WEBVTT - What's the deal with blood types? 0:00:00.920 --> 0:00:04.120 Welcome to you stuff you should know from house Stuff 0:00:04.120 --> 0:00:12.400 Works dot com. Hey, and welcome to the podcast. I'm 0:00:12.480 --> 0:00:15.480 Josh Clark, There's Charles w Chuck Bryant, and Jerry is 0:00:15.520 --> 0:00:19.599 in a certain kind of mood today. She's making jokes 0:00:19.600 --> 0:00:22.520 and stuff talking. Yeah, she made a joke that would 0:00:22.520 --> 0:00:23.880 have been great for the show, and I was like, well, 0:00:23.880 --> 0:00:25.000 look at you. And then she was like, oh, I 0:00:25.000 --> 0:00:27.840 didn't say you could use that joke. It's her man, 0:00:28.120 --> 0:00:30.080 she's got her spinning bow tie on the day. I'm 0:00:30.120 --> 0:00:32.800 gonna say the joke. Jerry said that her blood type 0:00:32.800 --> 0:00:35.880 was a positive, which she thought was the most optimistic 0:00:35.960 --> 0:00:38.440 of blood types. It doesn't even make sense, Sure it does, 0:00:38.720 --> 0:00:42.559 that doesn't She's a positive person. Oh, I see. I 0:00:42.640 --> 0:00:45.599 think of a positive is like a plus. So like 0:00:45.680 --> 0:00:48.240 you were the star stum. Yeah, the star student of 0:00:48.280 --> 0:00:50.960 the blood type. That makes sense. Though. That's not a 0:00:50.960 --> 0:00:54.240 bad joke, Jerry know that. I understand. It's the first 0:00:54.320 --> 0:00:57.960 joke she's given us in seven years. Way to go, Jeers, 0:00:58.360 --> 0:01:00.600 that's gonna be a trivia question. You're down the roads 0:01:00.920 --> 0:01:04.960 just knocking up with Jerry's one joke. How are you, sir? 0:01:05.760 --> 0:01:11.360 I'm doing good. I'm feeling a positive myself. I'm feeling 0:01:11.400 --> 0:01:16.880 oh negative. Wow, this joke just keep I don't even 0:01:16.920 --> 0:01:19.200 know my blood type. I don't know mine neither. Is 0:01:19.319 --> 0:01:21.680 that crazy? Yeah, that's great. And I've never had to 0:01:22.000 --> 0:01:25.199 I mean, I've given blood IVY, but I don't. I don't. 0:01:25.280 --> 0:01:29.039 I've never received blood. Get the records. Don't they test 0:01:29.080 --> 0:01:31.440 your blood type? I guess, but I don't. Ever, I 0:01:31.480 --> 0:01:33.720 don't know. It should be on your donor card. I 0:01:33.760 --> 0:01:36.920 think you know what I do have, and this is 0:01:36.959 --> 0:01:40.480 so silly. I have some dog tags that I made 0:01:40.480 --> 0:01:41.959 when I was in high school because I just thought 0:01:42.000 --> 0:01:45.560 it was cool to wear in shop. I didn't make 0:01:45.560 --> 0:01:48.040 it myself. I had them made. Oh I see, oh 0:01:48.040 --> 0:01:50.840 hey Richie. Richis like, I'm gonna get dog tag. That's 0:01:50.880 --> 0:01:54.360 neat and um, I don't know. I went through a 0:01:54.360 --> 0:01:57.480 little phase. I guess the dog tag and it's your 0:01:57.480 --> 0:01:59.520 blood type on that it is and I actually know 0:01:59.560 --> 0:02:01.160 where they are are so I could go find that. 0:02:01.520 --> 0:02:04.240 I can wait, all right, I'll be back. Just give 0:02:04.280 --> 0:02:07.520 me a couple of hours. Well, I legitimately have no 0:02:07.600 --> 0:02:12.080 idea what my blood type is, um, because I didn't 0:02:12.080 --> 0:02:14.880 go through a dog tag face and it's not on 0:02:14.960 --> 0:02:20.040 my birth certificate. I went and looked, not there was 0:02:20.040 --> 0:02:22.880 your real name, your real name, I think, so, I'm 0:02:22.880 --> 0:02:26.399 pretty sure I wasn't an abductive baby. I've always had 0:02:26.400 --> 0:02:28.400 this fear that, like I look at my birth certificate 0:02:28.480 --> 0:02:30.400 and find out I'm like three years older or something 0:02:30.400 --> 0:02:32.560 that I thought I was. This is a strange fear, 0:02:32.680 --> 0:02:36.040 which would explain a lot. Really, yeah, it's fine, okay 0:02:36.160 --> 0:02:39.880 if you were what now, If you're forty, yeah you are, 0:02:40.000 --> 0:02:42.800 happy birthday, thank you. If I was forty seven, you 0:02:42.840 --> 0:02:45.959 and Julius Caesar just