1 00:00:01,340 --> 00:00:04,320 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,400 --> 00:00:14,240 Speaker 1: of iHeartRadio. Hello and welcome to the podcast. I'm Holly Frey. 3 00:00:14,520 --> 00:00:19,739 Speaker 1: And I'm Tracy B. Wilson. Oh, here's another from the list. Yeah. 4 00:00:19,760 --> 00:00:21,780 Speaker 1: But I'm not clear how it got on the list, 5 00:00:22,320 --> 00:00:25,700 Speaker 1: when it got on the list, what prompted me to go, yeah, 6 00:00:25,760 --> 00:00:29,100 Speaker 1: let's talk about her. But here we are. Uh, And 7 00:00:29,140 --> 00:00:31,520 Speaker 1: an interesting and worthy entry, although I feel like my 8 00:00:31,590 --> 00:00:35,630 Speaker 1: examination of her is a little bit different in terms of, like, 9 00:00:36,990 --> 00:00:39,729 Speaker 1: where I spend time than maybe some other biographies, but 10 00:00:40,070 --> 00:00:42,809 Speaker 1: we can talk about that on Friday. Elizabeth Fry is 11 00:00:42,909 --> 00:00:46,930 Speaker 1: lauded as an early 19th century prison reformer. She was 12 00:00:46,990 --> 00:00:49,570 Speaker 1: definitely that, despite the fact that she had no formal 13 00:00:49,590 --> 00:00:53,650 Speaker 1: background in prison or social work or training to go 14 00:00:53,690 --> 00:00:57,010 Speaker 1: with that. But her life story also, to me, offers 15 00:00:57,050 --> 00:01:00,810 Speaker 1: a really interesting exploration of how a person finds their 16 00:01:00,830 --> 00:01:04,470 Speaker 1: calling and how much they may struggle intellectually and emotionally 17 00:01:04,560 --> 00:01:08,760 Speaker 1: getting there. So I'm focusing a little more on that. 18 00:01:08,840 --> 00:01:10,640 Speaker 1: I also want to mention her name a little bit 19 00:01:11,060 --> 00:01:14,179 Speaker 1: because this wasn't something I purposely did but found myself doing, 20 00:01:14,540 --> 00:01:17,140 Speaker 1: just so you understand. We will talk about the fact 21 00:01:17,160 --> 00:01:21,320 Speaker 1: that Elizabeth Fry went by the name Betsy. And I 22 00:01:21,640 --> 00:01:25,400 Speaker 1: found myself inadvertently referring to her as Betsy as I 23 00:01:25,440 --> 00:01:28,280 Speaker 1: was laying this out. Anytime we're kind of dealing with 24 00:01:28,340 --> 00:01:34,000 Speaker 1: her in her relationships with her childhood or family, even 25 00:01:34,060 --> 00:01:36,420 Speaker 1: as an adult. And then once she starts doing sort 26 00:01:36,459 --> 00:01:39,690 Speaker 1: of more professional things, although you kind of have to 27 00:01:39,770 --> 00:01:42,350 Speaker 1: air quote that a little bit, I started calling her Elizabeth. 28 00:01:44,510 --> 00:01:47,630 Speaker 1: So just FYI, either of those I think is accurate. 29 00:01:48,510 --> 00:01:51,210 Speaker 1: Although Elizabeth, as Tracy is about to tell you, was 30 00:01:51,250 --> 00:01:54,920 Speaker 1: her birth name. Yeah. Elizabeth Gurney was born on May 21st, 31 00:01:54,920 --> 00:01:59,700 Speaker 1: 1780 in Norfolk, England. Her parents were John and Catherine Gurney. 32 00:02:00,140 --> 00:02:02,920 Speaker 1: And Elizabeth, who as Holly just said, went by Betsy, 33 00:02:03,000 --> 00:02:06,470 Speaker 1: was their third daughter. After her, the Gurneys had some 34 00:02:06,500 --> 00:02:10,130 Speaker 1: more kids. The total was 11 other children in addition 35 00:02:10,169 --> 00:02:12,930 Speaker 1: to Elizabeth. She was kind of in the middle-ish of them. 36 00:02:14,020 --> 00:02:17,040 Speaker 1: Her father was a banker and owned a wool factory, 37 00:02:17,340 --> 00:02:20,900 Speaker 1: which he had inherited. And for a while, the family 38 00:02:21,060 --> 00:02:23,820 Speaker 1: lived in Norwich, but they spent their summers at a 39 00:02:23,880 --> 00:02:26,960 Speaker 1: country home in Bramerton, which is about four miles away. 40 00:02:27,880 --> 00:02:31,320 Speaker 1: The family moved to Earlham Hall outside of Norwich when 41 00:02:31,400 --> 00:02:36,660 Speaker 1: Elizabeth was nine to accommodate this growing family. The Gurneys 42 00:02:36,720 --> 00:02:39,100 Speaker 1: were well off, and they had a wide range of 43 00:02:39,160 --> 00:02:44,200 Speaker 1: domestic help, including private tutors to teach the children writing, French, 44 00:02:44,380 --> 00:02:48,160 Speaker 1: and drawing. And although her family was a loving one 45 00:02:48,320 --> 00:02:53,090 Speaker 1: and she adored her mother, Betsy's childhood wasn't exactly easy. 46 00:02:53,970 --> 00:02:56,890 Speaker 1: Because as a child, she was kind of shy. She 47 00:02:56,930 --> 00:03:01,690 Speaker 1: was somewhat withdrawn. She worried a great deal and later 48 00:03:01,730 --> 00:03:06,030 Speaker 1: described having anxiety about bad things happening to her family members. 49 00:03:06,520 --> 00:03:10,839 Speaker 1: I read one thing about how she would constantly wake 50 00:03:10,900 --> 00:03:13,320 Speaker 1: up in the night convinced that her mother was dead 51 00:03:13,440 --> 00:03:16,220 Speaker 1: and run to check on her. And she stayed anxious. 52 00:03:16,280 --> 00:03:18,920 Speaker 1: We'll just give you a little spoiler alert on that one. 53 00:03:19,800 --> 00:03:22,560 Speaker 1: She was also afraid of the dark. She was afraid 54 00:03:22,600 --> 00:03:26,609 Speaker 1: of being submerged in water. So like when her siblings 55 00:03:26,630 --> 00:03:28,910 Speaker 1: were all excited to go like play in the lake 56 00:03:28,960 --> 00:03:31,960 Speaker 1: and go swimming, she was scared to do it. She 57 00:03:32,000 --> 00:03:34,860 Speaker 1: was afraid of even mildly scary things and stories. Like 58 00:03:34,880 --> 00:03:37,820 Speaker 1: when her mother would read her Bible stories to go 59 00:03:37,860 --> 00:03:41,190 Speaker 1: to bed at night, she would often become much more 60 00:03:41,250 --> 00:03:45,330 Speaker 1: frightened than the average child. And she just was really sensitive. 61 00:03:45,390 --> 00:03:48,390 Speaker 1: So she's described as crying a whole lot of the time. 62 00:03:49,730 --> 00:03:51,850 Speaker 1: She was so anxious, in fact, that she had trouble 63 00:03:51,910 --> 00:03:54,760 Speaker 1: concentrating when it came to the lessons her mother learned. 64 00:03:55,090 --> 00:03:57,990 Speaker 1: and the Tudors gave them, and her siblings would actually 65 00:03:58,090 --> 00:04:00,090 Speaker 1: tease her about this. It seems like it was a 66 00:04:00,130 --> 00:04:03,270 Speaker 1: very teasing household, and they would call her stupid, and 67 00:04:03,310 --> 00:04:07,520 Speaker 1: that made her feel even more anxious. The Gurneys were Quakers, 68 00:04:07,720 --> 00:04:11,200 Speaker 1: but they straddled the line between the Quaker world and 69 00:04:11,220 --> 00:04:15,120 Speaker 1: the society circles of Norwich, and they weren't as strict 70 00:04:15,260 --> 00:04:20,260 Speaker 1: in their religious dealings as other Quakers in the area were. Still, 71 00:04:20,380 --> 00:04:24,850 Speaker 1: the Quaker ideals were important to them, and Elizabeth saw 72 00:04:24,910 --> 00:04:27,529 Speaker 1: her mother and grandmother care for the poor of the 73 00:04:27,570 --> 00:04:31,070 Speaker 1: community as a routine part of their daily life. And 74 00:04:31,110 --> 00:04:35,409 Speaker 1: then when Betsy was just 13, all of her anxious 75 00:04:35,470 --> 00:04:38,740 Speaker 1: fears kind of came true when her mother died after 76 00:04:38,779 --> 00:04:42,100 Speaker 1: a three-week illness, and that was, of course, a huge blow. 77 00:04:42,860 --> 00:04:46,920 Speaker 1: But Catherine and Betsy had been especially close. Her mother 78 00:04:46,980 --> 00:04:49,050 Speaker 1: had once referred to Betsy in a letter to a 79 00:04:49,110 --> 00:04:53,850 Speaker 1: relative as my dove-like Betsy. And on the other side 80 00:04:53,890 --> 00:04:57,090 Speaker 1: of that relationship, Betsy had always felt like her mother 81 00:04:57,190 --> 00:05:01,279 Speaker 1: was the one person who was patient and understanding with 82 00:05:01,320 --> 00:05:05,200 Speaker 1: her and her anxiety, and she felt completely untethered and 83 00:05:05,260 --> 00:05:07,760 Speaker 1: alone after the loss, even in the midst of their 84 00:05:07,779 --> 00:05:11,880 Speaker 1: big family. She wrote in her journal about being what 85 00:05:11,950 --> 00:05:14,820 Speaker 1: she called in a valley, and that seems to