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Speaker 1: Bappy Saturday, we are coming up on the one anniversary

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Speaker 1: of the Battle of Blair Mountain, which started on auguste

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Speaker 1: So for today's Saturday Classic, we are returning to our

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Speaker 1: episode on that battle, which came out on July. Toward

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Speaker 1: the end of this episode, we talk about a lengthy

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Speaker 1: back and forth involved with trying to get the site

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Speaker 1: of the battle listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

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Speaker 1: That back and forth continued after this episode came out,

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Speaker 1: including a case in the U. S. District Court for

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Speaker 1: the District of Columbia. After all that, on June, Joy Beasley,

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Speaker 1: keeper of the National Register of Historic Places, issued a

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Speaker 1: memorandum calling the two thousand nine decision to remove the

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Speaker 1: site from the register erroneous and confirming that it is

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Speaker 1: listed on the National Register of Historic Places. So enjoy.

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Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production

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Speaker 1: of I Heart Radio. Hello, and welcome to the podcast.

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Speaker 1: I'm Tracy V. Wilson and I'm fry. Coal mining is

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Speaker 1: practically synonymous with West Virginia. There are lots of other

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Speaker 1: industries in West Virginia, lots of people in West Virginia

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Speaker 1: who have nothing to do with the coal mining industry.

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Speaker 1: But of the twenty five U S States that produce coal,

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Speaker 1: West Virginia's production is the second largest, behind Wyoming coal production.

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Speaker 1: And all of the accidents and the labor disputes that

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Speaker 1: have come along with cold with coal production have all

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Speaker 1: just played a really central role in West Virginia's history,

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Speaker 1: and today's story played a huge part not only in

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Speaker 1: West Virginia's history, but also in the greater context of

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Speaker 1: labor rights in the rest of the United States. In

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Speaker 1: one coal miners who were completely fed up with unfair

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Speaker 1: labor practices and exploitation and attempts to prevent them from unionizing,

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Speaker 1: took up arms against their employers, and the resulting Battle

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Speaker 1: of Blair Mountain went on for five days and has

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Speaker 1: been called the biggest armed uprising on US soil since

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Speaker 1: the Civil War. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth century,

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Speaker 1: the coal industry in America was built on company towns

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Speaker 1: and exploit of labor practices. And this wasn't just the

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Speaker 1: practice of one mine or one mining company. Mines with

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Speaker 1: different owners operating in different states all basically followed the

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Speaker 1: same system with similar labor practices, And if you are

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Speaker 1: not familiar with the company town phenomenon. To start off,

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Speaker 1: they did not pay an actual money. They paid company script,

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Speaker 1: and company script was accepted only at the company store,

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Speaker 1: which was also run by the coal company. So since

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Speaker 1: miners weren't being paid real money that was legal tender

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Speaker 1: anywhere else, they had no option to shop any where

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Speaker 1: other than the company store, which was owned by their bosses.

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Speaker 1: And it is probably no surprise that goods at these

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Speaker 1: company stores were expensive thanks to a hefty markup, so

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Speaker 1: if the MIND gave its workers a raise, it also

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Speaker 1: raised prices at the store, so the increase in wages

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Speaker 1: didn't cut into the mind's profits. In addition to the

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Speaker 1: company's store was company housing provided by the mines, which

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Speaker 1: deducted the rent from the workers pay, and often this

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Speaker 1: housing was little better than a shock. And miners also

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Speaker 1: frequently had to lease the equipment that they needed just

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Speaker 1: to do their jobs, and they leased that equipment, of

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Speaker 1: course from the coal company. Instead of being paid an

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Speaker 1: hourly rate or some kind of salary, miners were paid

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Speaker 1: by the pound of coal that they mind. And to

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Speaker 1: further game the system, coal companies used all kinds of

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Speaker 1: tricks to alter the apparent weight of the coal that

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Speaker 1: the miners were bringing up. So for example, a cart

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Speaker 1: that was supposed to hold two thousand pounds of coal