celebrated a birthday that would be bad. 0:02:47.320 --> 0:02:49.440 Or was it his birthday or he just died that 0:02:49.520 --> 0:02:51.800 was the death day. Yeah, that was the opposite of 0:02:51.800 --> 0:02:55.519 his birthday. Yeah, although some people have died on their birthday, 0:02:55.760 --> 0:02:59.480 some famous people. Oh really yeah. I don't remember who though, 0:02:59.480 --> 0:03:03.160 but at LEAs one famous person was at Ason or 0:03:03.160 --> 0:03:05.720 Alexander Graham, Bell somebody like that that did they die 0:03:05.800 --> 0:03:10.640 because of their birthday? Thomas Jefferson. Maybe No, it wasn't. Okay, 0:03:10.680 --> 0:03:12.440 it wasn't anything like that as far as I know, 0:03:12.480 --> 0:03:15.200 Like they didn't like a party, their last breath, blowing 0:03:15.200 --> 0:03:19.639 out their candles, that'd be pretty neat. So blood types. 0:03:20.680 --> 0:03:24.400 Did you know much about this? Did not? I didn't either. 0:03:24.520 --> 0:03:28.600 I just suspected it was fascinating. They had a vague 0:03:28.639 --> 0:03:32.480 awareness of it because, um remember the ten scientists who 0:03:32.520 --> 0:03:36.040 were their own guinea pigs episode. Karl Landsteiner makes an 0:03:36.040 --> 0:03:42.400 appearance in that, yeah, which I think means uh, well, 0:03:42.480 --> 0:03:48.080 stein is Stone, So like land Stoner, he's a landstowner. Nice, 0:03:48.280 --> 0:03:50.960 good for him. He was quite a doctor though for 0:03:51.000 --> 0:03:56.520 a landstowner. He uh he was fearless. Yeah, well, not 0:03:56.640 --> 0:04:00.000 really fearless. He was fearless about um needles, He didn't 0:04:00.080 --> 0:04:04.800 mind with drawing blood from himself. Um. But the reason 0:04:04.840 --> 0:04:06.880 we bring up carl An Stannard because he's the guy 0:04:07.000 --> 0:04:11.920 who finally discovered blood types way back in the d R. 0:04:13.200 --> 0:04:16.920 Yeah exactly. He got the Nobel for it in n Yeah, 0:04:16.960 --> 0:04:19.880 so it's pretty recent stuff here, you know. Yeah, but 0:04:19.960 --> 0:04:22.520 I thought the history, uh you did the research on this, 0:04:22.640 --> 0:04:25.960 which thanks man, hats off to you. I appreciate it. Um. 0:04:26.000 --> 0:04:28.840 I thought the history of it was super interesting. Um. 0:04:28.960 --> 0:04:31.360 So yeah, carl Anstarner was the first guy, and we'll 0:04:31.360 --> 0:04:32.960 talk about him a little more in depth than what 0:04:33.000 --> 0:04:35.279 he did. Um, but he was the first guy to 0:04:36.200 --> 0:04:40.400 identify the A, B O blood types. Um. But prior 0:04:40.480 --> 0:04:43.320 to him, people were aware that there was some weirdness 0:04:43.360 --> 0:04:45.320 with blood and that you couldn't just mix the stuff 0:04:45.360 --> 0:04:49.280 willie nilly and expect good results. Because for a very 0:04:49.320 --> 0:04:54.559 long time, humans, thanks to horrible things like vivisection, knew 0:04:54.600 --> 0:04:58.000 that we are blood was very, very vital. It was 0:04:58.040 --> 0:05:01.320 a vital life force. Yeah. And um, you know back 0:05:01.360 --> 0:05:03.400 in the day, I think we've talked about bleeding in 0:05:03.480 --> 0:05:06.560 barbers before, but they were real big on taking blood 0:05:06.600 --> 0:05:10.919 out of people. Um. And at some point, I guess 0:05:10.960 --> 0:05:14.440 some doctors must have, you know, taken some drugs and thought, 0:05:14.880 --> 0:05:17.680 I wonder what would happen if we put blood into 0:05:17.720 --> 0:05:19.720 a person? Right, Well, I mean, if you think about it, 0:05:19.720 --> 0:05:21.360 if you're like, this is a vital life force. If 0:05:21.360 --> 0:05:24.200 you have somebody who's dying from bleeding out like a hemorrhage, 0:05:24.640 --> 0:05:28.000 which happened a lot like during childbirth, for example, then 0:05:28.080 --> 0:05:31.120 you would think maybe if I took some healthy blood 0:05:31.360 --> 0:05:34.160 and put it into a dying person who's bleeding to death, 0:05:34.320 --> 0:05:37.120 they'll come back. Yeah. And of course, uh, they had 0:05:37.120 --> 