1 00:00:01,280 --> 00:00:04,320 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,360 --> 00:00:13,680 Speaker 1: of I Heart Radio. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:13,840 --> 00:00:18,240 Speaker 1: I'm Tracy B. Wilson, and I'm Holly fry Alistair Crowley 4 00:00:18,320 --> 00:00:22,119 Speaker 1: is somebody I've been considering for an October episode for 5 00:00:22,280 --> 00:00:25,520 Speaker 1: quite a while. But the thing is, I would kind 6 00:00:25,520 --> 00:00:29,560 Speaker 1: of stumble across his name in some totally random other 7 00:00:29,800 --> 00:00:32,960 Speaker 1: part of the year and that has nothing to do 8 00:00:33,040 --> 00:00:35,400 Speaker 1: with October and kind of go, oh, yeah, I was 9 00:00:35,400 --> 00:00:38,120 Speaker 1: thinking about him for an October episode, but then I'd 10 00:00:38,159 --> 00:00:41,760 Speaker 1: never made note of that anywhere, and then it would 11 00:00:41,800 --> 00:00:45,559 Speaker 1: be November. Um. We don't only cover these types of 12 00:00:45,600 --> 00:00:51,400 Speaker 1: subjects around October, but Crowley does seem particularly suited for 13 00:00:51,440 --> 00:00:56,080 Speaker 1: a more seasonal October episode, which on this show has 14 00:00:56,120 --> 00:01:01,639 Speaker 1: become traditionally associated with things that are other worldly in 15 00:01:01,720 --> 00:01:06,640 Speaker 1: some way. I grew up in a pretty conservative Methodist 16 00:01:06,680 --> 00:01:10,759 Speaker 1: household in the nineties, eighties and early nineties, in other words, 17 00:01:10,880 --> 00:01:13,880 Speaker 1: in the middle of Satanic panic. That meant there were 18 00:01:13,920 --> 00:01:17,319 Speaker 1: some subjects my mom felt very strongly that I should 19 00:01:17,319 --> 00:01:22,039 Speaker 1: not be exposed to, and that included sex, drugs, and Satanism. 20 00:01:22,080 --> 00:01:25,640 Speaker 1: And this episode is going to touch on pretty much 21 00:01:26,240 --> 00:01:30,280 Speaker 1: all of those things because Alistair Crowley was a truly 22 00:01:30,360 --> 00:01:36,319 Speaker 1: prolific and deliberately transgressive occultists whose practices included sex and 23 00:01:36,400 --> 00:01:40,320 Speaker 1: drug use. He went on to influence things like modern Satanism, 24 00:01:40,360 --> 00:01:44,279 Speaker 1: as well as various other new religious movements. And also 25 00:01:44,400 --> 00:01:48,280 Speaker 1: just the note on pronunciation. If you've ever listened to 26 00:01:48,320 --> 00:01:52,400 Speaker 1: Ozzy Osbourne, or if you're just an American, or if 27 00:01:52,400 --> 00:01:57,760 Speaker 1: you speak English with various specific accents, you have probably 28 00:01:57,840 --> 00:02:03,240 Speaker 1: gotten really used to the pronunciation and Alistair Crawley, I 29 00:02:03,320 --> 00:02:05,720 Speaker 1: know that's how I always said it. That's how I 30 00:02:05,760 --> 00:02:07,960 Speaker 1: think you and I both said it in last year's 31 00:02:08,000 --> 00:02:12,679 Speaker 1: episode on Taro Crowley is Crowley. Yeah, I think I 32 00:02:12,760 --> 00:02:15,320 Speaker 1: think that was what I was even trying to say 33 00:02:15,360 --> 00:02:17,760 Speaker 1: in that moment when I'm more I said it more Crawley. 34 00:02:17,840 --> 00:02:21,959 Speaker 1: I think I've always said it Crowley. He said it Crowley, 35 00:02:22,000 --> 00:02:26,600 Speaker 1: though the brewery that his family owned even had crows 36 00:02:26,639 --> 00:02:31,480 Speaker 1: on the labels, Like I don't know entirely how it 37 00:02:31,639 --> 00:02:35,560 Speaker 1: became more like Crowley. Um, so it's totally possible at 38 00:02:35,560 --> 00:02:39,280 Speaker 1: some point during this episode I will regrets to saying 39 00:02:39,280 --> 00:02:41,440 Speaker 1: it the way I've said it my entire life before 40 00:02:41,520 --> 00:02:45,400 Speaker 1: learning that he said it Crowley over the last four days. Also, 41 00:02:45,560 --> 00:02:47,640 Speaker 1: I just want to note that this episode is wild. 42 00:02:48,360 --> 00:02:51,079 Speaker 1: I kept feeling like this must be the strangest thing 43 00:02:51,200 --> 00:02:53,560 Speaker 1: that's gonna happen this entire episode, and then I would 44 00:02:53,560 --> 00:02:57,480 Speaker 1: find another stranger. But at the same time, I feel 45 00:02:57,520 --> 00:02:59,960 Speaker 1: like his life and his work were just so prolific 46 00:03:00,240 --> 00:03:03,560 Speaker 1: and so varied that it just really scratches the surface. 47 00:03:03,560 --> 00:03:07,799 Speaker 1: If you're a de vote of Alistair Crowley, you may 48 00:03:07,880 --> 00:03:10,440 Speaker 1: find ten million things that you think we left out. 49 00:03:11,680 --> 00:03:15,400 Speaker 1: I think that's true of any subject we do. Alistair 50 00:03:15,440 --> 00:03:20,320 Speaker 1: Crowley was born Edward Alexander Crowley in Leamington, spa, Warwickshire, England, 51 00:03:20,639 --> 00:03:25,080 Speaker 1: on October twelfth. This was the same year that French 52 00:03:25,120 --> 00:03:28,600 Speaker 1: occultists La Fas Levy died. He was the author of 53 00:03:28,680 --> 00:03:32,040 Speaker 1: books like The History of Magic, Transcendental Magic, It's Doctrine 54 00:03:32,040 --> 00:03:35,720 Speaker 1: and Ritual, and The Key to the Great Mysteries. We 55 00:03:35,800 --> 00:03:40,120 Speaker 1: talked about him in our Tero episode I Forgot. It 56 00:03:40,320 --> 00:03:43,040 Speaker 1: was also the same year that past podcast subject Helena 57 00:03:43,080 --> 00:03:48,120 Speaker 1: Blovotsky co founded the Theosophical Society, which pulled together religious, 58 00:03:48,120 --> 00:03:52,760 Speaker 1: philosophical and mystical traditions from all over the world. Crowley 59 00:03:52,840 --> 00:03:55,680 Speaker 1: felt that it was significant that these two things happened 60 00:03:55,760 --> 00:03:58,560 Speaker 1: in the year of his birth. This would not have 61 00:03:58,680 --> 00:04:02,040 Speaker 1: resonated in that way with his parents, though, They were 62 00:04:02,160 --> 00:04:05,440 Speaker 1: Edward and Emily Crowley, who were part of an evangelical 63 00:04:05,520 --> 00:04:09,800 Speaker 1: Christian movement known as the Plymouth Brethren. Its founders included 64 00:04:09,880 --> 00:04:13,800 Speaker 1: John Nelson Darby, whose teachings included the idea that humanity 65 00:04:14,000 --> 00:04:17,280 Speaker 1: was progressing through a series of ages that would culminate 66 00:04:17,320 --> 00:04:19,839 Speaker 1: with the end of the world as it was described 67 00:04:19,839 --> 00:04:23,640 Speaker 1: in the Book of Revelation. Before that point, Christians would 68 00:04:23,680 --> 00:04:27,560 Speaker 1: be taken to Heaven through the rapture. Plymouth Brethren don't 69 00:04:27,560 --> 00:04:30,800 Speaker 1: really have a hierarchy of clergy and laity, but Edward 70 00:04:30,960 --> 00:04:33,479 Speaker 1: was an evangelist and all of this was a big 71 00:04:33,520 --> 00:04:36,960 Speaker 1: part of Crowley's upbringing. From a young age, he was 72 00:04:37,080 --> 00:04:39,800 Speaker 1: fascinated by some of the more vivid figures from the 73 00:04:39,800 --> 00:04:43,960 Speaker 1: Book of Revelation, including the Dragon, the scarlet Woman, the 74 00:04:44,040 --> 00:04:48,040 Speaker 1: false Prophet, and the beast. Thanks to the Crowley's long 75 00:04:48,120 --> 00:04:51,480 Speaker 1: involvement with the brewing industry, the family was pretty well off. 76 00:04:52,120 --> 00:04:55,000 Speaker 1: They called their son Alec, and in his words, his 77 00:04:55,160 --> 00:05:00,799 Speaker 1: childhood was almost abnormally normal. He was educated in private schools, 78 00:05:00,960 --> 00:05:04,200 Speaker 1: most of them affiliated either with the Plymouth Brethren or 79 00:05:04,200 --> 00:05:08,799 Speaker 1: with other evangelical sex His father died when he was eleven, 80 00:05:08,920 --> 00:05:12,880 Speaker 1: and this was really traumatic. Alec had really idolized his 81 00:05:12,960 --> 00:05:16,640 Speaker 1: father and an uncle who played a much bigger role 82 00:05:16,640 --> 00:05:19,200 Speaker 1: in his life from that point was really pretty cruel 83 00:05:19,200 --> 00:05:25,800 Speaker 1: to him. Eventually, alex started to rebel against school, against Christianity, 84 00:05:25,880 --> 00:05:31,520 Speaker 1: and against his family. He also experienced chronic illnesses, including