1 00:00:04,160 --> 00:00:07,160 Speaker 1: Get in touch with technology with tech Stuff from how 2 00:00:07,240 --> 00:00:13,960 Speaker 1: stuff Works dot com. Hey there, and welcome to tech Stuff. 3 00:00:14,000 --> 00:00:17,239 Speaker 1: I'm your host, Jonathan Strickland. I'm an executive producer with 4 00:00:17,239 --> 00:00:20,040 Speaker 1: hell Stuff Works, and I love all things tech and 5 00:00:20,120 --> 00:00:25,880 Speaker 1: this is another bonus episode from Sunny Las Vegas. Nevada, 6 00:00:26,160 --> 00:00:29,440 Speaker 1: or I should say Nevada. I've been informed that is 7 00:00:29,520 --> 00:00:34,200 Speaker 1: the preferred pronunciation among the locals here. I just pronounced 8 00:00:34,200 --> 00:00:37,360 Speaker 1: it the way most people pronounce it. So I apologize 9 00:00:37,400 --> 00:00:41,480 Speaker 1: if I fall by the wayside yet again. But yes, 10 00:00:41,560 --> 00:00:45,880 Speaker 1: I am here attending sweet World eighteen is a big 11 00:00:45,920 --> 00:00:50,520 Speaker 1: cloud computing conference, and uh, I just wanted to start 12 00:00:50,800 --> 00:00:53,280 Speaker 1: producing some episodes while I'm here. This is one of 13 00:00:53,280 --> 00:00:56,240 Speaker 1: those special things where when I go to events and conferences, 14 00:00:56,720 --> 00:00:58,680 Speaker 1: my goal is to give you guys more of the 15 00:00:58,680 --> 00:01:02,200 Speaker 1: stuff you like. So I'm gonna drop a few episodes 16 00:01:02,760 --> 00:01:06,800 Speaker 1: this week. Hopefully, uh you'll get them as the week 17 00:01:06,840 --> 00:01:10,080 Speaker 1: goes on. There's going to be one today about cloud computing. 18 00:01:10,440 --> 00:01:13,120 Speaker 1: But I also plan on doing specific ones about net 19 00:01:13,160 --> 00:01:17,119 Speaker 1: sweet That is the organization that throws Sweet World every year. 20 00:01:17,560 --> 00:01:21,640 Speaker 1: An Oracle, which is net sweets parent company, Oracle purchased 21 00:01:21,720 --> 00:01:24,480 Speaker 1: net Suite, a couple of years ago, and so I'm 22 00:01:24,520 --> 00:01:26,600 Speaker 1: going to cover those as well as well as maybe 23 00:01:26,640 --> 00:01:29,160 Speaker 1: any other kind of cool topics that I happened to 24 00:01:29,280 --> 00:01:32,400 Speaker 1: encounter while I'm here at the conference. So far, it's 25 00:01:32,400 --> 00:01:34,600 Speaker 1: been kind of an overview, So that's where I'm going 26 00:01:34,640 --> 00:01:38,080 Speaker 1: with UH for now. And I've I've talked about cloud 27 00:01:38,120 --> 00:01:41,160 Speaker 1: computing in the past. Um I've I've covered it a 28 00:01:41,160 --> 00:01:43,280 Speaker 1: couple of times on tech stuff, but it kind of 29 00:01:43,360 --> 00:01:47,240 Speaker 1: bears going over again because it's one of those big 30 00:01:47,600 --> 00:01:50,440 Speaker 1: buzzword terms that I think a lot of people have 31 00:01:50,560 --> 00:01:53,240 Speaker 1: heard and most people, I think, by this point have 32 00:01:53,480 --> 00:01:56,320 Speaker 1: a fairly good grasp of what it's all about. But 33 00:01:56,320 --> 00:01:58,280 Speaker 1: there's still some confusion out there, and I kind of 34 00:01:58,320 --> 00:02:01,400 Speaker 1: want to clear that up. So we're gonna talk about 35 00:02:01,520 --> 00:02:05,600 Speaker 1: what exactly is cloud computing, How did cloud computing evolve 36 00:02:05,640 --> 00:02:09,000 Speaker 1: over time, because the idea is pretty old, why is 37 00:02:09,040 --> 00:02:11,400 Speaker 1: it such a big business, and and how does it 38 00:02:11,480 --> 00:02:14,919 Speaker 1: actually work? What's going on there? Well, first things first, 39 00:02:15,200 --> 00:02:18,560 Speaker 1: cloud computing is a very broad term. It covers an 40 00:02:18,760 --> 00:02:23,160 Speaker 1: enormous number of different offerings and services, but in general, 41 00:02:23,480 --> 00:02:27,600 Speaker 1: it's a method of delivering services over a network, essentially 42 00:02:27,880 --> 00:02:31,359 Speaker 1: allowing people to access a computer that does not belong 43 00:02:31,440 --> 00:02:35,519 Speaker 1: to them in order to do something. Now that something 44 00:02:35,560 --> 00:02:40,720 Speaker 1: could be storing information, it could be processing information. It 45 00:02:40,760 --> 00:02:44,240 Speaker 1: could be uh developing an app, it could be all 46 00:02:44,280 --> 00:02:46,079 Speaker 1: sorts of stuff, and we'll cover a lot of that 47 00:02:46,200 --> 00:02:49,520 Speaker 1: in this episode. But your computer, the one that you 48 00:02:49,560 --> 00:02:53,200 Speaker 1: are using to connect to the service, is not doing 49 00:02:53,280 --> 00:02:55,840 Speaker 1: the work. In fact, it could be a very bare 50 00:02:55,880 --> 00:02:59,720 Speaker 1: bones computer. That's the basis behind some of the very 51 00:03:00,240 --> 00:03:04,240 Speaker 1: weight notebook computers like chromebooks. The idea is that you 52 00:03:04,280 --> 00:03:07,520 Speaker 1: really don't need to have a lot of bells and 53 00:03:07,560 --> 00:03:11,959 Speaker 1: whistles in the laptop itself because you can access all 54 00:03:12,120 --> 00:03:16,760 Speaker 1: the applications and services that you require using the Internet, 55 00:03:16,840 --> 00:03:19,400 Speaker 1: and some other computer out there in the great, big 56 00:03:19,760 --> 00:03:23,240 Speaker 1: scary world is doing all the work for you, so 57 00:03:23,320 --> 00:03:26,840 Speaker 1: your computer doesn't have to. That is in some ways 58 00:03:27,639 --> 00:03:29,880 Speaker 1: a big benefit to the end user because it can 59 00:03:29,960 --> 00:03:33,240 Speaker 1: really cut down on your upfront costs. Right because if 60 00:03:33,280 --> 00:03:35,960 Speaker 1: you are just going out to buy a very simple computer, 61 00:03:36,240 --> 00:03:39,480 Speaker 1: one that does not have an incredibly powerful processor or 62 00:03:39,520 --> 00:03:43,000 Speaker 1: a whole lot of storage space or whatever, then the 63 00:03:43,080 --> 00:03:45,640 Speaker 1: price can be lower. It doesn't have to be as 64 00:03:45,800 --> 00:03:48,800 Speaker 1: big a ticket item for you when you go out 65 00:03:48,800 --> 00:03:51,440 Speaker 1: there and purchase it. On the flip side, a lot 66 00:03:51,480 --> 00:03:54,760 Speaker 1: of these services end up being subscription based services, so 67 00:03:54,840 --> 00:03:58,760 Speaker 1: you're paying to use the service in some way. Some 68 00:03:58,880 --> 00:04:02,320 Speaker 1: of them are add based rather than fee based, so 69 00:04:02,400 --> 00:04:05,640 Speaker 1: you're still technically generating revenue, but you're doing it by 70 00:04:05,960 --> 00:04:10,280 Speaker 1: looking at ads as opposed to paying a subscription service. 