0:05:39.560 all sorts of like crazy notions back then, so they 0:05:39.560 --> 0:05:42.839 thought it could like bleeding someone out. They thought putting 0:05:42.839 --> 0:05:46.840 blood back in someone could cure weird things like insanity, 0:05:47.360 --> 0:05:49.360 which we, of course we know now has nothing to 0:05:49.400 --> 0:05:51.680 do with that kind of thing, right, So they said, well, 0:05:51.760 --> 0:05:55.920 let's try this, let's see what we can do. Um. 0:05:56.160 --> 0:06:00.479 They didn't start with human blood, oddly enough, he went 0:06:00.600 --> 0:06:03.640 right to the animal blood. Uh. And it was not 0:06:03.880 --> 0:06:07.600 good when they started taking blood from animals like cows, 0:06:08.080 --> 0:06:12.280 calves and injecting it into human patients. Yeah. There was 0:06:12.320 --> 0:06:16.240 a French doctor that put cast blood into a madman. Yeah, 0:06:16.320 --> 0:06:20.640 Jean Baptiste. Denise the doctor, okay, and he Um. The 0:06:20.680 --> 0:06:25.919 madman started to sweat and vomit and urinate the color 0:06:25.960 --> 0:06:28.440 of chimney soot, and I guess the doctor said, yep, 0:06:28.680 --> 0:06:32.320 he's a madman, and then he gave him another transfusion 0:06:32.520 --> 0:06:35.280 after that after Yeah, and then the guy died and 0:06:35.360 --> 0:06:38.520 actually Denise was charged with murder for that and he 0:06:38.839 --> 0:06:42.880 was forced to quit medicine. Man, it was very very scandalous, um, 0:06:42.920 --> 0:06:46.120 even though he was experimenting on a madman, which you 0:06:46.120 --> 0:06:48.599 know at the time was pretty much fair game for anything. 0:06:49.120 --> 0:06:53.000 I think the horrific accounts of the whole thing really 0:06:53.080 --> 0:06:57.200 kind of captured the national imagination and as a result, um, 0:06:57.360 --> 0:07:01.880 the Decree of Chalet was shoot by the French monarchy 0:07:02.279 --> 0:07:06.280 that basically said oh no, no, no no, no more transfusions 0:07:07.080 --> 0:07:10.040 and uh for a while, like basically a hundred and 0:07:10.040 --> 0:07:14.160 fifty years this it was banned in France and the 0:07:14.200 --> 0:07:17.200 effect that it had kind of extended over the continent. 0:07:17.320 --> 0:07:21.680 It was basically de facto banned throughout Europe because these 0:07:21.720 --> 0:07:26.360 horrible experiments by Denny's and others that had these terrible results. 0:07:26.400 --> 0:07:30.040 It was like, you guys, this is mad science, and 0:07:30.160 --> 0:07:32.559 you can't do that anymore because it's a really bad news. 0:07:32.840 --> 0:07:36.760 France also banned ketchup when like three years ago the 0:07:36.840 --> 0:07:40.880 band catch up, but chats up around still now. They 0:07:40.880 --> 0:07:44.080 didn't ban the spelling of ketchup, they banned the condiment 0:07:44.200 --> 0:07:47.840 in school cafeterias, and um, I think a lot of 0:07:47.840 --> 0:07:51.320 people were put it on like uh, French cuisine, like 0:07:51.360 --> 0:07:53.720 they don't want to catch up on their cuisine. But 0:07:53.800 --> 0:07:57.400 it had to do with the sugar, yeah, the sugar intake. 0:07:58.240 --> 0:08:01.000 But they said it's okay for French fries, which they 0:08:01.040 --> 0:08:05.040 just called fries over there, exactly Fritz. I think so 0:08:05.120 --> 0:08:07.040 they band catch up and then a long time ago 0:08:07.080 --> 0:08:12.920 they banned blood transfusions. That's right, thank you, Franz. That's right. 