asthma, 85 00:05:31,640 --> 00:05:34,279 Speaker 1: that sometimes kept him from being able to attend school, 86 00:05:34,960 --> 00:05:38,159 Speaker 1: and during those periods he worked with private tutors. He 87 00:05:38,240 --> 00:05:41,440 Speaker 1: spent some time in both Malvern College and Tonbridge School 88 00:05:41,480 --> 00:05:47,200 Speaker 1: before entering Trinity College, Cambridge. In Curly changed his name 89 00:05:47,279 --> 00:05:52,480 Speaker 1: from Edward Alexander to Alistair at about this time. This 90 00:05:52,600 --> 00:05:56,160 Speaker 1: change probably had a couple of inspirations. One was Percy 91 00:05:56,200 --> 00:05:59,920 Speaker 1: bish Shelley's poem alis Store or the Spirit of Solitude, 92 00:06:00,440 --> 00:06:03,480 Speaker 1: and the other was the Gaelic version of the name Alexander, 93 00:06:03,560 --> 00:06:07,440 Speaker 1: although that is usually spelled a L A S d 94 00:06:07,720 --> 00:06:11,160 Speaker 1: A I R, not a L E I S T 95 00:06:11,440 --> 00:06:15,320 Speaker 1: e R, A name I spelled wrong. A lot of 96 00:06:15,360 --> 00:06:17,919 Speaker 1: times while typing this, I had to add it to 97 00:06:18,040 --> 00:06:23,240 Speaker 1: my word dictionaries that could keep it straight. Although Crowley 98 00:06:23,360 --> 00:06:26,000 Speaker 1: didn't finish a degree at Trinity, the three years that 99 00:06:26,080 --> 00:06:29,440 Speaker 1: he did spend their were formative. He played chess and 100 00:06:29,440 --> 00:06:31,880 Speaker 1: wrote poetry, and he did well in his courses in 101 00:06:31,920 --> 00:06:35,359 Speaker 1: spite of not really paying attention to them. His parents 102 00:06:35,360 --> 00:06:38,240 Speaker 1: had always expected him to excel at his school work, 103 00:06:38,720 --> 00:06:41,000 Speaker 1: but they were also really strict about what he was 104 00:06:41,040 --> 00:06:43,920 Speaker 1: allowed to read. The only book he could have at 105 00:06:43,960 --> 00:06:46,719 Speaker 1: home was the Bible. So while he wasn't all that 106 00:06:46,839 --> 00:06:49,800 Speaker 1: focused on his formal course of study at Trinity, he 107 00:06:49,920 --> 00:06:53,880 Speaker 1: still studied a lot, immersing himself in things like medieval 108 00:06:53,920 --> 00:07:00,000 Speaker 1: magic and Rosicrucian mysticism. Rosicrucianism dates back to the seventeenth century, 109 00:07:00,000 --> 00:07:02,360 Speaker 1: and it's focused on the idea that its members are 110 00:07:02,400 --> 00:07:07,880 Speaker 1: maintaining and passing down ancient esoteric secrets and wisdom. Curly's 111 00:07:07,920 --> 00:07:11,640 Speaker 1: time at Trinity was also happening well into a renewed 112 00:07:11,880 --> 00:07:15,400 Speaker 1: interest in the occult that started in the late nineteenth century. 113 00:07:15,840 --> 00:07:19,480 Speaker 1: Sometimes this is described as the Occult Revival. It had 114 00:07:19,520 --> 00:07:23,360 Speaker 1: some common elements with the spiritualist movement that was evolving 115 00:07:23,360 --> 00:07:27,240 Speaker 1: at about the same time, like the Theosophist movement that 116 00:07:27,400 --> 00:07:31,520 Speaker 1: was also part of this whole landscape. The Occult Revival 117 00:07:31,600 --> 00:07:36,920 Speaker 1: brought together a range of influences, including a Victorian understanding 118 00:07:37,000 --> 00:07:41,440 Speaker 1: of the religious and mythical traditions of ancient Egypt, ancient Greece, 119 00:07:41,560 --> 00:07:45,160 Speaker 1: and Asia. Just as a side note, if you get 120 00:07:45,160 --> 00:07:48,240 Speaker 1: into academic work about this whole period, there are a 121 00:07:48,360 --> 00:07:52,560 Speaker 1: lot of different and sometimes slightly contradictory definitions and use 122 00:07:53,080 --> 00:07:57,480 Speaker 1: for terms like occult and esoteric. Some draw a distinction 123 00:07:57,640 --> 00:08:02,160 Speaker 1: between occult meaning hidden knowledge, an esoteric meaning knowledge that 124 00:08:02,280 --> 00:08:05,920 Speaker 1: is revealed only too specific people like initiates of a 125 00:08:05,960 --> 00:08:09,480 Speaker 1: specific order, But there is some overlap there, and some 126 00:08:09,520 --> 00:08:13,320 Speaker 1: people use these terms kind of interchangeably. We aren't going 127 00:08:13,400 --> 00:08:16,560 Speaker 1: to try to draw a huge distinction between them, especially 128 00:08:16,640 --> 00:08:19,200 Speaker 1: since a lot of what Alistair Crowley did could really 129 00:08:19,200 --> 00:08:22,640 Speaker 1: be described using both terms, just kind of depending on 130 00:08:22,680 --> 00:08:26,800 Speaker 1: what we're talking about. Crowley had his first mystical experience 131 00:08:26,880 --> 00:08:29,840 Speaker 1: on New Year's Eve eight nineties six, while he was 132 00:08:29,880 --> 00:08:33,440 Speaker 1: on winter break in Stockholm. He later said that this 133 00:08:33,559 --> 00:08:37,440 Speaker 1: experience quote put me on the road to myself. A 134 00:08:37,520 --> 00:08:40,040 Speaker 1: year later, the same thing happened again, and he described 135 00:08:40,080 --> 00:08:43,520 Speaker 1: it this way quote, My animal nature stood rebuked and 136 00:08:43,600 --> 00:08:47,440 Speaker 1: kept silent in the presence of the imminent divinity of 137 00:08:47,440 --> 00:08:52,960 Speaker 1: the Holy Ghost, omnipotent, omniscient and omnipresent, yet blossoming in 138 00:08:53,080 --> 00:08:56,240 Speaker 1: my soul, as if the entire forces of the universe 139 00:08:56,320 --> 00:09:00,360 Speaker 1: from all eternity were concentrated and made manifest in a 140 00:09:00,520 --> 00:09:06,160 Speaker 1: single rose. Crowley left Trinity College in his first poem 141 00:09:06,280 --> 00:09:09,640 Speaker 1: was published that same year, titled Academa, A Place to 142 00:09:09,800 --> 00:09:13,480 Speaker 1: Very Strangers in which was credited to a gentleman of 143 00:09:13,520 --> 00:09:18,120 Speaker 1: the University of Cambridge. Thanks to Crowley's inheritance, he was 144 00:09:18,200 --> 00:09:21,400 Speaker 1: able to pretty much do what he wanted after leaving college. 145 00:09:21,720 --> 00:09:26,120 Speaker 1: This included mountaineering and big game hunting, and he traveled 146 00:09:26,120 --> 00:09:30,040 Speaker 1: extensively for both of those pursuits. But he also traveled 147 00:09:30,040 --> 00:09:33,959 Speaker 1: in pursuit of knowledge, seeking out mystical and spiritual guidance, 148 00:09:34,720 --> 00:09:37,720 Speaker 1: yeah as he started developing whole systems of ritual magic. 149 00:09:37,760 --> 00:09:41,200 Speaker 1: This travel would also include going to places and like 150 00:09:41,360 --> 00:09:49,360 Speaker 1: doing these very prolonged involved like mystical rituals and incantations 151 00:09:49,360 --> 00:09:55,280 Speaker 1: and things. On November Crowley was initiated into the Hermetic 152 00:09:55,400 --> 00:09:58,880 Speaker 1: Order of the Golden Dawn, which had been established ten 153 00:09:58,960 --> 00:10:03,760 Speaker 1: years earlier by William Wynn Westcott and Samuel Ladell McGregor Mathers. 154 00:10:04,120 --> 00:10:07,600 Speaker 1: This was one of several Hermetic orders that trace their 155 00:10:07,600 --> 00:10:12,240 Speaker 1: teachings back to writings that were attributed to Hermes Trismegistus. 156 00:10:12,880 --> 00:10:17,360 Speaker 1: That's a figure who combined the Egyptian deity thought with 157 00:10:17,480 --> 00:10:21,920 Speaker 1: the Greek deity Hermes. In addition to its Greek and 158 00:10:21,920 --> 00:10:25,640 Speaker 1: Egyptian influences, the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn drew 159 00:10:25,640 --> 00:10:30,000 Speaker 1: on Christian mysticism, Kabbala, and Paganism, as well as Hinduism 160 00:10:30,040 --> 00:10:33,480 Speaker 1: and Buddhism, plus the work of Queen Elizabeth, the first 161 00:10:33,559 --> 00:10:38,840 Speaker 1: court adviser and astronomer John d On my shortlist. Folded 162 00:10:38,880 --> 00:10:42,559 Speaker 1: into all of these influences was a focus on ritual magic. 