1 00:00:05,480 --> 00:00:08,399 Speaker 1: Today, we're glad to bring you a special episode of 2 00:00:08,440 --> 00:00:11,200 Speaker 1: Why Am I telling You This. We'll be doing these 3 00:00:11,200 --> 00:00:15,000 Speaker 1: episodes periodically to introduce you to some of the inspiring 4 00:00:15,040 --> 00:00:18,439 Speaker 1: people in important ideas I've encountered throughout my career in 5 00:00:18,480 --> 00:00:22,680 Speaker 1: public service and at the Clinton Foundation. On this episode, 6 00:00:22,920 --> 00:00:25,640 Speaker 1: we're sharing a recent program hosted by the Foundation and 7 00:00:25,680 --> 00:00:28,960 Speaker 1: the University of Arkansas Clinton School of Public Service, which 8 00:00:29,000 --> 00:00:31,640 Speaker 1: focused on the research that took place at the National 9 00:00:31,680 --> 00:00:36,160 Speaker 1: Institutes of Health when I was president, including developing antiretroviral 10 00:00:36,200 --> 00:00:40,559 Speaker 1: treatments for HIV AIDS, laying the groundwork on vaccine research, 11 00:00:40,960 --> 00:00:43,640 Speaker 1: both of which made it possible to develop COVID nineteen 12 00:00:43,720 --> 00:00:47,840 Speaker 1: vaccines more quickly, and completing the mapping of the human 13 00:00:47,920 --> 00:00:52,120 Speaker 1: genome at least the first draft. It was perhaps one 14 00:00:52,120 --> 00:00:54,960 Speaker 1: of the most important and farthest reaching achievements of my 15 00:00:55,080 --> 00:00:58,920 Speaker 1: eight years in office. I hope you'll find these conversations 16 00:00:58,960 --> 00:01:01,480 Speaker 1: as fascinating as I did, and that you come away 17 00:01:01,480 --> 00:01:05,200 Speaker 1: with a greater understanding why investing in science is one 18 00:01:05,200 --> 00:01:09,080 Speaker 1: of the best things we can do to build a healthier, better, 19 00:01:09,760 --> 00:01:19,040 Speaker 1: more equitable future for everyone. I want to thank all 20 00:01:19,080 --> 00:01:22,400 Speaker 1: of you who are responsible for the Comparist Lecture series, 21 00:01:23,600 --> 00:01:28,440 Speaker 1: especially Dean Comparis, do Comparis, Katherine and Trotter for endowing 22 00:01:28,480 --> 00:01:32,560 Speaker 1: the series and their parents names. Frank Comparis was one 23 00:01:32,560 --> 00:01:37,560 Speaker 1: of the most respected doctors in our native state. He 24 00:01:37,680 --> 00:01:40,760 Speaker 1: and his wonderful wife Cooler, raised the great family and 25 00:01:40,880 --> 00:01:45,480 Speaker 1: made the world a better place. So to the panelists, 26 00:01:45,600 --> 00:01:48,680 Speaker 1: I can't thank you enough for doing this. Uh. Thank 27 00:01:48,720 --> 00:01:51,280 Speaker 1: you to Donna Laila and I think still is the 28 00:01:51,320 --> 00:01:56,120 Speaker 1: longest serving Secretary of Health and Human Services ever. She 29 00:01:56,320 --> 00:01:59,640 Speaker 1: managed to fit that in between being president of Hunter 30 00:01:59,720 --> 00:02:02,720 Speaker 1: called Ledge and Chancellor of the University of Wisconsin at Madison, 31 00:02:02,760 --> 00:02:05,440 Speaker 1: and than her long tenure at the University of Miami, 32 00:02:05,480 --> 00:02:08,359 Speaker 1: where she now teaches. And she did a stint as 33 00:02:08,360 --> 00:02:12,160 Speaker 1: the most overqualified member of the United States House of Representatives. 34 00:02:12,720 --> 00:02:15,720 Speaker 1: Thank you Harold Arms for all the work you did 35 00:02:16,480 --> 00:02:21,240 Speaker 1: when I was president. Thank you Francis Collins for many things, 36 00:02:21,440 --> 00:02:25,560 Speaker 1: but overseeing the international effort to sequence the human genome 37 00:02:25,680 --> 00:02:30,600 Speaker 1: and in the process brokering of peace with Craig Vennor 38 00:02:30,720 --> 00:02:35,480 Speaker 1: and the private sector effort to turn a race into 39 00:02:35,520 --> 00:02:40,720 Speaker 1: a relay. Thank you Tony Fauci. I'm amazed you're still 40 00:02:40,760 --> 00:02:43,520 Speaker 1: standing after all you've been through these last two years, 41 00:02:43,840 --> 00:02:47,400 Speaker 1: and I was always grateful to you for your hard work, 42 00:02:48,480 --> 00:02:50,800 Speaker 1: and never more grateful than to see you trying to 43 00:02:50,840 --> 00:02:55,400 Speaker 1: talk common sense in the middle of nonsense. Thank you, 44 00:02:55,480 --> 00:02:58,160 Speaker 1: John Gallen, thank you Gary Nabel, thank you Dr Wendy 45 00:02:58,240 --> 00:03:02,840 Speaker 1: Chung and Charles Himy. I'm grateful to all of you. 46 00:03:04,280 --> 00:03:07,760 Speaker 1: The n i H is a national treasure, and it 47 00:03:07,880 --> 00:03:10,960 Speaker 1: had received even in the polarized times in which I governed, 48 00:03:11,720 --> 00:03:15,800 Speaker 1: we had an astonishingly broad base of bipartisan support at 49 00:03:15,840 --> 00:03:19,760 Speaker 1: the National Institute of Health. I came into office when 50 00:03:19,800 --> 00:03:24,280 Speaker 1: we were entering the information age. The whole revolution in 51 00:03:24,400 --> 00:03:27,960 Speaker 1: part made possible the sequencing of the human genome, which 52 00:03:28,000 --> 00:03:36,160 Speaker 1: obviously required massive digital capabilities. There's always been attention in 53 00:03:36,240 --> 00:03:39,960 Speaker 1: every budget season, and we saw it with Present Biden's 54 00:03:40,000 --> 00:03:45,560 Speaker 1: recent budget, between the present and the future, always attention 55 00:03:45,640 --> 00:03:50,240 Speaker 1: between what is too little and what is nowhere near 56 00:03:50,360 --> 00:03:54,840 Speaker 1: enough to sleep comfortably at night. I'm very glad that 57 00:03:54,880 --> 00:03:58,920 Speaker 1: we could double the budget of the NIH almost and 58 00:03:59,440 --> 00:04:02,880 Speaker 1: more than up all the budget of the Human Genome Project. 59 00:04:03,840 --> 00:04:07,000 Speaker 1: I think that it's clear that the work that was 60 00:04:07,080 --> 00:04:11,560 Speaker 1: done helped to speed the development of antiretrovirals for HIV AIDS, 61 00:04:12,760 --> 00:04:16,520 Speaker 1: did important work in vaccine research, and established the Vaccine Center, 62 00:04:17,200 --> 00:04:21,640 Speaker 1: which I think hassendurability to develop the COVID vaccine, especially 63 00:04:21,720 --> 00:04:25,720 Speaker 1: with the completion of mapping the human genome. I spent 64 00:04:25,839 --> 00:04:28,680 Speaker 1: three billion dollars of the American taxpayers money on that, 65 00:04:29,680 --> 00:04:32,400 Speaker 1: and we had the first rough draft in two thousand 66 00:04:32,960 --> 00:04:35,799 Speaker 1: and I tell everybody that it's the best three billion 67 00:04:35,839 --> 00:04:37,680 Speaker 1: dollars I ever spent in my life. We had a 68 00:04:37,760 --> 00:04:41,960 Speaker 1: return on investment of something like three hundred four hundred 69 00:04:41,960 --> 00:04:46,760 Speaker 1: to one already and an incalculable impact on the future 70 00:04:46,800 --> 00:04:50,520 Speaker 1: prospects of life. Let me say one more thing before 71 00:04:50,520 --> 00:04:54,600 Speaker 1: our panel starts. One of the reasons the nih accomplished 72 00:04:54,600 --> 00:04:57,839 Speaker 1: as much as it did is that so many people 73 00:04:57,960 --> 00:05:01,600 Speaker 1: with extraordinary talent and at a cation chose to work 74 00:05:01,640 --> 00:05:04,719 Speaker 1: there and at the Department of Health and Human Services 75 00:05:05,400 --> 00:05:08,360 Speaker 1: and in the White House, all pulling in the same direction. 76 00:05:09,320 --> 00:05:12,200 Speaker 1: Most of them could have made more money doing something else, 77 00:05:12,839 --> 00:05:15,800 Speaker 1: but none of them could make a bigger difference doing 78 00:05:15,839 --> 00:05:22,320 Speaker 1: something else. So all of you are, by definition difference makers. 