71 00:04:10,840 --> 00:04:15,400 Speaker 1: But in a long term, over a really long use 72 00:04:15,480 --> 00:04:18,640 Speaker 1: case scenario, it could be argued that you're a little, 73 00:04:19,920 --> 00:04:25,080 Speaker 1: you know, lightweight chromebook kind of of computer. Cost more 74 00:04:25,920 --> 00:04:29,560 Speaker 1: than if you had purchased a computer with native software 75 00:04:29,600 --> 00:04:33,280 Speaker 1: stored on it, but you would have less capabilities as well. 76 00:04:33,320 --> 00:04:34,880 Speaker 1: Now I'm going to cover all of this and more 77 00:04:34,920 --> 00:04:39,320 Speaker 1: detailed throughout this episode, so just know the cloud computing 78 00:04:39,720 --> 00:04:42,720 Speaker 1: it's a it's a pretty big deal. It's it's not 79 00:04:42,800 --> 00:04:46,119 Speaker 1: just big as in it makes huge amounts of money. 80 00:04:46,200 --> 00:04:49,680 Speaker 1: I mean, there's a multibillion dollar industry. But it's a 81 00:04:49,680 --> 00:04:54,680 Speaker 1: big deal because it covers so much ground as far 82 00:04:54,760 --> 00:04:58,840 Speaker 1: as the features that can be grouped under a cloud computing. Now, 83 00:04:58,839 --> 00:05:01,839 Speaker 1: the cloud computing model as you take advantage of another 84 00:05:01,839 --> 00:05:05,760 Speaker 1: computer's capabilities to bolster your own, and like I said, 85 00:05:05,800 --> 00:05:07,919 Speaker 1: the service could be as simple as cloud storage. That 86 00:05:08,000 --> 00:05:10,880 Speaker 1: just means that you're storing files on some other computer 87 00:05:10,960 --> 00:05:14,440 Speaker 1: systems somewhere. Typically that would be in some sort of 88 00:05:14,520 --> 00:05:18,359 Speaker 1: huge data center, and normally that would mean the files 89 00:05:18,360 --> 00:05:21,080 Speaker 1: were actually on multiple computers throughout the data center, not 90 00:05:21,200 --> 00:05:24,960 Speaker 1: just one, and that's for the purposes of redundancy. That way, 91 00:05:25,040 --> 00:05:28,000 Speaker 1: if one of those computers should fail, you can still 92 00:05:28,040 --> 00:05:31,120 Speaker 1: access your files. So if you were to visit one 93 00:05:31,160 --> 00:05:33,520 Speaker 1: of these giant data centers, first of all, you would 94 00:05:33,560 --> 00:05:37,240 Speaker 1: noticed that the air conditioning system is on overdrive to 95 00:05:37,360 --> 00:05:40,960 Speaker 1: keep the computers cool enough to operate at maximum efficiency. 96 00:05:41,600 --> 00:05:45,800 Speaker 1: You would also notice just row upon row upon row 97 00:05:46,400 --> 00:05:50,520 Speaker 1: of server stacks, and each of those servers would represent 98 00:05:50,960 --> 00:05:55,440 Speaker 1: a device that could be processing information or storing information 99 00:05:55,520 --> 00:05:59,200 Speaker 1: for customers and your own personal photos. Let's say that 100 00:05:59,240 --> 00:06:03,239 Speaker 1: you're visiting the data center that belongs to the company 101 00:06:03,279 --> 00:06:08,039 Speaker 1: that offers up an online photo album service that you use. 102 00:06:09,080 --> 00:06:12,000 Speaker 1: You would probably discover, if such a thing were possible, 103 00:06:12,360 --> 00:06:16,480 Speaker 1: that your photos existed on multiple computers within that data center, 104 00:06:16,560 --> 00:06:20,040 Speaker 1: and multiple copies of each photo would be on different 105 00:06:20,760 --> 00:06:23,359 Speaker 1: uh would be within that data center, they would be 106 00:06:23,400 --> 00:06:26,080 Speaker 1: on different servers, not multiple copies on the same server, 107 00:06:26,240 --> 00:06:28,880 Speaker 1: but a copy might be on server A, and another 108 00:06:28,880 --> 00:06:31,080 Speaker 1: one might be on server M, and another one might 109 00:06:31,120 --> 00:06:35,200 Speaker 1: be on server B seventeen, that kind of thing. And 110 00:06:35,200 --> 00:06:36,880 Speaker 1: the whole purpose of that is if one of those 111 00:06:36,920 --> 00:06:39,920 Speaker 1: machines should fail, you would be able to get your 112 00:06:39,960 --> 00:06:44,159 Speaker 1: images anyway, because it's got this redundant system. If you 113 00:06:44,160 --> 00:06:49,920 Speaker 1: don't use redundancy, you're pretty much playing chicken with fate. 114 00:06:50,440 --> 00:06:54,280 Speaker 1: It's not a great idea anyway. You probably use some 115 00:06:54,360 --> 00:06:57,120 Speaker 1: form of cloud storage fairly regularly, so it could be 116 00:06:57,160 --> 00:06:59,640 Speaker 1: a photo album that's a very popular one that backs 117 00:06:59,720 --> 00:07:03,000 Speaker 1: up all images that you might take with your smartphone. Um, 118 00:07:03,040 --> 00:07:06,600 Speaker 1: a lot of smartphones come with this just as part 119 00:07:06,640 --> 00:07:10,240 Speaker 1: and parcel with the smartphone itself, where you have a 120 00:07:10,280 --> 00:07:13,760 Speaker 1: setting where it's automatically uploading these images to a server 121 00:07:13,880 --> 00:07:17,760 Speaker 1: bank somewhere so that you can access it wherever you are. 122 00:07:17,880 --> 00:07:20,480 Speaker 1: Even if you were to change phones, you would still 123 00:07:20,480 --> 00:07:22,680 Speaker 1: be able to access those