have 86 00:05:14,839 --> 00:05:18,659 Speaker 1: been how she described being in a depression. In the 87 00:05:18,680 --> 00:05:22,320 Speaker 1: years that followed, Betsy found herself separating from her religion 88 00:05:22,339 --> 00:05:25,750 Speaker 1: in a number of ways. While she believed in the 89 00:05:25,830 --> 00:05:29,630 Speaker 1: social ideals of Quakerism, she started to spend time with 90 00:05:29,790 --> 00:05:33,330 Speaker 1: Unitarian friends. She wasn't the only member of her family 91 00:05:33,390 --> 00:05:36,270 Speaker 1: to be drawn to other religions. Other members of the 92 00:05:36,290 --> 00:05:41,130 Speaker 1: family found themselves aligned with Anglicanism. John Gurney had not 93 00:05:41,170 --> 00:05:44,270 Speaker 1: raised his children as strict Quakers, and because they had 94 00:05:44,370 --> 00:05:47,830 Speaker 1: contact with a lot of people from different denominations through 95 00:05:47,870 --> 00:05:52,600 Speaker 1: social events, Betsy's siblings had done really as much exploring 96 00:05:52,630 --> 00:05:56,680 Speaker 1: as she did. But more important than where she stood 97 00:05:56,760 --> 00:05:59,859 Speaker 1: on religion in Norwich society was that she was still 98 00:05:59,920 --> 00:06:02,680 Speaker 1: the daughter of of a family of means, and even 99 00:06:02,740 --> 00:06:05,799 Speaker 1: though she was a shy and anxious girl, she certainly 100 00:06:05,839 --> 00:06:09,340 Speaker 1: did have suitors. She was briefly engaged to a man 101 00:06:09,380 --> 00:06:12,620 Speaker 1: named James Lloyd, who broke that engagement off and broke 102 00:06:12,660 --> 00:06:16,030 Speaker 1: her heart in the process, although it is unknown why 103 00:06:16,110 --> 00:06:19,450 Speaker 1: exactly he did so. That whole relationship and how it 104 00:06:19,490 --> 00:06:22,830 Speaker 1: ended is a little unclear. But after it ended, her 105 00:06:22,870 --> 00:06:25,850 Speaker 1: depression was bad enough that she became physically ill, and 106 00:06:25,890 --> 00:06:28,750 Speaker 1: her father actually sent her to see a special doctor 107 00:06:28,830 --> 00:06:33,790 Speaker 1: in London. A 1981 biography about Elizabeth Fry, written by 108 00:06:33,910 --> 00:06:37,650 Speaker 1: June Rose, says of her during this time, quote, on 109 00:06:37,690 --> 00:06:40,839 Speaker 1: the rare occasions when she felt inclined, Betsy could be 110 00:06:40,920 --> 00:06:44,280 Speaker 1: quite as carefree and charming as the others, and despite 111 00:06:44,320 --> 00:06:47,220 Speaker 1: the family's pity for her, she seemed to attract the 112 00:06:47,300 --> 00:06:51,080 Speaker 1: opposite sex. She apparently had other proposals in her late 113 00:06:51,100 --> 00:06:53,700 Speaker 1: teen years, although she was also trying to work out 114 00:06:53,740 --> 00:06:56,630 Speaker 1: her identity for herself, and she didn't seem to take 115 00:06:56,670 --> 00:07:01,839 Speaker 1: them especially seriously. During the year that Betsy turned 17, 116 00:07:01,839 --> 00:07:05,310 Speaker 1: Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester in Edinburgh, was staying 117 00:07:05,550 --> 00:07:10,030 Speaker 1: in Norwich, and the family had various occasions to entertain him, 118 00:07:10,090 --> 00:07:13,330 Speaker 1: which was a big deal and was apparently quite thrilling 119 00:07:13,430 --> 00:07:18,880 Speaker 1: for all the siblings. Betsy vacillated between being excited about this, 120 00:07:19,480 --> 00:07:22,720 Speaker 1: feeling guilty about being excited by it, and then kind 121 00:07:22,760 --> 00:07:27,020 Speaker 1: of spiraling into a morose reflection on waste and the 122 00:07:27,060 --> 00:07:31,030 Speaker 1: pain of socializing. After the first time she met the prince, 123 00:07:31,090 --> 00:07:33,369 Speaker 1: she wrote in her diary, quote, I met the prince. 124 00:07:33,610 --> 00:07:36,450 Speaker 1: It showed me the folly of the world. My mind 125 00:07:36,540 --> 00:07:40,800 Speaker 1: is very flat after this storm of pleasure. She was 126 00:07:40,880 --> 00:07:44,580 Speaker 1: clearly really at odds with herself, and she started to 127 00:07:44,620 --> 00:07:48,840 Speaker 1: describe feeling as though her talents would be, quote, devoured 128 00:07:48,940 --> 00:07:53,440 Speaker 1: by moth and rust if nothing more important than all 129 00:07:53,460 --> 00:07:59,140 Speaker 1: this revelry happened during the prince's residence in Norwich. It did, 130 00:07:59,640 --> 00:08:02,940 Speaker 1: in the form of another visitor. And that was William Savory, 131 00:08:03,080 --> 00:08:05,580 Speaker 1: a Quaker from the U.S., who gave a sermon at 132 00:08:05,620 --> 00:08:10,120 Speaker 1: their local monthly meeting in February of 1798. Betsy went 133 00:08:10,160 --> 00:08:12,920 Speaker 1: to see him speak again the next day after she 134 00:08:12,960 --> 00:08:15,360 Speaker 1: first encountered him, and she wrote in her journal, quote, 135 00:08:15,860 --> 00:08:18,400 Speaker 1: I have had a faint light spread over my mind. 136 00:08:18,720 --> 00:08:20,760 Speaker 1: At least, I believe it is something of that kind, 137 00:08:21,310 --> 00:08:24,550 Speaker 1: owing to having been much with and heard much excellence 138 00:08:24,610 --> 00:08:28,740 Speaker 1: from one who appears to me a true Christian. It 139 00:08:28,780 --> 00:08:32,870 Speaker 1: has caused me to feel a little religion. My imagination 140 00:08:32,929 --> 00:08:35,130 Speaker 1: has been worked upon, and I fear all that I 141 00:08:35,210 --> 00:08:38,589 Speaker 1: felt will go off. I fear it now, though at 142 00:08:38,650 --> 00:08:41,410 Speaker 1: first I was frightened that a plain Quaker should have 143 00:08:41,429 --> 00:08:44,510 Speaker 1: made so deep an impression on me. But how truly 144 00:08:44,620 --> 00:08:47,559 Speaker 1: prejudiced in me to think that because good came from 145 00:08:47,600 --> 00:08:51,140 Speaker 1: a Quaker, I should be led away by enthusiasm and folly. 146 00:08:51,840 --> 00:08:54,160 Speaker 1: But I hope I am now free from such fears. 147 00:08:54,900 --> 00:08:57,940 Speaker 1: I wish the state of enthusiasm I am in may last, 148 00:08:58,000 --> 00:09:00,920 Speaker 1: for today I have felt that there is a God. 149 00:09:01,559 --> 00:09:03,939 Speaker 1: I have been devotional and my mind has been led 150 00:09:03,980 --> 00:09:06,969 Speaker 1: away from the follies that it is mostly wrapped up in. 151 00:09:08,090 --> 00:09:12,750 Speaker 1: Savory's anti-war sermon had reconnected Betsy with her Quaker religion 152 00:09:13,309 --> 00:09:16,830 Speaker 1: after several years of drifting away from it. We also 153 00:09:16,870 --> 00:09:20,010 Speaker 1: have an account of Betsy seeing Savory speak as written 154 00:09:20,050 --> 00:09:24,090 Speaker 1: by her sister Richenda, which reads, quote, Betsy was generally 155 00:09:24,150 --> 00:09:27,280 Speaker 1: rather restless at meeting, and on this day I remember 156 00:09:27,380 --> 00:09:30,860 Speaker 1: her very smart boots were a great amusement to me. 157 00:09:31,420 --> 00:09:35,760 Speaker 1: They were purple laced with scarlet. At last William Savory 158 00:09:35,780 --> 00:09:38,950 Speaker 1: began to preach. His voice and manner were arresting, and 159 00:09:38,970 --> 00:09:42,969 Speaker 1: we all liked the sound. Her attention became fixed. At 160 00:09:43,030 --> 00:09:45,550 Speaker 1: last I saw her begin to weep, and she became 161 00:09:45,570 --> 00:09:50,900 Speaker 1: a good deal agitated. Incidentally, Savory mentioned in his account 162 00:09:50,940 --> 00:09:52,980 Speaker 1: of the day that some of the families at the 163 00:09:53,020 --> 00:09:57,829 Speaker 1: meeting in Norwich seemed too steeped in grandeur, which might 164 00:09:57,850 --> 00:10:01,880 Speaker 1: have actually been a reference to bets fabulous purple boots. 165 00:10:02,000 --> 00:10:04,959 Speaker 1: They had been seated on the front row. Yeah, a 166 00:10:05,000 --> 00:10:07,920 Speaker 1: number of biographers have been like, Betsy showed up and 167 00:10:07,970 --> 00:10:09,890 Speaker 1: showed out, and he may have just been like, this 168 00:10:09,950 --> 00:10:13,630 Speaker 1: is too much for me. Yeah. But they did become friends. 