79 00:05:24,680 --> 00:05:29,159 Speaker 1: We were talking before the program started about our friend 80 00:05:29,480 --> 00:05:34,599 Speaker 1: Madeline Albright and the last conversation I had with her, 81 00:05:35,000 --> 00:05:38,680 Speaker 1: I sort of began by asking about her health. Her 82 00:05:38,760 --> 00:05:41,279 Speaker 1: voice was strong, her mind was clear. She said, Look, 83 00:05:42,560 --> 00:05:44,600 Speaker 1: I'm not well, but I've got a good doctor and 84 00:05:44,640 --> 00:05:46,920 Speaker 1: I'm doing what I'm supposed to do. And the leather 85 00:05:47,040 --> 00:05:49,359 Speaker 1: worker it won't. Let's don't waste time on that. The 86 00:05:49,400 --> 00:05:51,320 Speaker 1: only important thing is what kind of world are we 87 00:05:51,320 --> 00:05:55,520 Speaker 1: going to leave to our grandchildren? And we proceeded to 88 00:05:55,520 --> 00:06:01,400 Speaker 1: talk about that every day. Every step of progress you make, 89 00:06:02,480 --> 00:06:05,520 Speaker 1: every blind alley you run into and then turn around 90 00:06:05,520 --> 00:06:09,760 Speaker 1: and try something else, helps us in ways that are 91 00:06:09,960 --> 00:06:14,320 Speaker 1: not always clear, to keep going forward and to keep 92 00:06:14,360 --> 00:06:17,440 Speaker 1: proving that. In the end, the most important discovery of 93 00:06:17,480 --> 00:06:20,920 Speaker 1: the Human Genome project is that all non age related 94 00:06:20,960 --> 00:06:24,440 Speaker 1: differences we can see among human beings are rooted in 95 00:06:24,560 --> 00:06:29,600 Speaker 1: less than half of one percent of our genome. And sadly, 96 00:06:29,640 --> 00:06:31,680 Speaker 1: the world gets in trouble when we major in the 97 00:06:31,720 --> 00:06:35,599 Speaker 1: minors and only talk about that half a percent. We 98 00:06:35,640 --> 00:06:37,120 Speaker 1: spend nine and nine and a half or some of 99 00:06:37,120 --> 00:06:41,200 Speaker 1: our time fixated on our differences, and when we're in 100 00:06:41,240 --> 00:06:44,760 Speaker 1: a foul humor, we completely forget about the other nine 101 00:06:44,760 --> 00:06:46,760 Speaker 1: and nine and a half. For some of us, that 102 00:06:46,880 --> 00:06:54,120 Speaker 1: is the same by using your different abilities, by making 103 00:06:54,200 --> 00:07:01,359 Speaker 1: your diversity of intellect, imagination and effort of virtue. Yeah, 104 00:07:01,800 --> 00:07:08,680 Speaker 1: you reaffirm the fundamental sanctity of life in all of humanity. 105 00:07:08,960 --> 00:07:11,400 Speaker 1: I'm very grateful and I can't wait to see what 106 00:07:11,480 --> 00:07:15,200 Speaker 1: you have to say. Thank you very much, Thank you 107 00:07:15,280 --> 00:07:18,320 Speaker 1: us the President for those remarks. As we transition to 108 00:07:18,640 --> 00:07:22,280 Speaker 1: our first panel, let me introduce Secretary Donahalella, who before 109 00:07:22,320 --> 00:07:25,560 Speaker 1: becoming Secretary of JHS, served as a chancellor of the 110 00:07:25,640 --> 00:07:31,920 Speaker 1: University Wisconsin, one of the nation's top research institutions. Donna, 111 00:07:32,480 --> 00:07:35,640 Speaker 1: thank you very much, Kevin UH, and thank you, Mr President. 112 00:07:36,720 --> 00:07:43,200 Speaker 1: I've always believed that the President's most important legacy was 113 00:07:43,320 --> 00:07:46,560 Speaker 1: his commitment to science, to the NIH in particular. There 114 00:07:46,560 --> 00:07:48,720 Speaker 1: will be lots of references, and he made one of 115 00:07:48,760 --> 00:07:54,000 Speaker 1: them to bipartisan efforts UH to successfully double almost double 116 00:07:54,120 --> 00:08:01,160 Speaker 1: the NIH budget, which unleashed golden age of biomedical research. 117 00:08:01,640 --> 00:08:04,400 Speaker 1: But for me, it was not just the doubling, but 118 00:08:04,640 --> 00:08:11,640 Speaker 1: what the leadership did with that money. Um. First, second, Um, 119 00:08:11,680 --> 00:08:15,480 Speaker 1: it was really the leadership we recruited and those we retained, 120 00:08:15,920 --> 00:08:21,280 Speaker 1: and the impact of of training grants on preparing a 121 00:08:21,320 --> 00:08:26,160 Speaker 1: new generation of of scientists. Today, we're going to hear 122 00:08:26,160 --> 00:08:29,320 Speaker 1: from some of those leaders, and I'll introduce the four 123 00:08:29,760 --> 00:08:33,720 Speaker 1: for my panel, starting with Dr Harold Varmus. Dr Varmus, 124 00:08:33,760 --> 00:08:36,840 Speaker 1: of course, won the Nobel Prize with his colleague Mike 125 00:08:36,920 --> 00:08:41,680 Speaker 1: Bishop in nineteen eighty nine, the Nobel Prize in Physiology 126 00:08:41,760 --> 00:08:44,439 Speaker 1: or Medicine. He was director of the n i H 127 00:08:44,440 --> 00:08:49,320 Speaker 1: from to nine nine, and he came back to lead 128 00:08:49,400 --> 00:08:51,480 Speaker 1: the n c I from two thousand and ten to 129 00:08:51,559 --> 00:08:55,480 Speaker 1: two thousand and fifteen. Dr Tony Fauci, Director of the 130 00:08:55,600 --> 00:09:00,920 Speaker 1: National Institute of Elogy and Infectious Diseases and now the 131 00:09:01,000 --> 00:09:04,720 Speaker 1: Chief Medical adviser as well to President Biden and of 132 00:09:04,760 --> 00:09:09,599 Speaker 1: course our leader during the Clinton administration in an extraordinary 133 00:09:09,720 --> 00:09:17,280 Speaker 1: effort UM against AIDS. Dr John Gallen, director of the 134 00:09:17,400 --> 00:09:23,080 Speaker 1: NIH Clinical Center. Actually from to two thousand and seventeen 135 00:09:23,160 --> 00:09:27,800 Speaker 1: twenty two years, John Gallen led the criticals UH the 136 00:09:28,000 --> 00:09:36,880 Speaker 1: very critical Clinical Center UM named for for Dale bumpers Um. 137 00:09:36,880 --> 00:09:40,480 Speaker 1: Currently he's the chief Scientific Officer for the Clinical Center 138 00:09:40,520 --> 00:09:45,199 Speaker 1: and Associate Director for Clinical Research at NIH. And Dr 139 00:09:45,280 --> 00:09:50,280 Speaker 1: Gary Nable Um, who was recruited to build a vaccine 140 00:09:50,600 --> 00:09:53,800 Speaker 1: research program for the country, and I really made a 141 00:09:53,840 --> 00:09:57,400 Speaker 1: mistake that's named after. The Vexie Research Center is named 142 00:09:57,480 --> 00:10:02,120 Speaker 1: Actor uh Dale bumper Um. He was the founding director 143 00:10:02,160 --> 00:10:06,120 Speaker 1: of the Vaccine Research Center at ni AI D and 144 00:10:06,320 --> 00:10:12,040 Speaker 1: uh pioneered a renaissance in vaccine development and will hear 145 00:10:12,080 --> 00:10:16,400 Speaker 1: from Gary about how that was the underpinning for the 146 00:10:16,520 --> 00:10:22,400 Speaker 1: vaccines of the future. He's currently at Modex Therapeutics as 147 00:10:22,440 --> 00:10:28,000 Speaker 1: the President and Chief Executive Officer, uh Dr Varmus. This 148 00:10:28,120 --> 00:10:34,240 Speaker 1: is all yours, Thank you very much. The NIH has 149 00:10:34,280 --> 00:10:37,320 Speaker 1: been in existence for over a century. It's a federation 150 00:10:37,360 --> 00:10:42,000 Speaker 1: of today seven institutes and centers, each of which m 151 00:10:42,679 --> 00:10:47,720 Speaker 1: received their direct appropriations. The budget for the NIH today 152 00:10:47,800 --> 00:10:51,840 Speaker 1: is about forty three billion. When the Clinton administration started 153 00:10:51,840 --> 00:10:55,680 Speaker 1: it was a little under eleven billion, increased steadily and 154 00:10:55,720 --> 00:11:01,240 Speaker 1: then initiated a five year doubling process. Then h is 155 00:11:01,480 --> 00:11:06,319 Speaker 1: a health related science agency. Doesn't do any direct healthcare. 156 00:11:06,760 --> 00:11:12,320 Speaker 1: It provides basic and clinical research opportunities, training, and infrastructure 157 00:11:12,360 --> 00:11:17,079 Speaker 1: to the nation's medical research establishment. About ten percent of 158 00:11:17,120 --> 00:11:19,439 Speaker 1: the research that is done by the NIH is done 159 00:11:19,480 --> 00:11:23,800 Speaker 1: by government scientists, mainly on the campus in Bethesda. The 160 00:11:23,880 --> 00:11:27,840 Speaker 1: rest done through grants and contracts to institutions and medical 161 00:11:27,880 --> 00:11:31,840 Speaker 1: schools and universities UH in all states and some abroad 162 00:11:32,360 --> 00:11:36,520 Speaker 1: UH and these grants and contracts are issued importantly through 163 00:11:36,520 --> 00:11:42,760 Speaker 1: competitive peer review. Like all agencies, NIH has annual appropriation. 