163 00:10:43,120 --> 00:10:45,200 Speaker 1: The Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn was one of 164 00:10:45,200 --> 00:10:48,600 Speaker 1: the most prominent and influential esoteric orders of the day, 165 00:10:49,040 --> 00:10:51,960 Speaker 1: and its influence spread as former members went on to 166 00:10:52,120 --> 00:10:56,320 Speaker 1: establish their own orders. Initiates into the Hermetic Order of 167 00:10:56,320 --> 00:10:59,319 Speaker 1: the Golden Dawn adopted a name or sort of motto 168 00:11:00,080 --> 00:11:05,079 Speaker 1: Rolies was perdurabo or I will endure, and then having 169 00:11:05,080 --> 00:11:09,960 Speaker 1: been initiated, they progressed through ten levels of esoteric knowledge, 170 00:11:10,080 --> 00:11:13,880 Speaker 1: with each grade being mastered before the person moved on 171 00:11:13,960 --> 00:11:18,160 Speaker 1: to the next one, revealing a new body of knowledge 172 00:11:18,200 --> 00:11:21,840 Speaker 1: they had access to. And it wasn't just that a 173 00:11:21,920 --> 00:11:26,120 Speaker 1: person had to learn everything from one stage before being 174 00:11:26,160 --> 00:11:29,920 Speaker 1: allowed to advance. The Orders members also believed that as 175 00:11:29,960 --> 00:11:35,560 Speaker 1: you mastered each level, you really evolved and progressed spiritually 176 00:11:35,679 --> 00:11:39,640 Speaker 1: and psychically. Crowley had a really good memory and was 177 00:11:39,679 --> 00:11:42,720 Speaker 1: also deeply interested in all of this, and he rose 178 00:11:42,720 --> 00:11:46,000 Speaker 1: through the grades of the London chapter really quickly, but 179 00:11:46,160 --> 00:11:49,120 Speaker 1: that did not sit well with everyone else in the Order. 180 00:11:49,360 --> 00:11:51,560 Speaker 1: We're going to talk about that more after a little 181 00:11:51,559 --> 00:12:04,320 Speaker 1: sponsor break. The Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn had 182 00:12:04,360 --> 00:12:08,719 Speaker 1: some pretty prominent members and it was enormously influential and 183 00:12:08,880 --> 00:12:13,679 Speaker 1: Alistair Crowley's life. Its progression through a series of increasingly 184 00:12:13,840 --> 00:12:18,920 Speaker 1: secretive progressive degrees, and it's focus on ritual magic performed 185 00:12:19,040 --> 00:12:22,840 Speaker 1: using specific regalia that all formed a template for a 186 00:12:22,880 --> 00:12:26,360 Speaker 1: lot of Crowley's later writing and work. But his involvement 187 00:12:26,480 --> 00:12:30,080 Speaker 1: with the organization was also pretty contentious. Some of its 188 00:12:30,120 --> 00:12:34,040 Speaker 1: more advanced members, including Alan Bennett, took an interest in 189 00:12:34,120 --> 00:12:36,880 Speaker 1: him and they personally tutored him, and its rituals and 190 00:12:36,880 --> 00:12:40,960 Speaker 1: its secrets, but other people really questioned his morals. He 191 00:12:41,120 --> 00:12:45,280 Speaker 1: had developed a reputation as a libertine who abused drugs, 192 00:12:45,480 --> 00:12:49,520 Speaker 1: and his sex partners included other men. At this point, 193 00:12:49,600 --> 00:12:54,480 Speaker 1: homosexuality was outlawed in Britain. Oscar Wilde's homosexuality trial had 194 00:12:54,520 --> 00:12:58,480 Speaker 1: taken place just a few years before. In nineteen hundred, 195 00:12:58,600 --> 00:13:01,320 Speaker 1: Samuel Laddel McGregor. Mat Others was head of the Order 196 00:13:01,360 --> 00:13:05,360 Speaker 1: but had gone to France. Florence Farr was temporarily leading 197 00:13:05,360 --> 00:13:09,200 Speaker 1: the Order in London in his place. Crowley reached the 198 00:13:09,240 --> 00:13:11,800 Speaker 1: point where he expected to be inducted into the Golden 199 00:13:11,880 --> 00:13:15,600 Speaker 1: Dawn's Inner Order, but far refused to do it, citing 200 00:13:15,720 --> 00:13:19,959 Speaker 1: his quote sexual intemperance. So Crowley went over her head, 201 00:13:20,120 --> 00:13:24,320 Speaker 1: traveling to Paris and taking it up with Mothers. Mothers 202 00:13:24,440 --> 00:13:29,240 Speaker 1: inducted Crowley into the Inner Order himself. The relationship between 203 00:13:29,280 --> 00:13:32,400 Speaker 1: Mathers and the rest of the Order was already contentious. 204 00:13:32,880 --> 00:13:35,520 Speaker 1: Since he was in France, he was out of regular 205 00:13:35,559 --> 00:13:37,840 Speaker 1: contact with most of the Order, and a lot of 206 00:13:37,840 --> 00:13:42,160 Speaker 1: people found his behavior to be increasingly erratic and dictatorial. 207 00:13:43,000 --> 00:13:48,040 Speaker 1: Allegations had also arisen that some of the Orders foundational manuscripts, 208 00:13:48,080 --> 00:13:51,600 Speaker 1: which were supposed to be ancient secrets that had been 209 00:13:51,679 --> 00:13:56,880 Speaker 1: passed down and protected for centuries. We're really nineteenth century fakes. 210 00:13:57,600 --> 00:14:01,160 Speaker 1: So when Crowley arrived at the Order is isis Urania 211 00:14:01,320 --> 00:14:05,240 Speaker 1: Temple at thirty six blythe Road in London and announced 212 00:14:05,280 --> 00:14:08,840 Speaker 1: that Mathers had inducted him into the next degree of 213 00:14:08,880 --> 00:14:12,400 Speaker 1: the Order and demanded to be shown the manuscripts he 214 00:14:12,480 --> 00:14:14,839 Speaker 1: was supposed to be able to access at that level, 215 00:14:15,480 --> 00:14:19,680 Speaker 1: people were upset and they again refused to do it. 216 00:14:20,240 --> 00:14:23,440 Speaker 1: Crowley went right back to France, where Mothers told him 217 00:14:23,480 --> 00:14:27,360 Speaker 1: to take over the temple entirely. So Crowley went back 218 00:14:27,400 --> 00:14:30,720 Speaker 1: to London again talk the landlord into letting him into 219 00:14:30,760 --> 00:14:34,520 Speaker 1: the temple, and then he changed the locks. He said 220 00:14:34,560 --> 00:14:38,320 Speaker 1: Mathers had designated him as his envoy, and he summoned 221 00:14:38,360 --> 00:14:41,600 Speaker 1: each member of the Inner Order to be questioned. When 222 00:14:41,600 --> 00:14:46,320 Speaker 1: they arrived, Crowley was wearing Scottish Highland dress, a black mask, 223 00:14:46,760 --> 00:14:50,200 Speaker 1: a large gold cross, and a dagger at his waist. 224 00:14:50,960 --> 00:14:54,240 Speaker 1: With the assistance of a police officer, several members of 225 00:14:54,280 --> 00:14:58,720 Speaker 1: the Order physically removed Crowley from the premises. One of 226 00:14:58,800 --> 00:15:02,680 Speaker 1: those members was will Iam Butler, Yates. In some accounts, 227 00:15:02,800 --> 00:15:07,520 Speaker 1: Yates and others physically threw Crowley down the stairs. Yates 228 00:15:07,520 --> 00:15:11,320 Speaker 1: and Crowley really did not like each other. Yates described 229 00:15:11,400 --> 00:15:16,600 Speaker 1: him as indescribably mad, and also thought Crowley's poetry, which 230 00:15:16,640 --> 00:15:19,800 Speaker 1: he had written a lot of at this point, was terrible. 231 00:15:20,600 --> 00:15:23,760 Speaker 1: This incident became known as the Battle of Life Road, 232 00:15:23,960 --> 00:15:26,960 Speaker 1: and some accounts of it are fairly straightforward. It was 233 00:15:27,000 --> 00:15:30,960 Speaker 1: a schism within an organization, followed by each side trying 234 00:15:31,000 --> 00:15:34,800 Speaker 1: to retain control of its documents and other materials, but 235 00:15:34,960 --> 00:15:41,280 Speaker 1: others are increasingly fantastic. Crowley biographer Richard Kazinski describes Crowley 236 00:15:41,320 --> 00:15:44,480 Speaker 1: determining he was under a magical attack during all of this, 237 00:15:45,000 --> 00:15:48,640 Speaker 1: as street lamps and hearth fires behaved strangely when he 238 00:15:48,680 --> 00:15:53,400 Speaker 1: passed by, and his raincoat is said to have spontaneously combusted. 239 00:15:54,440 --> 00:15:58,560 Speaker 1: Yates biographer Richard Ellman published an account in The Partisan 240 00:15:58,600 --> 00:16:03,240 Speaker 1: Review in y eight that describes Crowley and Yates attacking 241 00:16:03,280 --> 00:16:06,360 Speaker 1: each other, with Crowley using black magic and Yates using 242 00:16:06,400 --> 00:16:10,640 Speaker 1: white magic. In this account, Yates used some of Crowley's 243 00:16:10,680 --> 00:16:14,080 Speaker 1: hair to perform an exorcism at the request of poet 244 00:16:14,160 --> 00:16:18,120 Speaker 1: and artist ALTHEA. Giles who was in a tumultuous relationship 245 00:16:18,160 --> 00:16:23,640 Speaker 1: with him, him being Crowley, not Yates. This piece describes 246 00:16:23,760 --> 00:16:28,280 Speaker 1: the exorcism as causing a vampire to torment Crowley in 247 00:16:28,360 --> 00:16:32,800 Speaker 1: the night, and another experienced magician had to help him 248 00:16:32,840 --> 00:16:36,680 Speaker 1: get rid of this vampire. Ellman's biography of Yates also 249 00:16:36,720 --> 00:16:40,120 Speaker 1: mentions that quote it is said, which is one of 250 00:16:40,120 --> 00:16:42,320 Speaker 1: those words that you can like say to say a 251 00:16:42,360 --> 00:16:44,680 Speaker 1: thing that maybe you believe or maybe you don't believe. 