images because they would be 124 00:07:22,720 --> 00:07:26,920 Speaker 1: associated with your account, not with the hardware itself. Not 125 00:07:27,160 --> 00:07:31,160 Speaker 1: very common feature. Or you might use something like Google Drive, 126 00:07:31,320 --> 00:07:34,760 Speaker 1: which allows you to upload files to Google servers or 127 00:07:34,800 --> 00:07:37,920 Speaker 1: a very specific service within the Google Drive realm, the 128 00:07:37,920 --> 00:07:41,480 Speaker 1: Google Suite realm, like Google Docs, where you can actually 129 00:07:41,520 --> 00:07:45,040 Speaker 1: create documents or spreadsheets or presentations, all of which live 130 00:07:45,080 --> 00:07:48,480 Speaker 1: on the cloud and not on your personal computer, unless 131 00:07:48,520 --> 00:07:51,520 Speaker 1: you choose to download a copy, which you can do. Now, 132 00:07:51,560 --> 00:07:54,000 Speaker 1: that last example gives a little hint of what else 133 00:07:54,040 --> 00:07:56,760 Speaker 1: cloud computing can do, because not just you can't. It's 134 00:07:56,760 --> 00:07:59,080 Speaker 1: not just storing information. You can let you run an 135 00:07:59,080 --> 00:08:03,440 Speaker 1: application or program on another computer, which means your own 136 00:08:03,440 --> 00:08:05,720 Speaker 1: computer does not have to dedicate a lot of processing 137 00:08:05,760 --> 00:08:08,120 Speaker 1: power to that job. Instead, all you have to do 138 00:08:08,800 --> 00:08:12,560 Speaker 1: is run the program that connects you to that online service, 139 00:08:13,200 --> 00:08:16,240 Speaker 1: and frequently that's something as simple as web browser, So 140 00:08:16,280 --> 00:08:20,440 Speaker 1: your web browser becomes the interface with the programs you're using. 141 00:08:20,520 --> 00:08:23,800 Speaker 1: So with docs services like Google Docs or Microsoft Office 142 00:08:23,840 --> 00:08:28,400 Speaker 1: three and the one drive Microsoft product, it's all about 143 00:08:28,400 --> 00:08:31,480 Speaker 1: creating documents. But that's just the tip of the iceberg. 144 00:08:31,520 --> 00:08:35,800 Speaker 1: There are companies that offer deep and complex services, some 145 00:08:35,960 --> 00:08:39,400 Speaker 1: catering to specific industries or processes. Now I have a 146 00:08:39,440 --> 00:08:41,839 Speaker 1: little bit more to say about the history of cloud computing, 147 00:08:42,040 --> 00:08:44,920 Speaker 1: but first let's take a quick break to thank our sponsor. 148 00:08:52,400 --> 00:08:54,760 Speaker 1: The power of cloud computing is that it gives users 149 00:08:54,760 --> 00:08:58,559 Speaker 1: a chance to leverage computing power they might otherwise never 150 00:08:58,640 --> 00:09:02,040 Speaker 1: have access to. So for businesses, it can mean being 151 00:09:02,080 --> 00:09:06,680 Speaker 1: able to scale processes smoothly while the business grows. So 152 00:09:06,720 --> 00:09:10,319 Speaker 1: instead of spending a lot of money buying powerful computers 153 00:09:10,440 --> 00:09:13,840 Speaker 1: or setting up your own data centers, the business can 154 00:09:13,880 --> 00:09:18,120 Speaker 1: become customers of one or more cloud computing service operators 155 00:09:18,400 --> 00:09:21,719 Speaker 1: and offload all of that work to a different company 156 00:09:22,000 --> 00:09:25,720 Speaker 1: and thus scale up faster. Because you know, every time 157 00:09:25,760 --> 00:09:28,079 Speaker 1: you would grow as a company, there would be kind 158 00:09:28,080 --> 00:09:31,520 Speaker 1: of the stop start situation where you would need to 159 00:09:31,600 --> 00:09:34,280 Speaker 1: build out your infrastructure to make it larger and more 160 00:09:34,360 --> 00:09:38,600 Speaker 1: robust to deal with all that growth, But then you 161 00:09:38,640 --> 00:09:42,360 Speaker 1: would end up filling that right. If your business continues 162 00:09:42,400 --> 00:09:45,800 Speaker 1: to grow, you would eventually hit that that limit that 163 00:09:45,920 --> 00:09:48,400 Speaker 1: your new infrastructure can handle, and then you have to 164 00:09:48,400 --> 00:09:51,240 Speaker 1: do it all over again. And this is a very 165 00:09:51,480 --> 00:09:54,400 Speaker 1: complex process at times, like if your business gets really 166 00:09:54,440 --> 00:09:59,000 Speaker 1: really big, with enormous departments underneath that business, each of 167 00:09:59,040 --> 00:10:02,400 Speaker 1: those departments having its own needs, then it quickly can 168 00:10:02,440 --> 00:10:06,440 Speaker 1: become unmanageable unless you have really got your act together. 169 00:10:06,760 --> 00:10:09,040 Speaker 1: So what these services tend to do is make it 170 00:10:09,120 --> 00:10:13,600 Speaker 1: much easier for companies to scale as they grow. This 171 00:10:13,640 --> 00:10:16,640 Speaker 1: is particularly important in today's business world where you've got 172 00:10:16,640 --> 00:10:19,440 Speaker 1: all these startup companies, a lot of which are begun 173 00:10:19,480 --> 00:10:22,679 Speaker 1: by people who are first time business owners. Right. These 174 00:10:22,720 --> 00:10:26,120 Speaker 1: are entrepreneurs who came up with an idea. It was 175 00:10:26,120 --> 00:10:29,600 Speaker 1: a really good idea, it resonates with their customers, they 176 00:10:29,720 --> 00:10:32,360 Speaker 1: launch it, it becomes way more popular than they were 177 00:10:32,400 --> 00:10:36,320 Speaker 1: necessarily prepared to handle at the beginning. They grow very rapidly, 178 00:10:37,120 --> 00:10:39,920 Speaker 1: and that can be the doom of a small company. 