164 00:11:42,880 --> 00:11:46,880 Speaker 1: But it's important to note that the NIH does its 165 00:11:46,880 --> 00:11:50,320 Speaker 1: research through multi year grants and contracts and works on 166 00:11:50,480 --> 00:11:54,079 Speaker 1: very long term problems, which means that support from the 167 00:11:54,120 --> 00:12:00,120 Speaker 1: administration to keep its budget strong is incredibly important. We've 168 00:12:00,160 --> 00:12:02,400 Speaker 1: had support of the NIH from both sides of the 169 00:12:02,440 --> 00:12:04,840 Speaker 1: aisle for many years, and in general we have a 170 00:12:04,880 --> 00:12:10,480 Speaker 1: good working relationship with both the executive and these legislative branches. UM. 171 00:12:10,520 --> 00:12:13,920 Speaker 1: There are two ways in which the executive branch, especially 172 00:12:13,920 --> 00:12:17,319 Speaker 1: the White House, provides comfort and support to the ni 173 00:12:17,480 --> 00:12:21,440 Speaker 1: H during an administration. First is the support for that 174 00:12:21,520 --> 00:12:26,200 Speaker 1: long term, ongoing work that supports the biggest medical research 175 00:12:26,280 --> 00:12:30,360 Speaker 1: enterprise in the world. And you're gonna hear about how 176 00:12:30,520 --> 00:12:34,080 Speaker 1: things came to fruition during the Clinton administration and the 177 00:12:34,080 --> 00:12:37,200 Speaker 1: treatment of HIV and AIDS UH and, but there are 178 00:12:37,240 --> 00:12:40,240 Speaker 1: many other examples that we could have been illustrating on 179 00:12:40,760 --> 00:12:46,640 Speaker 1: in advances in cancer treatments and the improved outcomes of 180 00:12:46,679 --> 00:12:51,040 Speaker 1: cardiovascular disease and stroke, and and many other things. But 181 00:12:51,120 --> 00:12:55,679 Speaker 1: they're also shorter term needs, health crises, construction projects, starts 182 00:12:55,720 --> 00:12:59,440 Speaker 1: to new programs, expansions of others like the Genome Project. 183 00:12:59,520 --> 00:13:02,679 Speaker 1: Will talk about in some detail in a moment. From 184 00:13:02,720 --> 00:13:06,240 Speaker 1: my perspective as the annied director during most of the 185 00:13:06,240 --> 00:13:09,959 Speaker 1: Clinton administration and as a scientist who's dependent on ni 186 00:13:10,120 --> 00:13:12,880 Speaker 1: H all the time from my own work, I look 187 00:13:12,920 --> 00:13:15,440 Speaker 1: back on the Clinton years as the golden years and 188 00:13:15,520 --> 00:13:20,280 Speaker 1: medical research for many reasons. First, we had the enthusiasm 189 00:13:20,480 --> 00:13:23,440 Speaker 1: of not just the president, but the President's family. Indeed, 190 00:13:23,480 --> 00:13:25,480 Speaker 1: the first member of the family to come visit us 191 00:13:26,000 --> 00:13:29,040 Speaker 1: was was was the first lady who came to the 192 00:13:29,120 --> 00:13:33,760 Speaker 1: NIH for a day long tutorial about genetic research and virology. 193 00:13:33,880 --> 00:13:37,880 Speaker 1: Uh and she then uh brought the President out for 194 00:13:38,080 --> 00:13:41,920 Speaker 1: his Saturday tutorial just after giving a radio address about 195 00:13:41,920 --> 00:13:45,959 Speaker 1: the Family Leave Act. Uh and uh he heard about 196 00:13:46,240 --> 00:13:49,800 Speaker 1: research going on in AIDS and genomics and cancer research, 197 00:13:50,480 --> 00:13:52,680 Speaker 1: and that persuaded the first daughter to turn up and 198 00:13:52,720 --> 00:13:56,800 Speaker 1: spend several days working in one of the lab run 199 00:13:56,840 --> 00:14:00,200 Speaker 1: by one of our outstanding female scientists. We still have 200 00:14:00,440 --> 00:14:02,920 Speaker 1: vials that are labeled C C one, C C two, 201 00:14:02,960 --> 00:14:08,000 Speaker 1: C C three for mutants of a bacterial proteas that 202 00:14:08,360 --> 00:14:12,600 Speaker 1: she isolated. UM. The second reason is that the strength 203 00:14:12,640 --> 00:14:16,280 Speaker 1: of the budget proposals. The President said to me many times, 204 00:14:16,840 --> 00:14:20,760 Speaker 1: I'm not I'm not proposing everything I want you to have, 205 00:14:20,880 --> 00:14:23,320 Speaker 1: but I know the Congress is gonna double your increase 206 00:14:23,360 --> 00:14:27,800 Speaker 1: even even when Republicans are in charge. And uh. He 207 00:14:28,120 --> 00:14:31,440 Speaker 1: followed that prescription for many years and helped us start 208 00:14:31,840 --> 00:14:37,200 Speaker 1: the five year doublings had the effects that Secretary she 209 00:14:37,400 --> 00:14:40,920 Speaker 1: Leila just mentioned. A third aspect of his support was 210 00:14:41,000 --> 00:14:43,720 Speaker 1: the quality and attitude of our partners in the US 211 00:14:43,800 --> 00:14:48,680 Speaker 1: government during during the administration that I've served in. Other 212 00:14:48,680 --> 00:14:50,800 Speaker 1: members of the panel who haven't been introduced to you 213 00:14:50,920 --> 00:14:54,520 Speaker 1: will illustrate some of the things that remained incredibly important 214 00:14:54,600 --> 00:14:57,920 Speaker 1: to the dire scientific enterprise. The first is how long 215 00:14:58,080 --> 00:15:00,280 Speaker 1: term science pays off. And you're gonna hear from Tony 216 00:15:00,320 --> 00:15:06,080 Speaker 1: Faucci about UM, who has been director of the Allergy 217 00:15:06,080 --> 00:15:09,360 Speaker 1: and Infectious Disease Institute for almost forty years, about how 218 00:15:09,720 --> 00:15:16,000 Speaker 1: long term investments in the studies of infectious agents, including 219 00:15:16,160 --> 00:15:21,120 Speaker 1: HIV have led led to culminations of those efforts during 220 00:15:21,160 --> 00:15:25,800 Speaker 1: the Clinton years, with our ability to prevent transmission of 221 00:15:25,960 --> 00:15:30,600 Speaker 1: HIV from mothers to infants, the development of protease inhibitors, 222 00:15:30,640 --> 00:15:35,760 Speaker 1: and development of highly effective therapies against AIDS. When the 223 00:15:35,760 --> 00:15:39,960 Speaker 1: clint administration began the the program that was run by 224 00:15:40,000 --> 00:15:45,400 Speaker 1: government scientists and Bethesda was under some criticism and a 225 00:15:45,480 --> 00:15:48,880 Speaker 1: report from outside scientists arguing that one thing we needed 226 00:15:48,920 --> 00:15:52,520 Speaker 1: to do was revitalized clinical research at the clinical center 227 00:15:53,000 --> 00:15:57,080 Speaker 1: in the n I t intramural program led to recommendation 228 00:15:57,680 --> 00:16:02,560 Speaker 1: that was given due UM scrutiny by Office of Office 229 00:16:02,600 --> 00:16:06,640 Speaker 1: and the Office of Management and Budget UH and UM 230 00:16:06,920 --> 00:16:08,840 Speaker 1: UH and he'll tell us about the planning of the 231 00:16:08,880 --> 00:16:13,920 Speaker 1: new clinical research center named from Mark Hatfield UM and 232 00:16:13,960 --> 00:16:16,240 Speaker 1: the new the many new things that have been done there. 233 00:16:16,560 --> 00:16:18,960 Speaker 1: And then you'll hear from Gary Nabel about how he 234 00:16:19,080 --> 00:16:22,160 Speaker 1: managed as the first director of the Vaccine Research Center, 235 00:16:22,960 --> 00:16:27,520 Speaker 1: which is a direct outcome of President Clinton's involvement in 236 00:16:27,680 --> 00:16:32,240 Speaker 1: a research UH. The then head of the Office of 237 00:16:32,240 --> 00:16:37,040 Speaker 1: of of a Research, Bill Paul unfortunately deceased a couple 238 00:16:37,040 --> 00:16:42,000 Speaker 1: of years ago. UH led to UM proposal we put 239 00:16:42,040 --> 00:16:45,560 Speaker 1: together a vaccine research center on campus, and one day 240 00:16:45,960 --> 00:16:49,680 Speaker 1: the President and Al Gore had me and Tony Faucci 241 00:16:49,720 --> 00:16:52,000 Speaker 1: come down and chat with him about what needed to 242 00:16:52,040 --> 00:16:54,440 Speaker 1: be done in AIDS research, and he immediately bought onto 243 00:16:54,480 --> 00:16:57,840 Speaker 1: this idea of building a vaccine research center and made 244 00:16:57,840 --> 00:17:01,880 Speaker 1: that part of an address he gave shortly thereafter Morgan State, 245 00:17:02,160 --> 00:17:06,840 Speaker 1: and that persuaded Congress to proceed with the investment that, 246 00:17:07,040 --> 00:17:10,600 Speaker 1: as you'll hear, is paid off in many ways. So 247 00:17:11,000 --> 00:17:14,720 Speaker 1: let's turn this over now to members of other members 248 00:17:14,720 --> 00:17:19,800 Speaker 1: of the panel, starting with Professor Fauci. I just went 249 00:17:19,840 --> 00:17:23,159 Speaker 1: through my mind the other day, um, almost on a 250 00:17:23,240 --> 00:17:28,160 Speaker 1: year by year basis, the extraordinary advances that we experience, 251 00:17:28,320 --> 00:17:31,880 Speaker 1: literally from the day you set foot into the White House. 