252 00:16:45,080 --> 00:16:49,240 Speaker 1: It is said that Samuel McGregor Mathers died in eighteen 253 00:16:49,560 --> 00:16:53,720 Speaker 1: as a result of a magical duel with Alistair Crowley. 254 00:16:53,760 --> 00:16:57,960 Speaker 1: I'm telling you, this partisan review piece is so weird 255 00:16:58,080 --> 00:17:01,240 Speaker 1: that I am just not confide it whether he meant 256 00:17:01,280 --> 00:17:06,680 Speaker 1: it to be factual or not. Like he's talking about 257 00:17:06,760 --> 00:17:10,639 Speaker 1: a literal vampire being in bed with Alistair Crowley and 258 00:17:10,720 --> 00:17:12,560 Speaker 1: picking at him in the night, and I'm just like, 259 00:17:12,600 --> 00:17:18,320 Speaker 1: it's for real, though I have thoughts, um, they're not 260 00:17:18,560 --> 00:17:22,320 Speaker 1: terribly kind. Crowley withdrew from the Hermetic Order of the 261 00:17:22,359 --> 00:17:25,240 Speaker 1: Golden Dawn, or if you look at this from the 262 00:17:25,320 --> 00:17:29,280 Speaker 1: Order's point of view, he was expelled. The order continued 263 00:17:29,320 --> 00:17:33,120 Speaker 1: to fracture, eventually changing its name to Stella Monte Tina 264 00:17:33,200 --> 00:17:37,119 Speaker 1: and then dissolving in the nineteen twenties. William Butler Yates, 265 00:17:37,160 --> 00:17:40,480 Speaker 1: who described magic as the most important pursuit of his 266 00:17:40,560 --> 00:17:43,800 Speaker 1: life next to poetry, went on to be regarded as 267 00:17:43,800 --> 00:17:46,840 Speaker 1: one of the greatest English language poets of the twentieth century. 268 00:17:47,600 --> 00:17:51,520 Speaker 1: His widely quoted poem The Second Coming is sometimes read 269 00:17:51,600 --> 00:17:54,680 Speaker 1: as alluding to Alistair Crowley in its last lines, which 270 00:17:54,720 --> 00:17:58,040 Speaker 1: read and what rough beast, it's our come round at 271 00:17:58,119 --> 00:18:02,560 Speaker 1: last slouches towards slam to be born. I had to 272 00:18:02,600 --> 00:18:06,320 Speaker 1: memorize this poem and I guess Broadley High School. Uh. 273 00:18:06,359 --> 00:18:09,520 Speaker 1: We definitely did not have any conversations about William Butler 274 00:18:09,600 --> 00:18:13,640 Speaker 1: Yates having a magical duel with anybody, or with Alister 275 00:18:13,840 --> 00:18:17,960 Speaker 1: Crowley having anything to do with this. Crowley was twenty 276 00:18:17,960 --> 00:18:20,800 Speaker 1: four when he tried to take over the isis Urania Temple, 277 00:18:21,240 --> 00:18:23,840 Speaker 1: and the previous year he had bought bull Skine House 278 00:18:23,920 --> 00:18:26,159 Speaker 1: on the shore of Lochness and was using it to 279 00:18:26,280 --> 00:18:29,919 Speaker 1: study and do research and to perform arcane rituals, some 280 00:18:30,000 --> 00:18:33,520 Speaker 1: of which really took months to complete. In the early 281 00:18:33,600 --> 00:18:37,480 Speaker 1: nineteen hundreds, he also traveled extensively, going to Mexico in 282 00:18:37,600 --> 00:18:42,639 Speaker 1: July of nine hundred with mountaineer Oscar Eckenstein and studying 283 00:18:42,800 --> 00:18:45,520 Speaker 1: yoga and Sri Lanka, which was known as Ceylon at 284 00:18:45,520 --> 00:18:48,679 Speaker 1: the time. He did that in nineteen o one. He 285 00:18:48,800 --> 00:18:53,080 Speaker 1: also studied Buddhist meditation practices with mentor and former Golden 286 00:18:53,119 --> 00:18:57,320 Speaker 1: Dawn member Alan Bennett. In nineteen o two, Crowley and 287 00:18:57,400 --> 00:19:00,920 Speaker 1: Eckenstein were part of the first formal attempts to reach 288 00:19:00,960 --> 00:19:03,760 Speaker 1: the summit of the mountain k Too. I got to 289 00:19:03,840 --> 00:19:06,679 Speaker 1: an elevation of eighteen thousand, six hundred feet, which is 290 00:19:06,720 --> 00:19:09,600 Speaker 1: five thousand, six hundred seventy meters. This is just a 291 00:19:09,640 --> 00:19:11,639 Speaker 1: little snapshot of all of us traveling. There was a 292 00:19:11,640 --> 00:19:15,119 Speaker 1: ton of it. Here's a busy bee. After returning to 293 00:19:15,119 --> 00:19:18,879 Speaker 1: the UK in nineteen oh three, Crowley married Rose Edith Kelly, 294 00:19:19,000 --> 00:19:22,920 Speaker 1: the widow of Frederick Thomas Scarrett. They honeymooned in India 295 00:19:23,000 --> 00:19:27,080 Speaker 1: and Egypt. Alistair claimed that Rose had never had any 296 00:19:27,160 --> 00:19:30,000 Speaker 1: kind of interest in the occult and had no knowledge 297 00:19:30,000 --> 00:19:33,199 Speaker 1: of Egyptian deities, but that while they were in Cairo 298 00:19:33,320 --> 00:19:36,119 Speaker 1: in the spring of nineteen o four, she went into 299 00:19:36,119 --> 00:19:40,520 Speaker 1: a trance, repeating quote they are waiting for you. He 300 00:19:40,560 --> 00:19:44,080 Speaker 1: described her as being possessed by an entity known as Iowas, 301 00:19:44,400 --> 00:19:46,879 Speaker 1: who was an agent of Horace and whose name was 302 00:19:46,920 --> 00:19:49,879 Speaker 1: the true name of the god of Yesides. So the 303 00:19:49,960 --> 00:19:54,000 Speaker 1: Yesodes are an ethnically Kurdish people who have historically been 304 00:19:54,040 --> 00:19:58,240 Speaker 1: extremely persecuted, and that is carrying through until today. They 305 00:19:58,240 --> 00:20:01,400 Speaker 1: continued to be extremely persec you did. It is possible 306 00:20:01,840 --> 00:20:04,280 Speaker 1: that Crowley had read about them in the work of 307 00:20:04,400 --> 00:20:09,359 Speaker 1: past podcast subject Helena Blavatsky. Her work about them is 308 00:20:09,520 --> 00:20:13,960 Speaker 1: honestly pretty offensive and mischaracterized them as just straight up 309 00:20:14,000 --> 00:20:19,280 Speaker 1: devil worshippers. Alistair really didn't believe his wife. She related 310 00:20:19,320 --> 00:20:22,439 Speaker 1: instructions on how to invoke Horace, and he thought that 311 00:20:22,480 --> 00:20:25,320 Speaker 1: what she said was absurd. He took her to the 312 00:20:25,400 --> 00:20:28,719 Speaker 1: nearby Egyptian Museum to see if she could identify Horace 313 00:20:29,080 --> 00:20:32,280 Speaker 1: in any of the objects there. She was drawn to 314 00:20:32,400 --> 00:20:35,840 Speaker 1: one particular steely saying and identified the god who was 315 00:20:35,920 --> 00:20:39,760 Speaker 1: talking to her. That object was labeled as catalog number 316 00:20:39,840 --> 00:20:43,440 Speaker 1: six six six, and Alistair later called it the Steely 317 00:20:43,520 --> 00:20:47,600 Speaker 1: of Revealing. Alistair eventually came to believe that she was 318 00:20:47,760 --> 00:20:52,080 Speaker 1: telling him something genuine, and he did various incantations and 319 00:20:52,160 --> 00:20:57,399 Speaker 1: invocations over a period of weeks in March and early April. Eventually, 320 00:20:57,560 --> 00:21:00,520 Speaker 1: Rose instructed him to enter the room where he had 321 00:21:00,520 --> 00:21:03,680 Speaker 1: been working at noon on April eighth, ninth, and ten, 322 00:21:04,320 --> 00:21:07,320 Speaker 1: and then for about an hour over those three days, 323 00:21:07,359 --> 00:21:10,959 Speaker 1: still reporting that she was directly transmitting the words of 324 00:21:11,040 --> 00:21:14,760 Speaker 1: Iowa's she dictated what became known as the Book of 325 00:21:14,760 --> 00:21:18,760 Speaker 1: the Law. This made Rose the first woman to fill 326 00:21:18,800 --> 00:21:21,919 Speaker 1: the role that Crowley would call his scarlet Woman. This 327 00:21:22,080 --> 00:21:25,640 Speaker 1: was meant to be a manifestation of the gardis Babylon, 328 00:21:26,560 --> 00:21:31,240 Speaker 1: who could channel or transmit messages to him from higher beings. 