1 00:00:01,280 --> 00:00:04,320 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,360 --> 00:00:13,760 Speaker 1: of I Heart Radio. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:13,760 --> 00:00:17,200 Speaker 1: I'm Tracy V. Wilson and I'm Holly Fry. Here is 4 00:00:17,280 --> 00:00:20,600 Speaker 1: part two of the weird experience of working on Unearthed 5 00:00:20,640 --> 00:00:25,639 Speaker 1: episodes in the middle of a pandemic, which has just 6 00:00:25,720 --> 00:00:29,280 Speaker 1: been a strange thing. It's it has not been usual 7 00:00:29,520 --> 00:00:32,640 Speaker 1: for me to repeatedly refer to current like the same 8 00:00:32,680 --> 00:00:37,320 Speaker 1: current event multiple times doing Unearthed. Um today we have 9 00:00:37,400 --> 00:00:43,000 Speaker 1: some fun stuff including edibles and potables, shipwrecks, books and letters, 10 00:00:43,040 --> 00:00:46,120 Speaker 1: just some other cool stuff too. So normally when Tracy 11 00:00:46,280 --> 00:00:48,440 Speaker 1: is working on Earth, she winds up finding stuff that 12 00:00:48,440 --> 00:00:50,760 Speaker 1: seems cool or interesting, but it kind of doesn't really 13 00:00:50,760 --> 00:00:54,240 Speaker 1: fit into any category, and so those all go into potpourri. 14 00:00:54,560 --> 00:00:57,880 Speaker 1: And that's where we're starting today. First up, a five 15 00:00:57,960 --> 00:01:00,920 Speaker 1: year excavation at a Pictish homes dead known as Layer 16 00:01:00,960 --> 00:01:05,120 Speaker 1: of Glenchi in Scotland has unearthed lots of fines, including 17 00:01:05,160 --> 00:01:08,160 Speaker 1: a padlock dating back to between five hundred and one 18 00:01:08,200 --> 00:01:11,880 Speaker 1: thousand CE. Uh. There's no more really to discuss with that. 19 00:01:12,040 --> 00:01:14,200 Speaker 1: I just thought it was cool to have a padlock 20 00:01:14,319 --> 00:01:19,320 Speaker 1: that was that old. Moving on to something that is 21 00:01:19,360 --> 00:01:24,520 Speaker 1: a little more serious. The bush fire season in Australia 22 00:01:24,760 --> 00:01:29,800 Speaker 1: was really just devastating, particularly devastating, with immense losses in 23 00:01:29,920 --> 00:01:32,080 Speaker 1: terms of human and animal life, as well as the 24 00:01:32,080 --> 00:01:36,120 Speaker 1: general environment and ecology and property like just on and 25 00:01:36,200 --> 00:01:40,759 Speaker 1: on Australia's Aboriginal and tourist Strait Islander. People's have been 26 00:01:40,800 --> 00:01:45,640 Speaker 1: disproportionately affected by this, with fires completely destroying ancestral homes 27 00:01:45,640 --> 00:01:51,160 Speaker 1: and cultural sites. Material losses have included things like council buildings, 28 00:01:51,200 --> 00:01:54,200 Speaker 1: ceremonial items, and sacred sites. And then all of this 29 00:01:54,320 --> 00:01:58,800 Speaker 1: has also been happening alongside discussions about Aboriginal land management 30 00:01:58,840 --> 00:02:03,640 Speaker 1: practices that could have mitigated the fire season had anybody 31 00:02:03,600 --> 00:02:06,560 Speaker 1: even following them. In a few cases, the fires have 32 00:02:06,640 --> 00:02:10,160 Speaker 1: unearthed artifacts that might have gone undiscovered, something that we've 33 00:02:10,160 --> 00:02:13,160 Speaker 1: talked about in previous editions of Unearthed as well, when 34 00:02:13,160 --> 00:02:15,920 Speaker 1: people found artifacts between the time that a fire destroyed 35 00:02:15,960 --> 00:02:19,400 Speaker 1: all the vegetation in an area and when the vegetation regrew. 36 00:02:20,400 --> 00:02:23,560 Speaker 1: One example is a stone carved boomerang found in a 37 00:02:23,639 --> 00:02:26,720 Speaker 1: creek bed after the adjacent property was destroyed by fire 38 00:02:26,800 --> 00:02:29,880 Speaker 1: on New Year's Eve. So it's not totally clear how 39 00:02:29,880 --> 00:02:32,519 Speaker 1: this boomerang came to be there. They are not common 40 00:02:32,560 --> 00:02:36,399 Speaker 1: in that particular part of Australia. However, this discovery did 41 00:02:36,520 --> 00:02:39,480 Speaker 1: raise the point that people returning to their homes and 42 00:02:39,480 --> 00:02:42,520 Speaker 1: their property after these fires should be alert to the 43 00:02:42,560 --> 00:02:45,280 Speaker 1: presence of artifacts that have been uncovered by the fire. 44 00:02:45,600 --> 00:02:49,520 Speaker 1: Switching Gears cruise working on Britain's HS two or high 45 00:02:49,520 --> 00:02:53,920 Speaker 1: Speed to have found what maybe the oldest railroad turntable 46 00:02:53,960 --> 00:02:57,400 Speaker 1: in the world while excavating the former Curzon Street station. 47 00:02:58,120 --> 00:03:01,040 Speaker 1: The roundhouse that existed on this site dates back to 48 00:03:01,160 --> 00:03:04,480 Speaker 1: eighteen thirty seven, so the site is part of a 49 00:03:04,520 --> 00:03:07,880 Speaker 1: planned intercity terminus for high speed rail that will be 50 00:03:07,919 --> 00:03:12,359 Speaker 1: located in Birmingham City Center, so more excavations of this 51 00:03:12,440 --> 00:03:15,679 Speaker 1: turntable are expected, along with some efforts to figure out 52 00:03:15,680 --> 00:03:19,280 Speaker 1: whether it's possible for the turntable to be preserved in 53 00:03:19,360 --> 00:03:23,040 Speaker 1: some way in its current location. Researchers at REIK and 54 00:03:23,160 --> 00:03:27,080 Speaker 1: Nishina Center for Accelerator Based Science in Japan have found 55 00:03:27,080 --> 00:03:30,359 Speaker 1: a new way to pull tiny, tiny samples of vermilion 56 00:03:30,760 --> 00:03:34,639 Speaker 1: also known as sinabar from ancient artifacts. That method is 57 00:03:34,720 --> 00:03:40,320 Speaker 1: sticky tape, specifically tiny squares of special sulfur free tapes 58 00:03:40,400 --> 00:03:43,960 Speaker 1: and sulfur would contaminate the process, and most sticky tapes 59 00:03:44,000 --> 00:03:46,840 Speaker 1: on the market actually contain sulfur. So the need for 60 00:03:46,880 --> 00:03:51,040 Speaker 1: this innovation came about from developments in the analysis techniques 61 00:03:51,040 --> 00:03:54,240 Speaker 1: that were being used. The research group developed a method 62 00:03:54,320 --> 00:03:59,000 Speaker 1: that only required one microgram of vermilion, and that's five 63 00:03:59,080 --> 00:04:02,120 Speaker 1: hundred times smaller than the sample sizes that were needed 64 00:04:02,160 --> 00:04:05,680 Speaker 1: for other methods. So that's great. It's great to need 65 00:04:05,720 --> 00:04:08,080 Speaker 1: to take a smaller sample because then you don't have 66 00:04:08,160 --> 00:04:11,360 Speaker 1: to do nearly as much damage to the object that 67 00:04:11,400 --> 00:04:15,200 Speaker 1: you're trying to study. However, they didn't actually have a 68 00:04:15,240 --> 00:04:18,400 Speaker 1: way to collect a sample that was that small. Like 69 00:04:18,760 --> 00:04:20,279 Speaker 1: it was like, that's a great idea, but how do 70 00:04:20,320 --> 00:04:23,039 Speaker 1: we get a sample that's that's small? Uh? And that 71 00:04:23,160 --> 00:04:27,039 Speaker 1: answer was the sulfur free tape and little little three 72 00:04:27,080 --> 00:04:30,440 Speaker 1: millimeter by three millimeter squares to just pull off the 73 00:04:30,480 --> 00:04:34,360 Speaker 1: tiniest amounts of a million pigment from things like pottery 74 00:04:34,480 --> 00:04:38,120 Speaker 1: and stone tools. I really love this sticky tape story. 