0:08:12.960 --> 0:08:15.200 And it stayed that way for a long time. I 0:08:15.200 --> 0:08:16.920 mean there were doctors here and there in the nineteenth 0:08:16.920 --> 0:08:20.360 century that that experimented around a little bit, of course. Yeah. 0:08:20.360 --> 0:08:22.760 Well the Decree of shell it was sixty eight and 0:08:22.800 --> 0:08:26.840 it really was prohibitive until the mid nineteenth century, the 0:08:26.920 --> 0:08:29.880 early nineteenth century. Well, and that's when the guy named, 0:08:29.960 --> 0:08:34.760 a physician in Britain named James Blendell was tired of 0:08:34.760 --> 0:08:38.559 seeing his patients died during childbirth bleeding out like you 0:08:38.600 --> 0:08:40.400 were talking about. Yeah, he's one of the heroes of 0:08:40.400 --> 0:08:42.120 the story, he is. And he said, you know what, 0:08:43.200 --> 0:08:46.120 there's got to be a better way, and let me 0:08:46.280 --> 0:08:48.959 try and and you know, let me try and put 0:08:49.000 --> 0:08:51.480 blood that's not an animal into someone. Yeah. The thing 0:08:51.520 --> 0:08:56.360 that Blendell figured out was that the great error that 0:08:56.440 --> 0:08:59.960 the early French doctors were doing was using the blow 0:09:00.000 --> 0:09:02.760 out of a brute. As he put it, that don't 0:09:02.800 --> 0:09:06.320 mean a jerk, right right, means an animal. He guys, like, 0:09:06.400 --> 0:09:10.320 just let me watch my rugby. Um, the mixing like 0:09:10.400 --> 0:09:13.199 the blood of one species with another. Blendell decided was 0:09:13.360 --> 0:09:15.319 just a really bad move and that that's what it 0:09:15.480 --> 0:09:19.199 caused these horrible reactions. Really good start, right, So human 0:09:19.320 --> 0:09:23.680 human blood, he decided would should work, it would possibly work, 0:09:24.080 --> 0:09:28.920 And he faced an immediate problem, which was, you have 0:09:29.080 --> 0:09:31.640 no means of getting blood out of somebody and into 0:09:31.720 --> 0:09:33.760 somebody else at this point, blood hell, what are you 0:09:33.760 --> 0:09:36.559 gonna do? So he invented a contraption for it, like 0:09:36.600 --> 0:09:40.520 the first blood transfusing contraption was invented by James Blendell 0:09:40.760 --> 0:09:43.080 for this very recent Yeah, And he got some dogs 0:09:43.160 --> 0:09:45.960 and he practiced on them, and uh, I have a 0:09:45.960 --> 0:09:48.079 bad feeling that some of those dogs probably died. I 0:09:48.120 --> 0:09:52.000 would guess along the way. But um he he eventually 0:09:52.040 --> 0:09:53.800 got to a guy that was bleeding to death, and 0:09:53.920 --> 0:09:57.480 I guess. The guy was like, um, doctor, I'm bleeding 0:09:57.720 --> 0:10:01.160 a lot, and could you take some of that blood 0:10:01.320 --> 0:10:03.800 and put it back into me? But because that might 0:10:03.800 --> 0:10:06.959 be a good idea, because I'm told it's important, like 0:10:07.240 --> 0:10:11.520 chimneys in the Yeah, let's just go for this, and 0:10:11.600 --> 0:10:15.360 he did. Then the guy died. Well yeah, but it 0:10:15.400 --> 0:10:18.240 was two days, which wasn't too bad. So I guess 0:10:18.240 --> 0:10:23.160 he was like, he didn't see vomit or charcoal sut urine, right, 0:10:23.200 --> 0:10:25.320 And the guy did say he was feeling less fainty. 0:10:26.120 --> 0:10:28.560 So it did revive him for two days. That's a 0:10:28.600 --> 0:10:34.560 great prognosis, I think. But because he didn't see all 0:10:34.559 --> 0:10:39.160 those awful reactions immediately, he was sort of onto something. 0:10:39.720 --> 0:10:43.079 Even though the guy died, he was encouraged by the results, right, Yeah, 0:10:43.120 --> 0:10:46.079 so he went on to perform I believe ten more 0:10:46.120 --> 0:10:52.000 blood transfusions and um the result, says the the author 0:10:52.040 --> 0:10:55.240 of one of the articles we used for research, Carl Zimmer, 0:10:55.520 --> 0:10:59.160 who wrote a great article in Mosaic about blood types UM. 0:10:59.200 --> 0:11:01.920 As he put it, the results were dismal. Four out 0:11:01.920 --> 0:11:05.200 of the ten survived. It's not too bad. I'm kind 0:11:05.200 --> 0:11:08.000 of like, if this guy is just shooting in the dark, 0:11:08.400 --> 0:11:13.520 mixing human blood together, and yeah, he's doing okay. But 0:11:13.600 --> 0:11:16.640 what he what he proved was that you can take 0:11:17.120 --> 0:11:20.320 human blood and transfer it from one human to another. 