329 00:21:32,040 --> 00:21:35,159 Speaker 1: That's not spelled quite like Babylon. It is b A 330 00:21:35,280 --> 00:21:37,320 Speaker 1: B A l O N instead of B A B 331 00:21:37,680 --> 00:21:41,800 Speaker 1: Y l O N, because the spelling with an a 332 00:21:41,960 --> 00:21:46,840 Speaker 1: instead of a y was numeragically more important in Crowley's mind. 333 00:21:47,880 --> 00:21:52,160 Speaker 1: Various women filled this role of the Scarlet Woman over 334 00:21:52,240 --> 00:21:57,520 Speaker 1: the next decades, typically after having had various sexual encounters, 335 00:21:57,560 --> 00:22:02,520 Speaker 1: including performing sexual magic ritual with Crowley. The Book of 336 00:22:02,560 --> 00:22:05,399 Speaker 1: the Law became the central text of the philosophy and 337 00:22:05,440 --> 00:22:09,520 Speaker 1: religious movement known as Salima. The book contains the law 338 00:22:09,560 --> 00:22:12,639 Speaker 1: of Salima quote do what you will shall be the 339 00:22:12,640 --> 00:22:15,600 Speaker 1: whole of the Law, which is often followed by quote 340 00:22:15,920 --> 00:22:19,600 Speaker 1: love is the Law, love under will, and every man 341 00:22:19,760 --> 00:22:23,840 Speaker 1: and woman is a Star. Rose had also told Alistair 342 00:22:23,840 --> 00:22:26,040 Speaker 1: that he was to be the prophet of a new eon, 343 00:22:26,280 --> 00:22:28,159 Speaker 1: which would see the world move from the Age of 344 00:22:28,160 --> 00:22:32,000 Speaker 1: o Cyrus to the Age of Horace. This was to 345 00:22:32,000 --> 00:22:35,560 Speaker 1: be an almost apocalyptic time of struggle and strife, and 346 00:22:35,640 --> 00:22:38,760 Speaker 1: Crowley later suggested that four printings of the Book of 347 00:22:38,760 --> 00:22:42,480 Speaker 1: the Law had each preceded the Balkan War, World War One, 348 00:22:42,800 --> 00:22:45,919 Speaker 1: the Sino Japanese War, and World War two by a 349 00:22:46,000 --> 00:22:50,400 Speaker 1: period of nine months. After these events and Cairo, Alistair, 350 00:22:50,480 --> 00:22:54,040 Speaker 1: Crowley started associating himself with the number six six six 351 00:22:54,119 --> 00:22:57,600 Speaker 1: and the beast from the Biblical Book of Revelation, calling 352 00:22:57,680 --> 00:23:00,919 Speaker 1: himself the Beast six six six or a great Beast 353 00:23:01,000 --> 00:23:04,480 Speaker 1: six six six. He would go on to write twelve 354 00:23:04,640 --> 00:23:08,120 Speaker 1: more Holy Books between nineteen o seven and nineteen eleven, 355 00:23:08,560 --> 00:23:12,720 Speaker 1: describing himself as under the direct influence of a spirit 356 00:23:12,920 --> 00:23:16,560 Speaker 1: or some kind of other elevated being while writing each 357 00:23:16,600 --> 00:23:19,800 Speaker 1: of them. In May of nineteen o five, Rose gave 358 00:23:19,840 --> 00:23:22,880 Speaker 1: birth to a daughter. That daughter died as a baby. 359 00:23:23,000 --> 00:23:25,719 Speaker 1: Alistair and Rose later had two more children, and then 360 00:23:25,760 --> 00:23:30,080 Speaker 1: eventually divorced. Crowley also continued to indulge his love of 361 00:23:30,119 --> 00:23:32,960 Speaker 1: mountaineering and let a team in an attempt to summit 362 00:23:33,040 --> 00:23:37,240 Speaker 1: Kanchenjunga in nineteen o five. After a climber and three 363 00:23:37,320 --> 00:23:40,760 Speaker 1: porters were killed in an avalanche, he ended the expedition. 364 00:23:41,680 --> 00:23:45,480 Speaker 1: In nineteen o nine, Crowley established a religious order that's 365 00:23:45,560 --> 00:23:49,480 Speaker 1: often called by the name Argentum, Astroum, or Silver Star. 366 00:23:50,280 --> 00:23:53,760 Speaker 1: This order's name, though, is typically written as two a's, 367 00:23:53,800 --> 00:23:56,359 Speaker 1: each of them followed by a symbol of three dots 368 00:23:56,440 --> 00:23:59,280 Speaker 1: arranged in a triangle. That symbol is used as an 369 00:23:59,280 --> 00:24:04,240 Speaker 1: abbreviation ensemble in freemasonry. As part of this he established 370 00:24:04,240 --> 00:24:08,080 Speaker 1: a periodical called The Equinox, which was dedicated to publishing 371 00:24:08,119 --> 00:24:12,520 Speaker 1: things about magic and the occult. When he printed materials 372 00:24:12,560 --> 00:24:15,399 Speaker 1: that had originated with the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, 373 00:24:15,640 --> 00:24:20,800 Speaker 1: Samuel McGregor Mathers tried unsuccessfully to sue him. A few 374 00:24:20,880 --> 00:24:24,160 Speaker 1: years later, Theodore Royce of the Ordo Templary Orientist made 375 00:24:24,160 --> 00:24:27,760 Speaker 1: a similar allegation about the O t O secrets appearing 376 00:24:27,800 --> 00:24:31,120 Speaker 1: in Crowley's writings. The O t O had been founded 377 00:24:31,240 --> 00:24:34,119 Speaker 1: sometime around the turn of the twentieth century, and it 378 00:24:34,240 --> 00:24:38,360 Speaker 1: drew from both Freemasonry and Rosicrucianism, with some of its 379 00:24:38,400 --> 00:24:42,880 Speaker 1: practices also involving sex magic. Crowley claimed to have had 380 00:24:42,920 --> 00:24:45,080 Speaker 1: no knowledge of the O t O and that he 381 00:24:45,200 --> 00:24:48,359 Speaker 1: must have learned those secrets directly from the entities that 382 00:24:48,440 --> 00:24:52,679 Speaker 1: he was channeling when he wrote his Holy Books. Royce 383 00:24:52,760 --> 00:24:56,200 Speaker 1: inducted Crowley into the O t O, and Crowley became 384 00:24:56,359 --> 00:25:01,760 Speaker 1: deeply involved and really influential in this organization, including writing 385 00:25:01,800 --> 00:25:06,960 Speaker 1: its gnostic Mass in nineteen The rituals and practices that 386 00:25:07,000 --> 00:25:10,040 Speaker 1: he developed for the O t O expanded on its 387 00:25:10,040 --> 00:25:14,199 Speaker 1: existing use of sex magic and involved both sexual symbolism 388 00:25:14,280 --> 00:25:18,119 Speaker 1: and ritual sex. And his words quote, when you have 389 00:25:18,359 --> 00:25:21,400 Speaker 1: proved that God is merely a name for the sex instinct, 390 00:25:21,520 --> 00:25:24,399 Speaker 1: it appears to me not far to the perception that 391 00:25:24,480 --> 00:25:28,080 Speaker 1: the sex instinct is God. We're gonna move on to 392 00:25:28,240 --> 00:25:32,399 Speaker 1: some more mundane but we promised still controversial parts of 393 00:25:32,440 --> 00:25:45,320 Speaker 1: Crowley's life after we pause for another sponsor break alistair. 394 00:25:45,320 --> 00:25:48,360 Speaker 1: Crowley spent most of World War One in the United States, 395 00:25:48,960 --> 00:25:52,200 Speaker 1: and during that time he contributed to a pro German 396 00:25:52,280 --> 00:25:55,760 Speaker 1: newspaper called The Fatherland. He also wrote a lot of 397 00:25:55,800 --> 00:25:59,159 Speaker 1: material that was both pro German and anti British, and 398 00:25:59,240 --> 00:26:03,720 Speaker 1: more broadly anti Allies. He claimed that he did all 399 00:26:03,720 --> 00:26:06,040 Speaker 1: of this because he was working for the British Secret 400 00:26:06,080 --> 00:26:09,960 Speaker 1: Service to help the Allied war effort. In his account, 401 00:26:10,080 --> 00:26:13,480 Speaker 1: he had used his surname, which, although he was English, 402 00:26:13,600 --> 00:26:16,840 Speaker 1: there are plenty of Irish people who have some variation 403 00:26:16,920 --> 00:26:19,680 Speaker 1: on Crowley as their surname uh. And he had also 404 00:26:19,800 --> 00:26:23,520 Speaker 1: used his past connection to Irish poet William Butler Yates 405 00:26:23,920 --> 00:26:28,600 Speaker 1: to convince German American poet and journalist George Viereck that 406 00:26:28,720 --> 00:26:32,239 Speaker 1: he was an Irish nationalist, and he had done this 407 00:26:32,280 --> 00:26:35,080 Speaker 1: so that he could infiltrate a secret network of German 408 00:26:35,119 --> 00:26:38,919 Speaker 1: operatives in New York. As part of this entire ruse, 409 00:26:39,240 --> 00:26:42,399 Speaker 1: on July third, nine fifteen, he and nine other people 410 00:26:42,520 --> 00:26:45,720 Speaker 1: sailed all around New York Harbor under an Irish flag, 411 00:26:45,880 --> 00:26:49,520 Speaker 1: calling themselves the Secret Revolutionary Committee of Public Safety of 412 00:26:49,560 --> 00:26:53,480 Speaker 1: the Provisional Government of the Irish Republic and declaring war 413 00:26:53,520 --> 00:26:57,159 Speaker 1: on England. Whether Crowley was really working for the British 414 00:26:57,240 --> 00:27:01,440 Speaker 1: Secret Service isn't entirely clear. His accounts make it sound 415 00:27:01,480 --> 00:27:04,840 Speaker 1: like he took all this upon himself and then went 416 00:27:04,880 --> 00:27:08,119 Speaker 1: to the British authorities to get their buy in, basically 417 00:27:08,160 --> 00:27:12,680 Speaker 1: repeatedly offering his services as a spy, only to be ignored. 