75 00:04:38,880 --> 00:04:42,120 Speaker 1: I do you. I was having virtual ty with a 76 00:04:42,160 --> 00:04:43,480 Speaker 1: friend of mine and she was like, what are you 77 00:04:43,520 --> 00:04:45,000 Speaker 1: working on right now? And I was like, Oh, I'm 78 00:04:45,000 --> 00:04:46,960 Speaker 1: working on these Unearthed episodes. She's like, oh, I like this, 79 00:04:47,000 --> 00:04:48,599 Speaker 1: and I was. She was like, what, what's something that's 80 00:04:48,600 --> 00:04:51,200 Speaker 1: cool that's that you're finding, and like the sticky tape 81 00:04:51,240 --> 00:04:57,560 Speaker 1: story was what I immediately launched into. Back in Whittaker Schroeder, 82 00:04:57,600 --> 00:05:00,640 Speaker 1: a student at the University of Pennsylvania, was in Mexico 83 00:05:01,120 --> 00:05:03,960 Speaker 1: looking at archaeological digs and trying to find a topic 84 00:05:04,000 --> 00:05:07,599 Speaker 1: for his dissertation research. And after a while he started 85 00:05:07,600 --> 00:05:11,080 Speaker 1: noticing a street side carnitas vendor trying to flag him 86 00:05:11,120 --> 00:05:14,920 Speaker 1: down whenever he drove by. Schroeder thought the vendor was 87 00:05:14,960 --> 00:05:17,360 Speaker 1: trying to get his attention as a customer, but he 88 00:05:17,400 --> 00:05:20,720 Speaker 1: was a vegetarian, so he did not stop. But on 89 00:05:20,760 --> 00:05:23,320 Speaker 1: the last day of his trip he did, and it 90 00:05:23,360 --> 00:05:25,360 Speaker 1: turned out that the vendor was not trying to make 91 00:05:25,360 --> 00:05:28,120 Speaker 1: a sale. He had heard that Schroeder was interested in 92 00:05:28,160 --> 00:05:30,479 Speaker 1: the Maya and he wanted to tell him about a 93 00:05:30,520 --> 00:05:34,200 Speaker 1: friend who had found a stone tablet. It turned out 94 00:05:34,240 --> 00:05:38,120 Speaker 1: that the rancher had found something significant in his yard, 95 00:05:38,640 --> 00:05:42,200 Speaker 1: and five years later, after negotiations with him to do 96 00:05:42,240 --> 00:05:46,880 Speaker 1: the excavation, those excavations began. They revealed the capital of 97 00:05:46,920 --> 00:05:51,120 Speaker 1: the Maya Kingdom of Saxi or White Dog, which was 98 00:05:51,160 --> 00:05:54,120 Speaker 1: occupied for about a thousand years starting in seven fifty 99 00:05:54,120 --> 00:05:58,640 Speaker 1: BC or so. Archaeologists had been trying to find the 100 00:05:58,720 --> 00:06:02,120 Speaker 1: seat of this kingdom, so discovering references to it at 101 00:06:02,160 --> 00:06:07,960 Speaker 1: other sites in the team unearthed ruins, sculptures, and monuments, 102 00:06:08,120 --> 00:06:10,920 Speaker 1: one of which is inscribed with descriptions of things like 103 00:06:11,040 --> 00:06:14,479 Speaker 1: rituals and battles. The team was planning to return to 104 00:06:14,520 --> 00:06:18,520 Speaker 1: the site in June for further excavations, although the pandemic 105 00:06:18,960 --> 00:06:22,479 Speaker 1: seems likely to delay that effort. Moving on to a 106 00:06:22,520 --> 00:06:26,400 Speaker 1: favorite category, and that's shipwrecks. Locals have known about a 107 00:06:26,440 --> 00:06:29,760 Speaker 1: wreck about thirty five miles off the coast of St. Augustine, 108 00:06:29,760 --> 00:06:32,880 Speaker 1: Florida for more than three decades. They nicknamed this wreck 109 00:06:33,080 --> 00:06:36,000 Speaker 1: the Bear Wreck. I found a lot of references to 110 00:06:36,080 --> 00:06:39,080 Speaker 1: that being having to do something with debris that had 111 00:06:39,080 --> 00:06:40,560 Speaker 1: washed up. But I was like, it was there a 112 00:06:40,600 --> 00:06:42,320 Speaker 1: bear on it? Did it look like a bear? I 113 00:06:42,360 --> 00:06:47,880 Speaker 1: don't know. This January, though, this wreck was finally identified 114 00:06:48,080 --> 00:06:52,640 Speaker 1: as the S. S. Cartapaxi, which disappeared in the cot 115 00:06:52,760 --> 00:06:56,240 Speaker 1: Paxi was traveling from Charleston, South Carolina, to have on 116 00:06:56,279 --> 00:06:59,520 Speaker 1: a Cuba carrying a load of coal when it disappeared 117 00:06:59,560 --> 00:07:03,120 Speaker 1: with thirty two people on board. Since then, some people 118 00:07:03,160 --> 00:07:06,359 Speaker 1: have connected the Coda Paxi to the so called Bermuda Triangle, 119 00:07:06,640 --> 00:07:09,520 Speaker 1: which the ship would have passed through on that journey. 120 00:07:09,680 --> 00:07:13,679 Speaker 1: Biologists and diver Michael Barnett worked on the identification using 121 00:07:13,840 --> 00:07:17,840 Speaker 1: insurance records, blueprints and other documents to compare the wreckage 122 00:07:17,840 --> 00:07:20,480 Speaker 1: to what was known about the Coda Paxi and then, 123 00:07:20,520 --> 00:07:23,360 Speaker 1: in addition to the news coverage of this in January, 124 00:07:23,400 --> 00:07:26,120 Speaker 1: the wreck was also covered on the Science Channel series 125 00:07:26,280 --> 00:07:29,920 Speaker 1: Shipwreck Secrets. Crews have brought up more than three hundred 126 00:07:30,040 --> 00:07:33,320 Speaker 1: fifty artifacts from the wreck of Sir John Franklin ship 127 00:07:33,400 --> 00:07:36,920 Speaker 1: the Arabis, which was found in and we talked about 128 00:07:36,920 --> 00:07:40,520 Speaker 1: it on on Earth that year. The items include things 129 00:07:40,560 --> 00:07:45,160 Speaker 1: like a hair brush, kitchen items, wine bottles, and an accordion. 130 00:07:45,840 --> 00:07:50,320 Speaker 1: These were recovered by Parks Canada underwater archaeologists. So it's 131 00:07:50,360 --> 00:07:53,960 Speaker 1: been a few years since the ship was found. Uh 132 00:07:54,120 --> 00:07:56,240 Speaker 1: there had been some other items brought up from it, 133 00:07:56,280 --> 00:07:59,200 Speaker 1: but this was the first time that underwater archaeologists have 134 00:07:59,400 --> 00:08:01,600 Speaker 1: really been able to start working at the site, and 135 00:08:01,680 --> 00:08:05,280 Speaker 1: mostly that's because of the weather. The Northern location of 136 00:08:05,280 --> 00:08:07,760 Speaker 1: where the wreck is located means that you can really 137 00:08:07,800 --> 00:08:10,160 Speaker 1: only dive there for five or six weeks a year 138 00:08:10,200 --> 00:08:12,920 Speaker 1: at best. If you have bad weather during that five 139 00:08:13,000 --> 00:08:15,080 Speaker 1: or six weeks, that means it's not safe to go out. 140 00:08:15,120 --> 00:08:18,800 Speaker 1: It's too bad. A team for Lost fifty two project, 141 00:08:18,800 --> 00:08:21,640 Speaker 1: which has come up on previous episodes of Unearthed, has 142 00:08:21,680 --> 00:08:24,600 Speaker 1: found the remains of the U. S s Stickleback, which 143 00:08:24,600 --> 00:08:27,680 Speaker 1: sank after accidentally colliding with the U. S. Navy ship 144 00:08:28,040 --> 00:08:32,240 Speaker 1: on May nine. The wreck wasn't far from where the 145 00:08:32,280 --> 00:08:35,520 Speaker 1: collision had taken place, in about eleven thousand feet that's 146 00:08:35,559 --> 00:08:40,120 Speaker 1: about three thousands of water, so this collision was accidental. 147 00:08:40,240 --> 00:08:45,439 Speaker 1: It happened during an anti submarine warfare exercise. The crew 148 00:08:45,480 --> 00:08:48,360 Speaker 1: were able to use compressed air to force the water 149 00:08:48,400 --> 00:08:50,640 Speaker 1: out of the vessel's ballast, and they all escaped to 150 00:08:50,760 --> 00:08:53,800 Speaker 1: other ships that were in the area before the reck sank. Again. 151 00:08:54,120 --> 00:08:56,720 Speaker 1: For folks who might not recall, the Lost fifty two 152 00:08:56,720 --> 00:08:59,600 Speaker 1: project has a goal of finding all fifty two U 153 00:08:59,679 --> 00:09:02,920 Speaker 1: S sub marines that disappeared during World War Two and 154 00:09:02,960 --> 00:09:06,000 Speaker 1: the four that were lost during the Cold War. As 155 00:09:06,080 --> 00:09:09,360 Speaker 1: of the Stickleback announcement, it had found six of those subs. 156 00:09:10,400 --> 00:09:12,959 Speaker 1: Let's have a sponsor break before we move on to 157 00:09:13,440 --> 00:09:15,840 Speaker 1: one of the perpetual favorites, which is the edibles and 158 00:09:15,880 --> 00:09:26,560 Speaker 1: the potables. We've got several things in the world of 159 00:09:26,559 --> 00:09:30,440 Speaker 1: food and drink to talk about. First up. Researchers think 160 00:09:30,480 --> 00:09:33,200 Speaker 1: they have figured out how the Coloosa Kingdom and what's 161 00:09:33,240 --> 00:09:37,840 Speaker 1: now southern Florida kept large quantities of fish from going 162 00:09:37,920 --> 00:09:40,400 Speaker 1: bad in the summer heat while working on large scale 163 00:09:40,400 --> 00:09:44,240 Speaker 1: construction and projects. The kingdom's public works included things like 164 00:09:44,320 --> 00:09:47,120 Speaker 1: really large buildings and canals, and they would have needed 165 00:09:47,160 --> 00:09:50,760 Speaker 1: a large labor force to construct, and their diet was 166 00:09:50,880 --> 00:09:53,880 Speaker 1: largely fish based. So the trick to keeping such a 167 00:09:53,960 --> 00:09:57,360 Speaker 1: large supply of perishable food on hand and very hot 168 00:09:57,400 --> 00:10:01,640 Speaker 1: weather was to build large water core to temporarily hold 169 00:10:01,760 --> 00:10:04,760 Speaker 1: large numbers of living fish basically for a few days 170 00:10:04,800 --> 00:10:07,720 Speaker 1: out a time, close to where the work was actually happening. 