169 00:10:14,110 --> 00:10:17,070 Speaker 1: Betsy may have also feared that she would drift away 170 00:10:17,150 --> 00:10:20,410 Speaker 1: from this newfound fervor, but her journal entries seemed to 171 00:10:20,510 --> 00:10:25,280 Speaker 1: only become more intense in feeling. She wrote several days later, quote, 172 00:10:36,300 --> 00:10:39,370 Speaker 1: into my heart, which I hope with care and keeping 173 00:10:39,400 --> 00:10:41,689 Speaker 1: it from the many drafts and winds of this life, 174 00:10:42,190 --> 00:10:44,970 Speaker 1: may not be blown out, but become a large brilliant 175 00:10:45,050 --> 00:10:48,030 Speaker 1: flame that will direct me to that haven where will 176 00:10:48,070 --> 00:10:51,190 Speaker 1: be joy without a sorrow and all will be comfort. 177 00:10:51,830 --> 00:10:55,530 Speaker 1: I have faith. How much to gain? Not all the 178 00:10:55,590 --> 00:10:59,569 Speaker 1: treasures in this world can equal that heavenly treasure. May 179 00:10:59,630 --> 00:11:02,959 Speaker 1: I grow more and more virtuous, follow the path I 180 00:11:03,010 --> 00:11:06,110 Speaker 1: should go in, and not fear to acknowledge the God 181 00:11:06,210 --> 00:11:09,510 Speaker 1: whom I worship. I will try, and I do hope 182 00:11:09,590 --> 00:11:12,770 Speaker 1: to do what is right. Just a few weeks later, 183 00:11:12,910 --> 00:11:15,390 Speaker 1: Betsy was in London with her father, and they went 184 00:11:15,429 --> 00:11:19,450 Speaker 1: to a theater performance in Drury Lane, which she hated. 185 00:11:20,190 --> 00:11:22,950 Speaker 1: She wrote, quote,' I own I enter into the gay 186 00:11:23,010 --> 00:11:27,010 Speaker 1: world reluctantly. I do not like plays. I think them 187 00:11:27,070 --> 00:11:30,660 Speaker 1: so artificial that they are to me not interesting.' and 188 00:11:30,750 --> 00:11:34,670 Speaker 1: all seemed so very far from pure virtue and nature. 189 00:11:35,290 --> 00:11:37,790 Speaker 1: My hair was dressed, and I felt like a monkey. 190 00:11:38,570 --> 00:11:42,050 Speaker 1: London is not the place for heartfelt pleasure, so I 191 00:11:42,110 --> 00:11:45,790 Speaker 1: must not expect to find it. But William Savory was 192 00:11:45,850 --> 00:11:48,530 Speaker 1: also in London at that time, and she made sure 193 00:11:48,650 --> 00:11:51,829 Speaker 1: to see him give sermons on several occasions while in 194 00:11:51,890 --> 00:11:56,670 Speaker 1: the city. The sudden, intense devotion to religion on Betsy's 195 00:11:56,710 --> 00:11:59,610 Speaker 1: part caused some strain and some concern in the family. 196 00:12:00,390 --> 00:12:03,610 Speaker 1: Joseph Gurney and Betsy's siblings, of course, noticed a huge 197 00:12:03,750 --> 00:12:07,120 Speaker 1: change in her, and Betsy herself expressed concern in her 198 00:12:07,220 --> 00:12:10,440 Speaker 1: diary that she didn't know how to live the life 199 00:12:10,520 --> 00:12:14,940 Speaker 1: she felt called to without hurting her family. Coming up, 200 00:12:15,040 --> 00:12:17,510 Speaker 1: we are going to talk about the ways that Betsy 201 00:12:17,610 --> 00:12:20,430 Speaker 1: sought to live a life true to the Quaker religion. 202 00:12:20,550 --> 00:12:23,270 Speaker 1: But first, we are going to pause for a sponsor break. 203 00:12:33,070 --> 00:12:37,470 Speaker 1: From the time of Betsy's encounter with Thomas Savory and 204 00:12:38,130 --> 00:12:41,790 Speaker 1: feeling suddenly religious, Betsy lived her life in a state 205 00:12:41,990 --> 00:12:45,650 Speaker 1: of devotion to Quakerism, even going so far as to 206 00:12:45,690 --> 00:12:49,040 Speaker 1: just adopt the practice of referring to others as thou 207 00:12:49,179 --> 00:12:51,959 Speaker 1: in thee instead of ever using the word you and 208 00:12:52,040 --> 00:12:55,770 Speaker 1: wearing a dark bonnet and often a hood. This was 209 00:12:55,850 --> 00:12:57,690 Speaker 1: amidst a family where no one else was doing the 210 00:12:57,730 --> 00:13:00,929 Speaker 1: same thing, so she definitely stood out. But in addition 211 00:13:00,990 --> 00:13:05,070 Speaker 1: to these sort of surface behaviors, she also started doing 212 00:13:05,230 --> 00:13:07,809 Speaker 1: a lot of work in her community to help others. 213 00:13:08,580 --> 00:13:11,290 Speaker 1: She worked on feeding and clothing the poor, and she 214 00:13:11,340 --> 00:13:14,560 Speaker 1: started a Bible program for children. When one of the 215 00:13:14,600 --> 00:13:18,040 Speaker 1: men who worked at Earlham was seriously ill, she sat 216 00:13:18,080 --> 00:13:20,840 Speaker 1: with him every day and read to him. He did 217 00:13:20,880 --> 00:13:23,260 Speaker 1: not survive that illness, and she was with him almost 218 00:13:23,280 --> 00:13:25,969 Speaker 1: to the end of his life. She also found a 219 00:13:26,030 --> 00:13:29,750 Speaker 1: kinship in a cousin named Priscilla Gurney, who had also 220 00:13:29,809 --> 00:13:34,069 Speaker 1: dedicated her life to that of a plain Quaker, so 221 00:13:34,110 --> 00:13:37,040 Speaker 1: much so that Priscilla had left home to live in 222 00:13:37,059 --> 00:13:42,560 Speaker 1: the Quaker colony at Colebrookdale. Visiting that Quaker colony, Betsy 223 00:13:42,840 --> 00:13:46,280 Speaker 1: found a fresh bout of inspiration, and as she became 224 00:13:46,340 --> 00:13:50,120 Speaker 1: more and more engaged in plain Quaker ways, her family 225 00:13:50,790 --> 00:13:53,770 Speaker 1: sometimes made fun of her, continuing that theme of teasing. 226 00:13:54,559 --> 00:13:58,400 Speaker 1: And then a new visitor arrived at Earlham in 1798 227 00:13:58,400 --> 00:14:02,850 Speaker 1: to visit Betsy's brother John. That was Joseph Fry. The 228 00:14:02,890 --> 00:14:05,510 Speaker 1: following year, he visited again, but this time it was 229 00:14:05,590 --> 00:14:08,569 Speaker 1: clear that he was more interested in seeing Betsy than 230 00:14:08,630 --> 00:14:13,020 Speaker 1: seeing her brother. Joseph proposed, and Betsy told him that 231 00:14:13,059 --> 00:14:16,750 Speaker 1: she needed six days to give him an answer. This 232 00:14:16,790 --> 00:14:20,100 Speaker 1: was a case where neither family was wild about this match. 233 00:14:20,440 --> 00:14:23,280 Speaker 1: Joseph came from a wealthy family that made their money 234 00:14:23,360 --> 00:14:26,940 Speaker 1: importing tea, but they were very strict Quakers, and in 235 00:14:26,960 --> 00:14:31,390 Speaker 1: the estimation of the Gurneys, not very worldly. Betsy told 236 00:14:31,470 --> 00:14:34,470 Speaker 1: him no, but she also felt as though she would 237 00:14:34,630 --> 00:14:37,510 Speaker 1: never meet such a good match for her and anyone else. 238 00:14:38,300 --> 00:14:41,360 Speaker 1: When Joseph wrote to Betsy's father and asked to visit 239 00:14:41,420 --> 00:14:45,480 Speaker 1: in December of 1799, Betsy asked her father to please 240 00:14:45,560 --> 00:14:49,300 Speaker 1: let him come, although she was still a little unsure 241 00:14:49,400 --> 00:14:53,080 Speaker 1: about marriage for herself. And she kind of continued to 242 00:14:53,120 --> 00:14:56,700 Speaker 1: be wishy-washy about it, noting that she was embarrassed by 243 00:14:56,760 --> 00:15:00,120 Speaker 1: Joseph's clumsiness when they were out together, but she also 244 00:15:00,220 --> 00:15:03,540 Speaker 1: missed him when he was gone. At one point, she 245 00:15:03,600 --> 00:15:06,220 Speaker 1: wrote that she liked him as a friend but disliked 246 00:15:06,260 --> 00:15:09,020 Speaker 1: him as a love interest, but also that she thought 247 00:15:09,080 --> 00:15:12,240 Speaker 1: they were soon going to be together. There's also this 248 00:15:12,340 --> 00:15:15,330 Speaker 1: moment in the midst of this where her dad actually 249 00:15:15,410 --> 00:15:18,310 Speaker 1: writes to him and says, like, stop coming. She's not 250 00:15:18,350 --> 00:15:20,850 Speaker 1: treating you right. Like, she's dragging you along, and that's 251 00:15:20,870 --> 00:15:24,550 Speaker 1: not fair to you either. So Betsy was obviously kind 252 00:15:24,590 --> 00:15:27,870 Speaker 1: of a dramatic teen, that's for sure. And at one point, 253 00:15:28,310 --> 00:15:30,430 Speaker 1: when the two of them were out walking together when 254 00:15:30,470 --> 00:15:34,790 Speaker 1: he was visiting, she shared her uncertainty with Joseph Fry, 255 00:15:34,890 --> 00:15:37,190 Speaker 1: and he told her that if she wanted to be 256 00:15:37,230 --> 