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Speaker 1: might really hold pounds of coal, meaning that the miners

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Speaker 1: were mining five hundred extra pounds of coal that they

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Speaker 1: weren't being paid for. And miners also had their paid

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Speaker 1: docked for anything that was in their cart but was

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Speaker 1: not coal, So if there were pieces of rocks in

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Speaker 1: the mix, that was also a doctor from their pay,

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Speaker 1: and the person who made that judgment with someone hired

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Speaker 1: by the coal company who was trained to air in

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Speaker 1: the coal company's favor. It was not uncommon for the

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Speaker 1: bosses to deliberately overestimate how much rock was in the coal,

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Speaker 1: and this is a practice that was known as cribbing.

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Speaker 1: All of this really meant that often coal miners were

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Speaker 1: not even breaking even. They were effectively losing money by

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Speaker 1: having a job working in a coal company or working

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Speaker 1: in a coal mine. And on top of that, coal

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Speaker 1: mining is dangerous work. It was particularly dangerous in West

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Speaker 1: Virginia at this point because the mines in West Virginia

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Speaker 1: weren't regulated as well, or they were no mine was

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Speaker 1: really being regular add extremely well, But the mines in

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Speaker 1: West Virginia had less regulation than in other parts of

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Speaker 1: the United States. Between eighteen ninety and nineteen twelve, more

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Speaker 1: miners died on the job in West Virginia than in

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Speaker 1: any other state with similarly exploitative and dangerous conditions. All

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Speaker 1: over the country, miners tried to unionize so that they

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Speaker 1: could collectively negotiate for actual pay with money instead of script,

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Speaker 1: and safer working conditions. Immediately, mines had employees signed what

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Speaker 1: was known as yellow dog contracts, and these were contracts

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Speaker 1: that basically said they would not join a union. In

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Speaker 1: spite of all this opposition, the United Mine Workers of

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Speaker 1: America got it started Ohio in eighteen nine. The UMW

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Speaker 1: organized miners in several states over the next decade, and

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Speaker 1: its first recognition in West Virginia was in nineteen o two.

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Speaker 1: As is often the case, the process of unionizing workers

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Speaker 1: and becoming recognized as a bargaining organization was a long,

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Speaker 1: content us and sometimes violent process. This was true all

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Speaker 1: over and in many industries, not just in West Virginia

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Speaker 1: or in coal mining. Coal companies would evict striking workers

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Speaker 1: from company owned housing, so this caused tense cities to

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Speaker 1: spring up around mining towns, and the companies would also

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Speaker 1: hire detective agencies to investigate and harass any miners who

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Speaker 1: were talking about unionizing. One of the agencies that frequently

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Speaker 1: worked on behalf of the mining industry was called the

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Speaker 1: Baldwin Felts Agency, which employed all kinds of spy work

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Speaker 1: and intimidation techniques on behalf of the mine operators. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: the word detective agency in this context is kind of generous.

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Speaker 1: A lot of this work was not detective work. It

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Speaker 1: was threatening, bullying, harassment, sometimes murdering work. So over the years,

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Speaker 1: as miners tried to organize, mine operators and miners alike

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Speaker 1: took up arms against one another, and sometimes on the

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Speaker 1: minor sides, these weapons were actually provided to them by

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Speaker 1: the union. Unionizers and mining companies were at odds with

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Speaker 1: one another in West Virginia all the way through the

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Speaker 1: nineteen hundreds. In the nineteen teens, at one point in

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Speaker 1: nineteen twelve, Governor William E. Glassick declared martial law and

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Speaker 1: dispatched the militia in response to labor disputes and strikes

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Speaker 1: that had turned violent. It was during that particular period

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Speaker 1: that Mary Harris Jones, also known as Mother Jones, started

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Speaker 1: advocating for for labor rights in West Virginia. Through the

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Speaker 1: mid to late nineteen teens, relations between the miners and

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Speaker 1: the coal companies were a little bit calmer thanks to