252 00:17:31,960 --> 00:17:33,760 Speaker 1: You remember, one of the first things that you did 253 00:17:35,760 --> 00:17:39,360 Speaker 1: was to establish the White House Office of National Aids 254 00:17:39,400 --> 00:17:45,679 Speaker 1: Policy or a NAP, which actually is still today exerting 255 00:17:45,720 --> 00:17:49,480 Speaker 1: an important function. We never had that before you came 256 00:17:49,520 --> 00:17:52,800 Speaker 1: into the White House. And then though, it was also 257 00:17:52,840 --> 00:17:57,159 Speaker 1: at a time when the toll of morbidity mortality was 258 00:17:57,240 --> 00:18:02,040 Speaker 1: accelerating in the country and by nine four AIDS became 259 00:18:02,080 --> 00:18:07,520 Speaker 1: the leading cause of death of all Americans age four. 260 00:18:08,359 --> 00:18:12,040 Speaker 1: But then things started to turn around with regard to therapy. 261 00:18:12,080 --> 00:18:15,760 Speaker 1: You'll remember the famous A C T G O seven 262 00:18:15,880 --> 00:18:19,199 Speaker 1: six results. The first time that we showed that you 263 00:18:19,240 --> 00:18:23,720 Speaker 1: could actually interfere with the transmission of HIV from a 264 00:18:23,800 --> 00:18:27,280 Speaker 1: pregnant mother to the baby. That has to be one 265 00:18:27,320 --> 00:18:31,480 Speaker 1: of the true hallmarks of iconic studies done at the 266 00:18:31,600 --> 00:18:36,280 Speaker 1: n H under your leadership as president the years that 267 00:18:36,359 --> 00:18:39,840 Speaker 1: really was so exciting, all eight of them, But there 268 00:18:39,880 --> 00:18:42,439 Speaker 1: was a cluster of a few in the middle that, 269 00:18:42,560 --> 00:18:49,639 Speaker 1: from my standpoint, was transforming from and that's when we 270 00:18:49,640 --> 00:18:54,600 Speaker 1: went from one and then two and then three drugs 271 00:18:54,720 --> 00:18:59,200 Speaker 1: in combination, culminated by the first time of the use 272 00:18:59,760 --> 00:19:04,239 Speaker 1: of protease inhibitors, which was the third drug in the 273 00:19:04,320 --> 00:19:09,280 Speaker 1: three drug combination. What happened then was something that I 274 00:19:09,320 --> 00:19:12,600 Speaker 1: have to tell you without hyperbole. Every time I reflect 275 00:19:12,680 --> 00:19:15,480 Speaker 1: back on that, I still get little bits of goose 276 00:19:15,520 --> 00:19:18,800 Speaker 1: bumps because I had been taking care of persons with 277 00:19:19,000 --> 00:19:24,440 Speaker 1: HIV for those years, from right up until the time 278 00:19:26,480 --> 00:19:31,840 Speaker 1: when that combination proved to be completely transforming and turning 279 00:19:31,880 --> 00:19:38,080 Speaker 1: around the lives of persons with HIV and the summer 280 00:19:38,680 --> 00:19:44,199 Speaker 1: Vancouver International AIDS Conference, those results were presented and it 281 00:19:44,320 --> 00:19:48,520 Speaker 1: shook the world in a very positive way because from 282 00:19:48,560 --> 00:19:52,320 Speaker 1: that time onward, the idea of hospices was a thing 283 00:19:52,440 --> 00:19:56,879 Speaker 1: of the past. For persons with HIV. I have a 284 00:19:56,880 --> 00:20:01,879 Speaker 1: photograph that I show at many meetings of Harold and 285 00:20:01,880 --> 00:20:05,440 Speaker 1: and you and I and Vice President Gore and Bill 286 00:20:05,520 --> 00:20:09,680 Speaker 1: Paul in the Oval office. I was presenting to you 287 00:20:10,680 --> 00:20:16,159 Speaker 1: a schematic of a brand new UM discovery of a 288 00:20:16,160 --> 00:20:21,200 Speaker 1: co receptor called c c R five for HIV. You've 289 00:20:21,200 --> 00:20:23,439 Speaker 1: got very wonky because you really wanted to know the 290 00:20:23,520 --> 00:20:27,160 Speaker 1: details of what that receptor was. But at the end 291 00:20:27,359 --> 00:20:32,200 Speaker 1: of the scientific discussion you brought up with Harold had mentioned, 292 00:20:32,520 --> 00:20:38,440 Speaker 1: you said, by the way, Tony, it's December, the three UM. 293 00:20:38,480 --> 00:20:42,880 Speaker 1: It's we had HIV since and the virus was discovered 294 00:20:42,880 --> 00:20:47,000 Speaker 1: in eighty four. Why don't we have a vaccine? And 295 00:20:47,040 --> 00:20:50,640 Speaker 1: that's when we got into the discussion of the possibility 296 00:20:50,800 --> 00:20:54,320 Speaker 1: of having a vaccine research Senate, and you said you 297 00:20:54,320 --> 00:20:57,600 Speaker 1: would do something about it. I thought you were just 298 00:20:57,720 --> 00:21:01,480 Speaker 1: trying to be nice to us, But to our great surprise, 299 00:21:02,119 --> 00:21:07,600 Speaker 1: in May, you announced at a commencement address at Morgan 300 00:21:07,760 --> 00:21:11,920 Speaker 1: State that you actually were going to support the building 301 00:21:12,280 --> 00:21:16,000 Speaker 1: of a vaccine research center at ni H. But the 302 00:21:16,080 --> 00:21:19,720 Speaker 1: years went on and things actually got better and better. 303 00:21:19,880 --> 00:21:23,080 Speaker 1: One of the things you did do that led to 304 00:21:23,160 --> 00:21:28,400 Speaker 1: the success in a subsequent administration of the pep FOP program. 305 00:21:28,440 --> 00:21:33,000 Speaker 1: But even as you were president, you issued an executive 306 00:21:33,119 --> 00:21:38,240 Speaker 1: order to assist developing countries in importing and producing generic 307 00:21:38,960 --> 00:21:42,600 Speaker 1: HIV treatments so that they could have available to them 308 00:21:42,600 --> 00:21:46,680 Speaker 1: treatments that were costing tens of thousands of dollars here 309 00:21:47,520 --> 00:21:51,160 Speaker 1: and importantly, when you left the presidency, through the Clinton Foundation, 310 00:21:51,200 --> 00:21:56,400 Speaker 1: you continued that pushing to have the availability of drugs 311 00:21:56,440 --> 00:21:59,199 Speaker 1: to people in the lower middle income countries. So it 312 00:21:59,240 --> 00:22:02,320 Speaker 1: was an extoy, very run and I'm so proud to 313 00:22:02,440 --> 00:22:07,040 Speaker 1: have been a part of it with you. We'll be 314 00:22:07,160 --> 00:22:20,760 Speaker 1: right back. The NIH Clinical Center opened in n Since 315 00:22:20,840 --> 00:22:25,000 Speaker 1: it's opening, incredible teams of basic and clinical scientists in 316 00:22:25,160 --> 00:22:29,720 Speaker 1: close partnership with very courageous patients, often in the scariest 317 00:22:29,800 --> 00:22:33,840 Speaker 1: moments in their lives, resulted in an outstanding history of 318 00:22:33,880 --> 00:22:37,760 Speaker 1: accomplishment improving health care for the nation and the world. 319 00:22:38,880 --> 00:22:42,160 Speaker 1: A few examples of early accomplishments at the Clinical Center 320 00:22:42,240 --> 00:22:49,199 Speaker 1: include chemotherapy for cancer, cure for childhood leukemia, lithium for depression, 321 00:22:49,840 --> 00:22:54,640 Speaker 1: fluoride to prevent teeth decay, identification of high cholesterol as 322 00:22:54,640 --> 00:22:58,240 Speaker 1: a risk factor for heart disease, first three treatments of 323 00:22:58,320 --> 00:23:02,200 Speaker 1: AIDS and the discover if hepatitis viruses B and C 324 00:23:02,800 --> 00:23:07,199 Speaker 1: that caused cirrhosis and liver cancer that eventually led to 325 00:23:07,280 --> 00:23:11,000 Speaker 1: a vaccine for hepatitis B and tools to protect the 326 00:23:11,000 --> 00:23:15,760 Speaker 1: blood supply from and to treat hepatitis C. Dr Barup 327 00:23:15,800 --> 00:23:19,560 Speaker 1: Bloomberg received the Nobel Prize in nineteen seventies six for 328 00:23:19,680 --> 00:23:23,639 Speaker 1: discovery of hepatitis B, and Dr Harvey Alter from the 329 00:23:23,680 --> 00:23:28,840 Speaker 1: clinical center, in partnership with doctors Michael Houghton and Charles Rice, 330 00:23:29,119 --> 00:23:33,800 Speaker 1: shared the Nobel Prize in for co discovery of hepatitis C. 331 00:23:35,280 --> 00:23:39,919 Speaker 1: Forty years after the clinical center opened, the hospital infrastructure 332 00:23:40,000 --> 00:23:43,520 Speaker 1: was barely able to sustain modern clinical care and science, 333 00:23:44,200 --> 00:23:49,520 Speaker 1: and the clinical center came under scrutiny. In a report 334 00:23:49,640 --> 00:23:54,920 Speaker 1: on the NIH Intramural Program to the NIH, Director Harold Varmes, 335 00:23:54,920 --> 00:23:58,800 Speaker 1: by committee co chaired by doctor's Gail Castle and Paul 336 00:23:58,880 --> 00:24:02,880 Speaker 1: marks Wreck commended for the first time a new clinical 337 00:24:02,960 --> 00:24:08,760 Speaker 1: center be reconstructed as promptly as possible. The same year, 338 00:24:08,920 --> 