0:11:20.640 --> 0:11:23.000 But there's still something we don't know, like what it 0:11:23.040 --> 0:11:26.360 should be a hundred percent success rate? What's the problem here? 0:11:26.559 --> 0:11:29.079 And he never lived to see the answer to it. 0:11:29.120 --> 0:11:32.720 But it was Carl land Steiner who who figured it 0:11:32.720 --> 0:11:37.559 out before them, because because blood Dell's success rate was 0:11:37.600 --> 0:11:40.600 still pretty low and he was working in the twenties 0:11:40.640 --> 0:11:44.520 something like that. In the mid nineteenth century, there was 0:11:44.720 --> 0:11:50.160 a weird little um sidetrack that took place the milk Yeah, 0:11:50.679 --> 0:11:53.720 in in North America and Canada. In the United States, 0:11:54.160 --> 0:11:58.760 doctors decided that milk would be a better substitute for 0:11:58.800 --> 0:12:03.199 transfusions than blow. Yeah. Were they mixing milk into the 0:12:03.200 --> 0:12:06.040 blood or were they just injecting milk directly into the 0:12:06.040 --> 0:12:09.640 blood stream. Here is some sheep's milk, um goat. It 0:12:09.679 --> 0:12:12.880 looks or smells or taste nothing like human blood, but 0:12:13.160 --> 0:12:16.120 let's give it a shot. They're thinking was that the 0:12:16.200 --> 0:12:19.720 fats in the milk would be converted into white blood 0:12:19.720 --> 0:12:22.200 cells and then into red blood cells in the blood stream. 0:12:22.960 --> 0:12:26.240 So um, not even close. They tried with They tried 0:12:26.280 --> 0:12:28.400 with cow, they try with goat, and then eventually they 0:12:28.400 --> 0:12:31.240 try with human milk. And they were doing like massive 0:12:31.280 --> 0:12:34.559 doses and stuff like twelve ounces a beer bottles worth 0:12:34.600 --> 0:12:38.400 of goat milk injected directly into the human blood stream, 0:12:38.640 --> 0:12:42.560 and the results were really really bad. Um. One patient 0:12:42.640 --> 0:12:48.120 suddenly experienced unstagamous, which is uncontrollable like eye movements and 0:12:48.280 --> 0:12:54.360 vertigo and spasms like immediately upon injected. And they're still 0:12:54.480 --> 0:12:57.960 they're they're giving more injections. Some of them were like, Okay, 0:12:57.960 --> 0:13:01.640 this is gonna work too much, right, So people were 0:13:01.679 --> 0:13:05.160 slipping into comas and dying, and finally everyone was like, 0:13:05.600 --> 0:13:08.440 this is wrong, this is not good. Let's stop doing this, 0:13:08.760 --> 0:13:12.240 and they started using sailing. Yeah. You know who also 0:13:12.360 --> 0:13:17.440 used injected milk, oh, Michael Jackson. That was a totally 0:13:17.440 --> 0:13:19.600 different kind of milk based right, what's the name of 0:13:19.600 --> 0:13:22.880 that stuff? We never get it right, but I think 0:13:22.880 --> 0:13:25.640 it is prop think you just got it right, man, 0:13:25.840 --> 0:13:28.319 So sad one. And it is a little side note. 0:13:28.360 --> 0:13:30.680 One of the patients was given milk and then does 0:13:30.760 --> 0:13:34.439 support that injection. They were injected with morphine and then whiskey. 0:13:34.480 --> 0:13:37.000 So they're just basically putting anything they wanted to into 0:13:37.000 --> 0:13:40.320 the blood streams of people back then. That's crazy. So 0:13:40.640 --> 0:13:43.280 the point is this, Chuck, There was a little sidetrack. 0:13:43.800 --> 0:13:46.600 And the reason there was a sidetrack is because still 0:13:46.640 --> 0:13:51.520 even after Blundell's experiments were successful in some cases, blood 0:13:51.559 --> 0:13:55.559 transmissions still had a really bad name. Yeah. Um, they 0:13:55.559 --> 0:13:57.640 started to kind of figure it out a little bit though, 0:13:58.000 --> 0:14:01.160 uh in at least what the problem him was when 0:14:01.160 --> 0:14:05.000 they started to mix blood from different people together in 0:14:05.120 --> 0:14:08.600 test tubes and they saw clumping, they saw red blood 0:14:08.640 --> 0:14:12.480 cell sticking together, and said, you know what, um, the 0:14:12.520 --> 0:14:14.520 reason why this is happening is because these are all 0:14:14.559 --> 0:14:17.680 from sick people. That was their explanation at first, Like, 0:14:17.679 --> 0:14:19.680 we got a bunch of sick blood, we're mixing it 0:14:19.680 --> 0:14:21.360 