00:15:40,080 Speaker 1: engaged to him, but then at any point felt that 257 00:15:40,140 --> 00:15:42,600 Speaker 1: she couldn't go through with the marriage, even if it 258 00:15:42,660 --> 00:15:44,720 Speaker 1: was the day before they were supposed to get married, 259 00:15:45,080 --> 00:15:48,420 Speaker 1: that that would be okay, and he understood. And she 260 00:15:48,480 --> 00:15:51,400 Speaker 1: wrote that after this, quote, he kissed me, which agitated 261 00:15:51,440 --> 00:15:55,910 Speaker 1: me so much I went upstairs and cried. Soon thereafter, 262 00:15:56,210 --> 00:15:58,710 Speaker 1: she started writing in her journal that she loved him. 263 00:15:59,470 --> 00:16:01,890 Speaker 1: Though she continued to have moments of doubt, the two 264 00:16:01,930 --> 00:16:06,050 Speaker 1: of them got married on August 19, 1800. They were 265 00:16:06,080 --> 00:16:08,630 Speaker 1: married at a Quaker meeting, and Betsy described the day 266 00:16:08,670 --> 00:16:11,880 Speaker 1: this way, quote, I awoke in a sort of terror 267 00:16:11,960 --> 00:16:15,580 Speaker 1: at the prospect before me, but soon gained quietness and 268 00:16:15,640 --> 00:16:19,430 Speaker 1: something of cheerfulness. After dressing, we set off for meeting. 269 00:16:19,830 --> 00:16:22,970 Speaker 1: I was altogether comfortable. The meeting was crowded. I felt 270 00:16:23,130 --> 00:16:26,840 Speaker 1: serious and looking in measure to the only sure place 271 00:16:27,030 --> 00:16:30,960 Speaker 1: for support. It was to me a truly solemn time. 272 00:16:31,320 --> 00:16:34,760 Speaker 1: I felt every word and not only felt, but in 273 00:16:34,820 --> 00:16:39,080 Speaker 1: my manner of speaking, expressed how I felt. Joseph also 274 00:16:39,180 --> 00:16:44,350 Speaker 1: spoke well. Most solemn it truly was. Joseph's work was 275 00:16:44,410 --> 00:16:47,010 Speaker 1: in London, and so that is where the couple lived, 276 00:16:47,150 --> 00:16:49,460 Speaker 1: which kind of tickled me after she said she could 277 00:16:49,500 --> 00:16:53,260 Speaker 1: not find much happiness there. Settling into that new life 278 00:16:53,580 --> 00:16:56,560 Speaker 1: in the city did have challenges for Betsy, although some 279 00:16:56,600 --> 00:16:59,990 Speaker 1: of those challenges are a little surprising. They had more 280 00:17:00,030 --> 00:17:03,350 Speaker 1: to do with Joseph's family's perception of her than any 281 00:17:03,390 --> 00:17:06,889 Speaker 1: of the issues she was having leaving Norwich, although she 282 00:17:06,930 --> 00:17:10,320 Speaker 1: did miss home. The Fry family had been part of 283 00:17:10,359 --> 00:17:13,909 Speaker 1: the Society of Friends since its founding in the 17th century, 284 00:17:14,170 --> 00:17:16,970 Speaker 1: and although they lived in a big city, as we 285 00:17:17,010 --> 00:17:20,030 Speaker 1: said earlier, the Frys kept quite strictly to the Quaker 286 00:17:20,070 --> 00:17:24,149 Speaker 1: way of life. They lived simply and intentionally. On the 287 00:17:24,210 --> 00:17:26,959 Speaker 1: other hand, Betsy had been raised in Norwich, far from 288 00:17:27,000 --> 00:17:29,740 Speaker 1: the city, but her father had not lived that way, 289 00:17:30,100 --> 00:17:31,800 Speaker 1: and he had enjoyed a way of life that his 290 00:17:31,900 --> 00:17:35,899 Speaker 1: wealth and social standing afforded him. Betsy had grown up 291 00:17:36,010 --> 00:17:39,629 Speaker 1: going to lavish parties and entertaining princes, and to the 292 00:17:39,670 --> 00:17:43,690 Speaker 1: Fry family, the perception was, as she wrote in her journal, quote, 293 00:17:44,170 --> 00:17:46,570 Speaker 1: my manners had too much of the courtier in them. 294 00:17:47,430 --> 00:17:49,730 Speaker 1: They thought she was kind of too fancy, maybe a 295 00:17:49,750 --> 00:17:53,850 Speaker 1: little too frivolous in the way she socialized. This had 296 00:17:53,890 --> 00:17:56,750 Speaker 1: to have felt a little bit like whiplash to Betsy, 297 00:17:56,790 --> 00:17:59,770 Speaker 1: since at home she was being teased for being so 298 00:17:59,869 --> 00:18:03,650 Speaker 1: strict in her Quakerism and she expected that marrying Joseph 299 00:18:03,690 --> 00:18:05,330 Speaker 1: was going to put her into a family that was 300 00:18:05,390 --> 00:18:10,080 Speaker 1: more closely aligned with her beliefs. Reading Elizabeth Fry's journal 301 00:18:10,160 --> 00:18:13,800 Speaker 1: entries from throughout her life, but especially her early marriage, 302 00:18:14,000 --> 00:18:16,600 Speaker 1: offers a view of a person who's in a constant 303 00:18:16,700 --> 00:18:22,470 Speaker 1: state of self-awareness. This period sounds both anxious and offers 304 00:18:22,530 --> 00:18:25,330 Speaker 1: a glimpse of a person settling into their life and 305 00:18:25,390 --> 00:18:29,609 Speaker 1: finding its comforts. She wrote things like, quote, Elsewhere, she wrote, quote, 306 00:18:54,330 --> 00:18:56,649 Speaker 1: I must try to trust in the Lord and I 307 00:18:56,710 --> 00:18:59,889 Speaker 1: hope to find safety. I felt quite in a state 308 00:18:59,930 --> 00:19:03,100 Speaker 1: of agitation until we went to meeting. It made me 309 00:19:03,160 --> 00:19:07,639 Speaker 1: feel almost ill in body both last night and this morning. However, 310 00:19:07,680 --> 00:19:10,980 Speaker 1: my mind was sweetly calmed in the meeting and I 311 00:19:11,020 --> 00:19:14,770 Speaker 1: felt vastly relieved from my terrors and a little love 312 00:19:14,830 --> 00:19:19,450 Speaker 1: and trusting in the heavenly master. She also mentioned really 313 00:19:19,510 --> 00:19:22,370 Speaker 1: enjoying the quiet of times when it was just her 314 00:19:22,430 --> 00:19:26,220 Speaker 1: and Joseph in the house together. And as many newlyweds, 315 00:19:26,900 --> 00:19:29,900 Speaker 1: Betsy and Joseph discovered a number of matters of conflict 316 00:19:30,040 --> 00:19:33,699 Speaker 1: in their marriage. Joseph wanted his new bride to be 317 00:19:33,740 --> 00:19:37,810 Speaker 1: more direct in her social dealings, and Betsy wanted her 318 00:19:37,850 --> 00:19:40,290 Speaker 1: husband to be a little bit more diligent and dedicated 319 00:19:40,350 --> 00:19:44,330 Speaker 1: to his business. And the family continued to add stress. 320 00:19:45,530 --> 00:19:48,810 Speaker 1: Tracy just mentioned that she really found, you know, sort 321 00:19:48,830 --> 00:19:51,439 Speaker 1: of a pleasure and a comfort in the quiet times 322 00:19:51,460 --> 00:19:53,680 Speaker 1: when she and Joseph got to be just at home 323 00:19:53,740 --> 00:19:57,219 Speaker 1: alone together. But it didn't happen very often because the 324 00:19:57,260 --> 00:19:59,859 Speaker 1: home that Betsy and Joseph lived in was part of 325 00:19:59,880 --> 00:20:02,360 Speaker 1: the family business. So it was used as a sort 326 00:20:02,380 --> 00:20:05,800 Speaker 1: of common space. They kind of treated it like communal property, 327 00:20:05,820 --> 00:20:09,320 Speaker 1: and people came and went whenever they wished. And Betsy 328 00:20:09,359 --> 00:20:13,310 Speaker 1: was expected to host any Quakers of prominence who visited London, 329 00:20:13,430 --> 00:20:16,609 Speaker 1: and that had been the Fry family practice for decades. 