418 00:27:13,400 --> 00:27:16,840 Speaker 1: He also claimed that his pro German writing was intentionally 419 00:27:17,000 --> 00:27:20,480 Speaker 1: over the top so that it wouldn't make Germany look ridiculous. 420 00:27:21,240 --> 00:27:26,159 Speaker 1: Curly's activities in the United States naturally raised suspicions, and 421 00:27:26,240 --> 00:27:30,520 Speaker 1: at one point British consul Charles Clive Bailey confirmed to 422 00:27:30,760 --> 00:27:35,760 Speaker 1: US investigators that Crowley was working with Britain, but other 423 00:27:35,840 --> 00:27:40,879 Speaker 1: British officials contradicted this. Although the British press was scathing 424 00:27:40,920 --> 00:27:44,000 Speaker 1: about Crowley's wartime behavior, when he went back to the 425 00:27:44,080 --> 00:27:47,040 Speaker 1: UK after the war, he never faced any sort of 426 00:27:47,040 --> 00:27:50,080 Speaker 1: official inquiry or charges for any of the actions that 427 00:27:50,200 --> 00:27:55,199 Speaker 1: really would have been considered treasonous unless he really was 428 00:27:55,400 --> 00:27:59,320 Speaker 1: doing them as some kind of covert operation for British intelligence. 429 00:28:00,680 --> 00:28:02,679 Speaker 1: There is a whole book about this whole idea. I 430 00:28:02,720 --> 00:28:04,440 Speaker 1: did not read the whole book, but I did read 431 00:28:04,480 --> 00:28:07,400 Speaker 1: some papers and articles by the author, and I don't 432 00:28:07,440 --> 00:28:10,719 Speaker 1: know where. I have thoughts about where I land on it, 433 00:28:10,720 --> 00:28:13,360 Speaker 1: but I don't feel like I have You're backing up 434 00:28:13,400 --> 00:28:18,960 Speaker 1: of them, uh uh. In nine, Crowley started a religious 435 00:28:18,960 --> 00:28:22,840 Speaker 1: community in Sicily called the Abbey of Thalima. This was 436 00:28:22,840 --> 00:28:25,359 Speaker 1: meant to be a utopian community as well as a 437 00:28:25,400 --> 00:28:28,879 Speaker 1: spiritual community for members of the argent astrom and the 438 00:28:28,920 --> 00:28:33,240 Speaker 1: O t O. This community became associated with drug use, 439 00:28:33,480 --> 00:28:39,280 Speaker 1: sexual excesses, and strange rituals, and faced increasing hostility from neighbors. 440 00:28:40,120 --> 00:28:43,200 Speaker 1: Crowley was accused of murder after one of the Thereymites, 441 00:28:43,520 --> 00:28:49,160 Speaker 1: Rale Loveday, died in n Loveday had probably drunk some 442 00:28:49,200 --> 00:28:53,440 Speaker 1: contaminated water, not totally clear, but his wife, Betty May, 443 00:28:53,760 --> 00:28:57,160 Speaker 1: said that her late husband had been forced to drink 444 00:28:57,200 --> 00:29:00,320 Speaker 1: the blood of a cat in a ritual. Not long 445 00:29:00,400 --> 00:29:04,160 Speaker 1: after that all of this controversy surrounding him, Crowley was 446 00:29:04,200 --> 00:29:08,840 Speaker 1: expelled from Sicily. By this point, Crowley had pursued relationships 447 00:29:08,880 --> 00:29:12,800 Speaker 1: with various people regardless of their gender, both within and 448 00:29:12,920 --> 00:29:16,880 Speaker 1: outside the context of sex magic. Crowley had also started 449 00:29:16,960 --> 00:29:21,000 Speaker 1: to describe himself as androgynous, or as having both masculine 450 00:29:21,040 --> 00:29:25,520 Speaker 1: and feminine traits, calling himself both Alistair and a feminized 451 00:29:25,640 --> 00:29:29,280 Speaker 1: version of Alice. Over the years, he also took on 452 00:29:29,400 --> 00:29:32,400 Speaker 1: just a ton of pseudonyms and identities drawn from an 453 00:29:32,440 --> 00:29:37,600 Speaker 1: assortment of ethnicities and religious identities. At times, Crowley used 454 00:29:37,640 --> 00:29:41,200 Speaker 1: language coined by Karl Heinrich Rix to describe a range 455 00:29:41,240 --> 00:29:46,320 Speaker 1: of sexual orientations and gender identities. By this point, Crowley 456 00:29:46,360 --> 00:29:49,480 Speaker 1: had also become addicted to heroin. We haven't really gotten 457 00:29:49,480 --> 00:29:51,120 Speaker 1: into it here, but like a lot, a lot of 458 00:29:51,160 --> 00:29:53,600 Speaker 1: the rituals that he would do and the like his 459 00:29:54,160 --> 00:29:58,040 Speaker 1: mystical work would be done under the influence of various drugs. 460 00:29:58,880 --> 00:30:02,600 Speaker 1: In he wrote Diary of a Drug Fiend, which was 461 00:30:02,640 --> 00:30:05,600 Speaker 1: a novel that he said was based on personal experience. 462 00:30:06,160 --> 00:30:09,040 Speaker 1: In ninety five he was named Outer Head of the 463 00:30:09,160 --> 00:30:12,000 Speaker 1: Order of the O t O, and then in ninety 464 00:30:12,080 --> 00:30:14,479 Speaker 1: nine he got married again, this time to Maria Theresa 465 00:30:14,560 --> 00:30:18,920 Speaker 1: Ferrari de Miramar. They separated not long after that. Also 466 00:30:19,120 --> 00:30:23,080 Speaker 1: in nineteen twenty nine, he wrote Magic in Theory and Practice. 467 00:30:23,800 --> 00:30:27,240 Speaker 1: This outlined quote the science and art of causing change 468 00:30:27,320 --> 00:30:31,600 Speaker 1: to occur in conformity with Will, Curley explained that he 469 00:30:31,760 --> 00:30:35,080 Speaker 1: spelled magic with a K at the end because quote, 470 00:30:35,600 --> 00:30:38,720 Speaker 1: I chose therefore the name magic as essentially the most 471 00:30:38,800 --> 00:30:42,720 Speaker 1: sublime and actually the most discredited, of all the available terms. 472 00:30:43,160 --> 00:30:46,880 Speaker 1: I swore to rehabilitate magic, to identify it with my 473 00:30:46,960 --> 00:30:51,800 Speaker 1: own career. In nineteen thirty, Crowley faked his own death 474 00:30:51,840 --> 00:30:55,400 Speaker 1: in Portugal, leaving a suicide note for nineteen year old 475 00:30:55,400 --> 00:30:58,400 Speaker 1: Honey Yeager, who was the latest to be appointed his 476 00:30:58,480 --> 00:31:01,720 Speaker 1: scarlet woman. This letter said he was going to be 477 00:31:01,760 --> 00:31:04,840 Speaker 1: swallowed by the Bocca dot Inferno, or the mouth of Hell, 478 00:31:05,360 --> 00:31:09,000 Speaker 1: which is a dramatically arched cliff formation over rushing seawater 479 00:31:09,120 --> 00:31:13,560 Speaker 1: not far from Lisbon. He did not die. He resurfaced 480 00:31:13,560 --> 00:31:16,320 Speaker 1: in Berlin, where his artwork, which we have not gotten 481 00:31:16,320 --> 00:31:19,160 Speaker 1: into at all, was being shown at the Newman near 482 00:31:19,280 --> 00:31:23,080 Speaker 1: Endorf gallery. In one Okay, this is nineteen year old 483 00:31:23,080 --> 00:31:26,760 Speaker 1: who was acting as a scarlet woman, apparently after his disappearance, 484 00:31:27,040 --> 00:31:30,000 Speaker 1: insisted that she had seen his ghost. The next day, 485 00:31:30,320 --> 00:31:34,280 Speaker 1: Crawley once again apparently offered his services as some kind 486 00:31:34,320 --> 00:31:37,880 Speaker 1: of spy during World War Two, but was apparently again denied. 487 00:31:38,560 --> 00:31:41,360 Speaker 1: There are also some reports that he tried to personally 488 00:31:41,400 --> 00:31:45,280 Speaker 1: meet with Adolf Hitler, but those are really unsubstantiated. In 489 00:31:45,320 --> 00:31:48,160 Speaker 1: the nineteen forties he wrote the Book of Toth, a 490 00:31:48,240 --> 00:31:50,640 Speaker 1: short essay on the tarot of the Egyptians, and he 491 00:31:50,720 --> 00:31:53,160 Speaker 1: worked on a tarot deck with FREDA. Harris that's something 492 00:31:53,200 --> 00:31:56,200 Speaker 1: we talked about more in our episode on Taro, which 493 00:31:56,200 --> 00:31:59,120 Speaker 1: came out last year. In the last years of his life, 494 00:31:59,160 --> 00:32:02,360 Speaker 1: Alistair crow Lee became friends with writer John Simmons, who 495 00:32:02,520 --> 00:32:06,280 Speaker 1: essentially filled the role of literary executor after Crowley's death. 496 00:32:07,080 --> 00:32:10,000 Speaker 1: He also met Kenneth Grant, who started working as Crowley's 497 00:32:10,040 --> 00:32:14,280 Speaker 1: secretary and assistant. In one letter, Crowley called Grant quote 498 00:32:14,280 --> 00:32:18,680 Speaker 1: a definite gift from the gods. Many of Crowley's many 499 00:32:18,840 --> 00:32:23,480 Speaker 1: posthumously published works were curated and edited by Simmons and Grant. 