with sick blood, so that's why it's doing all these 0:14:21.360 --> 0:14:26.000 funky things. And it wasn't until the Landstoner came around 0:14:26.840 --> 0:14:29.600 and said, you know what, maybe I should try to 0:14:29.640 --> 0:14:32.680 mix the blood of healthy people together and see what happens. Yeah, 0:14:32.720 --> 0:14:36.000 see if that landmark idea? Yeah, because I mean they 0:14:36.080 --> 0:14:38.840 knew that blood clumped, that's one of the reasons they 0:14:38.880 --> 0:14:41.920 went to milk, but they just thought it was because well, 0:14:41.920 --> 0:14:44.040 you're stick already, there's nothing that could be done about that. 0:14:44.120 --> 0:14:46.480 But yeah, when Landsteiner came along and thought that it 0:14:46.560 --> 0:14:49.920 was groundbreaking, and he did it with his own blood 0:14:50.280 --> 0:14:52.600 and with the blood of some of his lab assistants, 0:14:52.680 --> 0:14:54.800 and he just started taking blood samples and then just 0:14:54.920 --> 0:14:58.160 randomly mixing together people's blood to see if it clumped, 0:14:58.800 --> 0:15:03.640 and when it didn't clump, he started mapping his patterns 0:15:03.720 --> 0:15:07.000 and ultimately came up with what's now known as the 0:15:07.080 --> 0:15:10.520 A B O blood typing group. Although initially he came 0:15:10.600 --> 0:15:14.080 up with type A, type B, and type C. Yeah, 0:15:14.160 --> 0:15:17.080 and then later on we found out about A B, right, 0:15:17.160 --> 0:15:19.880 and C was changed to Oh yeah, but it was. 0:15:20.920 --> 0:15:23.600 I mean, it's pretty crazy that he could even I mean, 0:15:23.640 --> 0:15:27.080 he separated his plasma from his red blood cells. It's 0:15:27.120 --> 0:15:28.920 it's nuts that he was even able to do that. 0:15:29.000 --> 0:15:31.480 Back then, I didn't know things with that advance. Oh, 0:15:31.520 --> 0:15:33.800 you just inject some morphine and whiskey into your blood 0:15:33.840 --> 0:15:36.600 and man, it just kind of falls to the side. Uh. 0:15:36.680 --> 0:15:39.360 Plasma by the way, you hear that word a lot. 0:15:39.360 --> 0:15:41.240 You may not know what it is. It's just mostly water. 0:15:41.280 --> 0:15:44.240 It's the liquid portion of your blood. That's what it's 0:15:44.280 --> 0:15:47.360 the taxicab. Basically, it carries everything around. It carries the 0:15:47.360 --> 0:15:51.320 red blood cells, among other things, hormones, waste, nutrients, all 0:15:51.320 --> 0:15:54.200 sorts of stuff. So this is like a really really 0:15:54.560 --> 0:15:57.800 really big advancement in medical science. Yeah, but what did 0:15:57.800 --> 0:16:00.800 he say? Oh, he had a great quote. Is my favorite, 0:16:00.800 --> 0:16:03.440 Like this landmark discovery and He's kind of like, well, 0:16:03.480 --> 0:16:05.440 you might just want to look at this, he goes 0:16:05.840 --> 0:16:08.840 it might be mentioned that the reported observations may assist 0:16:08.920 --> 0:16:12.880 in the explanation of various consequences of therapeutic blood transfusions. 0:16:13.480 --> 0:16:17.600 Like it's possible that this is what's been killing people 0:16:17.640 --> 0:16:20.640 all the time. There's blood types. I don't know his 0:16:20.720 --> 0:16:22.280 personality though, so I don't know how to read that. 0:16:22.840 --> 0:16:25.520 It sounds a little smarmy. I I took it as 0:16:25.560 --> 0:16:29.160 he was being very humble. Oh that's how I took it. 0:16:29.240 --> 0:16:33.920 That's because you're a positive that's right. But what this 0:16:33.960 --> 0:16:37.960 did was um millions of millions and millions, I mean, 0:16:38.000 --> 0:16:41.560 I opened the door for everything to come when it 0:16:41.560 --> 0:16:44.600 comes to blood typing. And after this break, we're going 0:16:44.640 --> 0:16:47.840 to get a little bit into what these blood types aren't, 0:16:47.880 --> 0:17:06.480 what they mean. All right, we're back and we are 0:17:06.520 --> 0:17:09.720 talking about blood types and what this means. And it's 0:17:09.720 --> 0:17:14.320 really pretty simple. It is. It's elegant on your red 