179 00:10:40,240 --> 00:10:43,440 Speaker 1: A small company can actually collapse because it was growing 180 00:10:43,520 --> 00:10:47,280 Speaker 1: so fast that uncontrolled growth can mean that people make 181 00:10:47,320 --> 00:10:49,600 Speaker 1: bad decisions about where they need to put their money 182 00:10:49,640 --> 00:10:53,120 Speaker 1: in order to sustain the company as well as to 183 00:10:53,160 --> 00:10:58,120 Speaker 1: continue to grow. So these services are what allow companies 184 00:10:58,160 --> 00:11:02,319 Speaker 1: like that to kind of not worry so much about 185 00:11:02,440 --> 00:11:05,680 Speaker 1: that part of their business. It can be put into 186 00:11:05,679 --> 00:11:10,280 Speaker 1: the hands of another company that specializes in those UH processes, 187 00:11:10,720 --> 00:11:13,960 Speaker 1: which frequently can be customized to the specific customer, so 188 00:11:14,000 --> 00:11:17,160 Speaker 1: it's not like a one size fits all approach. But 189 00:11:17,280 --> 00:11:20,760 Speaker 1: the whole point of it is that the business owners 190 00:11:20,840 --> 00:11:22,880 Speaker 1: don't have to worry about all that themselves. They can 191 00:11:22,920 --> 00:11:26,560 Speaker 1: actually work and partner with these other companies to handle 192 00:11:26,640 --> 00:11:29,760 Speaker 1: some of that while they the business owners continue to 193 00:11:29,800 --> 00:11:33,920 Speaker 1: concentrate on the very core of the business itself. So 194 00:11:34,320 --> 00:11:36,800 Speaker 1: that's why cloud computing has become such a huge deal. 195 00:11:36,880 --> 00:11:39,960 Speaker 1: It is an enabler for other companies to grow. Not 196 00:11:40,040 --> 00:11:43,000 Speaker 1: to mention, it is also a very useful tool for 197 00:11:43,080 --> 00:11:45,760 Speaker 1: the average person. I use cloud computing all the time. 198 00:11:45,800 --> 00:11:48,839 Speaker 1: I use it for creating my documents at work, but 199 00:11:48,880 --> 00:11:51,719 Speaker 1: I also use it for my home stuff, Like if 200 00:11:51,720 --> 00:11:54,880 Speaker 1: I want to do a personal project, I use cloud 201 00:11:54,880 --> 00:11:58,440 Speaker 1: computing for that because I can access that information wherever 202 00:11:58,600 --> 00:12:02,640 Speaker 1: I am by logging into the associated account and then 203 00:12:02,760 --> 00:12:06,959 Speaker 1: using whatever computer I'm on to access that information. Very 204 00:12:07,040 --> 00:12:12,120 Speaker 1: very convenient. Uh. But that's just a high level overview 205 00:12:12,240 --> 00:12:15,719 Speaker 1: of what cloud computing is. And there are some questions 206 00:12:15,760 --> 00:12:18,439 Speaker 1: that come up, or at least should come up, when 207 00:12:18,480 --> 00:12:21,800 Speaker 1: you hear about this model. Among them are questions of ownership, 208 00:12:22,360 --> 00:12:26,280 Speaker 1: because if your documents, files, and processes live on someone 209 00:12:26,280 --> 00:12:30,480 Speaker 1: else's machines, who owns that stuff. There are a lot 210 00:12:30,520 --> 00:12:34,920 Speaker 1: of confusing terms of service out there that seem to 211 00:12:34,960 --> 00:12:39,880 Speaker 1: suggest your handing over ownership of your stuff to these 212 00:12:39,920 --> 00:12:44,679 Speaker 1: third parties, but that can be a little a little misleading. 213 00:12:44,760 --> 00:12:47,640 Speaker 1: I'll cover that a little bit more later on. But 214 00:12:47,720 --> 00:12:50,240 Speaker 1: there are other questions too. If the service were to 215 00:12:50,280 --> 00:12:53,160 Speaker 1: go out of business. Let's say that you have relied 216 00:12:53,320 --> 00:12:57,199 Speaker 1: upon a service that's holding up your back end operations 217 00:12:57,240 --> 00:13:00,200 Speaker 1: of your business. If that service goes out of this, 218 00:13:00,280 --> 00:13:04,439 Speaker 1: what happens to your organization? If it's cloud storage to 219 00:13:04,520 --> 00:13:07,359 Speaker 1: your files go away forever? Would you end up collapsing 220 00:13:07,480 --> 00:13:10,400 Speaker 1: right behind the service provider? Because that would become a 221 00:13:10,400 --> 00:13:14,600 Speaker 1: domino effect, right if a major cloud service operator were 222 00:13:14,840 --> 00:13:19,240 Speaker 1: to run into serious financial problems, maybe there's a terrible scandal, 223 00:13:19,360 --> 00:13:22,920 Speaker 1: maybe there's a data breach, maybe something happens that just 224 00:13:23,040 --> 00:13:27,040 Speaker 1: affects that company at a fundamental level. What does that 225 00:13:27,120 --> 00:13:30,960 Speaker 1: do to the customers? Does that does it cripple multiple 226 00:13:30,960 --> 00:13:34,800 Speaker 1: other businesses? Could you see an entire, attire swath of 227 00:13:34,880 --> 00:13:40,160 Speaker 1: companies collapse as a result of a provider collapsing? And 228 00:13:40,200 --> 00:13:43,080 Speaker 1: then there's the issue of security itself. Can you, as 229 00:13:43,080 --> 00:13:46,680 Speaker 1: a customer of a cloud computing service operator be sure 230 00:13:46,720 --> 00:13:50,360 Speaker 1: that your information, that your processes, that your infrastructure in 231 00:13:50,400 --> 00:13:54,560 Speaker 1: some cases are safe from bad actors? After all, if 232 00:13:54,600 --> 00:13:57,200 Speaker 1: the cloud computing operator is a really big one, it's 233 00:13:57,240 --> 00:14:01,240 Speaker 1: probably a really attractive target for hackers. I'll talk more 234 00:14:01,280 --> 00:14:03,720 Speaker 1: about some of those questions a bit later, But first 235 00:14:04,080 --> 00:14:06,960 Speaker 1: I want to talk about the evolution of cloud computing itself, 236 00:14:07,000 --> 00:14:09,199 Speaker 1: because it goes back a bit further than a lot 237 00:14:09,200 --> 00:14:12,520 Speaker 1: of people think. The term cloud computing for the average 238 00:14:12,559 --> 00:14:16,439 Speaker 1: person became kind of a big buzzword around two thousand nine, 239 00:14:16,520 --> 00:14:19,440 Speaker 1: two thousand ten or so, and when it first popped 240 00:14:19,480 --> 00:14:22,760 Speaker 1: up in general use, it caused some confusion, so much 241 00:14:22,760 --> 00:14:25,280 Speaker 1: so that I actually got an assignment from how Stuff 242 00:14:25,320 --> 00:14:28,200 Speaker 1: Works to write more than a dozen articles for the 243 