500 00:32:24,360 --> 00:32:29,480 Speaker 1: Alistair Crowley died on December one. He had spent the 501 00:32:29,560 --> 00:32:33,680 Speaker 1: last of his inheritance many years before this, and by 502 00:32:33,680 --> 00:32:36,120 Speaker 1: the time he died, he was penniless and living in 503 00:32:36,160 --> 00:32:39,800 Speaker 1: a boarding house in Hastings. Although he had been the 504 00:32:39,840 --> 00:32:44,160 Speaker 1: subject of just scandalous newspaper reports in earlier years, by 505 00:32:44,160 --> 00:32:47,080 Speaker 1: the time he died he was not nearly so infamous. 506 00:32:47,520 --> 00:32:50,800 Speaker 1: His obituary in the New York Times simply read Edward 507 00:32:50,880 --> 00:32:55,160 Speaker 1: Alexander Crowley, better known as Alistair Crowley, author and poet 508 00:32:55,320 --> 00:32:58,719 Speaker 1: who was an alleged practitioner of black magic, died today 509 00:32:58,800 --> 00:33:03,600 Speaker 1: in Hastings at the age seventy two. But Crowley's popularity 510 00:33:03,680 --> 00:33:08,200 Speaker 1: and infamy skyrocketed during the nineteen sixties in tandem with 511 00:33:08,240 --> 00:33:12,360 Speaker 1: the counterculture movement. This wasn't really a defined movement, but 512 00:33:12,440 --> 00:33:15,480 Speaker 1: more of an overlapping group of movements and interests and 513 00:33:15,640 --> 00:33:18,600 Speaker 1: organizations that were all, in one way or another, a 514 00:33:18,680 --> 00:33:22,880 Speaker 1: rejection of the values and norms of earlier decades. This included, 515 00:33:22,920 --> 00:33:26,160 Speaker 1: of course, a free love movement, the psychedelic drug movement, 516 00:33:26,320 --> 00:33:30,360 Speaker 1: and a resurgence in interest in spiritualism and the occult, 517 00:33:31,080 --> 00:33:34,040 Speaker 1: well of which makes total sense for people to bring 518 00:33:34,080 --> 00:33:38,000 Speaker 1: Alistair Crowley into it a ripe time. Yeah. Alistair Crowley 519 00:33:38,080 --> 00:33:40,080 Speaker 1: is one of the people on the cover of the 520 00:33:40,080 --> 00:33:43,600 Speaker 1: Beatles Sergeant Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, which came out 521 00:33:43,640 --> 00:33:46,840 Speaker 1: in nineteen sixty seven. He's in the back row, second 522 00:33:46,840 --> 00:33:50,000 Speaker 1: from the left. Crowley was also one of the first 523 00:33:50,160 --> 00:33:54,440 Speaker 1: Westerners to write about a number of Eastern disciplines and practices, 524 00:33:54,520 --> 00:33:59,600 Speaker 1: including tantra and hatha and Raja yoga. These writings found 525 00:33:59,640 --> 00:34:03,880 Speaker 1: a new audiences. Interest in Eastern practices really spread in 526 00:34:03,880 --> 00:34:08,520 Speaker 1: the nineteen sixties and seventies, although since Crowley's understanding of 527 00:34:08,560 --> 00:34:13,720 Speaker 1: all this was definitely stewed through his very specific lens. 528 00:34:13,719 --> 00:34:16,960 Speaker 1: That unfortunately means that his perspective on some of this 529 00:34:17,120 --> 00:34:21,239 Speaker 1: has become pretty entrenched in the Western understanding of these disciplines, 530 00:34:21,440 --> 00:34:24,640 Speaker 1: even when it does not represent them accurately at all. 531 00:34:25,400 --> 00:34:27,640 Speaker 1: The O t O went through its own resurgence in 532 00:34:27,680 --> 00:34:31,480 Speaker 1: the nineteen sixties, and Crowley's work influenced other new religious 533 00:34:31,480 --> 00:34:35,560 Speaker 1: movements in the mid twentieth century as well. Today, Crowley's 534 00:34:35,600 --> 00:34:39,080 Speaker 1: name is almost synonymous with Satanism, although his work wasn't 535 00:34:39,080 --> 00:34:42,920 Speaker 1: really about worshiping the devil, but his work did influence 536 00:34:42,960 --> 00:34:48,439 Speaker 1: the development of modern Satanism. Among other things, he extensively 537 00:34:48,640 --> 00:34:51,920 Speaker 1: used the like the deity of Bafomet, which is the 538 00:34:51,960 --> 00:34:56,040 Speaker 1: one with the goat head, which has become a symbol 539 00:34:56,200 --> 00:35:00,120 Speaker 1: associated with some with a Satanism. He was not the 540 00:35:00,120 --> 00:35:03,200 Speaker 1: only person that was using that deity, obviously, but like 541 00:35:03,239 --> 00:35:07,400 Speaker 1: that's one of the many ways. Crowley also knew and 542 00:35:07,520 --> 00:35:11,000 Speaker 1: worked with Gerald Gardner, who's the namesake of Gardener Ian Wicca, 543 00:35:11,520 --> 00:35:16,200 Speaker 1: and Gardener's early writing on witchcraft draws pretty heavily from 544 00:35:16,280 --> 00:35:19,440 Speaker 1: Crowley's work on ritual magic and from the O t O, 545 00:35:19,680 --> 00:35:24,120 Speaker 1: which Gardner tried to revive after World War two. Gardener's 546 00:35:24,200 --> 00:35:28,040 Speaker 1: work and witchcraft eventually did move away from these roots, 547 00:35:28,840 --> 00:35:34,200 Speaker 1: but Crowley's work also influenced modern witchcraft more broadly outside 548 00:35:34,200 --> 00:35:36,680 Speaker 1: of the scope of gardener Ian wicca, starting in about 549 00:35:36,680 --> 00:35:40,920 Speaker 1: the nineteen fifties and sixties. It is not entirely clear 550 00:35:41,000 --> 00:35:44,960 Speaker 1: whether Crowley and l. Run Hubbard ever personally meant, although 551 00:35:45,040 --> 00:35:48,560 Speaker 1: Hubbard described him meaning Crowley as his quote very good 552 00:35:48,600 --> 00:35:51,839 Speaker 1: friend in various lectures, but it does seem as though 553 00:35:51,880 --> 00:35:54,680 Speaker 1: Crowley's work had an influence on Hubbard, which may have 554 00:35:54,800 --> 00:36:00,200 Speaker 1: influenced his development of dianetics and scientology. Hubbard had worked 555 00:36:00,239 --> 00:36:03,040 Speaker 1: with rocket engineer and O t O leader Jack Parsons 556 00:36:03,040 --> 00:36:05,800 Speaker 1: on a series of magical rituals known as the Babylon 557 00:36:06,080 --> 00:36:09,520 Speaker 1: Working in N that is, once again, not Babylon like 558 00:36:09,560 --> 00:36:11,520 Speaker 1: the place, but b A B A L O N. 559 00:36:12,280 --> 00:36:15,040 Speaker 1: These were based on Crowley's teachings and were centered on 560 00:36:15,080 --> 00:36:17,960 Speaker 1: the idea of conceiving a child that would be known 561 00:36:17,960 --> 00:36:21,239 Speaker 1: as the Moon Child, which would allow the deity Babylon 562 00:36:21,400 --> 00:36:25,240 Speaker 1: to take a human form. Hubbard served as parsons seer 563 00:36:25,480 --> 00:36:29,640 Speaker 1: or scribed during these rituals, dictating the voice of Babylon 564 00:36:29,880 --> 00:36:33,600 Speaker 1: from the astral plane. Curley himself does not seem to 565 00:36:33,680 --> 00:36:37,560 Speaker 1: have been too eager about all this. In a ninety 566 00:36:37,600 --> 00:36:41,080 Speaker 1: six letter, he wrote, quote, apparently Parsons are Hubbard or 567 00:36:41,160 --> 00:36:44,120 Speaker 1: somebody is trying to produce a moon child. I get 568 00:36:44,160 --> 00:36:47,560 Speaker 1: fairly frantic when I contemplate the idiocy of these goats. 569 00:36:48,760 --> 00:36:51,759 Speaker 1: The collaboration between Parsons and Hubbard did not last long, 570 00:36:51,760 --> 00:36:55,240 Speaker 1: though Parson's wife left him for Hubbard, and Parsons lost 571 00:36:55,280 --> 00:36:58,080 Speaker 1: most of his life savings in a failed project that 572 00:36:58,160 --> 00:37:01,239 Speaker 1: he his sister in law, and Hubbard started to try 573 00:37:01,239 --> 00:37:04,160 Speaker 1: to buy yachts and resell them for a prophet. The 574 00:37:04,239 --> 00:37:08,080 Speaker 1: Church of Scientology is notoriously secretive and has denied that 575 00:37:08,200 --> 00:37:12,400 Speaker 1: Crowley influenced its doctrines in any way. But in the 576 00:37:12,440 --> 00:37:15,960 Speaker 1: paper The Occult Roots of Scientology, which was published in 577 00:37:16,000 --> 00:37:20,240 Speaker 1: the journal Nova Religio, the Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions, 578 00:37:20,800 --> 00:37:25,240 Speaker 1: and then also in the book Alistair Crowley and Western Esotericism, 579 00:37:25,400 --> 00:37:28,960 Speaker 1: hub Urban argues that the idea of a guardian or 580 00:37:28,960 --> 00:37:32,480 Speaker 1: a guardian angel, which was present in Crowley's work all 581 00:37:32,520 --> 00:37:34,840 Speaker 1: the way back to the Book of the Law, also 582 00:37:34,880 --> 00:37:38,280 Speaker 1: appears in a nearly identical way in some of Hubbard's 583 00:37:38,320 --> 00:37:42,920 Speaker 1: scientology writing. Aside from that, Alistair Crowley also became a 584 00:37:42,920 --> 00:37:47,440 Speaker 1: recognizable and notorious figure in popular culture. He had already 585 00:37:47,440 --> 00:37:51,040 Speaker 1: been reimagined in fiction decades before his death, including in 586 00:37:51,080 --> 00:37:54,400 Speaker 1: William somerset Mom's Night You Know eight novel The Magician. 