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Speaker 1: a changeover in umw A leadership and the United States

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Speaker 1: entry into World War One. Because of the war, there

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Speaker 1: was a huge demand for coal, which meant that there

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Speaker 1: was more work and there was also better pay. But

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Speaker 1: even though there wasn't quite so much outright conflict between

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Speaker 1: the unions and the coal companies, at that particular point,

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Speaker 1: the unions really hadn't been able to make much headway

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Speaker 1: in southern and southwestern West Virginia. The mining companies there

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Speaker 1: were taking great pains to make sure unions could not

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Speaker 1: get a foothold, and in Logan County in particular, mine

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Speaker 1: operators were working directly with Sheriff Don Chaffin to keep

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Speaker 1: union organizers out of the area. So by West Virginia's

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Speaker 1: Logan and Mingo Counties were the largest coal producing region

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Speaker 1: that had no union. Before we talk a little bit

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Speaker 1: more about specifically what was going on in southern West Virginia,

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Speaker 1: let's take a brief moment for a word from sponsor.

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Speaker 1: A few things happened to turn this situation into a

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Speaker 1: real powder keg in southern West Virginia. Word reached the

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Speaker 1: capital of Charleston, West Virginia that Sheriff Chaffin and his

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Speaker 1: deputies were harassing and beating up labor organizers. This led

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Speaker 1: to an armed protest march, and the governor, who at

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Speaker 1: that point was John J. Cornwell, promised that he would investigate,

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Speaker 1: but the commission that was appointed to do the investigation

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Speaker 1: wound up finding in favor of the Mind companies. A

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Speaker 1: few months later, union mine workers got a raise granted

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Speaker 1: by the US Coal Commission. This didn't affect Southern West

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Speaker 1: Virginia's non union workers, who organized a strike in response.

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Speaker 1: The UMW saw this as an opportunity to get Southern

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Speaker 1: Mind workers to join the union. This wasn't a hundred

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Speaker 1: percent because they wanted to combat the unfair labor practices

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Speaker 1: that were going on in southern West Virginia. Although that

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Speaker 1: was a factor, A big part of it was also

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Speaker 1: that having so many minds operating with non union labor,

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Speaker 1: and having those minds be particularly productive, had the potential

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Speaker 1: to really undermine the union and the union's work elsewhere

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Speaker 1: in the state. In response to the UMW activities uh

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Speaker 1: the coal company operators called in detectives again, detectives with

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Speaker 1: the air quotes from the Baldwin Felts Detective Agency to

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Speaker 1: try to break the union. They also fired everyone who

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Speaker 1: joined the union and they evicted them from their company housing.

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Speaker 1: On May nine, twenty, things took a violent turn in

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Speaker 1: the town of mate Wan. Sid Hatfield also known as

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Speaker 1: two Gun Sid. Yes, one of those hat Fields if

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Speaker 1: you are familiar with the story of the hat Fields

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Speaker 1: of the McCoy's, although that was long in the past.

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Speaker 1: At this point, said Hatfield was the police chief of

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Speaker 1: mait Wan, and he encouraged residents to arm themselves in

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Speaker 1: response to all this trouble that was going on, and

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Speaker 1: they did. When detectives Albert and Lee Felts tried to

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Speaker 1: arrest Hatfield, gunfire broke out and an eleven people were killed,

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Speaker 1: seven of them were detectives and four of them were

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Speaker 1: residents of the town. Among the towns dead was the mayor,

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Speaker 1: and among the detectives killed were the Felts brothers, who

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Speaker 1: were brothers of Tom Felts, the agency's chief. Because Hatfield

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Speaker 1: later married the mayor's widow, people speculated that he had

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Speaker 1: pulled the trigger himself. He faced charges for it and

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Speaker 1: he became something of a folk hero, but he was

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Speaker 1: ultimately acquitted. This was really kind of a tipping point,

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Speaker 1: and following the Mate One massacre, union membership grew really quickly,

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Speaker 1: with nine percent of Mingo Counties miners being part of

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Speaker 1: the UMW by July of that year. With such an

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Speaker 1: upswelling of support, the UMW called for a strike to

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Speaker 1: demand better pay and better working conditions. The mine operators,

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Speaker 1: on the other hand, brought in strike breakers and armed

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Speaker 1: guards and they carried on with business as usual mining

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Speaker 1: coal and in Mingo County, people were jailed without bail

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Speaker 1: for everything from carrying union literature to carrying a gun.