00:14:28,200 --> 00:14:31,360 Speaker 1: website at that time, and it was covering stuff like 244 00:14:31,440 --> 00:14:35,920 Speaker 1: cloud computing, grid computing, utility computing, and related terms to 245 00:14:35,920 --> 00:14:39,520 Speaker 1: help clarify things. Those are the days now. The actual 246 00:14:39,640 --> 00:14:43,520 Speaker 1: term cloud computing goes back more than a decade before 247 00:14:44,000 --> 00:14:48,960 Speaker 1: it became a buzzword on the average streets of the world, 248 00:14:49,080 --> 00:14:51,480 Speaker 1: right like before the average person was aware of what 249 00:14:51,520 --> 00:14:54,440 Speaker 1: cloud computing think was, the term was already in use 250 00:14:54,480 --> 00:14:57,400 Speaker 1: for more than a decade. But the concept of cloud 251 00:14:57,400 --> 00:15:01,240 Speaker 1: computing is even older than that. So to understand the 252 00:15:01,280 --> 00:15:04,040 Speaker 1: birth of cloud computing, we actually have to go back 253 00:15:04,080 --> 00:15:07,120 Speaker 1: before the era of personal computers, even before the era 254 00:15:07,640 --> 00:15:13,960 Speaker 1: where businesses, big businesses, we're using computers for the average employee. 255 00:15:14,000 --> 00:15:16,600 Speaker 1: We're going all the way back to the nineteen fifties. 256 00:15:17,040 --> 00:15:21,000 Speaker 1: Not at that time computers were mainframe computers. They were giant, 257 00:15:21,520 --> 00:15:24,840 Speaker 1: expensive machines that took up the better part of a room, 258 00:15:25,160 --> 00:15:27,880 Speaker 1: sometimes the better part of a floor of a building. 259 00:15:28,920 --> 00:15:33,000 Speaker 1: This would not be practical to have as a computer 260 00:15:33,120 --> 00:15:36,640 Speaker 1: that one person would use, right, it's so big and 261 00:15:37,080 --> 00:15:40,200 Speaker 1: if you wanted to have multiple people use a computer, 262 00:15:40,720 --> 00:15:43,240 Speaker 1: and you need to have multiple computers, then you would 263 00:15:43,240 --> 00:15:47,440 Speaker 1: be dedicating floors of your buildings to just the just 264 00:15:47,480 --> 00:15:50,760 Speaker 1: a few computers. It's it was not an efficient means. 265 00:15:51,040 --> 00:15:52,680 Speaker 1: And in fact, that was one of the big problems 266 00:15:52,720 --> 00:15:56,760 Speaker 1: with the computers early on. It wasn't there uh their 267 00:15:56,840 --> 00:16:00,680 Speaker 1: processing power, or their storage capacity or anything that The 268 00:16:00,760 --> 00:16:04,960 Speaker 1: problem was, how do you make this powerful machine efficient? 269 00:16:05,760 --> 00:16:09,200 Speaker 1: How do you best make use of its capabilities? Because 270 00:16:10,120 --> 00:16:12,600 Speaker 1: if it's so large and if only one person can 271 00:16:12,680 --> 00:16:15,760 Speaker 1: use it at a time, then you've got limitations on 272 00:16:15,800 --> 00:16:18,920 Speaker 1: what the computer can do, just based upon human limitations. 273 00:16:19,040 --> 00:16:21,240 Speaker 1: There's only so much a human can do with a 274 00:16:21,240 --> 00:16:26,240 Speaker 1: computer like that, and it meant that there were very 275 00:16:26,280 --> 00:16:29,440 Speaker 1: few use cases for a computer that were compelling enough 276 00:16:29,720 --> 00:16:35,600 Speaker 1: to to really uh justify the expense of one. The 277 00:16:35,680 --> 00:16:40,000 Speaker 1: solution in the nineties sixties was to create computer terminals, 278 00:16:40,160 --> 00:16:42,880 Speaker 1: which typically consisted of a workstation that has like a 279 00:16:42,960 --> 00:16:46,320 Speaker 1: keyboard and maybe some other input devices, and then an 280 00:16:46,320 --> 00:16:49,960 Speaker 1: output device like a display. The terminal wasn't in of 281 00:16:50,040 --> 00:16:53,240 Speaker 1: itself a computer, It was more of an interface for 282 00:16:53,320 --> 00:16:56,320 Speaker 1: accessing the main frame computer. So you still have a 283 00:16:56,360 --> 00:16:59,680 Speaker 1: centralized computer, but then you would have one or more 284 00:16:59,800 --> 00:17:03,280 Speaker 1: term annals that would allow users to interface with the computer, 285 00:17:03,680 --> 00:17:06,520 Speaker 1: and then, when paired with a strategy called time sharing, 286 00:17:06,920 --> 00:17:11,439 Speaker 1: a main frame could support multiple terminals. This concept was 287 00:17:11,480 --> 00:17:14,960 Speaker 1: first described by John Backus in nineteen fifty four, but 288 00:17:15,000 --> 00:17:17,560 Speaker 1: it took several years for someone to come up with 289 00:17:17,880 --> 00:17:22,399 Speaker 1: a practical means of enabling it, and in nineteen sixty 290 00:17:22,440 --> 00:17:24,760 Speaker 1: one there was a computer scientist and the father of 291 00:17:24,880 --> 00:17:29,480 Speaker 1: artificial intelligence, John McCarthy, who proposed that the time sharing model, 292 00:17:29,640 --> 00:17:33,000 Speaker 1: once fully developed, could give rise to the shift of 293 00:17:33,080 --> 00:17:36,959 Speaker 1: computer as a utility service. So, in other words, in 294 00:17:37,000 --> 00:17:40,400 Speaker 1: the future, he would argue, customers could pay to make 295 00:17:40,520 --> 00:17:44,200 Speaker 1: use of a computer's processing power and for specific applications 296 00:17:44,280 --> 00:17:47,400 Speaker 1: as well, so instead of owning a computer, you would 297 00:17:47,400 --> 00:17:50,320 Speaker 1: pay someone else to make use of their computer's abilities 298 00:17:50,359 --> 00:17:54,240 Speaker 1: to complete a task. Uh. Now, this did not first 299 00:17:54,240 --> 00:17:56,560 Speaker 1: see the development of the personal computer, because again, at 300 00:17:56,560 --> 00:18:00,199 Speaker 1: the time, computers were enormous, They were very complicated, they 301 00:18:00,200 --> 00:18:03,000 Speaker 1: were difficult to work with. You had to have a 302 00:18:03,119 --> 00:18:06,600 Speaker 1: very specialized set of knowledge