171 00:10:08,160 --> 00:10:10,920 Speaker 1: Some of these water courts were massive, as large as 172 00:10:10,960 --> 00:10:14,640 Speaker 1: thirty six thousand square feet with an oyster shell foundation, 173 00:10:15,280 --> 00:10:17,640 Speaker 1: and it wasn't just a matter of digging the equivalent 174 00:10:17,720 --> 00:10:21,200 Speaker 1: of a big rectangular fish bowl. Keeping the fish alive 175 00:10:21,280 --> 00:10:24,440 Speaker 1: would have required them to account for tides, and currents 176 00:10:24,480 --> 00:10:26,680 Speaker 1: to keep the habitat going as a place where the 177 00:10:26,679 --> 00:10:31,040 Speaker 1: fish could survive. Based on radiocarbon dating, these water courts 178 00:10:31,040 --> 00:10:34,240 Speaker 1: were built sometime between thirteen hundred and fourteen hundred, and 179 00:10:34,280 --> 00:10:36,680 Speaker 1: that would have been during the second phase of construction 180 00:10:36,760 --> 00:10:39,640 Speaker 1: on a royal manner that was huge, large enough for 181 00:10:39,679 --> 00:10:44,120 Speaker 1: about two thousand people. Researcher studying ancient pieces of Siberian 182 00:10:44,200 --> 00:10:47,520 Speaker 1: pottery believed they figured out why pottery was first developed 183 00:10:47,559 --> 00:10:49,240 Speaker 1: in that part of the world towards the end of 184 00:10:49,280 --> 00:10:52,839 Speaker 1: the Ice Age. Their work involved pottery pieces that were 185 00:10:52,880 --> 00:10:57,680 Speaker 1: between twelve thousand and sixteen thousand years old. Based on 186 00:10:57,720 --> 00:11:00,720 Speaker 1: the lipid residues they found, this pottery was most likely 187 00:11:00,800 --> 00:11:05,439 Speaker 1: used to process fish, probably salmon. So the team's suggestion 188 00:11:05,720 --> 00:11:08,640 Speaker 1: is that people developed pottery at this place and time 189 00:11:08,760 --> 00:11:12,079 Speaker 1: because they were looking for alternate food sources. At some point, 190 00:11:12,160 --> 00:11:16,400 Speaker 1: people had already migrated away from the coldest, least hospitable 191 00:11:16,440 --> 00:11:19,200 Speaker 1: parts of what's now Russia, and it would have become 192 00:11:19,320 --> 00:11:22,520 Speaker 1: increasingly hard for them to find enough food by hunting 193 00:11:22,559 --> 00:11:25,960 Speaker 1: and gathering. In the words of Professor Oliver Craig, quote, 194 00:11:26,120 --> 00:11:29,320 Speaker 1: it is interesting that pottery emerges during these very cold 195 00:11:29,400 --> 00:11:34,120 Speaker 1: periods and not during the comparatively warmer interstadials when forest 196 00:11:34,160 --> 00:11:38,880 Speaker 1: resources such as game and nuts were more available. Researchers 197 00:11:38,920 --> 00:11:42,000 Speaker 1: doing similar work in Japan came to the same conclusion 198 00:11:42,120 --> 00:11:45,400 Speaker 1: about why pottery was developed there at about the same time, 199 00:11:46,120 --> 00:11:48,640 Speaker 1: but the methods for making pottery were different in these 200 00:11:48,640 --> 00:11:53,840 Speaker 1: two places, suggesting that two different populations each developed pottery 201 00:11:53,960 --> 00:11:56,960 Speaker 1: for the same reasons and around the same time, but 202 00:11:57,080 --> 00:12:00,800 Speaker 1: separately from each other. That separate study that Appanese Studies 203 00:12:00,920 --> 00:12:04,840 Speaker 1: lead author Dr Shenya Shoda was quoted as saying, quote, 204 00:12:04,880 --> 00:12:07,520 Speaker 1: we are very pleased with these latest results because they 205 00:12:07,559 --> 00:12:10,160 Speaker 1: close a major gap in our understanding of why the 206 00:12:10,200 --> 00:12:14,079 Speaker 1: world's oldest pottery was invented in different parts of Northeast 207 00:12:14,120 --> 00:12:17,719 Speaker 1: Asia in the late Glacial period, and also the contrasting 208 00:12:17,840 --> 00:12:20,280 Speaker 1: ways in which it was being used by these ancient 209 00:12:20,400 --> 00:12:25,200 Speaker 1: hunter gatherers. Researchers in Israel planted thirty two Judean date 210 00:12:25,240 --> 00:12:28,880 Speaker 1: palm seeds, which had been gathered from several archaeological sites. 211 00:12:29,600 --> 00:12:33,720 Speaker 1: Six of them sprouted. Once that's sprouting, it happened, researchers 212 00:12:33,760 --> 00:12:37,079 Speaker 1: gathered up the fragments of the germinated seeds to carbon 213 00:12:37,160 --> 00:12:40,200 Speaker 1: date them. Two of the seeds went back to between 214 00:12:40,240 --> 00:12:43,439 Speaker 1: the first and fourth centuries b C, two were from 215 00:12:43,480 --> 00:12:47,800 Speaker 1: the mid second century b C to the first century CE, 216 00:12:47,880 --> 00:12:49,640 Speaker 1: and then two of them were from the first or 217 00:12:49,679 --> 00:12:52,960 Speaker 1: second century CE. The age of the seeds and the 218 00:12:53,040 --> 00:12:56,240 Speaker 1: characteristics of the plants themselves may shed light on how 219 00:12:56,280 --> 00:12:59,800 Speaker 1: the population of Judea shifted around two thousand years ago, 220 00:13:00,040 --> 00:13:03,679 Speaker 1: as well as how people farmed date trees. Moving on, 221 00:13:04,000 --> 00:13:08,600 Speaker 1: Archaeologists in Tasmania have been excavating the former Pickton road 222 00:13:08,720 --> 00:13:12,280 Speaker 1: station that was home to a hundred and sixty incarcerated 223 00:13:12,320 --> 00:13:16,079 Speaker 1: workers while they were building a highway in the nineteenth century. 224 00:13:16,360 --> 00:13:19,680 Speaker 1: This included the solitary cells that were used for housing, 225 00:13:20,160 --> 00:13:23,760 Speaker 1: along with things like ceramics, tableware, and tools. There were 226 00:13:23,800 --> 00:13:27,640 Speaker 1: also a surprising number of alcohol bottles, something that would 227 00:13:27,640 --> 00:13:30,400 Speaker 1: have been tightly restricted given the fact that the laborers 228 00:13:30,400 --> 00:13:33,959 Speaker 1: were prisoners. Another dig at the area is scheduled for 229 00:13:34,080 --> 00:13:37,640 Speaker 1: next year also, and one of the funnier moments as 230 00:13:37,679 --> 00:13:40,200 Speaker 1: I was getting this episode together, I keep up with 231 00:13:40,240 --> 00:13:42,679 Speaker 1: all of these links to stories throughout the year on 232 00:13:42,679 --> 00:13:46,319 Speaker 1: on Pinterest, and what I had pinned for this story 233 00:13:46,920 --> 00:13:50,360 Speaker 1: was not a whole article. It was apparently someone's accidental 234 00:13:50,480 --> 00:13:54,680 Speaker 1: publishing error. It had the headline quote fragments found in 235 00:13:54,800 --> 00:13:58,840 Speaker 1: a Tasmanian convict archaeological dig at Kempton, and then it 236 00:13:58,880 --> 00:14:02,040 Speaker 1: had the subhead evidence of many types of alcohol was 237 00:14:02,080 --> 00:14:04,280 Speaker 1: found at the dig, and then that was it. There 238 00:14:04,360 --> 00:14:10,199 Speaker 1: was no other content. What else do you need to know? Obviously, 239 00:14:10,320 --> 00:14:13,360 Speaker 1: the evidence of many types of alcohol was what prompted 240 00:14:13,360 --> 00:14:15,040 Speaker 1: me to pin the story in the first place, so 241 00:14:15,120 --> 00:14:19,840 Speaker 1: it was enough for me. Speaking of alcohol, archaeologists found 242 00:14:19,880 --> 00:14:23,200 Speaker 1: six hundred beer bottles neatly stacked during an excavation at 243 00:14:23,240 --> 00:14:26,920 Speaker 1: Scarborough Castle in in Leeds. The site had been home 244 00:14:26,960 --> 00:14:29,800 Speaker 1: to Tetley Brewing, but the bottles, some of which still 245 00:14:29,800 --> 00:14:32,880 Speaker 1: contain liquid, are from a variety of brewers in the area. 246 00:14:33,480 --> 00:14:35,680 Speaker 1: Some of this liquid was analyzed and found that it 247 00:14:35,720 --> 00:14:40,640 Speaker 1: did still contain alcohol, but it also contained lead, lots 248 00:14:40,760 --> 00:14:43,720 Speaker 1: and lots of lead. It seems as though the breweries 249 00:14:43,800 --> 00:14:47,080 Speaker 1: water pipes might have been contaminated, which really isn't all 250 00:14:47,080 --> 00:14:50,520 Speaker 1: that surprising considering its age and the fact that it 251 00:14:50,560 --> 00:14:56,280 Speaker 1: had Victorian and Georgian era plumbing. Possibly the weirdest, creepiest 252 00:14:56,360 --> 00:15:00,440 Speaker 1: best headline of this season's Unearthed three thousand year old 253 00:15:00,480 --> 00:15:05,440 Speaker 1: teeth solve Pacific banana mystery. Uh Fat is an island 254 00:15:05,480 --> 00:15:08,360 Speaker 1: in the Pacific Ocean, across the Coral Sea from Australia. 