00:24:13,080 Speaker 1: Vice President Gore's Reinventing Government to initiatives said that the 339 00:24:13,119 --> 00:24:17,679 Speaker 1: clinical center should be critically reviewed and re engineered to 340 00:24:17,800 --> 00:24:23,960 Speaker 1: improve its effectiveness and efficiency. In response to these recommendations, 341 00:24:24,000 --> 00:24:27,840 Speaker 1: the Department of Health and Human Services Secretary Donna Shoela 342 00:24:28,400 --> 00:24:33,120 Speaker 1: convene a team coordinated by Dr Helen Smitz to conduct 343 00:24:33,119 --> 00:24:38,879 Speaker 1: a review. The review reiterated the earlier recommendations to build 344 00:24:38,920 --> 00:24:43,680 Speaker 1: a new clinical center. As a result, with the support 345 00:24:43,720 --> 00:24:47,919 Speaker 1: of the Clinton administration and the Congress, plans to construct 346 00:24:48,000 --> 00:24:52,439 Speaker 1: a new clinical center were initiated. Key events in moving 347 00:24:52,440 --> 00:24:57,960 Speaker 1: the process forward included President Clinton visiting the clinical center 348 00:24:58,000 --> 00:25:06,480 Speaker 1: in August. On September, Congress approved funding of the new hospital, 349 00:25:06,840 --> 00:25:11,800 Speaker 1: to be named the Marco Hatfield Clinical Research Center. Construction 350 00:25:11,880 --> 00:25:17,000 Speaker 1: began in January nine and was completed in August two 351 00:25:17,040 --> 00:25:21,240 Speaker 1: thousand and four, and on September twenty two, two thousand 352 00:25:21,320 --> 00:25:25,120 Speaker 1: and four, at a ribbon cutting ceremony, a patient speaker, 353 00:25:25,560 --> 00:25:30,040 Speaker 1: the late Susan Butler, called the clinical center the House 354 00:25:30,080 --> 00:25:34,800 Speaker 1: of Hope, highlighting what the clinical center means to patients 355 00:25:34,840 --> 00:25:38,560 Speaker 1: and to the public. The opening of the new Marco 356 00:25:38,680 --> 00:25:43,800 Speaker 1: Hatfield Clinical Research Center enabled the continuation of great accomplishments 357 00:25:43,840 --> 00:25:47,080 Speaker 1: that continued to improve the health of the nation. These 358 00:25:47,119 --> 00:25:53,360 Speaker 1: include cell based immunotherapy for cancer, new treatments for kidney cancer, 359 00:25:53,800 --> 00:25:58,200 Speaker 1: a new drug for depression ketamine, first in human studies 360 00:25:58,600 --> 00:26:02,480 Speaker 1: with the Ebola and cove and vaccines. Discovery of a 361 00:26:02,520 --> 00:26:07,840 Speaker 1: new category of diseases, auto inflammatory diseases and new drugs 362 00:26:07,880 --> 00:26:12,720 Speaker 1: to treat them. Gene therapy for several rare diseases, including 363 00:26:12,760 --> 00:26:18,320 Speaker 1: sickle cell disease, and creation of the Undiagnosed Diseases Program, 364 00:26:18,320 --> 00:26:22,840 Speaker 1: where patients from across the nation with unexplained medical problems 365 00:26:23,119 --> 00:26:27,640 Speaker 1: are brought to the Clinical Center for evaluation and advice 366 00:26:27,720 --> 00:26:32,520 Speaker 1: for treatment. In two thousand and eleven, the Clinical Center 367 00:26:32,600 --> 00:26:36,720 Speaker 1: received the Mary Woodward Laska Bloomberg Award for Public Service 368 00:26:37,359 --> 00:26:41,400 Speaker 1: for serving since its inception as a model research hospital, 369 00:26:41,800 --> 00:26:47,160 Speaker 1: providing innovative therapy and high quality patient care, treating rare 370 00:26:47,280 --> 00:26:53,080 Speaker 1: and severe diseases, and producing outstanding physicians scientists whose collective 371 00:26:53,119 --> 00:26:57,720 Speaker 1: work has set a standard of excellence in biomedical research. 372 00:26:58,520 --> 00:27:01,400 Speaker 1: John thanks very much for that really terrific summary of 373 00:27:02,160 --> 00:27:05,160 Speaker 1: not of not just the clinical Center itself, but espressing 374 00:27:05,200 --> 00:27:09,320 Speaker 1: the importance of clinical research. It gets more important every 375 00:27:09,400 --> 00:27:13,679 Speaker 1: day is basic science produces more products that need to 376 00:27:13,680 --> 00:27:17,760 Speaker 1: be properly tested and evaluated. In the context of what 377 00:27:17,920 --> 00:27:23,040 Speaker 1: is the world's largest research hospital in the world. UM, 378 00:27:23,320 --> 00:27:26,360 Speaker 1: we're gonna turn now to Gary Nable to say more 379 00:27:26,359 --> 00:27:29,439 Speaker 1: about a topic that has already been introduced by a 380 00:27:29,480 --> 00:27:34,400 Speaker 1: few of us that nambly the Vaccine Research Center. Gary. Welcome, Thanks, Harold. 381 00:27:35,280 --> 00:27:37,480 Speaker 1: President Clinton. Is really an honor and a pleasure to 382 00:27:37,560 --> 00:27:41,560 Speaker 1: join you today along with the powerhouse team that you 383 00:27:41,560 --> 00:27:44,480 Speaker 1: would put together at the time that I came to 384 00:27:44,680 --> 00:27:48,919 Speaker 1: NI Secretary of Lela Harold, Tony John, It's great to 385 00:27:49,000 --> 00:27:53,080 Speaker 1: be reconnected on this occasion. You know, when we think 386 00:27:53,119 --> 00:27:58,360 Speaker 1: back now to the age crisis, as Tony outlined, UH, 387 00:27:59,080 --> 00:28:03,080 Speaker 1: as our memory these UH fade, we we sometimes forget 388 00:28:03,200 --> 00:28:07,600 Speaker 1: the unimaginable toll that that crisis took on human life. 389 00:28:08,480 --> 00:28:11,160 Speaker 1: Not only the toll on human life, but the quality 390 00:28:11,200 --> 00:28:14,199 Speaker 1: of life for victims and families, as well as the 391 00:28:14,240 --> 00:28:20,680 Speaker 1: profound effects economically and politically throughout the world. More than 392 00:28:20,760 --> 00:28:24,600 Speaker 1: thirty nine million people have died in the epidemic so far, 393 00:28:25,280 --> 00:28:27,959 Speaker 1: more than five times the numbers that we've faced with 394 00:28:28,040 --> 00:28:32,920 Speaker 1: COVID so far, and despite the gravity of the global 395 00:28:32,960 --> 00:28:36,879 Speaker 1: health threat and significant investments in the science at the time. 396 00:28:38,320 --> 00:28:42,480 Speaker 1: By the late nineties, despite the pronouncement from Margaret Heckler 397 00:28:42,600 --> 00:28:45,800 Speaker 1: and the Reagan administration that we have a vaccine in 398 00:28:45,840 --> 00:28:49,320 Speaker 1: a few months. Back in the early eighties, the vaccine 399 00:28:49,360 --> 00:28:53,080 Speaker 1: remained elusive, and yet it remained the best way to 400 00:28:53,160 --> 00:28:56,840 Speaker 1: prevent and contain the epidemic. Now, the reason for it, 401 00:28:56,880 --> 00:29:01,040 Speaker 1: obviously is the biology of HIV. This as an insidious 402 00:29:01,120 --> 00:29:06,800 Speaker 1: virus and it posed an unprecedented scientific challenge for vaccine development. 403 00:29:07,320 --> 00:29:09,640 Speaker 1: And the reason for that is because it had such 404 00:29:09,920 --> 00:29:13,600 Speaker 1: enormous genetic diversity, and it also had the ability to 405 00:29:13,760 --> 00:29:19,040 Speaker 1: camouflage many of its important viral entry proteins. There are 406 00:29:19,240 --> 00:29:23,479 Speaker 1: more variants of HIV and a single person infected with 407 00:29:23,560 --> 00:29:27,320 Speaker 1: the virus then there is in the entire planet and 408 00:29:27,360 --> 00:29:30,880 Speaker 1: the whole population of the world during a single year 409 00:29:31,080 --> 00:29:35,040 Speaker 1: of an epidemic like COVID or flu. So compared to 410 00:29:35,400 --> 00:29:40,240 Speaker 1: licensed vaccines where there may be three to ten components 411 00:29:40,240 --> 00:29:45,360 Speaker 1: that much as at most, this complexity poses a really 412 00:29:45,440 --> 00:29:50,520 Speaker 1: daunting challenge, one that thwarted the best and the brightest 413 00:29:50,600 --> 00:29:55,400 Speaker 1: of scientists working in individual labs around the world. So 414 00:29:55,440 --> 00:29:58,400 Speaker 1: it was really in this context that Harold and Tony 415 00:29:58,480 --> 00:30:02,680 Speaker 1: and Bill Paul, with support from Secretary Shilela, approached you 416 00:30:03,560 --> 00:30:07,520 Speaker 1: uh and and where you all decided that the best 417 00:30:07,680 --> 00:30:10,760 Speaker 1: thing to do is to develop a dedicated vaccine research 418 00:30:10,800 --> 00:30:15,600 Speaker 1: center to be built in NIH to overcome the scientific, technical, 419 00:30:16,200 --> 00:30:21,520 Speaker 1: and early development challenges facing HIV, UH and other emerging 420 00:30:21,520 --> 00:30:24,520 Speaker 1: global health threats. The room where it happened was the 421 00:30:24,560 --> 00:30:27,240 Speaker 1: Oval Office of the White House, and I think it's 422 00:30:27,360 --> 00:30:33,040 Speaker 1: important to note that this group that met there really 423 00:30:33,040 --> 00:30:37,080 Speaker 1: served as a brain trust that not only started the process, 424 00:30:37,120 --> 00:30:42,400 Speaker 1: but importantly remained involved and nurtured its growth. The Vaccine 425 00:30:42,400 --> 00:30:45,959 Speaker 1: Research Center was an innovative model for the support of 426 00:30:46,000 --> 00:30:52,760 Speaker 1: scientific research in three ways. First, it provided a physical place, 427 00:30:52,840 --> 00:30:56,600 Speaker 1: a physical laboratory whereby you could bring the best and 428 00:30:56,640 --> 00:31:00,800 Speaker 1: the brightest scientists together in one research center UH and 429 00:31:00,840 --> 00:31:05,000 Speaker 1: where they could work in a multidisciplinary way to approach 430 00:31:05,040 --> 00:31:08,960 Speaker 1: the problem because vaccine development is is highly complex and 431 00:31:09,040 --> 00:31:15,720 Speaker 1: involves many different UH types of approaches. Secondly, it was 432 00:31:16,080 --> 00:31:20,360 Speaker 1: it was a mission driven research organization. We came to 433 00:31:20,400 --> 00:31:23,320 Speaker 1: work each day knowing that a day saved and bringing 434 00:31:23,320 --> 00:31:27,560 Speaker 1: a vaccine to the world saved six thousand lines. Those 435 00:31:27,600 --> 00:31:30,920 Speaker 1: efforts extended not only to HIV, but also as we 436 00:31:31,160 --> 00:31:35,960 Speaker 1: worked at the NIH to other emerging health threats. The 437 00:31:36,040 --> 00:31:41,000 Speaker 1: first stars at break Avian, flew Ebola, Chicken, Gunja, Zeka 438 00:31:41,240 --> 00:31:45,440 Speaker 1: and now covid UH. And finally, it was a place 439 00:31:45,480 --> 00:31:49,960 Speaker 1: where we could actually make clinical products and conduct human trials. 440 00:31:50,400 --> 00:31:53,640 Speaker 1: And so it allowed us to operate independent of the 441 00:31:53,760 --> 00:31:59,640 Speaker 1: constraints by the vaccine industry and undertaking vaccine development. And 442 00:31:59,720 --> 00:32:03,880 Speaker 1: it's important to recognize that in large part many of 443 00:32:03,880 --> 00:32:08,080 Speaker 1: these vaccines are not developed because there's a a failure 444 00:32:08,240 --> 00:32:12,920 Speaker 1: of the private markets to address global health challenges. So 445 00:32:12,960 --> 00:32:18,400 Speaker 1: it's an important model for public private partnerships. The center 446 00:32:18,560 --> 00:32:21,040 Speaker 1: has succeeded in a number of ways. More than a 447 00:32:21,120 --> 00:32:25,200 Speaker 1: hundred clinical trials have been performed, Connections to industry have 448 00:32:25,320 --> 00:32:29,200 Speaker 1: been made to make new vaccines accessible to the public. 449 00:32:30,000 --> 00:32:33,520 Speaker 1: Perhaps the most tangible recent success has been its catalytic 450 00:32:33,600 --> 00:32:37,520 Speaker 1: role in accelerating the development of the covid MR and 451 00:32:37,600 --> 00:32:42,720 Speaker 1: a vaccine. The VRC worked quickly internally and with industry 452 00:32:43,080 --> 00:32:47,320 Speaker 1: to advance prototypes and to identify structure based mutations that 453 00:32:47,560 --> 00:32:51,080 Speaker 1: frees the virus in a form, freezes the virus in 454 00:32:51,120 --> 00:32:55,120 Speaker 1: a form that optimizes vaccine protection and gives us some 455 00:32:55,280 --> 00:32:58,960 Speaker 1: of that protection that we're now seeing across diver restraints. 456 00:32:59,800 --> 00:33:04,000 Speaker 1: And finally, at least from my perspective, the Vaccine Research 457 00:33:04,040 --> 00:33:07,520 Speaker 1: Center is a gift that keeps on giving. The VRC 458 00:33:07,720 --> 00:33:13,040 Speaker 1: has multiple productive collaborations with academic and biotech UH and 459 00:33:13,160 --> 00:33:18,520 Speaker 1: pharma labs. There's now a diaspora of VRC scientists who 460 00:33:18,520 --> 00:33:21,000 Speaker 1: have taken the training that they've received there in the 461 00:33:21,080 --> 00:33:24,760 Speaker 1: spirit of the institution, to new places where their work 462 00:33:24,760 --> 00:33:30,120 Speaker 1: contributes to the preservation of continued preservation of global health. UH. 463 00:33:30,320 --> 00:33:34,320 Speaker 1: COVID vaccines have likely saved tens, if not hundreds of 464 00:33:34,360 --> 00:33:38,400 Speaker 1: millions of lives, and the VRC contributed in a foundational 465 00:33:38,440 --> 00:33:42,120 Speaker 1: way to its development. While progress continues to this day 466 00:33:42,160 --> 00:33:48,040 Speaker 1: on HIV, BOLO, chicking, GUNYAH, and universal flu For me personally, 467 00:33:48,200 --> 00:33:51,920 Speaker 1: it was an unparalleled and special opportunity to show how 468 00:33:51,960 --> 00:33:56,840 Speaker 1: science and data can impact human well being and save lives. 469 00:33:57,120 --> 00:34:02,360 Speaker 1: To President Clinton, Secretary Lela Harold Tony, your leadership and 470 00:34:02,400 --> 00:34:06,360 Speaker 1: wisdom has achieved significant goals, and I'm confident there's more 471 00:34:06,440 --> 00:34:10,880 Speaker 1: to come, so stay tuned. The work continues, and finally, 472 00:34:10,960 --> 00:34:13,560 Speaker 1: I very much appreciate the opportunity to help build the 473 00:34:13,600 --> 00:34:18,479 Speaker 1: center and to serve. Given the pressure everybody was under, 474 00:34:18,920 --> 00:34:23,160 Speaker 1: you could have just made the vaccine center very narrowly 475 00:34:23,280 --> 00:34:27,560 Speaker 1: focused on HIV AIDS, but it seems to me that 476 00:34:28,080 --> 00:34:31,240 Speaker 1: the decision to make it a vaccine center to cover 477 00:34:31,400 --> 00:34:36,640 Speaker 1: more than just AIDS was absolutely critical for the future. 478 00:34:37,040 --> 00:34:40,880 Speaker 1: That is really an important issue. It became very clear 479 00:34:40,960 --> 00:34:45,040 Speaker 1: to me and to Gary who is the director at 480 00:34:45,080 --> 00:34:49,160 Speaker 1: the time, that the talent that we had accumulated in 481 00:34:49,280 --> 00:34:53,759 Speaker 1: the senior people and then their junior colleagues and acolytes 482 00:34:54,480 --> 00:34:58,560 Speaker 1: was such that although we put a full blown effort 483 00:34:58,960 --> 00:35:02,880 Speaker 1: on HIV, particularly some of the things that Gary mentioned, 484 00:35:02,960 --> 00:35:08,480 Speaker 1: the structural biology capability, the idea of of structure based 485 00:35:08,640 --> 00:35:13,040 Speaker 1: imaagen design, it became very apparent to us Donna, that 486 00:35:13,040 --> 00:35:17,440 Speaker 1: that was applicable to r s V, that was applicable 487 00:35:17,560 --> 00:35:21,080 Speaker 1: to any of a number of viruses. That we did 488 00:35:21,120 --> 00:35:26,480 Speaker 1: not want to constrain ourselves just to studying HIV, so 489 00:35:26,560 --> 00:35:30,600 Speaker 1: we went into flu. You know, we did coronaviruses with 490 00:35:30,680 --> 00:35:34,319 Speaker 1: the first saws Kovie one and then Mayors and then 491 00:35:35,000 --> 00:35:39,399 Speaker 1: the particular interest that Bonnie Graham had in respiratory since 492 00:35:39,400 --> 00:35:42,640 Speaker 1: sechel virus, which was his love before he even came there, 493 00:35:43,280 --> 00:35:48,600 Speaker 1: actually ultimately partnered with Peter Kwang to develop the image 494 00:35:48,680 --> 00:35:51,839 Speaker 1: design that led to the coronaviruses. So it was just 495 00:35:51,880 --> 00:35:56,360 Speaker 1: a beautiful symphony of people who were playing together, and 496 00:35:56,360 --> 00:36:00,280 Speaker 1: it became very clear that it would go well beyond HIV, 497 00:36:00,440 --> 00:36:03,360 Speaker 1: which it has. I'm not gonna make one footnote to 498 00:36:03,400 --> 00:36:06,879 Speaker 1: that comment. At Tony UM back in the very first 499 00:36:06,920 --> 00:36:10,040 Speaker 1: days of the Clinton administration, when things were not going 500 00:36:10,200 --> 00:36:13,920 Speaker 1: very well in in the development of treatments and protections 501 00:36:13,960 --> 00:36:18,480 Speaker 1: against AIDS, we had commissioned an outside group headed by 502 00:36:18,640 --> 00:36:22,760 Speaker 1: a distinguished virologist, Arnie Levine, to evaluate the AIDS program, 503 00:36:22,840 --> 00:36:27,440 Speaker 1: and one of the recommendations was that that the the 504 00:36:27,480 --> 00:36:30,520 Speaker 1: development of immunology as a as a as a discipline 505 00:36:31,719 --> 00:36:34,920 Speaker 1: was not being sufficiently applied yet to the study of 506 00:36:35,200 --> 00:36:38,640 Speaker 1: HIV and U and then Bill Paul, who had been 507 00:36:38,680 --> 00:36:41,440 Speaker 1: director of the Office of AIDS Research, noted that we 508 00:36:41,480 --> 00:36:44,920 Speaker 1: had tremendous strength and immunology ranging from people like you 509 00:36:45,040 --> 00:36:48,080 Speaker 1: donate to many others on campus who could make a 510 00:36:48,080 --> 00:36:55,120 Speaker 1: contribution to development of of UH vaccine research. And people 511 00:36:55,239 --> 00:36:58,040 Speaker 1: on the campus began to gather and the next thing 512 00:36:58,080 --> 00:37:00,359 Speaker 1: we knew, we had a proposal for a vaccine WIS Center. 