and skills in order to 303 00:18:06,720 --> 00:18:09,040 Speaker 1: work with these computers. So it seemed like it was 304 00:18:09,160 --> 00:18:12,040 Speaker 1: well outside the realm of the average person. People weren't 305 00:18:12,080 --> 00:18:15,639 Speaker 1: thinking in terms of personal computers. So what McCarthy was 306 00:18:15,680 --> 00:18:18,920 Speaker 1: proposing was a model where you would still be able 307 00:18:19,000 --> 00:18:22,320 Speaker 1: to take advantage of a computer's processing power, but you 308 00:18:22,359 --> 00:18:25,919 Speaker 1: would pay on demand. Right, You would pay whenever you 309 00:18:25,960 --> 00:18:29,199 Speaker 1: needed to use a computer, and then in return you 310 00:18:29,200 --> 00:18:34,680 Speaker 1: would get some application run or some computation performed. And 311 00:18:35,119 --> 00:18:38,879 Speaker 1: this would actually become part of the foundation for modern 312 00:18:38,920 --> 00:18:42,639 Speaker 1: cloud computing. While we kind of bypassed this for a while, 313 00:18:42,800 --> 00:18:47,240 Speaker 1: it's come back around. Utility computing is related to cloud computing. 314 00:18:47,280 --> 00:18:50,400 Speaker 1: It's not synonymous, but it is related to it. I've 315 00:18:50,400 --> 00:18:52,199 Speaker 1: got a little bit more to say about cloud computing, 316 00:18:52,280 --> 00:18:55,400 Speaker 1: but first let's take another quick break to thank our sponsor. 317 00:19:02,720 --> 00:19:07,360 Speaker 1: The development of multi user mainframe solutions was originally funded 318 00:19:07,480 --> 00:19:12,200 Speaker 1: by the Advanced Research Projects Agency or ARPA, the predecessor 319 00:19:12,240 --> 00:19:16,119 Speaker 1: to DARPA, the research and development arm of the United 320 00:19:16,160 --> 00:19:20,880 Speaker 1: States Department of Defense. They've been responsible for funding tons 321 00:19:21,040 --> 00:19:25,280 Speaker 1: of projects that have been all about pushing technology forward, 322 00:19:25,960 --> 00:19:30,920 Speaker 1: frequently with at least a a an eye toward defense, 323 00:19:31,520 --> 00:19:35,320 Speaker 1: but not necessarily all about that. So ARPA NET is 324 00:19:35,359 --> 00:19:37,440 Speaker 1: a great example, and I'll talk about that a little 325 00:19:37,440 --> 00:19:41,080 Speaker 1: bit more in just a minute. But ARPA or DARPA 326 00:19:41,160 --> 00:19:42,960 Speaker 1: as it now is known it changed its name in 327 00:19:43,000 --> 00:19:47,640 Speaker 1: the early nineteen seventies. DARPA has also funded big projects 328 00:19:47,640 --> 00:19:52,040 Speaker 1: that have led to things like robots that can respond 329 00:19:52,240 --> 00:19:56,600 Speaker 1: to various uh crises, like there was a big robotics 330 00:19:56,680 --> 00:20:00,639 Speaker 1: challenge where the robots had to perform a series of 331 00:20:00,640 --> 00:20:04,560 Speaker 1: of different tasks in order to simulate responding to a 332 00:20:04,640 --> 00:20:09,879 Speaker 1: nuclear meltdown scenario, or driverless cars. DARPA has also funded 333 00:20:09,920 --> 00:20:13,560 Speaker 1: a lot of the development behind autonomous vehicles. So back 334 00:20:13,600 --> 00:20:19,320 Speaker 1: in ninety three, the agency ARPA awarded two million dollars 335 00:20:19,320 --> 00:20:21,040 Speaker 1: to m I T to take on what was called 336 00:20:21,080 --> 00:20:24,639 Speaker 1: Project MAC, which was also known as the Project of 337 00:20:24,760 --> 00:20:29,119 Speaker 1: Mathematics and Computation Now. Later on, the acronym was tweaked 338 00:20:29,119 --> 00:20:31,600 Speaker 1: a few different times to mean various things, one of 339 00:20:31,600 --> 00:20:35,879 Speaker 1: which was multiple access computer, which was one aspect of 340 00:20:35,880 --> 00:20:38,480 Speaker 1: Project MAC, but not the only one. The ARPA side 341 00:20:38,520 --> 00:20:40,880 Speaker 1: of the project was headed by a guy named Joseph 342 00:20:41,080 --> 00:20:45,720 Speaker 1: Carl Robnett Licklider, better known as j. C. R or Lick, 343 00:20:46,600 --> 00:20:48,960 Speaker 1: and he had previously served as a professor at m 344 00:20:48,960 --> 00:20:52,200 Speaker 1: I T before joining the Department of Defense. The m 345 00:20:52,240 --> 00:20:55,639 Speaker 1: I T side was originally headed by Robert fano A. 346 00:20:55,720 --> 00:21:00,000 Speaker 1: Project MAC would span many different areas of computer science, 347 00:21:00,119 --> 00:21:03,280 Speaker 1: but the one we're specifically interested in here is time sharing. 348 00:21:03,760 --> 00:21:05,960 Speaker 1: The origins of the time sharing model came out of 349 00:21:05,960 --> 00:21:08,840 Speaker 1: a different project and m I T, but was completed 350 00:21:08,920 --> 00:21:11,480 Speaker 1: as part of Project MAC. Lick Lighter is going to 351 00:21:11,520 --> 00:21:14,280 Speaker 1: pop up again in our discussion in just a second now. Typically, 352 00:21:14,800 --> 00:21:17,760 Speaker 1: time sharing meant that the main frame would devote a 353 00:21:17,840 --> 00:21:22,399 Speaker 1: certain number of processing cycles to each terminal's operations, so 354 00:21:22,440 --> 00:21:25,879 Speaker 1: you could have multiple people using different terminals accessing the 355 00:21:25,920 --> 00:21:28,800 Speaker 1: same mainframe computer, and the main frame would work on 356 00:21:28,880 --> 00:21:34,720 Speaker 1: problems in sequence rather than simultaneously. But computers work very quickly, 357 00:21:35,040 --> 00:21:38,040 Speaker 1: and we humans are relatively slow by comparisons, so on 358 00:21:38,119 --> 00:21:41,800 Speaker 1: casual glance, it looks like one computer is handling all 359 00:21:41,840 --> 00:21:44,639 Speaker 1: the work of all the terminals all at the same time. 360 00:21:44,880 --> 00:21:48,199 Speaker 1: In fact, the reason time sharing works so well is 361 00:21:48,240 --> 00:21:51,840 Speaker 1: that we humans tend to work in short batches or spurts. 