255 00:15:08,720 --> 00:15:12,080 Speaker 1: It is home to an important archaeological site known as Teoma, 256 00:15:12,480 --> 00:15:15,000 Speaker 1: which is home to a large cemetery from the Neolithic 257 00:15:15,080 --> 00:15:18,560 Speaker 1: Lapida culture. The cemetery itself is the oldest in the 258 00:15:18,600 --> 00:15:21,880 Speaker 1: region known as Remote Oceania, and many of its burials 259 00:15:21,920 --> 00:15:26,480 Speaker 1: are exceptionally well preserved. So while studying three thousand year 260 00:15:26,480 --> 00:15:31,440 Speaker 1: old skeletons, researchers found microscopic particles of banana and other 261 00:15:31,560 --> 00:15:34,840 Speaker 1: plants in their dental plaque. This is the first evidence 262 00:15:34,880 --> 00:15:38,160 Speaker 1: that the Lapida people may have brought domesticated plants with 263 00:15:38,400 --> 00:15:41,040 Speaker 1: them when they first arrived on the island, which had 264 00:15:41,080 --> 00:15:44,440 Speaker 1: been uninhabited before they got there. That arrival happened about 265 00:15:44,440 --> 00:15:47,680 Speaker 1: three thousand years ago, and this may help answer some 266 00:15:47,720 --> 00:15:51,760 Speaker 1: ongoing questions about how the Lapida people survived as they 267 00:15:51,800 --> 00:15:54,960 Speaker 1: first settled this island. Getting into more creepy things which 268 00:15:54,960 --> 00:15:58,400 Speaker 1: makes me happy. Moving on from food, but continuing with 269 00:15:58,440 --> 00:16:01,320 Speaker 1: that theme of stuff that was it's kind of creepy. 270 00:16:01,440 --> 00:16:05,040 Speaker 1: Italian anthropologists have concluded that what appeared to be a 271 00:16:05,040 --> 00:16:08,040 Speaker 1: piece of black rock, is really part of the brain 272 00:16:08,160 --> 00:16:11,080 Speaker 1: of someone who died during the eruption of Mount Vesuvius 273 00:16:11,120 --> 00:16:15,000 Speaker 1: in the year seventy nine. The substance was glassy, and 274 00:16:15,040 --> 00:16:18,440 Speaker 1: it was found on the inside of a person's shattered skull. 275 00:16:18,760 --> 00:16:23,400 Speaker 1: Another Vesuvius news, a cranium found near Pompey about a 276 00:16:23,440 --> 00:16:27,280 Speaker 1: hundred years ago, has reportedly been confirmed as belonging to 277 00:16:27,440 --> 00:16:30,840 Speaker 1: Plenty the Elder, at least as far as it's possible 278 00:16:30,880 --> 00:16:35,200 Speaker 1: to confirm such a thing at this point. Plenty Of 279 00:16:35,200 --> 00:16:38,200 Speaker 1: the Elder was admiral of the Roman Imperial Fleet and 280 00:16:38,240 --> 00:16:41,600 Speaker 1: went to the area after Vesuvius erupted, both to study 281 00:16:41,640 --> 00:16:43,800 Speaker 1: what was happening and to try to rescue as many 282 00:16:43,800 --> 00:16:47,080 Speaker 1: people as possible, but he was killed by poisonous gas 283 00:16:47,080 --> 00:16:49,760 Speaker 1: from the eruption. According to his nephew, plenty Of the Younger, 284 00:16:50,320 --> 00:16:53,560 Speaker 1: a jawbone was found along with the cranium, and over 285 00:16:53,600 --> 00:16:55,960 Speaker 1: the course of the work it became clear that the 286 00:16:56,000 --> 00:17:00,800 Speaker 1: two bones belonged to different people. Based on isotopin analysis, 287 00:17:00,840 --> 00:17:03,560 Speaker 1: the jaw bone belonged to someone of African descent who 288 00:17:03,640 --> 00:17:07,040 Speaker 1: was in their late thirties, possibly someone enslaved by Plenty 289 00:17:07,040 --> 00:17:10,080 Speaker 1: of the Elder. The skull, on the other hand, belonged 290 00:17:10,080 --> 00:17:12,679 Speaker 1: to someone older from the general region of Italy that 291 00:17:12,760 --> 00:17:16,640 Speaker 1: Plenty the Elder was from. Uh, this was really not 292 00:17:16,720 --> 00:17:20,760 Speaker 1: as conclusive as headlines made it sound like, because the 293 00:17:20,800 --> 00:17:24,080 Speaker 1: headlines were like, Plenty of the Elder skull identified, and 294 00:17:24,359 --> 00:17:28,240 Speaker 1: they're like, maybe this is a cranium that belonging to 295 00:17:28,320 --> 00:17:31,760 Speaker 1: somebody from approximately the time and place that Pliny the 296 00:17:31,800 --> 00:17:38,760 Speaker 1: Elder was from, found near Pompey like that. Uh, it's 297 00:17:38,760 --> 00:17:41,320 Speaker 1: creepy because it's a cranium, but it's also kind of silly. 298 00:17:41,720 --> 00:17:43,359 Speaker 1: Moving on to some other stuff that I found a 299 00:17:43,359 --> 00:17:48,080 Speaker 1: little creepy in archaeologists found a broken bottle full of 300 00:17:48,240 --> 00:17:51,680 Speaker 1: nails at a Civil War fortification known as Redoubt nine 301 00:17:51,920 --> 00:17:54,639 Speaker 1: and that today is the median of Highway I sixty 302 00:17:54,640 --> 00:17:57,399 Speaker 1: four in part of Virginia. This year, the William and 303 00:17:57,440 --> 00:18:00,800 Speaker 1: Mary Center for Archaeological Research announced that I believe this 304 00:18:00,840 --> 00:18:03,960 Speaker 1: bottle is a witch bottle. So witch bottles were meant 305 00:18:04,000 --> 00:18:06,840 Speaker 1: to ward off evil spirits, something that's been practiced in 306 00:18:06,920 --> 00:18:09,760 Speaker 1: various ways in different parts of the world throughout history. 307 00:18:10,600 --> 00:18:13,240 Speaker 1: In this case, it involved burying a bottle full of 308 00:18:13,359 --> 00:18:16,320 Speaker 1: nails near the hearth in your home, and that practice 309 00:18:16,320 --> 00:18:19,320 Speaker 1: started in East Anglia in England during the Middle Ages. 310 00:18:20,160 --> 00:18:23,480 Speaker 1: Archaeologists have found almost two hundred witch bottles in Britain, 311 00:18:23,800 --> 00:18:26,479 Speaker 1: but only a handful in the United States, so this 312 00:18:26,520 --> 00:18:29,960 Speaker 1: fine is relatively rare. Also, um, it could have just 313 00:18:30,000 --> 00:18:33,080 Speaker 1: been a bottle full of nails with no supernatural significance 314 00:18:33,280 --> 00:18:35,879 Speaker 1: because the top of the bottle is broken off, so 315 00:18:36,000 --> 00:18:38,600 Speaker 1: it's not clear whether it contained any of the other 316 00:18:38,680 --> 00:18:42,320 Speaker 1: items that were typically placed into witch bottles, like nail 317 00:18:42,359 --> 00:18:45,000 Speaker 1: clippings or locks of hair. It could have just been 318 00:18:45,000 --> 00:18:48,359 Speaker 1: the container someone was using to hold their nails. My 319 00:18:48,440 --> 00:18:53,480 Speaker 1: brain wants to start making artisanal witch bottles to sell online. 320 00:18:55,760 --> 00:19:02,000 Speaker 1: We'll just put like cat nail clippings. I increasingly really 321 00:19:02,000 --> 00:19:05,000 Speaker 1: love all of the things that um, I mean not 322 00:19:05,080 --> 00:19:06,320 Speaker 1: all of the things, because some of the things that 323 00:19:06,320 --> 00:19:09,240 Speaker 1: have been done are horrifying, but like the concealing of 324 00:19:09,359 --> 00:19:13,320 Speaker 1: objects in walls and hearts to try to ward off 325 00:19:13,440 --> 00:19:16,199 Speaker 1: evil spirits through things like witch bottles and shoes, and 326 00:19:17,160 --> 00:19:19,879 Speaker 1: uh think just delight me because you don't want that 327 00:19:20,000 --> 00:19:22,359 Speaker 1: bell witch to come looking for her tooth, You don't. 328 00:19:22,400 --> 00:19:25,399 Speaker 1: It breaks me out. That's probably why I thought the 329 00:19:25,400 --> 00:19:30,240 Speaker 1: banana thing was creepy, because it was about teeth. Anyway, Um, 330 00:19:30,440 --> 00:19:33,840 Speaker 1: do you want to have a little break. Yeah, I'm 331 00:19:33,840 --> 00:19:36,080 Speaker 1: gonna recover from these teeth stories and we'll come back 332 00:19:36,080 --> 00:19:45,200 Speaker 1: in a minute. Next up, we have just a couple 333 00:19:45,240 --> 00:19:50,359 Speaker 1: of mummy fines or things related to mummies. Taka Booty 334 00:19:50,480 --> 00:19:53,440 Speaker 1: was a woman who lived in ancient Egypt around twenties, 335 00:19:53,440 --> 00:19:56,280 Speaker 1: six hundred years ago, whose mummy was bought in the 336 00:19:56,359 --> 00:19:59,760 Speaker 1: nineteenth century and then brought to Belfast, Ireland in eighte 337 00:20:00,080 --> 00:20:04,080 Speaker 1: d four. Analysis of her mummy has revealed that her 338 00:20:04,119 --> 00:20:08,240 Speaker 1: cause of death was being stabbed in the back. Also, 339 00:20:08,320 --> 00:20:11,560 Speaker 1: researchers confirmed that the mummy's heart is actually still intact 340 00:20:11,600 --> 00:20:14,680 Speaker 1: and present in the chest cavity. Taka Booty is an 341 00:20:14,680 --> 00:20:18,040 Speaker 1: example of what other cultures treatment of Egyptian mummies was 342 00:20:18,119 --> 00:20:21,640 Speaker 1: like in the nineteenth century. After Taca Booty was brought 343 00:20:21,720 --> 00:20:27,320 Speaker 1: to Belfast, she was publicly unwrapped on January five. That 344 00:20:27,440 --> 00:20:29,439 Speaker 1: was really just kind of a public spectacle of like, 345 00:20:29,560 --> 00:20:31,800 Speaker 1: let's goc at these human remains that we're going to 346 00:20:31,960 --> 00:20:37,040 Speaker 1: remove from their burial wrappings to find a little horrifying 347 00:20:37,920 --> 00:20:40,919 Speaker 1: uh in totally different, almost opposite mummy news from a 348 00:20:40,920 --> 00:20:43,800 Speaker 1: different part of the world. Researchers from the University of 349 00:20:43,840 --> 00:20:47,399 Speaker 1: Western Ontario have been working on a portable digital X 350 00:20:47,520 --> 00:20:50,639 Speaker 1: ray system that could allow more thorough but also non 351 00:20:50,720 --> 00:20:54,399 Speaker 1: invasive study of mummies. Actually in the field, using X 352 00:20:54,480 --> 00:20:57,920 Speaker 1: ray imaging to study mummies is not new. Mosaic x 353 00:20:58,000 --> 00:21:00,960 Speaker 1: rays that use multiple images to turn two dimensional X 354 00:21:01,040 --> 00:21:03,480 Speaker 1: rays into a three D view of a mummy's interior 355 00:21:04,160 --> 00:21:08,000 Speaker 1: or not new either. However, before this point this work 356 00:21:08,040 --> 00:21:10,920 Speaker 1: has usually been done with film, with the team taking 357 00:21:10,960 --> 00:21:13,320 Speaker 1: that film back home with them and then developing the 358 00:21:13,359 --> 00:21:17,040 Speaker 1: images and studying them there. And it was time consuming 359 00:21:17,080 --> 00:21:19,720 Speaker 1: and it also meant that you were no longer physically 360 00:21:19,720 --> 00:21:22,000 Speaker 1: able to compare your imaging to like the mummies in 361 00:21:22,000 --> 00:21:24,520 Speaker 1: front of you. This team, on the other hand, is 362 00:21:24,560 --> 00:21:27,199 Speaker 1: working on an all digital setup using an X ray 363 00:21:27,240 --> 00:21:29,840 Speaker 1: machine the size of a suitcase that was originally made 364 00:21:29,840 --> 00:21:33,840 Speaker 1: for veterinary use. The images produced are sent directly to 365 00:21:33,880 --> 00:21:37,280 Speaker 1: a laptop and they can be viewed immediately. The X 366 00:21:37,359 --> 00:21:39,879 Speaker 1: ray machine being used in this work was funded by 367 00:21:39,920 --> 00:21:43,479 Speaker 1: the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, and 368 00:21:43,600 --> 00:21:46,960 Speaker 1: last summer the team used it in Peru to take 369 00:21:47,000 --> 00:21:49,560 Speaker 1: more than eight d X rays in the field over 370 00:21:49,600 --> 00:21:52,639 Speaker 1: the course of just six days. Moving on away from 371 00:21:52,680 --> 00:21:56,320 Speaker 1: mummies and into books and letters, Charlotte Bronte, most well 372 00:21:56,359 --> 00:21:59,960 Speaker 1: known for her novel Jane Eyre, also made tiny, tiny 373 00:22:00,080 --> 00:22:03,040 Speaker 1: nature books and magazines when she was a team I 374 00:22:03,119 --> 00:22:06,560 Speaker 1: love this. Her siblings made tiny books like this too. 375 00:22:06,640 --> 00:22:09,160 Speaker 1: And when we say we're talking about something tiny, what 376 00:22:09,240 --> 00:22:11,280 Speaker 1: we mean is something the size of like a box 377 00:22:11,280 --> 00:22:13,720 Speaker 1: of matches. In the case of the one we're about 378 00:22:13,760 --> 00:22:17,840 Speaker 1: to talk about, it's thirty five by sixty one millimeters tiny, 379 00:22:18,280 --> 00:22:20,960 Speaker 1: so small. UM. I saw some of these at a 380 00:22:21,000 --> 00:22:23,480 Speaker 1: special exhibition at the Morgan one time a couple of 381 00:22:23,520 --> 00:22:25,959 Speaker 1: years ago when we were in New York for something 382 00:22:26,000 --> 00:22:29,560 Speaker 1: podcast related. UM, and they had the books and these 383 00:22:29,600 --> 00:22:32,879 Speaker 1: little magnifying glasses that you could get it closer. I 384 00:22:32,920 --> 00:22:35,120 Speaker 1: loved them so much. I love the whole exhibit so much. 385 00:22:35,200 --> 00:22:40,040 Speaker 1: Was great anyway. One of Charlotte Bronte's creations along these 386 00:22:40,040 --> 00:22:44,000 Speaker 1: lines was a six book series called The Young Men's Magazine, 387 00:22:44,119 --> 00:22:49,240 Speaker 1: and this included original stories, mock advertisements, and other materials. 388 00:22:49,240 --> 00:22:52,720 Speaker 1: They really were like tiny, tiny, little mock up men's 389 00:22:52,760 --> 00:22:56,680 Speaker 1: magazines full of original work. Four of the six installments 390 00:22:56,680 --> 00:22:59,240 Speaker 1: in this series were already part of the collection of 391 00:22:59,240 --> 00:23:03,000 Speaker 1: the Bronte Parsonage Museum. A fifth has been lost since 392 00:23:03,040 --> 00:23:05,280 Speaker 1: the nineteen thirties. We're not quite sure where it is, 393 00:23:05,400 --> 00:23:08,320 Speaker 1: and the sixth came up for auction in the fall 394 00:23:08,560 --> 00:23:12,440 Speaker 1: of nineteen That led to a fundraising campaign to help 395 00:23:12,480 --> 00:23:16,080 Speaker 1: the museum buy it. And that campaign was promoted by 396 00:23:16,080 --> 00:23:19,360 Speaker 1: such notable people as Dame Judy Dench, who's the Bronte 397 00:23:19,520 --> 00:23:23,240 Speaker 1: Society's honorary president. And this campaign we are happy to 398 00:23:23,240 --> 00:23:26,919 Speaker 1: say was successful. It was announced in February that the 399 00:23:27,000 --> 00:23:29,639 Speaker 1: newly acquired Little Book has gone on display at the 400 00:23:29,640 --> 00:23:33,720 Speaker 1: Parsonage Museum. I really love the fact that Dame Judy 401 00:23:33,760 --> 00:23:38,359 Speaker 1: Dench is the honorary president of the Bronte Society. Is 402 00:23:40,040 --> 00:23:43,400 Speaker 1: moving on. Researchers are studying a two thousand year old 403 00:23:43,480 --> 00:23:45,879 Speaker 1: artifact in Japan to try to figure out whether it 404 00:23:45,920 --> 00:23:51,800 Speaker 1: contains Japan's oldest known example of writing. Gastuo Yanagita and 405 00:23:51,840 --> 00:23:56,080 Speaker 1: his colleagues have maintained that this is an inkstone showing 406 00:23:56,359 --> 00:24:00,359 Speaker 1: Chinese characters that are written on the stone in India inc. 407 00:24:00,600 --> 00:24:03,800 Speaker 1: India INC Is a form of inc made from carbon black, 408 00:24:03,920 --> 00:24:07,159 Speaker 1: typically in a stick or a cake which is moistened 409 00:24:07,200 --> 00:24:10,480 Speaker 1: to produce inc, but it can also describe a liquid 410 00:24:10,520 --> 00:24:13,200 Speaker 1: inc made from carbon black and suspended in a fluid. 411 00:24:14,119 --> 00:24:17,119 Speaker 1: India Inc or Indian ink, as it is called in 412 00:24:17,160 --> 00:24:20,119 Speaker 1: the UK, is a little bit of a misnomer. This 413 00:24:20,240 --> 00:24:22,680 Speaker 1: was first made in China and Japan, and in some 414 00:24:22,720 --> 00:24:26,159 Speaker 1: places it is actually called Chinese inc. As I was 415 00:24:26,200 --> 00:24:27,639 Speaker 1: working on it, I was like, I'm sure there are 416 00:24:27,640 --> 00:24:30,800 Speaker 1: people who know what india inc is, but I'm not 417 00:24:30,920 --> 00:24:33,600 Speaker 1: clear on the details, even though I've been hearing the 418 00:24:33,720 --> 00:24:39,200 Speaker 1: term used my entire life. Other researchers studying this piece, though, 419 00:24:39,400 --> 00:24:42,439 Speaker 1: have tried to confirm the presence of india inc on 420 00:24:42,480 --> 00:24:45,439 Speaker 1: the stone through infrared imaging, and they just couldn't confirm 421 00:24:45,520 --> 00:24:47,800 Speaker 1: that it was there. So there's some dispute going on 422 00:24:47,840 --> 00:24:51,399 Speaker 1: about this. If it is ultimately confirmed that this really 423 00:24:51,440 --> 00:24:54,159 Speaker 1: is an example of writing, it would move the first 424 00:24:54,240 --> 00:24:57,199 Speaker 1: use of writing in Japan to between two hundred and 425 00:24:57,280 --> 00:25:00,879 Speaker 1: three hundred years earlier than what's currently known. When Chile 426 00:25:01,119 --> 00:25:04,720 Speaker 1: occupied Peru during the eighteen seventy nine to eighteen eighty 427 00:25:04,800 --> 00:25:09,840 Speaker 1: four Pacific War, chileanforces removed, among other things, thousands of 428 00:25:09,880 --> 00:25:14,720 Speaker 1: books and manuscripts from Peru's National Library. Chile returned more 429 