587 00:37:55,400 --> 00:37:59,600 Speaker 1: Later Ian Fleming modeled the Bond villain Earnst stavro Blofeld 588 00:37:59,640 --> 00:38:04,560 Speaker 1: after him. Crowley's work influenced psychologist and psychedelic drug advocate 589 00:38:04,600 --> 00:38:08,800 Speaker 1: Timothy Leary and led Zeppelin guitarist Jimmy Page, who's Alistair 590 00:38:08,800 --> 00:38:12,280 Speaker 1: Crowley collection included bull Skeeing House, which is currently slated 591 00:38:12,360 --> 00:38:15,600 Speaker 1: for renovations after it was badly damaged by two fires 592 00:38:15,600 --> 00:38:18,759 Speaker 1: in the last few years. Crow Lee has appeared in 593 00:38:18,760 --> 00:38:21,120 Speaker 1: that Ozzy Osbourne song we mentioned at the top of 594 00:38:21,120 --> 00:38:25,520 Speaker 1: the show, and in David Bowie's quicksand the Demon. Crowley 595 00:38:25,600 --> 00:38:27,879 Speaker 1: in the novel Good Omens by Neil Gaiman and Terry 596 00:38:27,920 --> 00:38:31,160 Speaker 1: Pratchett was also of course named for him. The list 597 00:38:31,320 --> 00:38:35,600 Speaker 1: goes on and on. In terms of writing about Crowley, 598 00:38:35,680 --> 00:38:38,680 Speaker 1: for a long time, there were pretty much two modes. 599 00:38:39,000 --> 00:38:42,520 Speaker 1: There was the work of believers who uncritically accepted everything 600 00:38:42,560 --> 00:38:45,680 Speaker 1: he said as fact, and people who saw him as 601 00:38:45,719 --> 00:38:49,640 Speaker 1: more of an egomaniacal Charlatan libertine whose work was a 602 00:38:49,640 --> 00:38:53,880 Speaker 1: lot more about self aggrandizement and intentionally scandalizing people than 603 00:38:53,920 --> 00:38:57,279 Speaker 1: it was about occult beliefs and practices. But there's been 604 00:38:57,320 --> 00:39:01,560 Speaker 1: some really more nuanced and thoughtful work about Crowley and 605 00:39:01,719 --> 00:39:05,120 Speaker 1: about the nineteenth century occult revival more generally, just in 606 00:39:05,120 --> 00:39:10,040 Speaker 1: the last couple of decades, uh, which honestly, I took 607 00:39:10,120 --> 00:39:12,839 Speaker 1: some pleasure in reading all of those things, even though 608 00:39:13,040 --> 00:39:15,799 Speaker 1: sometimes there was whiplash involved, because I would read one 609 00:39:15,840 --> 00:39:19,279 Speaker 1: person that was like just making it sound like all 610 00:39:19,320 --> 00:39:22,160 Speaker 1: of these things that happened were a real and then 611 00:39:22,200 --> 00:39:25,520 Speaker 1: a different person would describe the exact same scenario and 612 00:39:25,719 --> 00:39:28,280 Speaker 1: be like, and of course you can see Alistair Crowley 613 00:39:28,320 --> 00:39:32,759 Speaker 1: was totally absurd. Uh. And then you know some more 614 00:39:32,880 --> 00:39:36,680 Speaker 1: nuanced writing that has been happening more recently that's more like, Okay, 615 00:39:36,719 --> 00:39:39,400 Speaker 1: this is the context that all of this was happening in. 616 00:39:40,160 --> 00:39:45,400 Speaker 1: These are the many things that it has contributed to. Uh, 617 00:39:45,440 --> 00:39:49,400 Speaker 1: that kind of stuff. Do you have a listener mail? 618 00:39:49,880 --> 00:39:53,759 Speaker 1: I do from layla Um and it's not a lot, 619 00:39:55,040 --> 00:39:58,280 Speaker 1: it's it's lovely. So Layla and said when I started 620 00:39:58,320 --> 00:40:01,280 Speaker 1: the episode on Eunice Newton it this morning for my commute, 621 00:40:01,280 --> 00:40:04,239 Speaker 1: I expected another great episode as per usual, I did 622 00:40:04,280 --> 00:40:08,279 Speaker 1: not expect to hear a little hometown history. Though I 623 00:40:08,320 --> 00:40:11,000 Speaker 1: grew up outside of Saratoga Springs, New York, in a 624 00:40:11,040 --> 00:40:14,920 Speaker 1: small town one stop late called Galway. Galway just happens 625 00:40:14,960 --> 00:40:17,840 Speaker 1: to be the boyhood home of Joseph Henry. The house 626 00:40:17,840 --> 00:40:20,120 Speaker 1: has since collapsed due to disrepair, but when I was 627 00:40:20,160 --> 00:40:23,640 Speaker 1: a kid attending Joseph Henry Elementary it was in good shape. 628 00:40:24,120 --> 00:40:27,120 Speaker 1: We even had Joseph Henry Day where an actor would 629 00:40:27,200 --> 00:40:29,960 Speaker 1: come in and teach us about Henry and all his accomplishments. 630 00:40:30,320 --> 00:40:32,440 Speaker 1: It made my morning commute really special to hear you 631 00:40:32,480 --> 00:40:35,080 Speaker 1: talk about a place very close to my heart, my hometown. 632 00:40:35,560 --> 00:40:37,600 Speaker 1: Being a lover of science and an engineer, I also 633 00:40:37,680 --> 00:40:41,160 Speaker 1: really enjoyed hearing about Foot and her research and the 634 00:40:41,280 --> 00:40:44,520 Speaker 1: level of scientific detail you included. As always, thank you 635 00:40:44,560 --> 00:40:46,239 Speaker 1: both for what you do. I've been listening to the 636 00:40:46,239 --> 00:40:48,480 Speaker 1: show for about six years now and it comes up 637 00:40:48,520 --> 00:40:51,880 Speaker 1: in regular conversation with my husband and family. And of course, 638 00:40:52,320 --> 00:40:55,080 Speaker 1: please see the attached pictures of my fur babies. Because 639 00:40:55,120 --> 00:40:57,600 Speaker 1: I know you love them. Thanks again, Layla. So thanks 640 00:40:57,640 --> 00:41:00,640 Speaker 1: for this email, Layla. I did not look a ton 641 00:41:00,719 --> 00:41:03,360 Speaker 1: into Joseph Henry when I was working on that episode 642 00:41:03,400 --> 00:41:06,239 Speaker 1: beyond you know, confirming that he was the secretary of 643 00:41:06,239 --> 00:41:08,799 Speaker 1: the Smithsonian and all this other stuff, and I did 644 00:41:08,880 --> 00:41:10,960 Speaker 1: not know that he was from so close to the 645 00:41:11,040 --> 00:41:15,440 Speaker 1: area where the Foot family lived. Um, so thanks for 646 00:41:15,520 --> 00:41:17,680 Speaker 1: drawing my attention to that. And then also thank you 647 00:41:17,719 --> 00:41:20,480 Speaker 1: for these adorable pictures of two cats and two dogs. 648 00:41:20,600 --> 00:41:24,880 Speaker 1: One of the dogs, I'm just sort of imagining the 649 00:41:25,320 --> 00:41:27,799 Speaker 1: setup for this picture. One of the dogs just has 650 00:41:27,920 --> 00:41:32,080 Speaker 1: snow all over their face, as though perhaps it was 651 00:41:32,320 --> 00:41:35,400 Speaker 1: snowing time and time to just put doggy face directly 652 00:41:35,440 --> 00:41:39,879 Speaker 1: down into that snow bank. It's pretty great phoebies, So 653 00:41:39,960 --> 00:41:42,279 Speaker 1: thank you, Leila. If you would like to write to 654 00:41:42,480 --> 00:41:45,360 Speaker 1: us about this or any other podcast where history podcasts 655 00:41:45,360 --> 00:41:47,640 Speaker 1: that I heart radio dot com and we're all over 656 00:41:47,800 --> 00:41:50,719 Speaker 1: social media at miss in History. That's where you'll find 657 00:41:50,719 --> 00:41:54,960 Speaker 1: our Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, and Instagram, and you can subscribe 658 00:41:54,960 --> 00:41:57,239 Speaker 1: to our show on the I Heart Radio app and 659 00:41:57,360 --> 00:42:05,440 Speaker 1: really anywhere else you like to get podcasts. Stuff You 660 00:42:05,440 --> 00:42:07,680 Speaker 1: Missed in History Class is a production of I Heart 661 00:42:07,800 --> 00:42:10,960 Speaker 1: Radio For more podcasts from I heart Radio, visit the 662 00:42:10,960 --> 00:42:14,160 Speaker 1: I heart Radio app, Apple podcasts, or wherever you listen 663 00:42:14,239 --> 00:42:16,120 Speaker 1: to your favorite shows. H