362 00:21:51,880 --> 00:21:54,679 Speaker 1: This means that the main frame would be waiting on 363 00:21:54,800 --> 00:21:57,960 Speaker 1: humans more than humans would wait on the main frame, 364 00:21:58,040 --> 00:22:00,840 Speaker 1: which is another reason why one person working on a 365 00:22:00,840 --> 00:22:03,440 Speaker 1: computer is not an efficient use of that computer, because 366 00:22:03,440 --> 00:22:06,560 Speaker 1: there's a lot of downtime when you look at the 367 00:22:06,640 --> 00:22:11,000 Speaker 1: accumulation of all the little pauses and breaks humans take. 368 00:22:11,560 --> 00:22:14,399 Speaker 1: So if you could allow multiple people to access the 369 00:22:14,440 --> 00:22:18,399 Speaker 1: same machine at the same time, you can then shift 370 00:22:18,560 --> 00:22:21,920 Speaker 1: the downtime of one user so it becomes the active 371 00:22:21,920 --> 00:22:24,879 Speaker 1: time of another user. And with the right number of users, 372 00:22:25,119 --> 00:22:27,760 Speaker 1: that would maximize the efficiency of the main frame itself. 373 00:22:27,840 --> 00:22:32,159 Speaker 1: It would essentially be working constantly, and in turn that 374 00:22:32,200 --> 00:22:36,040 Speaker 1: would justify the massive cost of owning and operating a 375 00:22:36,080 --> 00:22:40,399 Speaker 1: mainframe computer. Time sharing also opened up the possibility of 376 00:22:40,440 --> 00:22:43,360 Speaker 1: allowing a business to make use of a computer owned 377 00:22:43,480 --> 00:22:46,320 Speaker 1: by someone else. The business would just have to have 378 00:22:46,359 --> 00:22:48,920 Speaker 1: access to a terminal for the main frame in question, 379 00:22:49,119 --> 00:22:51,439 Speaker 1: so you could argue that's the very foundation of the 380 00:22:51,480 --> 00:22:54,800 Speaker 1: concept of cloud computing. Lick Lighter is one of the 381 00:22:54,880 --> 00:22:59,320 Speaker 1: people responsible for the formation of the Arpanett project. Ar 382 00:22:59,359 --> 00:23:02,280 Speaker 1: Ponnet's goal was to create means for different computers and 383 00:23:02,359 --> 00:23:06,160 Speaker 1: different locations to share information with one another and therefore 384 00:23:06,320 --> 00:23:09,840 Speaker 1: resources between each other, even if the computers were of 385 00:23:09,880 --> 00:23:12,719 Speaker 1: different make and model, which was not a trivial task 386 00:23:13,240 --> 00:23:17,639 Speaker 1: as different mainframes relied on very different computer architectures and 387 00:23:17,680 --> 00:23:21,840 Speaker 1: different operating systems, which made them incompatible with one another 388 00:23:22,000 --> 00:23:25,080 Speaker 1: in normal use, so it's like they're speaking totally different languages. 389 00:23:25,640 --> 00:23:29,960 Speaker 1: Lig Lighter envisioned what he called an intergalactic computer network, 390 00:23:30,320 --> 00:23:33,080 Speaker 1: and in this vision, link Letters saw everyone in the 391 00:23:33,080 --> 00:23:36,359 Speaker 1: world having access to computers and information through an interconnected 392 00:23:36,400 --> 00:23:40,639 Speaker 1: network of machines. Essentially, he was proposing the Internet. The 393 00:23:40,760 --> 00:23:44,920 Speaker 1: Arpanet project launched in nineteen sixty nine. In the early 394 00:23:45,000 --> 00:23:48,239 Speaker 1: nineteen seventies, another big development took place, which was the 395 00:23:48,280 --> 00:23:52,879 Speaker 1: evolution of machine virtualization. In the nineteen sixties, we use 396 00:23:52,920 --> 00:23:55,840 Speaker 1: the term virtualization to refer to the ability to allow 397 00:23:55,960 --> 00:23:59,520 Speaker 1: multiple users to access the same machine more or less 398 00:23:59,640 --> 00:24:02,720 Speaker 1: sim sultaneously, as it was almost as if each user 399 00:24:02,840 --> 00:24:06,320 Speaker 1: had access to his or her own virtual computer. So 400 00:24:06,359 --> 00:24:09,040 Speaker 1: essentially it was another kind of word for time sharing, 401 00:24:09,480 --> 00:24:13,160 Speaker 1: But in the nineties seventies the meaning began to shift 402 00:24:13,560 --> 00:24:17,800 Speaker 1: as computer scientists found ways to create virtual machines within 403 00:24:17,880 --> 00:24:21,520 Speaker 1: a computer itself. The computer runs software that allows it 404 00:24:21,600 --> 00:24:25,480 Speaker 1: to partition off assets to run an instance, as if 405 00:24:25,520 --> 00:24:28,560 Speaker 1: it had a second machine inside the main machine. It 406 00:24:28,640 --> 00:24:32,399 Speaker 1: takes up some of the primary machines abilities, some of 407 00:24:32,400 --> 00:24:36,159 Speaker 1: its processing abilities, some of its storage. It's it's almost 408 00:24:36,200 --> 00:24:39,520 Speaker 1: like you've just divided one main frame into two computers, 409 00:24:39,520 --> 00:24:41,960 Speaker 1: but you're doing it on the software level, not the 410 00:24:42,040 --> 00:24:47,640 Speaker 1: hardware level, and you could even run different operating systems 411 00:24:47,680 --> 00:24:50,680 Speaker 1: on the same computer. This way, you could create essentially 412 00:24:50,720 --> 00:24:54,840 Speaker 1: what amounted to an emulator that would allow software mint 413 00:24:54,920 --> 00:24:59,120 Speaker 1: for a different type of computer to run on another computer. 414 00:24:59,240 --> 00:25:01,440 Speaker 1: We do this today. There are a lot of computers 415 00:25:01,440 --> 00:25:05,399 Speaker 1: out there that run uh different operating systems simultaneously, and 416 00:25:05,440 --> 00:25:08,240 Speaker 1: you can switch back and forth. And it's essentially this 417 00:25:08,520 --> 00:25:13,200 Speaker 1: virtualization software that allows the computer to divide itself up 418 00:25:13,280 --> 00:25:16,719 Speaker 1: so that some of its assets are dedicated to running 419 00:25:17,200 --> 00:25:20,960 Speaker 1: one operating system and the other assets are dedicated to 420 00:25:21,000 --> 00:25:24,359 Speaker 1: running another operating system. So you might have Linux and 421 00:25:24,440 --> 00:25:29,520 Speaker 1: Windows for example, or Max had virtualization that allows you 422 00:25:29,560 --> 00:25:32,080 Speaker 1: to run Windows on a Mac. So that way you 423 00:25:32,080 --> 00:25:36,760 Speaker 1: could run Windows based software on the Windows operating system 424 00:25:36,840 --> 00:25:40,000 Speaker 1: platform as if it were a Windows PC, or you 425 00:25:40,000 --> 00:25:42,120 Speaker 1: could switch over to the Max side and run Mac 426 00:25:42,200 --> 00:25:44,680 Speaker 1: software that was designed to run on the Mac operating system. 