00:25:14,760 --> 00:25:17,119 Speaker 1: than four thousand, five hundred books, but some of the 430 00:25:17,160 --> 00:25:20,760 Speaker 1: ones that were taken were sold to private collectors, and 431 00:25:20,840 --> 00:25:23,800 Speaker 1: this is also something that is a repatriation, which we're 432 00:25:23,800 --> 00:25:25,520 Speaker 1: going to talk about more of them in a bit. 433 00:25:26,440 --> 00:25:31,119 Speaker 1: One such manuscript is Memories of the Peruvian Monarchy or 434 00:25:31,240 --> 00:25:36,000 Speaker 1: Outline of the Inca's History by Justo Apu Salharrawa Inca. 435 00:25:36,480 --> 00:25:39,840 Speaker 1: Very sorry if I've pronounced that badly. Uh. He was 436 00:25:39,880 --> 00:25:43,200 Speaker 1: a descendant of Juanna Kapak, who was the sixteenth century 437 00:25:43,240 --> 00:25:46,360 Speaker 1: Inca emperor who we talked about in our previous episode 438 00:25:46,359 --> 00:25:49,680 Speaker 1: on the Battle of Caja Marca. This is a beautiful, 439 00:25:49,760 --> 00:25:53,639 Speaker 1: illustrated manuscript detailing the history of the Inca Empire and 440 00:25:53,720 --> 00:25:56,399 Speaker 1: Spanish conquest in the region. A lot of it is 441 00:25:56,480 --> 00:25:59,880 Speaker 1: sourced from documents that have not survived until the present day. 442 00:26:00,200 --> 00:26:03,720 Speaker 1: After more than a decade of negotiation, a private collector 443 00:26:03,760 --> 00:26:07,040 Speaker 1: agreed to return the manuscript to Peru in November of 444 00:26:07,080 --> 00:26:10,119 Speaker 1: twenty nineteen, and it was publicly shown for the first 445 00:26:10,119 --> 00:26:14,480 Speaker 1: time earlier this year. It has also been digitized, although 446 00:26:14,520 --> 00:26:17,520 Speaker 1: Tracy was not able to find the digitization online. Yeah, 447 00:26:17,520 --> 00:26:21,960 Speaker 1: I found various references to it being available digitally, but um, 448 00:26:22,000 --> 00:26:26,720 Speaker 1: possibly because I am searching in English and don't know 449 00:26:26,760 --> 00:26:30,000 Speaker 1: how it might be described, um in Spanish in a 450 00:26:30,040 --> 00:26:33,280 Speaker 1: searchable way, I was not able to find it. As 451 00:26:33,280 --> 00:26:36,640 Speaker 1: our last, our last entry into books and letters. We're 452 00:26:36,640 --> 00:26:41,800 Speaker 1: gonna count blueprints as books. Back in nine, senior draftsman 453 00:26:41,920 --> 00:26:45,640 Speaker 1: Ken Barnes was working on a fighter jet project in Canada, 454 00:26:46,000 --> 00:26:49,679 Speaker 1: helping to design the Avro Arrow Mark two. When the 455 00:26:49,720 --> 00:26:52,560 Speaker 1: first avrow Errow made its debut, it was one of 456 00:26:52,600 --> 00:26:55,880 Speaker 1: the fastest jets in its class. It had been designed 457 00:26:55,920 --> 00:26:59,760 Speaker 1: to intercept Soviet aircraft if they were to attack targets 458 00:27:00,040 --> 00:27:03,520 Speaker 1: in North America, as was a Cold War era aircraft. 459 00:27:03,800 --> 00:27:07,520 Speaker 1: At the same time, other developments like the intercontinental ballistic 460 00:27:07,520 --> 00:27:11,680 Speaker 1: missile and satellite technology meant that the era was simultaneously 461 00:27:11,800 --> 00:27:14,640 Speaker 1: at the top of its class and out of date. 462 00:27:15,440 --> 00:27:18,160 Speaker 1: So the government canceled the Mark two project and ordered 463 00:27:18,240 --> 00:27:21,720 Speaker 1: everyone working on it to destroy all their documents to 464 00:27:21,800 --> 00:27:26,760 Speaker 1: keep them from falling into Cold War era enemy hands. Barnes, however, 465 00:27:27,000 --> 00:27:29,240 Speaker 1: did not do this, and in a story that at 466 00:27:29,240 --> 00:27:32,159 Speaker 1: this point could have gone very differently. I'm imagining like 467 00:27:32,280 --> 00:27:35,760 Speaker 1: some heists or something that did not happen, But what 468 00:27:35,800 --> 00:27:38,800 Speaker 1: if they had. Uh. He kept them safely in his home, 469 00:27:38,920 --> 00:27:41,600 Speaker 1: where they stayed tucked away in a workbench in his 470 00:27:41,720 --> 00:27:45,040 Speaker 1: basement until they were inherited by his son, Gourd. The 471 00:27:45,119 --> 00:27:48,639 Speaker 1: younger Barnes ultimately donated them and they became part of 472 00:27:48,680 --> 00:27:51,560 Speaker 1: an exhibit called Touch the Sky, The Story of Arow 473 00:27:51,680 --> 00:27:55,800 Speaker 1: Canada at the University of Saskatchewan's Deefen Baker Canada Center. 474 00:27:56,480 --> 00:27:59,840 Speaker 1: We have a couple of repatriations to talk about. The 475 00:28:00,000 --> 00:28:03,440 Speaker 1: Ellen lad Thompson Revocable Trust has donated more than one 476 00:28:03,960 --> 00:28:07,800 Speaker 1: items to Hawaii's Iolani Palace. This is something that a 477 00:28:07,800 --> 00:28:10,480 Speaker 1: lot of news coverage has framed as being related to 478 00:28:10,520 --> 00:28:13,240 Speaker 1: the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy at the hands of 479 00:28:13,400 --> 00:28:17,760 Speaker 1: US business interests aided by the military. Ine That's something 480 00:28:17,800 --> 00:28:20,240 Speaker 1: that we've talked about on the show. In the words 481 00:28:20,280 --> 00:28:24,160 Speaker 1: of CNN's headline, for example, quote thousands of artifacts were 482 00:28:24,160 --> 00:28:28,440 Speaker 1: taken when Hawaiian's monarchy was overthrown. Now some have returned 483 00:28:28,480 --> 00:28:33,119 Speaker 1: home to Iolani Palace. It is absolutely true that thousands 484 00:28:33,160 --> 00:28:36,720 Speaker 1: of artifacts pieces of artwork and other items were seized 485 00:28:36,800 --> 00:28:40,680 Speaker 1: and auctioned off after the Hawaiian monarchy was overthrown, and 486 00:28:40,680 --> 00:28:43,240 Speaker 1: that many of these pieces have never been recovered or 487 00:28:43,320 --> 00:28:47,920 Speaker 1: return But this particular donation has a little bit different backstory. 488 00:28:48,320 --> 00:28:52,240 Speaker 1: These items had originally belonged to Anton and Emily Rosa. 489 00:28:52,920 --> 00:28:55,760 Speaker 1: Anton was the son of a Hawaiian mother and a 490 00:28:55,800 --> 00:28:59,280 Speaker 1: father of Portuguese descent. He was a judge and King 491 00:28:59,400 --> 00:29:04,440 Speaker 1: Kalakau appointed him as Attorney General. After that, Rosa served 492 00:29:04,440 --> 00:29:06,960 Speaker 1: as Kalaka who was vice chamberlain, and he was part 493 00:29:07,000 --> 00:29:10,680 Speaker 1: of Queen Lilio Kawani's privy council. Rosa died in eight 494 00:29:11,440 --> 00:29:14,200 Speaker 1: at the age of forty three, and in obituaries his 495 00:29:14,280 --> 00:29:17,760 Speaker 1: politics were described as nationalist and in opposition to the 496 00:29:17,800 --> 00:29:23,160 Speaker 1: republic that was established after US interests overthrew the Hawaiian monarchy. 497 00:29:23,200 --> 00:29:26,440 Speaker 1: These items, which were probably given to the Rosa family 498 00:29:26,480 --> 00:29:30,240 Speaker 1: as gifts, were then passed down to their descendants. Then 499 00:29:30,440 --> 00:29:34,760 Speaker 1: Helen Land Thompson, Rosa's granddaughter, died in Honolulu on June, 500 00:29:36,640 --> 00:29:39,719 Speaker 1: which ultimately led to those items being donated to the 501 00:29:39,720 --> 00:29:43,480 Speaker 1: Iolani Palace. The headlines sort of made it sound like 502 00:29:43,520 --> 00:29:47,680 Speaker 1: these were things that nefarious people had looted from the 503 00:29:47,720 --> 00:29:50,760 Speaker 1: palace and decided to return. But like this is a 504 00:29:50,880 --> 00:29:55,320 Speaker 1: family who had connections with the monarchy's personal items that 505 00:29:55,400 --> 00:30:00,440 Speaker 1: they have donated now uh. In other news, scot Outland 506 00:30:00,600 --> 00:30:04,720 Speaker 1: has returned the remains of both the couple a hundred 507 00:30:04,760 --> 00:30:07,720 Speaker 1: and ninety one years after those remains were taken from 508 00:30:07,720 --> 00:30:12,080 Speaker 1: their grave and what's now Newfoundland by explorer William Cormack. 