513 00:37:00,400 --> 00:37:02,560 Speaker 1: And I'm very grateful to the President for saying this 514 00:37:02,640 --> 00:37:05,040 Speaker 1: is not just going to be an HIV center. It 515 00:37:05,160 --> 00:37:07,640 Speaker 1: was going to be a center for for vaccine production 516 00:37:07,680 --> 00:37:10,680 Speaker 1: and it's proven to be incredibly valuable. Along the lines 517 00:37:10,719 --> 00:37:15,880 Speaker 1: that you said, many people think that that ni H 518 00:37:15,960 --> 00:37:18,520 Speaker 1: is organized into silos, and it seems to be the 519 00:37:18,600 --> 00:37:22,480 Speaker 1: vaccine research center, the clinical center of two examples where 520 00:37:22,600 --> 00:37:28,160 Speaker 1: the entire um community of NIH came together. John, you 521 00:37:28,200 --> 00:37:31,000 Speaker 1: would not have been successful if everybody hadn't bought in 522 00:37:31,880 --> 00:37:37,680 Speaker 1: absolutely all the seventeen centers and institutes that the intrameral 523 00:37:37,680 --> 00:37:41,720 Speaker 1: program used the hospital and they all interact very closely. 524 00:37:42,600 --> 00:37:45,560 Speaker 1: That's great. I think President Clinton wanted to make a 525 00:37:46,040 --> 00:37:52,239 Speaker 1: command here. Mr President, this was fascinating hearing this from 526 00:37:52,280 --> 00:37:59,400 Speaker 1: your perspective. I wanted to, uh say to me, you 527 00:37:59,520 --> 00:38:01,799 Speaker 1: might have ace that if we want to continue this, 528 00:38:03,520 --> 00:38:07,320 Speaker 1: we have to give get broad based support, and I'll 529 00:38:07,400 --> 00:38:12,840 Speaker 1: give you both within the Congress and in the larger country. 530 00:38:13,840 --> 00:38:16,640 Speaker 1: In the Congress. Herald, I've always given you credit for this. 531 00:38:16,760 --> 00:38:18,360 Speaker 1: I don't know if you deserve it, but if you 532 00:38:18,440 --> 00:38:22,879 Speaker 1: don't give it somebody else. But you know, we got 533 00:38:22,920 --> 00:38:25,799 Speaker 1: waxed in the ninety four presidential election because I tried 534 00:38:25,840 --> 00:38:29,040 Speaker 1: and failed to get healthcare reform, allowing the history of 535 00:38:29,080 --> 00:38:32,120 Speaker 1: it to be rewritten. And because I tried and succeeded 536 00:38:32,600 --> 00:38:35,920 Speaker 1: in getting the assault weapons ban, the ten lad ammunition 537 00:38:36,000 --> 00:38:43,799 Speaker 1: clip limit, and and the Brady Bill passed. But I 538 00:38:43,840 --> 00:38:46,560 Speaker 1: talked to new Gearbridge one day and he had a 539 00:38:46,680 --> 00:38:52,839 Speaker 1: hundred members of his new majority who didn't didn't have 540 00:38:52,880 --> 00:38:56,680 Speaker 1: a passport, and we're proud of it. And thought, government, 541 00:38:56,680 --> 00:38:59,279 Speaker 1: would you know, mess up a two car parade? And 542 00:38:59,320 --> 00:39:03,680 Speaker 1: the purpose us to have less of it? And Uh, 543 00:39:04,000 --> 00:39:07,319 Speaker 1: I knew he was interested in science because he had 544 00:39:07,360 --> 00:39:10,200 Speaker 1: given me a copy of E. O. Wilson's book on ants. 545 00:39:11,680 --> 00:39:14,560 Speaker 1: So I said the new well, we gotta we gotta 546 00:39:14,760 --> 00:39:17,160 Speaker 1: get these people on the research band wagon. You need 547 00:39:17,160 --> 00:39:19,480 Speaker 1: to take him to m I N I H. But 548 00:39:19,680 --> 00:39:23,200 Speaker 1: when they got there, these people who thought the government 549 00:39:23,320 --> 00:39:30,719 Speaker 1: was some sort of amorphous evil blob. Whoever was responsible 550 00:39:30,760 --> 00:39:33,919 Speaker 1: for the tour of these freshman congressmen took started them 551 00:39:33,920 --> 00:39:37,640 Speaker 1: in a hospital bed, and they lay in a bed 552 00:39:37,760 --> 00:39:41,720 Speaker 1: and looked at the films, UH saying what all the 553 00:39:41,840 --> 00:39:46,120 Speaker 1: ni H was doing on the TV in the hospital room. 554 00:39:46,200 --> 00:39:51,000 Speaker 1: And it was an elemental political observation, which is that 555 00:39:51,080 --> 00:39:53,680 Speaker 1: everyone wants to go to heaven this morning, but nobody 556 00:39:53,719 --> 00:39:57,719 Speaker 1: wants to die. We all would live as long as 557 00:39:57,760 --> 00:40:01,120 Speaker 1: we can. And it was really and all of a sudden, 558 00:40:01,560 --> 00:40:04,480 Speaker 1: we had no problems getting the Republicans to vote for 559 00:40:04,560 --> 00:40:09,520 Speaker 1: the NAG budget. We had a couple of years where 560 00:40:09,560 --> 00:40:17,360 Speaker 1: the Christian evangelical community leaders basically were involved in mainstream politics, 561 00:40:17,440 --> 00:40:22,040 Speaker 1: talking to everybody. UH. I brought them in in two 562 00:40:22,080 --> 00:40:26,879 Speaker 1: thousand on the Millennial Debt Relief initiative, and was had 563 00:40:26,920 --> 00:40:29,399 Speaker 1: worked with a couple of them who were friends of mine, 564 00:40:30,080 --> 00:40:32,920 Speaker 1: and they all supported relieving the debt of the world's 565 00:40:33,000 --> 00:40:36,640 Speaker 1: poorest countries if they put the savings in the health 566 00:40:36,680 --> 00:40:44,440 Speaker 1: care or education or development. And the President Bush later 567 00:40:44,480 --> 00:40:48,640 Speaker 1: institutionalized this, but they weren't quite ready on age yet, 568 00:40:49,400 --> 00:40:52,239 Speaker 1: you know, they weren't quite fast. All we just got 569 00:40:52,239 --> 00:40:55,880 Speaker 1: to talk about profession and accidence and nothing else. But 570 00:40:56,360 --> 00:41:00,880 Speaker 1: by the time he got to the point where he 571 00:41:00,960 --> 00:41:04,480 Speaker 1: had the votes in Congress because of their support to 572 00:41:04,600 --> 00:41:07,080 Speaker 1: pass the pep far program, which I loved. You know, 573 00:41:07,120 --> 00:41:13,720 Speaker 1: we we tripled overseas aids UH assistance when I was president, 574 00:41:14,280 --> 00:41:17,640 Speaker 1: and we were giving on what the world was giving, 575 00:41:17,680 --> 00:41:22,000 Speaker 1: but it was peanuts nothing. And so after he did that, 576 00:41:22,440 --> 00:41:24,200 Speaker 1: I want to give him credit for something else that 577 00:41:24,239 --> 00:41:27,320 Speaker 1: a lot of people don't know. Uh. In the beginning, 578 00:41:27,400 --> 00:41:29,480 Speaker 1: they were only working I think in seven or eight 579 00:41:29,520 --> 00:41:36,960 Speaker 1: countries because they were requiring pep far to purchase for 580 00:41:37,080 --> 00:41:41,640 Speaker 1: these countries UH medicine that big farmer was making, and 581 00:41:41,640 --> 00:41:43,360 Speaker 1: they'd give him a discount, but it was like a 582 00:41:43,440 --> 00:41:47,960 Speaker 1: hundred and fifty uh D dollars a year, which was 583 00:41:48,040 --> 00:41:50,280 Speaker 1: less than a ten thousand or so we were playing 584 00:41:50,280 --> 00:41:55,800 Speaker 1: in Harlem, but way more than a hundred and fifty 585 00:41:55,880 --> 00:41:59,920 Speaker 1: or so. We were already down to with the products 586 00:42:00,120 --> 00:42:04,120 Speaker 1: the prices we had negotiated through the Clinton Health Access initiative. 