330 00:20:17,050 --> 00:20:18,770 Speaker 1: So she kind of had to be ready to just 331 00:20:19,070 --> 00:20:21,490 Speaker 1: offer up a bed to anybody who came into town. 332 00:20:22,410 --> 00:20:24,919 Speaker 1: And all of this actually led Betsy to a period 333 00:20:24,940 --> 00:20:29,240 Speaker 1: where she described feeling disconnected from the religious passion that 334 00:20:29,280 --> 00:20:32,260 Speaker 1: had been a factor in choosing to marry Joseph Frye. 335 00:20:33,119 --> 00:20:36,040 Speaker 1: She was involved in the daily happenings of a devout 336 00:20:36,100 --> 00:20:38,500 Speaker 1: Quaker family, but she didn't find it to be the 337 00:20:38,540 --> 00:20:42,820 Speaker 1: spiritual experience that she hoped for. She described the first 338 00:20:42,840 --> 00:20:46,659 Speaker 1: year of her marriage as feeling muddled and uncomfortable as 339 00:20:46,700 --> 00:20:50,330 Speaker 1: she tried to fit in and find her place. And then, 340 00:20:50,470 --> 00:20:52,970 Speaker 1: to add to the many things that she was learning 341 00:20:53,030 --> 00:20:56,530 Speaker 1: to live with, she suspected she was pregnant soon after 342 00:20:56,550 --> 00:20:59,889 Speaker 1: they moved to London, and she was. This was the 343 00:20:59,930 --> 00:21:03,550 Speaker 1: start of a family life that would ultimately include 11 344 00:21:03,550 --> 00:21:08,050 Speaker 1: children spread out over 22 years. After her first child, 345 00:21:08,270 --> 00:21:12,580 Speaker 1: a daughter named Catherine, was born on August 22, 1801, 346 00:21:12,580 --> 00:21:15,200 Speaker 1: she wrote in her journal, quote, I did not experience 347 00:21:15,260 --> 00:21:19,920 Speaker 1: that joy some women describe. Elizabeth Fry has been described 348 00:21:19,980 --> 00:21:22,820 Speaker 1: as a hypochondriac in a lot of accounts of her life, 349 00:21:22,940 --> 00:21:26,550 Speaker 1: and that anxiety over health matters was also a part 350 00:21:26,690 --> 00:21:30,770 Speaker 1: of her motherhood. She was constantly afraid for the health 351 00:21:30,810 --> 00:21:34,709 Speaker 1: of her children just from the very beginning. Her journal 352 00:21:34,810 --> 00:21:38,270 Speaker 1: entries during this time also start to take a really 353 00:21:38,470 --> 00:21:42,410 Speaker 1: rather negative tone. She seems to find fault with everything 354 00:21:42,570 --> 00:21:46,230 Speaker 1: around her. Biographer June Rose put it this way, quote, 355 00:21:46,470 --> 00:21:49,879 Speaker 1: in her early 20s, Betsy Fry's personality was at its 356 00:21:49,960 --> 00:21:54,380 Speaker 1: least attractive. She was ill at ease with herself, frustrated 357 00:21:54,480 --> 00:21:59,040 Speaker 1: in her religious aspirations. unable to use her powerful intelligence 358 00:21:59,100 --> 00:22:01,879 Speaker 1: for the social work in which she was to excel. 359 00:22:02,940 --> 00:22:06,000 Speaker 1: And Betsy was also pregnant again not long after the 360 00:22:06,020 --> 00:22:08,720 Speaker 1: first child arrived, and she wasn't very happy about it. 361 00:22:09,520 --> 00:22:12,610 Speaker 1: She loved her children, but she also wrote, very frankly, 362 00:22:12,660 --> 00:22:15,070 Speaker 1: that women had a much harder path in life than 363 00:22:15,109 --> 00:22:19,070 Speaker 1: men because of the expectations of having and rearing children 364 00:22:19,210 --> 00:22:21,669 Speaker 1: in addition to all of the daily things they were 365 00:22:21,710 --> 00:22:25,820 Speaker 1: expected to do. She also very much seems to have 366 00:22:25,840 --> 00:22:28,590 Speaker 1: been prone to what today would likely be recognized as 367 00:22:28,640 --> 00:22:34,610 Speaker 1: postpartum depression, as she often described feeling constant nervousness, physical exhaustion, 368 00:22:34,990 --> 00:22:39,169 Speaker 1: and a sense of being, quote, overcome and undone. We'll 369 00:22:39,190 --> 00:22:41,909 Speaker 1: talk about the ways that Elizabeth Fry found peace and 370 00:22:41,970 --> 00:22:45,430 Speaker 1: fulfillment after we hear from the sponsors that keep Stuff 371 00:22:45,470 --> 00:22:58,240 Speaker 1: You Missed in History class going. Elizabeth Fry did find 372 00:22:58,359 --> 00:23:01,690 Speaker 1: some peace and purpose in outreach to the poor, doing 373 00:23:01,790 --> 00:23:05,189 Speaker 1: charitable work in London similar to that which she had 374 00:23:05,210 --> 00:23:09,270 Speaker 1: done in Norwich. Her home at Mildred's Court eventually became 375 00:23:09,330 --> 00:23:12,080 Speaker 1: a place where the city's poor would stop in for help, 376 00:23:12,520 --> 00:23:15,660 Speaker 1: requesting things like clothing or food or a little money 377 00:23:15,740 --> 00:23:19,470 Speaker 1: to get them through. Then, after becoming known for this work, 378 00:23:19,550 --> 00:23:22,560 Speaker 1: she was given an opportunity to serve as a visitor 379 00:23:22,640 --> 00:23:26,500 Speaker 1: to the Friends School and Workhouse in Islington. She would 380 00:23:26,520 --> 00:23:29,270 Speaker 1: visit the children there and bring them snacks for tea 381 00:23:29,330 --> 00:23:32,610 Speaker 1: time and share Bible verses with them and pray with them. 382 00:23:33,420 --> 00:23:36,939 Speaker 1: And she found all of this really fulfilling. It seemed 383 00:23:37,020 --> 00:23:39,740 Speaker 1: that getting out of her own head and focusing on 384 00:23:39,800 --> 00:23:44,119 Speaker 1: helping others was a huge boost to her well-being. Elizabeth 385 00:23:44,200 --> 00:23:47,399 Speaker 1: started doing so much work in the community, led entirely 386 00:23:47,460 --> 00:23:50,050 Speaker 1: by her desire to do good in service to the 387 00:23:50,119 --> 00:23:53,230 Speaker 1: ideals of the Society of Friends, that it garnered her 388 00:23:53,250 --> 00:23:57,550 Speaker 1: a lot of attention. That's attention she insisted she didn't want. 389 00:23:58,310 --> 00:24:01,330 Speaker 1: She started and ran a soup kitchen. She continued to 390 00:24:01,369 --> 00:24:04,470 Speaker 1: give people clothing and money and food, and she tried 391 00:24:04,510 --> 00:24:07,770 Speaker 1: to help anyone who asked, although she definitely had some 392 00:24:07,830 --> 00:24:12,560 Speaker 1: opinions about who actually qualified as needy. We'll talk about 393 00:24:12,600 --> 00:24:15,720 Speaker 1: that more on Friday. The other thing that was significant 394 00:24:15,740 --> 00:24:17,979 Speaker 1: in this time is that Elizabeth had found her voice. 395 00:24:18,740 --> 00:24:22,200 Speaker 1: She had described being afraid to speak in any kind 396 00:24:22,240 --> 00:24:27,550 Speaker 1: of strong tone or about anything but friendly acquiescence with people. 397 00:24:28,109 --> 00:24:31,389 Speaker 1: But in advocating for people who were less fortunate than herself, 398 00:24:31,430 --> 00:24:35,060 Speaker 1: she was able to muster both courage and strength while speaking. 399 00:24:35,820 --> 00:24:39,180 Speaker 1: She was often moved to speak at regular Quaker meetings, 400 00:24:39,340 --> 00:24:42,240 Speaker 1: and eventually this led to her being recognized with the 401 00:24:42,300 --> 00:24:45,720 Speaker 1: title of minister by the Society of Friends in March 402 00:24:45,760 --> 00:24:50,400 Speaker 1: of 1811. One of the causes that Fry dedicated herself to, 403 00:24:50,580 --> 00:24:53,680 Speaker 1: and which is perhaps her best-known work, was the struggle 404 00:24:53,820 --> 00:24:58,119 Speaker 1: of women in the prison system. In 1813, Fry was 405 00:24:58,180 --> 00:25:01,560 Speaker 1: encouraged by Stephen Grellet to visit Newgate Prison. He was 406 00:25:01,619 --> 00:25:04,640 Speaker 1: a friend of the family. And what she saw was, 407 00:25:04,680 --> 00:25:07,900 Speaker 1: of course, very eye-opening to a woman who had been 408 00:25:07,960 --> 00:25:11,880 Speaker 1: raised and privileged. Up to this point, it was standard 409 00:25:11,940 --> 00:25:16,500 Speaker 1: procedure for women to all be incarcerated together. And that 410 00:25:16,540 --> 00:25:19,939 Speaker 1: meant people who committed violent crimes were in the same 411 00:25:20,100 --> 00:25:23,399 Speaker 1: huge open area as people who had been brought in 412 00:25:23,440 --> 00:25:26,830 Speaker 1: for petty crimes. Sometimes women were also kept in the 413 00:25:26,890 --> 00:25:30,449 Speaker 1: same room as men. A lot of women in prison 414 00:25:30,470 --> 00:25:32,770 Speaker 1: were single mothers. They had no one to leave their 415 00:25:32,810 --> 00:25:36,060 Speaker 1: children with, so the kids were also in prison with them. 416 00:25:37,060 --> 00:25:41,320 Speaker 1: Some of the women and children were barely clothed. Additionally, 417 00:25:41,500 --> 00:25:44,460 Speaker 1: there were women who had not gone through the legal process. 418 00:25:44,520 --> 00:25:48,369 Speaker 1: They were awaiting trial but were being held alongside people 419 00:25:48,430 --> 00:25:53,000 Speaker 1: who had been convicted and were serving sentences. Obviously, this 420 00:25:53,060 --> 00:25:57,100 Speaker 1: whole scenario is fraught with problems from basics like hygiene 421 00:25:57,140 --> 00:26:02,440 Speaker 1: to more serious issues of safety. Additionally, male jailers were 422 00:26:02,480 --> 00:26:05,889 Speaker 1: put in supervisory positions over the women being held. So 423 00:26:05,930 --> 00:26:09,389 Speaker 1: there's an obvious power imbalance there and some danger. But 424 00:26:09,410 --> 00:26:12,230 Speaker 1: there was also inequity in all of this for those 425 00:26:12,290 --> 00:26:16,250 Speaker 1: guards because they did not make a regular salary. They 426 00:26:16,310 --> 00:26:19,970 Speaker 1: were paid fees by the imprisoned women as their income. 