509 00:30:12,720 --> 00:30:16,960 Speaker 1: This return followed years of discussion with the Canadian government 510 00:30:17,040 --> 00:30:21,040 Speaker 1: and with indigenous leaders. These remains belonged to non No 511 00:30:21,120 --> 00:30:25,120 Speaker 1: Saboset and demas do it really sorry? If I have 512 00:30:25,200 --> 00:30:28,640 Speaker 1: done that badly. I tried to get pronunciations and failed 513 00:30:29,320 --> 00:30:32,000 Speaker 1: to mast do it was captured by a European fur 514 00:30:32,080 --> 00:30:35,520 Speaker 1: trader in eighteen nineteen, and her husband was killed trying 515 00:30:35,560 --> 00:30:39,720 Speaker 1: to rescue her. She died of tuberculosis the following year. 516 00:30:40,280 --> 00:30:42,760 Speaker 1: As of March, the remains were being held at the 517 00:30:42,840 --> 00:30:46,520 Speaker 1: Rooms Archive in Museum in St. John's as indigenous leaders 518 00:30:46,520 --> 00:30:50,360 Speaker 1: from Newfoundland and Labrador discussed how and where to rebury 519 00:30:50,440 --> 00:30:54,520 Speaker 1: them to ensure that they would not be disturbed again. Initially, 520 00:30:54,600 --> 00:30:58,200 Speaker 1: Scottish authorities had refused to return these remains because the 521 00:30:58,240 --> 00:31:01,520 Speaker 1: request had not been made by a act descendant. This 522 00:31:01,600 --> 00:31:05,480 Speaker 1: is one of those situations where the Bothic nation as 523 00:31:05,560 --> 00:31:08,760 Speaker 1: a nation was destroyed back in the nineteenth century, so 524 00:31:08,800 --> 00:31:12,080 Speaker 1: the efforts to have the remains repatriated has been a 525 00:31:12,360 --> 00:31:18,560 Speaker 1: collaborative effort among multiple indigenous people's In Canada, a pipe 526 00:31:18,600 --> 00:31:22,360 Speaker 1: tomahawk that George Washington gave to Seneca leader Cornplanter in 527 00:31:22,440 --> 00:31:26,640 Speaker 1: seventeen two has been returned to the Seneca nation. A 528 00:31:26,720 --> 00:31:29,680 Speaker 1: Seneca diplomat had donated the tomahawk to the New York 529 00:31:29,680 --> 00:31:32,720 Speaker 1: State Museum in eighteen fifty one, but it had been 530 00:31:32,800 --> 00:31:36,120 Speaker 1: lost or stolen from the museum. About one hundred years later, 531 00:31:36,880 --> 00:31:39,600 Speaker 1: it was returned to the museum by an anonymous person 532 00:31:39,720 --> 00:31:44,800 Speaker 1: in The formal return of the pipe took place in Salamanca, 533 00:31:44,840 --> 00:31:47,480 Speaker 1: New York in January. And now we are going to 534 00:31:47,520 --> 00:31:51,280 Speaker 1: move on and finish off this installment of Unearthed with 535 00:31:51,480 --> 00:31:55,040 Speaker 1: something that a lot of people's social media shares blamed 536 00:31:55,240 --> 00:31:58,920 Speaker 1: for the state of the world right now, um which, 537 00:32:00,160 --> 00:32:01,920 Speaker 1: as we've said earlier, this episode is coming out in 538 00:32:01,960 --> 00:32:03,360 Speaker 1: two weeks. Who knows what the state of the world 539 00:32:03,360 --> 00:32:07,480 Speaker 1: will be at that point. Thirty lead curse tablets were 540 00:32:07,480 --> 00:32:10,920 Speaker 1: found in the main cemetery of ancient Athens, down at 541 00:32:10,920 --> 00:32:14,120 Speaker 1: the bottom of a well. This well is known as 542 00:32:14,160 --> 00:32:17,120 Speaker 1: B thirty four. It's one of more than forty known 543 00:32:17,280 --> 00:32:20,240 Speaker 1: wells in the cemetery, and it dates back to the 544 00:32:20,240 --> 00:32:23,720 Speaker 1: fourth century b c. It was common to bury these 545 00:32:23,720 --> 00:32:27,040 Speaker 1: types of tablets in a person's tomb under the idea 546 00:32:27,120 --> 00:32:29,400 Speaker 1: that the person could carry the message with them to 547 00:32:29,480 --> 00:32:33,240 Speaker 1: the underworld, and wells were seen as another connection to 548 00:32:33,360 --> 00:32:37,000 Speaker 1: underworld deities. This use of wells as kind of a 549 00:32:37,080 --> 00:32:41,560 Speaker 1: curse tablet mailbox increased after Athenian law banned the burial 550 00:32:41,680 --> 00:32:44,680 Speaker 1: of curses in tombs as part of laws governing the 551 00:32:44,720 --> 00:32:49,040 Speaker 1: tomb's overall management. So these cursed tablets would have been 552 00:32:49,040 --> 00:32:51,440 Speaker 1: considered the black arts, and the black arts were not 553 00:32:51,480 --> 00:32:55,400 Speaker 1: looked upon very favorably in Athens, so this well, which 554 00:32:55,480 --> 00:32:58,000 Speaker 1: was the water source for a public bath, was probably 555 00:32:58,040 --> 00:33:00,680 Speaker 1: just a convenient place for people to try throw their 556 00:33:00,720 --> 00:33:04,400 Speaker 1: curses in surreptitiously. This kind of reminds me of people 557 00:33:04,400 --> 00:33:09,560 Speaker 1: trying to scatter ashes on disney rides. Uh. Some of 558 00:33:09,600 --> 00:33:12,080 Speaker 1: the other items found in the well, which had to 559 00:33:12,120 --> 00:33:14,720 Speaker 1: be pumped free of water before the excavation could begin 560 00:33:15,200 --> 00:33:19,959 Speaker 1: where bronze coins, cooking pots, drinking vessels, peach pits, and 561 00:33:20,040 --> 00:33:24,120 Speaker 1: talus bones used for dice games. This wasn't all just littering. 562 00:33:24,320 --> 00:33:26,320 Speaker 1: Some of these items would have been thrown in as 563 00:33:26,360 --> 00:33:29,240 Speaker 1: an offering to the water nymph believed to be tied 564 00:33:29,240 --> 00:33:33,480 Speaker 1: to the well. So this story came out a little 565 00:33:33,520 --> 00:33:36,240 Speaker 1: bit earlier in the year, but it circulated a lot. 566 00:33:36,280 --> 00:33:40,880 Speaker 1: I saw it around numerous times in the early days, 567 00:33:40,920 --> 00:33:44,600 Speaker 1: just after the World Health Organization had declared a pandemic, 568 00:33:45,080 --> 00:33:47,600 Speaker 1: and that led to people making various quips about how 569 00:33:47,680 --> 00:33:51,000 Speaker 1: we needed to throw the curses back in. Uh. Just 570 00:33:51,080 --> 00:33:53,440 Speaker 1: to be clear, though, they were removed when the well 571 00:33:53,560 --> 00:33:57,400 Speaker 1: was excavated for the first time back in so and 572 00:33:57,520 --> 00:34:00,360 Speaker 1: also probably they had already done their cursework if you 573 00:34:00,840 --> 00:34:03,000 Speaker 1: believe in such a thing, since the whole point was 574 00:34:03,040 --> 00:34:06,280 Speaker 1: for them their messages to be retrieved by underworld deities 575 00:34:06,480 --> 00:34:08,640 Speaker 1: down at the bottom of the the well. It's a return 576 00:34:08,640 --> 00:34:16,880 Speaker 1: to sender situation. We don't do so. Yeah, that is 577 00:34:16,920 --> 00:34:21,799 Speaker 1: our unearthed for the springtime. I'm wildly curious how this 578 00:34:21,880 --> 00:34:26,000 Speaker 1: goes in summer. Yeah, me too, me too. Um, Like 579 00:34:26,440 --> 00:34:33,919 Speaker 1: a lot of universities are are only doing online instruction 580 00:34:34,920 --> 00:34:37,960 Speaker 1: UM or like have like told students not to return 581 00:34:38,000 --> 00:34:41,200 Speaker 1: to campus. So like, Uh, the world of university based 582 00:34:41,239 --> 00:34:46,719 Speaker 1: work is very different. Simultaneously, though, my spouse works for 583 00:34:46,800 --> 00:34:50,760 Speaker 1: a university as a librarian, and he has been incredibly 584 00:34:50,840 --> 00:34:55,160 Speaker 1: busy working at home. UM as faculty have wanted a 585 00:34:55,160 --> 00:34:57,880 Speaker 1: lot of research help for stuff that is related to 586 00:34:58,000 --> 00:35:03,080 Speaker 1: COVID nineteen in some way. Oh um, there's that could 587 00:35:03,120 --> 00:35:05,359 Speaker 1: go so many different ways. Like I imagine a lot 588 00:35:05,400 --> 00:35:09,799 Speaker 1: of UM field work is probably canceled or postponed. A 589 00:35:09,840 --> 00:35:12,279 Speaker 1: lot of conferences where these kinds of things make their 590 00:35:12,280 --> 00:35:14,640 Speaker 1: first public appearance, like those, a lot of them have 591 00:35:14,760 --> 00:35:18,080 Speaker 1: either been canceled or postponed or moved to an all 592 00:35:18,239 --> 00:35:23,480 Speaker 1: online format. It's remains to be seen. Uh, what will 593 00:35:23,520 --> 00:35:26,040 Speaker 1: have to report in July. Yeah, I imagine there could 594 00:35:26,040 --> 00:35:29,680 Speaker 1: be like analysis and um, you know, putting together of 595 00:35:29,719 --> 00:35:33,439 Speaker 1: papers during this time. But we'll see, we'll see well, 596 00:35:33,440 --> 00:35:35,919 Speaker 1: And based on our own experience, it's a little hard 597 00:35:35,960 --> 00:35:40,080 Speaker 1: to concentrate that it is. I mean, we we have 598 00:35:40,160 --> 00:35:42,160 Speaker 1: a lot to be thankful for Ali and I and 599 00:35:42,239 --> 00:35:45,359 Speaker 1: our work, but also it's been kind of like just 600 00:35:45,440 --> 00:35:49,840 Speaker 1: an emotional and been mental struggle. Yeah, I find myself 601 00:35:49,880 --> 00:35:51,960 Speaker 1: like in the middle of research and being like none 602 00:35:51,960 --> 00:35:53,960 Speaker 1: of this makes sense together? How do I make a 603 00:35:54,040 --> 00:35:57,239 Speaker 1: narrative structure? And then I realized, like two hours have 604 00:35:57,280 --> 00:35:59,439 Speaker 1: past and I've just been essentially staring at a cat 605 00:35:59,719 --> 00:36:02,520 Speaker 1: say like, I'm just like, I don't know what happened here, 606 00:36:02,600 --> 00:36:06,080 Speaker 1: but I gotta make up for a long time. Do 607 00:36:06,160 --> 00:36:08,120 Speaker 1: you have a little listener mail to take us out? 608 00:36:08,360 --> 00:36:10,160 Speaker 1: I do have listener mail. It is from someone who 609 00:36:10,200 --> 00:36:12,000 Speaker 1: asked us to please leave their name off if we 610 00:36:12,040 --> 00:36:14,839 Speaker 1: read it, so I'm doing that. They write, I would 611 00:36:14,880 --> 00:36:17,840 Speaker 1: just like to thank you, ladies for your special coronavirus episodes. 