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Speaker 1: When the Mingo County jail was full, they started sending

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Speaker 1: inmates to jails in neighboring counties. At this point, the

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Speaker 1: unions and the mines were effectively at war with each other.

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Speaker 1: Gunfire was exchanged on a regular basis. The pro union

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Speaker 1: forces would attack non union man lines and miners who

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Speaker 1: weren't in the union. They also destroyed railroad tracks that

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Speaker 1: were allowing the minds to get their coal out to

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Speaker 1: the buyers who needed to receive it. Detectives, guards, deputies

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Speaker 1: and others on the anti union side attacked the tent

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Speaker 1: colonies where fired workers had been living, and they also investigated, threatened,

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Speaker 1: and harassed the striking workers. And this conflict went on

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Speaker 1: for more than a year. On August first, Sid Hatfield

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Speaker 1: and another man named Ed Chambers, we're going to stand

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Speaker 1: trial on charges of conspiracy stemming to their unionizing work.

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Speaker 1: And this conspiracy trial was going to take place in

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Speaker 1: McDowell County, where there was really strong anti union sentiment.

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Speaker 1: While the two men were on their way into the

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Speaker 1: courthouse for their trial, detectives from the Baldwin Felt Agency

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Speaker 1: shot and killed them both. Naturally, there was outrage. A

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Speaker 1: week later, a crowd of hundreds marched on the capitol

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Speaker 1: in Charleston in protest, and they presented a list of

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Speaker 1: demand for better conditions to the governor. The governor who

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Speaker 1: denied all of them. Ten days later, the miners started

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Speaker 1: planning a second march. They were going to gather in

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Speaker 1: a town outside of Charleston, and from there they were

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Speaker 1: going to march to Mingo County to free all of

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Speaker 1: the union organizers and others who were being jailed there.

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Speaker 1: And basically they were going to try to force the

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Speaker 1: companies that were running the mines to back down. But

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Speaker 1: to do this they were going to have to go

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Speaker 1: through Logan County, and this was a stronghold of the

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Speaker 1: mining companies and of Sheriff Chaffin, who had a long

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Speaker 1: history of using strong arm tactics against unions. Sheriff Chase

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Speaker 1: Chaffin also had the financial backing of the Logan County

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Speaker 1: Coal Operators Association, so they funded his efforts to basically

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Speaker 1: raise a small army to fend off these miners. As

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Speaker 1: all this was going on, Frank Keeney and Bill Blizzard

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Speaker 1: of the UMW tried to rally more support among all

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Speaker 1: the union members. They were trying to get as much

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Speaker 1: backing as as possible for their effort. On the other hand,

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Speaker 1: mo Or Jones was pretty sure this was not going

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Speaker 1: to go in the miners favor, and she was trying

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Speaker 1: to dissuade them from taking further action at this point.

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Speaker 1: The march to Mingo County started on August twenty four,

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Speaker 1: with the miners, who had armed themselves with all manner

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Speaker 1: of weapons, wearing red bandanas so they could easily identify

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Speaker 1: one another. A lot of these men were veterans of

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Speaker 1: World War One. They were trained in combat, and they

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Speaker 1: had among them men with experience and strategy and tax

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Speaker 1: it tactics. They developed codes so that they could communicate

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Speaker 1: with each other, They cut telephone and telegraph lines so

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Speaker 1: that the mine operators would not be able to get information,

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Speaker 1: and they generally mounted a pretty organized resistance. UH women