427 00:25:44,680 --> 00:25:49,760 Speaker 1: Because remember, different programs meant for specific operating systems are 428 00:25:49,800 --> 00:25:55,520 Speaker 1: not interoperable with other operating systems. So virtualization began to 429 00:25:55,520 --> 00:25:59,760 Speaker 1: take on a slightly different word, different meaning rather in 430 00:25:59,800 --> 00:26:02,800 Speaker 1: the nineteen seventies. But it also meant that you could 431 00:26:02,840 --> 00:26:06,240 Speaker 1: create a virtual machine that someone could access, and that's 432 00:26:06,240 --> 00:26:10,440 Speaker 1: another one of those little founding notions of cloud computing. 433 00:26:11,080 --> 00:26:15,000 Speaker 1: Technology would continue to evolve. Our bonnet would pave the 434 00:26:15,040 --> 00:26:18,119 Speaker 1: way for the Internet, which sort of began to coalesce 435 00:26:18,560 --> 00:26:22,320 Speaker 1: in the late seventies early eighties. Uh. The Web, of course, 436 00:26:22,400 --> 00:26:26,359 Speaker 1: would be another evolution of that. You would start, you know, 437 00:26:26,560 --> 00:26:28,520 Speaker 1: a layer on top of the Internet. The Web and 438 00:26:28,560 --> 00:26:31,080 Speaker 1: the Internet are not synonymous, they're not the same thing. 439 00:26:31,560 --> 00:26:33,920 Speaker 1: But the Web is a layer that exists on top 440 00:26:33,960 --> 00:26:37,480 Speaker 1: of the Internet, and it's frequently the way most of 441 00:26:37,600 --> 00:26:40,280 Speaker 1: us access the Internet, and we tend to access it 442 00:26:41,040 --> 00:26:44,000 Speaker 1: using the web and email. Those are two big ways. 443 00:26:44,320 --> 00:26:47,080 Speaker 1: And then we also have apps which can access the Internet. 444 00:26:47,680 --> 00:26:51,360 Speaker 1: They often have a web like interface, so a lot 445 00:26:51,359 --> 00:26:53,920 Speaker 1: of times we associate that with the Web, but they 446 00:26:53,920 --> 00:26:57,320 Speaker 1: could be completely independent of the Web. So we also 447 00:26:57,680 --> 00:27:00,159 Speaker 1: access the Internet through apps, but I think most us 448 00:27:00,200 --> 00:27:03,400 Speaker 1: kind of associate the Web with the Internet as being 449 00:27:03,440 --> 00:27:05,840 Speaker 1: almost one and the same, although you should keep in 450 00:27:05,880 --> 00:27:09,879 Speaker 1: mind that's not exactly true. Anyway, people before the Web 451 00:27:10,119 --> 00:27:13,760 Speaker 1: would call into other computers using modems, uh, and they 452 00:27:13,800 --> 00:27:16,080 Speaker 1: would upload or download files from them. They could do 453 00:27:16,160 --> 00:27:19,160 Speaker 1: that on bulletin board systems. I've talked about those recently, 454 00:27:19,880 --> 00:27:22,760 Speaker 1: but then also later on through Internet servers, you could 455 00:27:22,800 --> 00:27:26,960 Speaker 1: use things like tell net to log in remotely into 456 00:27:27,000 --> 00:27:29,560 Speaker 1: another machine. Guys have got a lot more I want 457 00:27:29,600 --> 00:27:32,880 Speaker 1: to say about cloud computing, but in order to get 458 00:27:32,920 --> 00:27:36,240 Speaker 1: these episodes out properly, I'm going to cut this one 459 00:27:36,400 --> 00:27:40,400 Speaker 1: a little short because Hotel WiFi makes it really hard 460 00:27:40,440 --> 00:27:44,560 Speaker 1: to upload larger sound files. So we're gonna rejoin this 461 00:27:44,640 --> 00:27:49,880 Speaker 1: conversation with a discussion about some other forms of computing 462 00:27:49,920 --> 00:27:53,320 Speaker 1: that are similar to cloud computing, like grid computing, and 463 00:27:53,359 --> 00:27:55,920 Speaker 1: then we'll talk a little bit about what cloud computing 464 00:27:56,000 --> 00:27:59,600 Speaker 1: is used for today. Some of the more recent developments 465 00:27:59,640 --> 00:28:03,280 Speaker 1: in the world and uh then we'll conclude before we 466 00:28:03,320 --> 00:28:05,679 Speaker 1: move on to our next subject. So I want to 467 00:28:05,720 --> 00:28:08,960 Speaker 1: thank everyone out there for listening to this bonus episode 468 00:28:09,040 --> 00:28:12,760 Speaker 1: of text Stuff. If you have suggestions for future episode topics, 469 00:28:12,920 --> 00:28:15,200 Speaker 1: let me know. Send me an email the addresses tech 470 00:28:15,240 --> 00:28:17,800 Speaker 1: stuff at how stuff works dot com, or drop me 471 00:28:17,840 --> 00:28:20,000 Speaker 1: a line on Facebook or Twitter. The handle of both 472 00:28:20,000 --> 00:28:22,959 Speaker 1: of those is tech stuff hs W. Remember you can 473 00:28:23,000 --> 00:28:26,080 Speaker 1: follow us on Instagram and also go to twitch dot 474 00:28:26,119 --> 00:28:29,119 Speaker 1: tv slash tech stuff to watch me record these shows live, 475 00:28:29,440 --> 00:28:31,720 Speaker 1: at least the normal ones when I'm back in the studio. 476 00:28:32,160 --> 00:28:36,320 Speaker 1: On these remote recordings, I don't tend to stream them 477 00:28:36,359 --> 00:28:40,560 Speaker 1: because said hotel WiFi problems. But I look forward to 478 00:28:40,560 --> 00:28:42,520 Speaker 1: see you guys in the chat room and I'll talk 479 00:28:42,560 --> 00:28:50,760 Speaker 1: to you again really soon for more on this and 480 00:28:50,800 --> 00:29:03,520 Speaker 1: thousands of other topics. Is it how stuff works dot com.