427 00:26:21,030 --> 00:26:23,050 Speaker 1: Also men, but in this case, she was dealing mostly 428 00:26:23,090 --> 00:26:26,950 Speaker 1: with women. If someone had extra cash, they might be 429 00:26:26,990 --> 00:26:30,150 Speaker 1: able to bribe a jailer for preferential treatment or even 430 00:26:30,270 --> 00:26:33,810 Speaker 1: early release. But if they had no money, that meant 431 00:26:33,930 --> 00:26:37,830 Speaker 1: that the jailers did not get paid and their situation 432 00:26:37,930 --> 00:26:41,620 Speaker 1: got really rough. In some cases, people stayed in prison 433 00:26:41,760 --> 00:26:44,800 Speaker 1: well past the terms of their sentence because they just 434 00:26:44,859 --> 00:26:47,340 Speaker 1: couldn't afford the jailer's fees that they needed to pay 435 00:26:47,380 --> 00:26:51,409 Speaker 1: to be released. Elizabeth Fry saw ways she thought she 436 00:26:51,430 --> 00:26:54,169 Speaker 1: could help, and she built on reform work that was 437 00:26:54,250 --> 00:26:59,190 Speaker 1: already underway for the general prison system to focus on women. Initially, 438 00:26:59,230 --> 00:27:01,770 Speaker 1: this started simply with reading the Bible to the women 439 00:27:01,810 --> 00:27:05,160 Speaker 1: of Newgate, but several years after her first visit, she 440 00:27:05,220 --> 00:27:08,800 Speaker 1: really launched a campaign for reform. It started with a 441 00:27:08,920 --> 00:27:11,260 Speaker 1: school for the children who were at the prison with 442 00:27:11,300 --> 00:27:15,020 Speaker 1: their mothers. And she also worked on creating a thorough 443 00:27:15,140 --> 00:27:18,159 Speaker 1: assessment of the cases of the various women in the prison— 444 00:27:18,580 --> 00:27:20,760 Speaker 1: So there was a count of who was serving time 445 00:27:20,820 --> 00:27:25,240 Speaker 1: for what crimes, who was just there awaiting trial, etc., 446 00:27:25,100 --> 00:27:28,500 Speaker 1: as a way to advocate for classification and separation of 447 00:27:28,580 --> 00:27:31,850 Speaker 1: groups based on the situation they were in and the 448 00:27:31,880 --> 00:27:35,950 Speaker 1: severity of their offenses. She also wanted to initiate a 449 00:27:35,990 --> 00:27:39,770 Speaker 1: variety of programs to rehabilitate women and enable them to 450 00:27:39,830 --> 00:27:43,820 Speaker 1: provide for themselves when their sentences were finished. Some of 451 00:27:43,859 --> 00:27:47,359 Speaker 1: these women were destined for Australia via the ships that 452 00:27:47,420 --> 00:27:51,500 Speaker 1: transported people to penal colonies as part of a colonization project. 453 00:27:51,560 --> 00:27:53,200 Speaker 1: We have talked about that on the show before. And 454 00:27:54,140 --> 00:27:57,830 Speaker 1: Elizabeth Fry wanted to ensure that anyone who left Newgate 455 00:27:58,070 --> 00:28:01,189 Speaker 1: had enough life skills to increase their chance of survival 456 00:28:01,690 --> 00:28:04,869 Speaker 1: on trips like that and also hopefully would give them 457 00:28:04,910 --> 00:28:07,690 Speaker 1: a chance at a better life once they arrived in Australia. 458 00:28:08,770 --> 00:28:11,989 Speaker 1: To formalize all of this work and expand it, she 459 00:28:12,050 --> 00:28:15,129 Speaker 1: reached out to other Quakers who were interested in reform, 460 00:28:15,430 --> 00:28:18,710 Speaker 1: and she formed the Ladies' Association for the Improvement of 461 00:28:18,730 --> 00:28:23,260 Speaker 1: the Female Prisoners at Newgate in 1817. Fry got a 462 00:28:23,320 --> 00:28:27,760 Speaker 1: boost through family in this enterprise. In 1807, her sister 463 00:28:27,880 --> 00:28:32,440 Speaker 1: Hannah had married a man named Thomas Fowle Buxton. Buxton 464 00:28:32,540 --> 00:28:35,570 Speaker 1: was a brewer, but in 1818, he ran for and 465 00:28:35,609 --> 00:28:39,110 Speaker 1: was elected to Parliament. He had been an Anglican all 466 00:28:39,150 --> 00:28:42,090 Speaker 1: his life, but had become interested in the causes that 467 00:28:42,150 --> 00:28:45,790 Speaker 1: the Quaker community supported through his marriage into the Gurney family. 468 00:28:46,630 --> 00:28:50,390 Speaker 1: And he was willing to take Elizabeth's concerns about incarcerated 469 00:28:50,470 --> 00:28:54,580 Speaker 1: women before Parliament. He published a book titled An Inquiry, 470 00:28:54,640 --> 00:28:57,680 Speaker 1: Whether Crime and Misery Are Produced or Prevented by Our 471 00:28:57,760 --> 00:29:01,680 Speaker 1: Present System of Prison Discipline in 1818 that was part 472 00:29:01,700 --> 00:29:04,380 Speaker 1: of that effort. And that did bring attention to a 473 00:29:04,500 --> 00:29:07,970 Speaker 1: lot of the issues we have mentioned. She wrote during 474 00:29:08,010 --> 00:29:10,710 Speaker 1: this time, quote, It is now more than three years 475 00:29:10,790 --> 00:29:13,910 Speaker 1: since we first began our operations in Newgate, and how 476 00:29:13,990 --> 00:29:17,470 Speaker 1: encouraging it is that the experience of every year should 477 00:29:17,530 --> 00:29:20,530 Speaker 1: increase our hopes and diminish our fears as to the 478 00:29:20,570 --> 00:29:25,190 Speaker 1: beneficial result of these exertions. Indeed, it is wonderful to 479 00:29:25,270 --> 00:29:28,550 Speaker 1: observe the effects of kindness and care upon some of 480 00:29:28,590 --> 00:29:32,520 Speaker 1: these forlorn creatures, how it tenders their hearts and makes 481 00:29:32,560 --> 00:29:36,560 Speaker 1: them susceptible of impression. I am of opinion, from what 482 00:29:36,580 --> 00:29:39,310 Speaker 1: I have observed, that there are hardly any amongst them 483 00:29:39,430 --> 00:29:43,459 Speaker 1: so hard but that they may be subdued by kindness, gentleness, 484 00:29:43,580 --> 00:29:48,080 Speaker 1: and love, so as very materially to alter their general conduct. 485 00:29:48,920 --> 00:29:53,040 Speaker 1: Some of the worst prisoners have, after liberation, done great 486 00:29:53,140 --> 00:29:57,690 Speaker 1: credit to the care taken of them. Also in 1818, 487 00:29:57,690 --> 00:30:00,830 Speaker 1: Elizabeth Fry was brought before a House of Commons committee 488 00:30:00,930 --> 00:30:04,550 Speaker 1: on prison conditions to speak on these issues. By this point, 489 00:30:04,610 --> 00:30:07,430 Speaker 1: she was considered to have a good deal of expertise 490 00:30:07,550 --> 00:30:10,450 Speaker 1: on the matter because she had been making regular visits 491 00:30:10,540 --> 00:30:14,460 Speaker 1: to Newgate for several years. But her Quaker beliefs on 492 00:30:14,500 --> 00:30:19,020 Speaker 1: these matters proved to be problematic. Fry was adamant that 493 00:30:19,100 --> 00:30:22,080 Speaker 1: the death penalty should be abolished, which got a lot 494 00:30:22,120 --> 00:30:26,320 Speaker 1: of members of Parliament pretty riled up. The argument made 495 00:30:26,380 --> 00:30:30,100 Speaker 1: against her position was that without the threat of judicial homicide, 496 00:30:30,160 --> 00:30:34,420 Speaker 1: there was not a strong enough deterrent against serious crimes. 497 00:30:35,420 --> 00:30:38,200 Speaker 1: But this was also a time when even pretty minor 498 00:30:38,270 --> 00:30:41,310 Speaker 1: offenses could result in a death penalty, although there was 499 00:30:41,350 --> 00:30:45,720 Speaker 1: a movement to reform legal codes which was underway. Some 500 00:30:45,760 --> 00:30:49,340 Speaker 1: of the detractors of Fry's ideas sought to discredit them 501 00:30:49,380 --> 00:30:51,900 Speaker 1: by pointing out that she was not an expert in 502 00:30:51,960 --> 00:30:54,900 Speaker 1: matters of the law and she was essentially a tourist 503 00:30:55,020 --> 00:30:59,500 Speaker 1: in the spaces that she wanted to reform. Fry traveled 504 00:30:59,540 --> 00:31:04,340 Speaker 1: throughout Europe starting in 1818, touring prisons and documenting what 505 00:31:04,400 --> 00:31:07,420 Speaker 1: she saw in them. And she used these detailed notes 506 00:31:07,480 --> 00:31:11,050 Speaker 1: to write up reports about each one, which included recommendations 507 00:31:11,110 --> 00:31:13,710 Speaker 1: for improvements. A lot of the time, she had actually 508 00:31:13,750 --> 00:31:16,650 Speaker 1: been invited because once she appeared before the House of Commons, 509 00:31:17,130 --> 00:31:19,710 Speaker 1: people started to want to hear what this reformer had 510 00:31:19,750 --> 00:31:24,270 Speaker 1: to say. These recommendations, which were not only for incarcerated women, 511 00:31:24,390 --> 00:31:27,590 Speaker 1: but for facilities that housed men as well, were generally 512 00:31:27,690 --> 00:31:30,330 Speaker 1: very similar to the ones that she had made for Newgate. 