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Speaker 1: played a part in all of this as well. They

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Speaker 1: donned nurses camps with the umw insignia and prepared for

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Speaker 1: the inevitable injuries that they knew were going to need attention,

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Speaker 1: because they knew there was a lot of danger and

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Speaker 1: people were going to get hurt. In addition to using

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Speaker 1: the money that the Mine Operators Association had given him

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Speaker 1: to build hold up his force, Sheriff Chaffin also rallied

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Speaker 1: the strike breakers to fight on the anti union side

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Speaker 1: of the battle. That kind of fleshed out the ranks

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Speaker 1: of detectives, mine guards, and state police who were all

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Speaker 1: set to defend the mine operators. The mine workers vastly

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Speaker 1: outnumbered Chaffin's force, but Chaffin's people had far better weapons,

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Speaker 1: including machine guns and an artillery piece. The governor, who

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Speaker 1: could see that things were really escalating, asked Washington, d C.

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Speaker 1: For help, and at first the federal response was to

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Speaker 1: send him Brigadier General Harry Bandholtz to try to keep

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Speaker 1: the peace. The miners, knowing that the federal government had

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Speaker 1: been called in, actually thought that the federal support was

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Speaker 1: going to be on their side. But atmosphere at this

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Speaker 1: point was extremely anti unionization in the United States. A

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Speaker 1: lot of states had anti union laws on the books,

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Speaker 1: and a lot of business leaders were certain that unions

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Speaker 1: would just put a damper on post war growth. Wanting

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Speaker 1: to end things without further blood shed, band Holds quite

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Speaker 1: candidly told U m W leaders Frank Kenney and Fred

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Speaker 1: Mooney that if they could just get the miners to

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Speaker 1: go home, it would all be over. The two of

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Speaker 1: them did try to get the miners to go home,

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Speaker 1: and some of the miners did start on their way back,

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Speaker 1: but before long, one of the state police captains, who

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Speaker 1: was on the side of the mine operators, started a

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Speaker 1: fight with some armed miners, and at least one person

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Speaker 1: was killed in the resulting fray. Many of the miners

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Speaker 1: who had agreed to go home turned around and went

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Speaker 1: back to the march, really ready for a fight. On

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Speaker 1: August twenty nine, Keeney and Mooney fled. At this point,

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Speaker 1: both of them were facing murder charges due to earlier events,

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Speaker 1: and they knew that they'd have no sympathy now that

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Speaker 1: they'd failed to keep the peace bill. Blizzard took their

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Speaker 1: place as the top um w leader. The miners forces

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Speaker 1: met up with Hey with Chaffin's hastily built army on

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Speaker 1: Blair Mountain, and the mountain basically lay in the miner's

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Speaker 1: path to Mingo County. They had really no choice other

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Speaker 1: than they could go over it or they could go

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Speaker 1: around it. While the miners had much better numbers, in

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Speaker 1: addition to their better firepower, Chaffin's men also had the

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Speaker 1: high ground as the miners tried to break through the

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Speaker 1: defenders lines chief and dropped tear gas and bombs on

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Speaker 1: them from chartered biplanes. When it became extremely clear that

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Speaker 1: their efforts to end things peacefully had failed, Brigadier General

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Speaker 1: ban Holtz sent in the troops from Fort Thomas, Kentucky.

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Speaker 1: The first of these troops arrived on September one and

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Speaker 1: mostly did reconnaissance work. Infantry started arriving in Logan and

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Speaker 1: Mingo Counties on September three, and the miners, who were

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Speaker 1: not really keen on the idea of fighting against the

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Speaker 1: actual army, started to surrender, although some of them continued

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Speaker 1: fighting into the fourth of September. And even though the

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Speaker 1: miners ultimately surrendered, many really look at this as a

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Speaker 1: moral victory. Uh it was the federal troops and not

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Speaker 1: the mine companies that they had surrendered. For about a

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Speaker 1: thousand miners out of the estimated ten thousand who fought

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Speaker 1: officially surrendered. They were supposed to turn in their weapons,

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Speaker 1: but the miners only turned in about four hundred guns.