612 00:36:17,960 --> 00:36:21,520 Speaker 1: Podcasters may not be doctors or laboratory technicians, or truck 613 00:36:21,600 --> 00:36:24,600 Speaker 1: drivers and supermarket shelf sackers, but you're still doing an 614 00:36:24,600 --> 00:36:27,320 Speaker 1: important job of keeping the spirits up of people stuck 615 00:36:27,360 --> 00:36:29,880 Speaker 1: at home. My wife and I are in Australia and 616 00:36:29,880 --> 00:36:32,279 Speaker 1: are both working from home. I work for the railways, 617 00:36:32,360 --> 00:36:34,680 Speaker 1: and most other railroaders still have to go to work 618 00:36:34,680 --> 00:36:37,920 Speaker 1: to keep the trains moving. We're running more inner modal 619 00:36:38,040 --> 00:36:41,480 Speaker 1: general freight trains than ever there as long as they 620 00:36:41,480 --> 00:36:44,720 Speaker 1: can be to fit into passing loops also known as sidings, 621 00:36:44,719 --> 00:36:47,040 Speaker 1: but are not as heavy as they could be. Things 622 00:36:47,080 --> 00:36:49,600 Speaker 1: like dried pasta and toilet paper take up a lot 623 00:36:49,640 --> 00:36:52,040 Speaker 1: of space but are not very heavy. The people who 624 00:36:52,080 --> 00:36:55,000 Speaker 1: load trains are used to seeing a peak period in 625 00:36:55,000 --> 00:36:57,240 Speaker 1: the lead up to Christmas, but right now they're seeing 626 00:36:57,280 --> 00:37:00,720 Speaker 1: a peak which doesn't end. One of the biggest problems 627 00:37:00,760 --> 00:37:03,359 Speaker 1: I have is having to keep picking the cats off 628 00:37:03,400 --> 00:37:06,160 Speaker 1: the laptop. We have three cats and a dog. I 629 00:37:06,200 --> 00:37:08,360 Speaker 1: sent out this photo to my workmates that said my 630 00:37:08,440 --> 00:37:12,759 Speaker 1: cat Trim takes after his namesake. The original Trim is 631 00:37:12,800 --> 00:37:16,080 Speaker 1: how Australia got its name. Matthew Flinders had just finished 632 00:37:16,360 --> 00:37:19,239 Speaker 1: the first complete map of Australia and Trim went to 633 00:37:19,239 --> 00:37:21,560 Speaker 1: sleep in the middle of it. He wanted to write 634 00:37:21,560 --> 00:37:24,920 Speaker 1: Tara Australia on it, which is Latin for Southern Land, 635 00:37:24,960 --> 00:37:27,680 Speaker 1: but he abbreviated it to Australia so as not to 636 00:37:27,800 --> 00:37:30,480 Speaker 1: wake Trim. I then had to explain to one of 637 00:37:30,480 --> 00:37:34,360 Speaker 1: my my workmates that it wasn't true. British Naval Office 638 00:37:34,640 --> 00:37:38,879 Speaker 1: Matthew Flinders was the first person to circumnavigate Australia into 639 00:37:38,960 --> 00:37:41,920 Speaker 1: properly map it. He did bring his cat, a ship's 640 00:37:41,960 --> 00:37:45,640 Speaker 1: cap called Trim with him. Trim was known for mischief 641 00:37:45,680 --> 00:37:48,200 Speaker 1: like sprawling out on the chart table when an officer 642 00:37:48,280 --> 00:37:51,279 Speaker 1: had to do the navigation. But the name Australia had 643 00:37:51,320 --> 00:37:55,160 Speaker 1: already been coined, Flinders chose to use it and made 644 00:37:55,160 --> 00:37:58,960 Speaker 1: it popular. On a lighter note, after your Train Wrex episode, 645 00:37:59,320 --> 00:38:01,520 Speaker 1: you might like to here about the Tea and Sugar. 646 00:38:01,960 --> 00:38:04,839 Speaker 1: This was a shopping mall on a train. There used 647 00:38:04,840 --> 00:38:06,719 Speaker 1: to be a whole series of settlements next to the 648 00:38:06,800 --> 00:38:10,839 Speaker 1: railway across the Mill Harbor Desert, where the track mountaineers 649 00:38:11,160 --> 00:38:14,040 Speaker 1: lived with their family more or less every week from 650 00:38:14,040 --> 00:38:17,360 Speaker 1: when the line opened in nineteen seventeen until n this 651 00:38:17,440 --> 00:38:20,640 Speaker 1: train ran across the line bringing them supplies. Tea and 652 00:38:20,640 --> 00:38:23,560 Speaker 1: sugar were the most famous supplies it carried, hence the name. 653 00:38:24,080 --> 00:38:26,680 Speaker 1: One carriage had a grocery store, another carriage had a 654 00:38:26,719 --> 00:38:29,680 Speaker 1: butcher's shop, and another carriage had a bank branch. Nurses 655 00:38:29,680 --> 00:38:32,000 Speaker 1: would often ride the train to check on people's health, 656 00:38:32,280 --> 00:38:35,880 Speaker 1: and movie projectors were often carried. That Christmas Father Christmas, 657 00:38:35,920 --> 00:38:38,759 Speaker 1: also known as Santa Claus, would ride the train, and 658 00:38:38,920 --> 00:38:42,320 Speaker 1: the train finally stopped running when modern technology meant people 659 00:38:42,320 --> 00:38:45,680 Speaker 1: no longer needed to live in such remote settlements. Things 660 00:38:45,719 --> 00:38:49,040 Speaker 1: like concrete sleepers on ties, which are not eaten by termites, 661 00:38:49,120 --> 00:38:51,600 Speaker 1: did not need to be replaced as often. Modern four 662 00:38:51,640 --> 00:38:54,520 Speaker 1: wheel drive cars meant track workers and their families could 663 00:38:54,600 --> 00:38:56,560 Speaker 1: live in towns and then drive out to where they're 664 00:38:56,560 --> 00:38:59,120 Speaker 1: needed to work, spending a few nights in bunk houses 665 00:38:59,160 --> 00:39:01,680 Speaker 1: on the line. Thank us again, Thank you so much 666 00:39:01,760 --> 00:39:06,920 Speaker 1: anonymous listener for uh these two charming stories about trim 667 00:39:06,960 --> 00:39:12,200 Speaker 1: and about the Tea and Sugar. I love both of them. Um. 668 00:39:12,239 --> 00:39:13,640 Speaker 1: As soon as I heard about the Tea and Sugar, 669 00:39:13,680 --> 00:39:15,759 Speaker 1: I was like, can we do an episode about that? 670 00:39:16,040 --> 00:39:18,920 Speaker 1: I did a similar thing, um, and then I was like, 671 00:39:19,000 --> 00:39:22,560 Speaker 1: can I do an episode about this and other cool trains? 672 00:39:22,760 --> 00:39:25,840 Speaker 1: As like a six impossible episodes. And I haven't quite 673 00:39:25,840 --> 00:39:28,719 Speaker 1: pulled together something that might be a thing to that 674 00:39:28,960 --> 00:39:31,000 Speaker 1: can happen in the future, but I did not immediately 675 00:39:31,239 --> 00:39:34,520 Speaker 1: figure out what to do with it. But anyway, it's 676 00:39:34,520 --> 00:39:36,280 Speaker 1: such a great story. Thank you so much for sending 677 00:39:36,320 --> 00:39:42,280 Speaker 1: us this email. Again. We hope people are weathering things 678 00:39:42,320 --> 00:39:47,520 Speaker 1: as best as possible, uh, and thanks for listening to 679 00:39:47,600 --> 00:39:50,160 Speaker 1: our show. If you would like to write to us, 680 00:39:50,160 --> 00:39:52,640 Speaker 1: we're at History Podcast at i heart radio dot com. 681 00:39:52,680 --> 00:39:55,240 Speaker 1: And then we're all over social media at Missing History, 682 00:39:55,280 --> 00:39:58,600 Speaker 1: which is where you'll find our Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, and Instagram. 683 00:39:59,040 --> 00:40:02,719 Speaker 1: And you can subscribe to our show on Apple podcast 684 00:40:02,840 --> 00:40:05,200 Speaker 1: the I heart radio app, and anywhere else you get 685 00:40:05,239 --> 00:40:12,800 Speaker 1: your podcast. Stuff you Missed in History Class is a 686 00:40:12,840 --> 00:40:16,040 Speaker 1: production of I heart Radio. For more podcasts from I 687 00:40:16,160 --> 00:40:19,560 Speaker 1: heart Radio, visit the iHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or 688 00:40:19,560 --> 00:40:21,480 Speaker 1: wherever you listen to your favorite shows.