513 00:31:31,030 --> 00:31:34,420 Speaker 1: She advocated that women and men should be incarcerated separately, 514 00:31:34,600 --> 00:31:38,420 Speaker 1: with violent offenders and misdemeanor offenders also kept separately, and 515 00:31:38,960 --> 00:31:42,500 Speaker 1: that women should serve as supervisors and jailers of other 516 00:31:42,540 --> 00:31:46,860 Speaker 1: women instead of male guards. She also continued to recommend 517 00:31:46,920 --> 00:31:50,380 Speaker 1: ideas intended to reduce recidivism and make the time that 518 00:31:50,420 --> 00:31:55,350 Speaker 1: people spent serving sentences productive rather than letting them simply 519 00:31:55,510 --> 00:31:58,360 Speaker 1: sit in their cells. So one of the things she 520 00:31:58,420 --> 00:32:04,720 Speaker 1: suggested uniformly was education. This included religious studies, but also 521 00:32:04,920 --> 00:32:09,780 Speaker 1: non-religious instruction and training for useful employment once their time 522 00:32:09,820 --> 00:32:13,200 Speaker 1: in prison was over. Because Fry had become something of 523 00:32:13,260 --> 00:32:17,350 Speaker 1: a public figure, in 1821, the association that she founded 524 00:32:17,400 --> 00:32:22,110 Speaker 1: to help Newgate's incarcerated women population had evolved to have 525 00:32:22,150 --> 00:32:25,670 Speaker 1: a broader base of supporters and the potential for greater impact. 526 00:32:26,090 --> 00:32:28,200 Speaker 1: And it was decided at that point that it would 527 00:32:28,220 --> 00:32:31,660 Speaker 1: be better served by a name that reflected this wider scope. 528 00:32:32,040 --> 00:32:34,840 Speaker 1: So at that point, it became the British Ladies' Society 529 00:32:34,920 --> 00:32:40,160 Speaker 1: for Promoting the Reformation of Female Prisoners. In 1822, Sir 530 00:32:40,220 --> 00:32:44,350 Speaker 1: Robert Peel became Home Secretary in Parliament, and he was 531 00:32:44,530 --> 00:32:47,630 Speaker 1: much more open to the reforms that Elizabeth Fry had 532 00:32:47,670 --> 00:32:51,570 Speaker 1: been campaigning for than his predecessor had been. Due in 533 00:32:51,630 --> 00:32:55,790 Speaker 1: part to her influence, in 1823, the Jails Act was passed, 534 00:32:55,850 --> 00:33:00,190 Speaker 1: which stated, quote, prisons should be made secure, jailers should 535 00:33:00,230 --> 00:33:04,470 Speaker 1: be paid, female prisoners should be kept separately from male prisoners, 536 00:33:05,110 --> 00:33:09,530 Speaker 1: doctors and chaplains should visit prisons, and lastly, attempts should 537 00:33:09,570 --> 00:33:13,670 Speaker 1: be made to reform prisoners. This was a first step, 538 00:33:13,970 --> 00:33:16,490 Speaker 1: and Elizabeth Fry and the other members of her reform 539 00:33:16,560 --> 00:33:20,820 Speaker 1: society continued to champion the cause of prison reform. In 540 00:33:20,840 --> 00:33:24,180 Speaker 1: the 1830s, there was still a great deal of debate 541 00:33:24,280 --> 00:33:28,590 Speaker 1: about the management of incarcerated populations. So even though a 542 00:33:28,640 --> 00:33:31,950 Speaker 1: decade of reform advocacy had been going on, they were 543 00:33:31,990 --> 00:33:36,030 Speaker 1: still arguing about it in Parliament. In October 1835, the 544 00:33:36,210 --> 00:33:39,250 Speaker 1: House of Lords appointed two men to inspect the prisons 545 00:33:39,370 --> 00:33:44,040 Speaker 1: of London. Those were philanthropist and juvenile criminal reformist William 546 00:33:44,120 --> 00:33:48,660 Speaker 1: Crawford and the chaplain of Millbank Penitentiary, Revlin Whitworth Russell. 547 00:33:49,490 --> 00:33:52,940 Speaker 1: And their first report was about Newgate exclusively because they 548 00:33:53,000 --> 00:33:56,340 Speaker 1: realized it had plenty of things that they needed to discuss. 549 00:33:57,240 --> 00:33:59,950 Speaker 1: Their findings were actually pretty similar to all the things 550 00:33:59,990 --> 00:34:04,220 Speaker 1: that Fry had found when she first visited Newgate. Additionally, 551 00:34:04,380 --> 00:34:08,300 Speaker 1: their report specifically spoke about the work of Elizabeth Fry. 552 00:34:08,940 --> 00:34:12,160 Speaker 1: And these two inspectors commended her efforts, and they acknowledged 553 00:34:12,200 --> 00:34:15,319 Speaker 1: that they had improved the hygiene of the prison, they 554 00:34:15,400 --> 00:34:19,529 Speaker 1: had beneficially occupied people with things to do, and it 555 00:34:19,550 --> 00:34:23,390 Speaker 1: had had a positive impact in other ways. But there's 556 00:34:23,450 --> 00:34:27,650 Speaker 1: always a big caveat. The issue that they had with 557 00:34:27,690 --> 00:34:30,770 Speaker 1: her was that some of the women's programs and lectures 558 00:34:30,890 --> 00:34:34,350 Speaker 1: and training sessions included happened at times that caused them 559 00:34:34,469 --> 00:34:38,549 Speaker 1: to miss chapel services. The implication here was that the 560 00:34:38,590 --> 00:34:41,710 Speaker 1: work of a Quaker woman was interfering with the workings 561 00:34:41,770 --> 00:34:45,090 Speaker 1: of the Anglican church in the prison systems, and that 562 00:34:45,250 --> 00:34:49,280 Speaker 1: was a problem. That aspect of the report damaged Fry's 563 00:34:49,560 --> 00:34:52,279 Speaker 1: standing with the public to a degree, but she was 564 00:34:52,340 --> 00:34:56,410 Speaker 1: still respected in many circles, including very powerful ones. By 565 00:34:56,450 --> 00:35:00,680 Speaker 1: the time Queen Victoria took the throne in 1837, Elizabeth 566 00:35:00,719 --> 00:35:04,299 Speaker 1: Fry was well known for her reform work. So much 567 00:35:04,420 --> 00:35:06,700 Speaker 1: so that the young queen met with her on a 568 00:35:06,739 --> 00:35:10,250 Speaker 1: number of occasions to speak about her work. Fry toured 569 00:35:10,410 --> 00:35:13,830 Speaker 1: Europe giving talks about prison reform and was welcomed by 570 00:35:13,870 --> 00:35:16,610 Speaker 1: heads of state and asked to give reports and counsel 571 00:35:16,640 --> 00:35:19,719 Speaker 1: by them. This also garnered her a good deal of 572 00:35:19,840 --> 00:35:23,589 Speaker 1: criticism from some Quakers who worried that her fame was 573 00:35:23,710 --> 00:35:27,589 Speaker 1: not in line with the religion she claimed. Yeah, she 574 00:35:27,630 --> 00:35:30,130 Speaker 1: was always very adamant. Like, I don't want credit. I 575 00:35:30,150 --> 00:35:32,270 Speaker 1: don't want to be lauded for this. But, like, at 576 00:35:32,310 --> 00:35:34,440 Speaker 1: the same time, she was being very vocal and there 577 00:35:34,460 --> 00:35:37,960 Speaker 1: was kind of no way to not be famous. So 578 00:35:39,300 --> 00:35:41,520 Speaker 1: she was kind of stuck between a rock and a 579 00:35:41,540 --> 00:35:45,190 Speaker 1: hard place in that regard. Yeah. The 1840s saw a 580 00:35:45,230 --> 00:35:48,850 Speaker 1: great deal of family tragedy for Elizabeth Fry and a 581 00:35:49,290 --> 00:35:53,030 Speaker 1: slowing down for her as well. Her beloved son William, 582 00:35:53,130 --> 00:35:55,430 Speaker 1: an adult at that point who had doted on her 583 00:35:55,590 --> 00:35:59,050 Speaker 1: and had taken care of her in many instances, died 584 00:35:59,230 --> 00:36:03,160 Speaker 1: along with his daughter of scarlet fever. The family had 585 00:36:03,219 --> 00:36:06,500 Speaker 1: been afraid to even tell Elizabeth because they thought she 586 00:36:06,540 --> 00:36:10,089 Speaker 1: might die of shock or grief immediately. But she did 587 00:36:10,150 --> 00:36:14,030 Speaker 1: endure the news, although she also lost four more family 588 