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Speaker 1: The rest of the weapons were dropped or hidden, or

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Speaker 1: smuggled back to the miners homes. The death toll of

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Speaker 1: the Battle of Blair Mountain was somewhere between thirty and fifty,

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Speaker 1: which is surprising considering how many men fought and what

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Speaker 1: kinds of weapons had been employed. This seems to have

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Speaker 1: been because a lot of the fighting happened through brush

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Speaker 1: without a clear line of sight on either party's part.

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Speaker 1: The miners who surrendered were allowed to go home, and

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Speaker 1: some of them were transported there by train. The idea

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Speaker 1: was that the leaders of this resistance were the ones

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Speaker 1: who were going to be held responsible. All in all,

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Speaker 1: there were one thousand, two hundred seventeen indictments that came

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Speaker 1: down from a grand jury as a result of the battle.

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Speaker 1: Three twenty five of these indictments were for murder and

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Speaker 1: twenty four were for treason. Most of these eventually led

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Speaker 1: to acquittals, or they were thrown out, or they just

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Speaker 1: never came to trial. But because of the battle and

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Speaker 1: the surrender, the Union itself, especially its presence in southern

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Speaker 1: West Virginia, was almost destroyed. Membership in southern West Virginia

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Speaker 1: dropped just precipitously, and it took almost a decade for

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Speaker 1: the UMW to regroup and start advocating for better working

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Speaker 1: conditions again. In two thousand eight, the site of the

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Speaker 1: battle was nominated to be placed on the National Register

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Speaker 1: of Historic Places. Before a property can be listed on

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Speaker 1: the Register, owners of the property have the chance to

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Speaker 1: object to its being listed. The back and forth that

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Speaker 1: went on about whether the Blair Mountains site should be

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Speaker 1: listed was pretty long. Originally, there were sixty six owners

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Speaker 1: who were identified as owning land that was part of

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Speaker 1: the site, but that number rose as high as sixty

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Speaker 1: eight and dropped as low as fifty seven. Over the

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Speaker 1: back and forth, the number of objections to the site

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Speaker 1: being listed on the Register also changed a lot based

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Speaker 1: on who was doing the counting, environmental groups or coal companies. Consequently,

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Speaker 1: the battlefield was briefly placed on the National Register of

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Speaker 1: Historical Places, and then it was removed from the register

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Speaker 1: after only a few months. Several conservation groups, including the

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Speaker 1: Sierra Club, sued the U S Department of the Interior

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Speaker 1: over the battlefields delisting. The U S District Court for

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Speaker 1: the District of Columbia upheld the decision in so the

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Speaker 1: battlefield is not currently on the register. Yeah, environmental groups

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Speaker 1: were really hoping that having it listed on the Register

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Speaker 1: of Historic Places. While that would not give it complete

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Speaker 1: protection from an environmental standpoint, it would offer some protection.

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Speaker 1: One of the reasons that people are so interested in

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Speaker 1: the US is because of mountaintop removal mining. There's an

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Speaker 1: ongoing struggle between people who really want to preserve the

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Speaker 1: mountain and people who want to mine it. And in

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Speaker 1: June of eleven, environmentalists and historians recreated the March to

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Speaker 1: Blair Mountain as part of a big protest and rally

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Speaker 1: for preservation efforts. On the other hand, people who supported

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Speaker 1: the coal industry basically lined the root of the march

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Speaker 1: with their own counter protest. The battle and the miners

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Speaker 1: who originally fought it have been brought up as a

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Speaker 1: symbol of the fight to preserve the mountain or to

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Speaker 1: stop mountaintop removal mining entirely. Opponents point out that this

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Speaker 1: is really an appropriation. They weren't fighting for the mountain

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Speaker 1: at all. They were fighting for safer jobs with fair