0:17:14.359 --> 0:17:17.440 blood cells. Um you have you can have lots of things, 0:17:17.520 --> 0:17:22.040 but you can have sugars and proteins, and those sugars 0:17:22.040 --> 0:17:27.440 and proteins can be expressed as antigens and antigens are 0:17:27.560 --> 0:17:30.320 something that your immune system says, Hey, you got a 0:17:30.320 --> 0:17:33.520 foreign invader coming, you might want to do something about it. Right, 0:17:33.600 --> 0:17:37.119 It's something that you're a body can take as a 0:17:37.119 --> 0:17:39.639 foreign invader, even if it's not a foreign invader, or 0:17:39.720 --> 0:17:42.560 even if it's not harmful, But it's something that's found 0:17:42.560 --> 0:17:44.960 on the surface of your red blood cells. Like pollen 0:17:45.040 --> 0:17:48.040 is an anergen. We talked about that in the Allergy podcast. 0:17:48.920 --> 0:17:53.280 So a blood type at its core is just a 0:17:53.320 --> 0:17:56.040 description of what kind of anergen is found on the 0:17:56.080 --> 0:17:58.359 surface of your red blood cells, right, which is just 0:17:58.400 --> 0:18:01.200 a sugar or a protein, right, Penny. So if you're 0:18:01.840 --> 0:18:04.880 if you have A type blood, you have the A 0:18:04.880 --> 0:18:08.280 antigen present on your cells. If you have B type blood, 0:18:08.320 --> 0:18:10.960 you have the B antigen. If you have O type blood, 0:18:11.080 --> 0:18:13.840 you have neither A nor B. And then if you 0:18:13.840 --> 0:18:16.639 have a B you have both A and B antigens 0:18:16.680 --> 0:18:20.480 present on on the surface of your blood. Sounds pretty simple. 0:18:20.960 --> 0:18:25.320 There's no real issues here except that blood types are 0:18:25.359 --> 0:18:29.679 also associated with the type of antibody your blood produces 0:18:29.720 --> 0:18:32.200 your body produces, right, that's right, And that's a protein 0:18:32.280 --> 0:18:36.959 that your immune system uses to attack antign invader or 0:18:37.000 --> 0:18:40.199 what it thinks is a foreign invader. So, if you 0:18:40.240 --> 0:18:44.920 have type A blood, your body produces B antibodies, which 0:18:44.960 --> 0:18:48.600 means that when your body comes in contact with type 0:18:48.640 --> 0:18:53.040 BED antigens, which would be found on type B blood cells, right, 0:18:53.160 --> 0:18:55.639 your body goes crazy and launches an immune response and 0:18:55.680 --> 0:18:59.960 attacks those antigens, which is in the other way around 0:19:00.000 --> 0:19:01.840 in that case with A and B. Yeah, they don't 0:19:01.880 --> 0:19:03.920 like each other, No, they don't. So not only do 0:19:04.000 --> 0:19:06.520 they have opposing and egens, they have opposing antibody. So 0:19:06.600 --> 0:19:08.880 if you make say and B blood together, bad bad 0:19:08.920 --> 0:19:11.199 things are going to happen. Yeah. And you know what, 0:19:11.240 --> 0:19:14.320 you can also be allergic to your own blood, which 0:19:14.400 --> 0:19:17.520 is not good. When we talked about mistaken identity, Uh, 0:19:17.560 --> 0:19:23.040 that is something called hemolytic anemia and um immune hemolytic anemia, 0:19:23.040 --> 0:19:26.680 and that's it sounds immediately like I thought, well, you're 0:19:26.720 --> 0:19:29.439 dead if you've got that because your blood is allergic 0:19:29.480 --> 0:19:32.040 to itself. Yeah, apparently people live with it are able 0:19:32.080 --> 0:19:35.159 to almost everyone does. It's really rare to lead to 0:19:35.200 --> 0:19:38.120 death these days. UM. I did look it up though, 0:19:38.119 --> 0:19:41.359 and the first symptom it listed was feeling grumpy, which 0:19:41.359 --> 0:19:43.959 I thought was like, well, perhaps we all have it 0:19:44.359 --> 0:19:49.240 or he or has immune anemia. Um. So, like we said, 0:19:49.280 --> 0:19:52.400 A and B do not like each other at all. 0:19:52.880 --> 0:19:54.720 I think you said they're like the hat Fields and 0:19:54.760 --> 0:19:57.320 the McCoys of blood types. Yeah, I mean they're in 0:19:57.359 --> 0:20:00.960 a complete opposition to one another. That's right. Type OH 0:20:01.000 --> 0:20:06.440 though is different so TYPO everybody it does. It doesn't 0:20:06.480 --> 0:20:09.760 have any anigens on it on the blood cell surface. 