00:36:14,070 --> 00:36:16,709 Speaker 1: members in a very short period of time after this, 589 00:36:17,310 --> 00:36:22,480 Speaker 1: including her supporter in Parliament, Thomas Fowle Buxton. In September 590 00:36:22,520 --> 00:36:25,380 Speaker 1: of 1845, she wrote to one of her sons, quote, 591 00:36:25,680 --> 00:36:29,739 Speaker 1: I deeply feel that from long and continued illness, I 592 00:36:29,780 --> 00:36:32,580 Speaker 1: can be very little to your dearest father in his 593 00:36:32,660 --> 00:36:35,410 Speaker 1: latter days, and I feel it most important that his 594 00:36:35,510 --> 00:36:39,650 Speaker 1: sons should be his helpers and comforters. I think that 595 00:36:39,690 --> 00:36:42,870 Speaker 1: you cannot expect that you will very long have a 596 00:36:42,930 --> 00:36:47,710 Speaker 1: mother to come to. Elizabeth Gurney Frye died A few 597 00:36:47,730 --> 00:36:52,160 Speaker 1: weeks later, on October 12, 1845, in Ramsgate, Kent, after 598 00:36:52,300 --> 00:36:56,020 Speaker 1: a stroke. Although there was no funeral ceremony in keeping 599 00:36:56,060 --> 00:37:00,379 Speaker 1: with Quaker tradition to eschew such things, an estimated 1,000 600 00:37:00,380 --> 00:37:03,890 Speaker 1: people showed up to watch silently as Elizabeth was interred 601 00:37:04,270 --> 00:37:09,810 Speaker 1: in the Quaker cemetery at Barking in East London. And 602 00:37:09,830 --> 00:37:14,140 Speaker 1: that's Elizabeth Fry. Yeah. This is very fascinating. Do you 603 00:37:14,160 --> 00:37:17,190 Speaker 1: have some listener mail? I do. I can't wait till 604 00:37:17,230 --> 00:37:20,810 Speaker 1: Friday because I have so many thoughts about Elizabeth Fry. Yeah. 605 00:37:20,870 --> 00:37:22,700 Speaker 1: But in the meantime, I have a listener mail from 606 00:37:22,760 --> 00:37:26,719 Speaker 1: our listener, Ren, who's writing about Beulah Henry and writes, 607 00:37:26,760 --> 00:37:28,779 Speaker 1: Hi there, Holly and Tracy. I just listened to your 608 00:37:28,800 --> 00:37:32,400 Speaker 1: podcast about Beulah Louise Henry and the flagpole invention idea. 609 00:37:32,420 --> 00:37:35,719 Speaker 1: I believe it is a simpler design than described. It 610 00:37:35,780 --> 00:37:38,430 Speaker 1: may look something like this. The pole is lowered into 611 00:37:38,469 --> 00:37:41,690 Speaker 1: a surrounding hole, preventing contact with the ground. This would 612 00:37:41,710 --> 00:37:44,570 Speaker 1: give it more clearance as it moves around being lowered. 613 00:37:44,989 --> 00:37:47,130 Speaker 1: For safety reasons, I assume you would need a cover 614 00:37:47,170 --> 00:37:49,500 Speaker 1: for the hole when it is not being lured. Maybe 615 00:37:49,540 --> 00:37:52,180 Speaker 1: a six-year-old would have thought of that. This is just 616 00:37:52,239 --> 00:37:54,360 Speaker 1: a thought. Please enjoy my silly little drawing on the 617 00:37:54,400 --> 00:37:57,719 Speaker 1: sticky note. I spend my days inventing lab equipment. What 618 00:37:57,739 --> 00:37:59,860 Speaker 1: I have found is that the simplest ideas prove to 619 00:37:59,900 --> 00:38:02,890 Speaker 1: be the most effective. Your show brings so much joy 620 00:38:02,930 --> 00:38:04,870 Speaker 1: to my life. I have listened to you for years, 621 00:38:04,989 --> 00:38:07,649 Speaker 1: and often the podcast accompanies me while I do my work. 622 00:38:08,050 --> 00:38:10,190 Speaker 1: Thank you for all of your dedication to craft. Keep 623 00:38:10,230 --> 00:38:12,230 Speaker 1: up the good work. Okay, one, I think you're a 624 00:38:12,250 --> 00:38:15,750 Speaker 1: cool person because... If you're inventing lab equipment, that is neat. 625 00:38:16,430 --> 00:38:18,859 Speaker 1: I don't think this is what Beulah had in mind, though. 626 00:38:18,880 --> 00:38:24,220 Speaker 1: I kept going back and looking at the exact quote, 627 00:38:25,219 --> 00:38:27,520 Speaker 1: and I don't think it quite lines up because it says, 628 00:38:27,719 --> 00:38:30,339 Speaker 1: there should be a hole right through that pole so 629 00:38:30,380 --> 00:38:32,760 Speaker 1: the flag could drop through and never touch the ground. 630 00:38:33,219 --> 00:38:35,820 Speaker 1: So the hole is through the pole, not the pole 631 00:38:35,880 --> 00:38:38,250 Speaker 1: going into a hole. And as I say this, I 632 00:38:38,290 --> 00:38:41,620 Speaker 1: feel like I'm writing the silliest children's book ever. The 633 00:38:41,660 --> 00:38:44,279 Speaker 1: pole and the hole. But this solution of rents is 634 00:38:44,360 --> 00:38:46,960 Speaker 1: quite ingenious, I will say. It just drops the whole 635 00:38:47,020 --> 00:38:50,710 Speaker 1: flag and its pole underground until it is re-raised the 636 00:38:50,750 --> 00:38:54,350 Speaker 1: next time, which is genius. Someone somewhere sent us a 637 00:38:54,390 --> 00:39:02,170 Speaker 1: video of like a patio umbrella. And the patio umbrella, 638 00:39:03,070 --> 00:39:05,870 Speaker 1: instead of folding down and then you tie it up 639 00:39:05,930 --> 00:39:08,850 Speaker 1: on the outside... it sort of folded inside out and 640 00:39:08,910 --> 00:39:12,880 Speaker 1: dropped down into the pole that holds it up. And that, 641 00:39:12,900 --> 00:39:15,300 Speaker 1: to me, is more of a hole through the pole, 642 00:39:15,320 --> 00:39:19,359 Speaker 1: because the whole pole was hollow. See, when you keep 643 00:39:19,400 --> 00:39:21,080 Speaker 1: saying whole pole, you do sound like you're writing a 644 00:39:21,120 --> 00:39:24,410 Speaker 1: children's book. It is a little weird, yeah. Yeah, I 645 00:39:24,450 --> 00:39:26,850 Speaker 1: don't know. Oh, Beulah, I'm going to get in my 646 00:39:26,870 --> 00:39:29,589 Speaker 1: time machine and be like, I'm going to waste every 647 00:39:29,610 --> 00:39:31,799 Speaker 1: other opportunity. to go, girl, what did you mean? We're 648 00:39:32,040 --> 00:39:34,600 Speaker 1: all really trying to suss this out. We're very confused 649 00:39:34,640 --> 00:39:36,969 Speaker 1: about the whole through the pole. I like it, though, 650 00:39:36,989 --> 00:39:39,310 Speaker 1: because it's making us all think creatively, which is always 651 00:39:39,370 --> 00:39:43,190 Speaker 1: a benefit to our minds to do that. And also, 652 00:39:43,330 --> 00:39:45,489 Speaker 1: you know, just who knows what someone will invent as 653 00:39:45,510 --> 00:39:49,009 Speaker 1: a consequence. I'm just delighted that someone who invents things 654 00:39:49,430 --> 00:39:52,930 Speaker 1: actually had the desire to weigh in on this. So 655 00:39:53,190 --> 00:39:55,090 Speaker 1: thank you so much, Wren. If you would like to 656 00:39:55,130 --> 00:39:58,330 Speaker 1: write to us and share your thoughts on maybe how 657 00:39:58,350 --> 00:40:02,920 Speaker 1: this poll hole situation works, or on Elizabeth Fry and 658 00:40:02,980 --> 00:40:06,580 Speaker 1: her very emo self, which, again, we're going to talk 659 00:40:06,600 --> 00:40:09,120 Speaker 1: about a lot on Friday, or anything else that comes 660 00:40:09,160 --> 00:40:12,990 Speaker 1: to mind, you are invited to do so at historypodcast 661 00:40:13,070 --> 00:40:17,000 Speaker 1: at iheartradio.com. If you would like to look at the 662 00:40:17,020 --> 00:40:19,359 Speaker 1: show notes and the sources that we use to put 663 00:40:19,400 --> 00:40:23,520 Speaker 1: together shows, you can do that at missedinhistory.com. Each episode 664 00:40:23,560 --> 00:40:26,020 Speaker 1: has show notes that will show you all the things 665 00:40:26,060 --> 00:40:28,460 Speaker 1: we looked at and read or in some cases skimmed. 666 00:40:29,020 --> 00:40:31,819 Speaker 1: And that is easy to access. If you would like 667 00:40:31,920 --> 00:40:34,239 Speaker 1: to subscribe to the show and you haven't done that yet, 668 00:40:34,340 --> 00:40:36,089 Speaker 1: that is also easy to do. You can do that 669 00:40:36,160 --> 00:40:38,710 Speaker 1: on the iHeartRadio app or anywhere you listen to your 670 00:40:38,750 --> 00:40:46,550 Speaker 1: favorite shows. Stuff You Missed in History Class is a 671 00:40:46,570 --> 00:40:50,989 Speaker 1: production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the 672 00:40:51,050 --> 00:40:54,520 Speaker 1: iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your 673 00:40:54,540 --> 00:40:55,160 Speaker 1: favorite shows.