116 Speaker 2: All of that relaxation training, the visualization exercises, the loose hands, 472 00:30:04,356 --> 00:30:09,356 Speaker 2: loose jaws, high knees all undone a freak injury from 473 00:30:09,356 --> 00:30:16,356 Speaker 2: a prank gone wrong. Bud was devastated, but he and 474 00:30:16,396 --> 00:30:19,556 Speaker 2: his runners would get another chance in the spotlight. 475 00:30:20,756 --> 00:30:24,316 Speaker 13: Every Olympic Games has its heroes, both athletes and coaches, 476 00:30:24,956 --> 00:30:25,956 Speaker 13: and perhaps. 477 00:30:25,876 --> 00:30:28,476 Speaker 2: Only this time, Speed City would get swept up in 478 00:30:28,516 --> 00:30:34,556 Speaker 2: another bigger revolution across America. The nineteen sixties would bring riots, protests, violence, 479 00:30:34,956 --> 00:30:38,876 Speaker 2: political assassinations, and the organized marches of the Civil rights movement. 480 00:30:39,436 --> 00:30:41,636 Speaker 2: And here was a group of young black men who 481 00:30:41,716 --> 00:30:45,196 Speaker 2: had already been liberated from one orthodoxy, who had been 482 00:30:45,196 --> 00:30:49,836 Speaker 2: taught that calm and self possession and preparation could unleash 483 00:30:49,876 --> 00:30:54,716 Speaker 2: extraordinary performance. The sprinters of speed City would become famous, 484 00:30:55,156 --> 00:30:57,236 Speaker 2: and a question would be asked of them that had 485 00:30:57,316 --> 00:31:00,956 Speaker 2: never really been asked of athletes before. What will you 486 00:31:01,116 --> 00:31:04,996 Speaker 2: make of your position? You will stand on a platform, 487 00:31:05,516 --> 00:31:10,436 Speaker 2: what will you do once you're there? In our next episode, 488 00:31:10,716 --> 00:31:15,076 Speaker 2: the athletes of speed City win, acclaim and break world records, 489 00:31:15,596 --> 00:31:18,396 Speaker 2: but off the track, they struggle to make ends meet. 490 00:31:20,636 --> 00:31:23,636 Speaker 2: After a discus thrower objects to the treatment of black 491 00:31:23,676 --> 00:31:26,676 Speaker 2: athletes on campus, he sparks a movement that will become 492 00:31:27,036 --> 00:31:46,316 Speaker 2: one of the most important moments of activism in sports history. 493 00:31:47,356 --> 00:31:50,876 Speaker 2: Legacy of Speed is hosted by Me Malcolm Gladwell. It's 494 00:31:51,036 --> 00:31:56,236 Speaker 2: executive produced by Tracksmith and presented by Puma. Our producers 495 00:31:56,236 --> 00:31:59,676 Speaker 2: are Joel Meyer and Emily Rostak. The show is edited 496 00:31:59,916 --> 00:32:04,436 Speaker 2: by Chrishibobita and Karen Shakerji, and our mix engineer is 497 00:32:04,556 --> 00:32:09,836 Speaker 2: Jake Gorski. Original music composed by Alexis Quadrato with trumpet 498 00:32:09,836 --> 00:32:14,196 Speaker 2: by Lee Hogan's fact checking by Wynton Saint Clair. Our 499 00:32:14,236 --> 00:32:18,716 Speaker 2: Pushkin EPs are Katherine Girdeau and miel Obel. Our development 500 00:32:18,756 --> 00:32:22,796 Speaker 2: team is Lee Talmulaude and Justin Lang. We had help 501 00:32:22,916 --> 00:32:27,636 Speaker 2: with research and archival material from eur La Hill, Kathy Winter, 502 00:32:28,116 --> 00:32:33,276 Speaker 2: Tom Ratcliffe, John Stalkup, Brett Lyman, and Carly Lowe. Special 503 00:32:33,316 --> 00:32:37,396 Speaker 2: thanks to Bud Winter Enterprises. Legacy of Speed is a 504 00:32:37,396 --> 00:32:41,596 Speaker 2: production of Pushkin Industries. If you love this show, consider 505 00:32:41,676 --> 00:32:45,956 Speaker 2: subscribing to Pushkin Plus, offering bonus content and ad free 506 00:32:45,956 --> 00:32:49,436 Speaker 2: listening across our network for four ninety nine a month. 507 00:32:50,076 --> 00:32:53,316 Speaker 2: Look for the Pushkin Plus channel on Apple Podcasts or 508 00:32:53,356 --> 00:32:57,476 Speaker 2: at pushkin dot fm. To find more Pushkin podcasts, listen 509 00:32:57,556 --> 00:33:01,756 Speaker 2: on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts or wherever you listen 510 00:33:01,916 --> 00:33:08,556 Speaker 2: to podcasts that was a preview of Legacy of Speed. 511 00:33:08,796 --> 00:33:11,756 Speaker 2: You can follow the story by searching for Legacy of 512 00:33:11,796 --> 00:33:14,516 Speaker 2: Speed wherever you get your podcasts.