0:20:10.160 --> 0:20:13.280 So as far as blood transfusions go, you could take 0:20:13.320 --> 0:20:16.280 TYPO and give it to type B people, Type A 0:20:16.440 --> 0:20:20.320 people and TYPO people and even type A B people, 0:20:20.600 --> 0:20:25.480 which makes type O the universal donor, right, oh negative specifically, 0:20:25.600 --> 0:20:28.760 But that sounds all great and it is. But because 0:20:28.760 --> 0:20:32.600 it doesn't have anigen's, it uh produces anybody's against A 0:20:32.720 --> 0:20:37.479 and B antigens I'm sorry, antibodies against and B anogens, okay, 0:20:37.560 --> 0:20:41.720 which means it can only accept oh transfusions, Yeah, which 0:20:41.720 --> 0:20:44.960 is said because it's they're the universal donor, they can give, 0:20:45.440 --> 0:20:47.840 but they can't. They can only get from other oaths 0:20:48.320 --> 0:20:52.240 because they have antibodies against everything. But ohs right, A 0:20:52.440 --> 0:20:58.040 B is the opposite of Oh. They're actually the universal recipient, right. 0:20:58.200 --> 0:21:01.320 They have the A and B antigen on the surface 0:21:01.320 --> 0:21:04.480 of the red blood cells. But like you said, they 0:21:04.520 --> 0:21:07.000 are the universal recipient, so that's great. They don't have 0:21:07.040 --> 0:21:11.320 any anybody's at all. So they can they can take 0:21:11.359 --> 0:21:14.560 A they can be they can take oh, but they 0:21:14.640 --> 0:21:20.000 have the antigens A and B, so A B or 0:21:20.080 --> 0:21:23.520 OH can't take a B blood, so they just take 0:21:23.560 --> 0:21:26.200 take take to recap. I'm sure I have a B blood. 0:21:26.400 --> 0:21:29.800 I'm positive of it, you think, yeah, to recap. There's 0:21:29.800 --> 0:21:32.080 a handy little chart here which we do not have. 0:21:32.920 --> 0:21:36.000 Um no, but it's from the American Red Cross. Webon 0:21:36.119 --> 0:21:38.760 like I think everyone that works at the Red Cross 0:21:38.760 --> 0:21:41.000 probably has is printed out, like in their wallet. I'm 0:21:41.359 --> 0:21:45.040 so everyone who's listening to this in the Red Cross 0:21:45.440 --> 0:21:48.520 share it with somebody. Group OH, though can donate red 0:21:48.520 --> 0:21:51.840 blood cells to anybody. Group A can donate red blood 0:21:51.880 --> 0:21:54.440 cells to ais and a B S. Group B can 0:21:54.480 --> 0:21:57.480 donate red blood cells to bees and a bees in 0:21:57.560 --> 0:22:00.159 Group A B can donate to other A B is 0:22:00.680 --> 0:22:04.360 but can receive it from all others. Take take take 0:22:04.640 --> 0:22:08.040 pretty neat um, So there you go. That's the type 0:22:08.040 --> 0:22:10.639 A BO blood type and it's pretty. It was a 0:22:10.720 --> 0:22:14.119 sweeping discovery and that's it, right. No, more about blood types. No, 0:22:14.280 --> 0:22:17.480 this is the end, beautiful friend, it is not the end. 0:22:18.359 --> 0:22:20.760 Uh No, because it turns out the A, B O 0:22:20.800 --> 0:22:24.560 blood typing or blood groups are really one of many 0:22:24.200 --> 0:22:27.240 twenty two we're up to by now. Yeah. Remember earlier 0:22:27.280 --> 0:22:31.720 I was talking about UM positive or negative. Well that too, 0:22:31.800 --> 0:22:35.600 but I was talking about the dog tags. Yeah, I 0:22:35.640 --> 0:22:40.280 was talking about that, sugars, booms, sugars. Yes, Sugars and 0:22:40.320 --> 0:22:42.840 proteins are the two different antigens that you can have 0:22:42.880 --> 0:22:45.000 on your red blood cells. We said that the A, B, 0:22:45.200 --> 0:22:49.960 O U grouping are the sugars, so that leaves the proteins, 0:22:50.000 --> 0:22:52.840 and that's where you get into the r h uh 0:22:52.880 --> 0:22:55.320 If you've ever heard your blood as negative or positive. 0:22:55.840 --> 0:22:58.359 That was named after the Reesus monkey spelled r H 0:22:58.440 --> 0:23:01.720 E s U s, which they were obviously the test subjects. 0:23:02.200 --> 0:23:04.960