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Speaker 1: pay and non exploited business practices, as well as the

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Speaker 1: right to unionize. Coal continues to be a major industry

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Speaker 1: in West Virginia, but new mining techniques and new methods

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Speaker 1: mean that there are fewer jobs within the industry. So

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Speaker 1: while overall the coal industry pays pretty well now, um

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Speaker 1: there are far fewer jobs available. So the people mining

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Speaker 1: coal are making a much better living today than they

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Speaker 1: were in ninety one, but unemployment is a huge issue

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Speaker 1: in the regions of West Virginia where the main industry

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Speaker 1: has always been coal mining, And sort of as a

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Speaker 1: coda note on the word redneck, about six of the

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Speaker 1: people who requested this episode, because we've had quite a

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Speaker 1: number of requests, have mentioned in their request that the

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Speaker 1: battle of Blair Mountain was where the word redneck originated

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Speaker 1: to mean a white rural person that you believe to

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Speaker 1: be poorer and more ignorant than you are. Uh. First

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Speaker 1: of all, redneck is actually considered a slur. It is

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Speaker 1: no more acceptable than any derogatory word for people from

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Speaker 1: other regions that people might use. Second of all, the

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Speaker 1: word redneck actually appeared in print for the first time

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Speaker 1: in eighteen thirty, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, and

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Speaker 1: Newport Royal reported it as quote a name bestowed on

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Speaker 1: Presbyterians in Fayetteville. She was writing about Fayettville, North Carolina.

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Speaker 1: It's not totally clear how the word redneck morphed from

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Speaker 1: that use into today's sort of hill billiesque flavor, but

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Speaker 1: it was used as a synonym for hayseed by and

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Speaker 1: was also used to mean an uncouth countryman by, So

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Speaker 1: it was definitely established in the vernacular with the meaning

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Speaker 1: pretty much like it means today before the events in

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Speaker 1: one at Blair Mountain. So while the miners were wearing

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Speaker 1: red bandanas, and they probably were called rednecks because they

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Speaker 1: had read red bandanas on that use is not where

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Speaker 1: the word redneck came from. The more you know, the

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Speaker 1: more you know. Yeah, it drives me kind of crazy

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Speaker 1: when people use that word, uh, because it's it's a

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Speaker 1: very derogatory term. I know that there are many people

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Speaker 1: who use the word with pride, as there are many

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Speaker 1: people who use many slurs to talk about themselves with pride,

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Speaker 1: But I cannot think of any time that I have

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Speaker 1: used one. I've heard one person say that word about

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Speaker 1: another person without casting huge disparaging judgment on them. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: it usually does come with a healthy dose of superiority.

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Speaker 1: Heay so much for joining us on this Saturday. Since

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Speaker 1: this episode is out of the archive, if you heard

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Speaker 1: an email address or a Facebook U r L or

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00:24:35,200 --> 00:24:37,800
Speaker 1: something similar over the course of the show, that could

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00:24:37,880 --> 00:24:42,320
Speaker 1: be obsolete now. Our current email address is History Podcast

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00:24:42,520 --> 00:24:46,080
Speaker 1: at I heart radio dot com. Our old health stuff

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00:24:46,119 --> 00:24:49,280
Speaker 1: works email address no longer works, and you can find

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00:24:49,320 --> 00:24:52,520
Speaker 1: us all over social media at missed in History and

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00:24:52,600 --> 00:24:56,399
Speaker 1: you can subscribe to our show on Apple Podcasts, Google podcasts,

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00:24:56,480 --> 00:24:59,080
Speaker 1: the I heart Radio app, and wherever else you listen

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00:24:59,080 --> 00:25:04,800
Speaker 1: to podcasts. Ye Stuff You missed in History Class is

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00:25:04,840 --> 00:25:08,040
Speaker 1: a production of I heart Radio. For more podcasts from

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Speaker 1: I heart Radio, visit the iHeart Radio app, Apple podcasts,

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Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows. H