587 00:42:05,280 --> 00:42:08,400 Speaker 1: So I was flying with the President Bush to the 588 00:42:08,440 --> 00:42:11,520 Speaker 1: Pope's funeral and flying home, and he said, talk to 589 00:42:11,520 --> 00:42:13,520 Speaker 1: me about what you're doing on AIDS, and so I did, 590 00:42:14,160 --> 00:42:16,879 Speaker 1: and I said, you know, you ought not to make 591 00:42:16,960 --> 00:42:20,040 Speaker 1: these countries by generic drugs, but you ought to give 592 00:42:20,080 --> 00:42:22,399 Speaker 1: them the option to take the money you give them 593 00:42:22,440 --> 00:42:25,960 Speaker 1: and spend it on generics that they want. And he said, well, 594 00:42:27,480 --> 00:42:31,360 Speaker 1: I'm told that they're not as effective. I said, I 595 00:42:31,400 --> 00:42:33,640 Speaker 1: know they tell you that, and I know they're important 596 00:42:33,640 --> 00:42:37,440 Speaker 1: to you politically, but it's not true. I said, what 597 00:42:37,600 --> 00:42:40,040 Speaker 1: if I were to submit to the f d A 598 00:42:40,239 --> 00:42:43,920 Speaker 1: every single drug we put in any human body in 599 00:42:44,000 --> 00:42:50,200 Speaker 1: any country for review and approval if they get approved 600 00:42:50,200 --> 00:42:52,200 Speaker 1: with you okay, the money, he said, it sounds like 601 00:42:52,239 --> 00:42:54,719 Speaker 1: a fair deal to me. It was just the two 602 00:42:54,760 --> 00:42:57,640 Speaker 1: of us talking. He didn't have no lobby, has had 603 00:42:57,640 --> 00:43:00,200 Speaker 1: a chance of talking about of it. He just aired 604 00:43:00,239 --> 00:43:02,440 Speaker 1: about where the poor people were going to live or die, 605 00:43:03,000 --> 00:43:07,600 Speaker 1: and I could tell he really cared. And uh so 606 00:43:07,719 --> 00:43:13,480 Speaker 1: we submitted twenty two, as I remember, twenty two different products, 607 00:43:13,480 --> 00:43:18,840 Speaker 1: and nineteen were immediately approved by the FDA. And he 608 00:43:18,880 --> 00:43:20,680 Speaker 1: didn't slow walking, he didn't do any He played it 609 00:43:20,760 --> 00:43:24,439 Speaker 1: totally straight. They just reviewed them and approved them, and 610 00:43:24,480 --> 00:43:27,200 Speaker 1: all of a sudden, PET four was in more than 611 00:43:27,239 --> 00:43:31,800 Speaker 1: twice as many countries, treating a hugely greater number because 612 00:43:31,840 --> 00:43:34,400 Speaker 1: he did that, and he had the support of the 613 00:43:34,480 --> 00:43:39,600 Speaker 1: Christian evangelical community. So that's a good Both those examples 614 00:43:40,200 --> 00:43:42,840 Speaker 1: show you why we need to keep working to build 615 00:43:42,840 --> 00:43:47,600 Speaker 1: broad based support for the work of the nih UH 616 00:43:47,680 --> 00:43:53,080 Speaker 1: and our common humanity can sometimes be found when we're 617 00:43:53,120 --> 00:43:57,319 Speaker 1: sick or someone we love has something wrong with them, 618 00:43:57,480 --> 00:44:02,040 Speaker 1: and even when it's not available anywhere else. So and 619 00:44:02,360 --> 00:44:05,160 Speaker 1: thank you and Harold, I've always giving you credit for 620 00:44:05,200 --> 00:44:12,120 Speaker 1: putting those congressmen in the hospital. Man More after this, 621 00:44:21,840 --> 00:44:24,239 Speaker 1: we're going to continue the conversation meant very much in 622 00:44:24,280 --> 00:44:28,880 Speaker 1: the same vein of talking about how UM science proceeds, 623 00:44:28,960 --> 00:44:33,319 Speaker 1: how it works, how presidential support really helps, especially when 624 00:44:33,360 --> 00:44:37,239 Speaker 1: it comes to getting increased allocations of funds for an 625 00:44:37,239 --> 00:44:44,160 Speaker 1: important project and getting the the confirmation of that significance 626 00:44:44,200 --> 00:44:46,800 Speaker 1: by having the president himself speak out on the importance 627 00:44:46,840 --> 00:44:49,920 Speaker 1: of genetics. And indeed we've just heard uh, just a 628 00:44:50,000 --> 00:44:56,239 Speaker 1: few moments ago UM President Clinton reminiscing about the importance 629 00:44:56,239 --> 00:44:59,680 Speaker 1: of learning how much of our generic genetic heritage is 630 00:44:59,680 --> 00:45:04,280 Speaker 1: held in common among people who UH seem to thrive 631 00:45:04,360 --> 00:45:07,919 Speaker 1: on on strife, as opposed to recognizing the pot nine 632 00:45:07,960 --> 00:45:12,240 Speaker 1: percent some identity in one genome one genome to the next. 633 00:45:13,480 --> 00:45:16,279 Speaker 1: Before we launch into this more detailed discussion of the 634 00:45:16,360 --> 00:45:19,560 Speaker 1: human genome project, I want to issue was very brief 635 00:45:19,600 --> 00:45:23,720 Speaker 1: reminder that genomeics, like everything else, is built on prior 636 00:45:23,800 --> 00:45:27,680 Speaker 1: work and work of the NIH and other organizations around 637 00:45:27,680 --> 00:45:30,719 Speaker 1: the world for twenty or thirty even forty years to 638 00:45:30,840 --> 00:45:36,360 Speaker 1: develop the tools of molecular biology and genetics. Was fundamental 639 00:45:36,440 --> 00:45:39,000 Speaker 1: to being able to put ourselves in the position of 640 00:45:39,600 --> 00:45:43,960 Speaker 1: imagining UH, the sequencing of a complete genome, and indeed 641 00:45:44,000 --> 00:45:46,680 Speaker 1: even the idea of doing a complete analysis of the 642 00:45:46,719 --> 00:45:52,000 Speaker 1: genome was dependent upon the development of technologies that that 643 00:45:53,160 --> 00:45:55,880 Speaker 1: many people around the world we're working on having a 644 00:45:55,920 --> 00:46:00,600 Speaker 1: specific proposal, initially from a revered cancer searcher We're not 645 00:46:00,719 --> 00:46:04,080 Speaker 1: on tobacco and Nobel Prize winner who made the what 646 00:46:04,280 --> 00:46:07,359 Speaker 1: seemed initially to be an outrageous proposal that we do 647 00:46:07,520 --> 00:46:12,640 Speaker 1: something as as outrageous as UH, looking at every nucleotide 648 00:46:12,640 --> 00:46:16,440 Speaker 1: of the three billion pairs of nucleotides in the human 649 00:46:16,480 --> 00:46:19,960 Speaker 1: genome um. And then the vetting by the National Academy 650 00:46:20,000 --> 00:46:23,080 Speaker 1: of Sciences, first steps being taken by the Department of 651 00:46:23,160 --> 00:46:26,520 Speaker 1: Energy at Los Alamos, the establishment of an office in 652 00:46:26,640 --> 00:46:30,719 Speaker 1: an i H in a prior administration, then the recruitment 653 00:46:31,080 --> 00:46:34,680 Speaker 1: by Donna show L and Bernardine Healy, my predecessor as 654 00:46:34,719 --> 00:46:37,040 Speaker 1: director of n i H of Francis Collins, from whom 655 00:46:37,040 --> 00:46:39,960 Speaker 1: you'll hear just a moment and just a moment. UH. 656 00:46:40,080 --> 00:46:43,799 Speaker 1: That all set the stage for this remarkable acceleration of 657 00:46:43,880 --> 00:46:47,879 Speaker 1: work on the genome project that that went on over 658 00:46:47,880 --> 00:46:52,160 Speaker 1: the next several years, leading to the culmination of the 659 00:46:52,200 --> 00:46:55,440 Speaker 1: work in the around around the year two thousand UH. 660 00:46:55,520 --> 00:46:58,920 Speaker 1: And you're gonna hear from three people about the importance 661 00:46:58,920 --> 00:47:02,759 Speaker 1: of all this. First from Francis himself, who was the 662 00:47:04,320 --> 00:47:07,520 Speaker 1: prime leader of the program during the Clinton years as 663 00:47:07,600 --> 00:47:13,800 Speaker 1: director of the Human Genome Resurgence Institute UH. And then 664 00:47:13,960 --> 00:47:17,320 Speaker 1: and how he worked with other agencies the top Armament 665 00:47:17,360 --> 00:47:20,800 Speaker 1: of Energy, for example, and international partners including the Welcome 666 00:47:20,800 --> 00:47:23,680 Speaker 1: Trust and and the UK and many others and in 667 00:47:23,760 --> 00:47:27,239 Speaker 1: a large number of countries who participated in this remarkable 668 00:47:27,840 --> 00:47:32,080 Speaker 1: global effort. And then you're gonna hear about applications of 669 00:47:32,440 --> 00:47:38,799 Speaker 1: the Human Genome Project from two UH individuals who were 670 00:47:38,880 --> 00:47:42,480 Speaker 1: not engaged directly in the Clinton administration, but in some 671 00:47:42,600 --> 00:47:46,680 Speaker 1: sense have through their work fulfilled the the ambitions of 672 00:47:46,719 --> 00:47:50,560 Speaker 1: the Clinton administration in his effort to accelerate the Human 673 00:47:50,600 --> 00:47:53,799 Speaker 1: Genome Project. First from Wendy Chung, who's the director of 674 00:47:53,800 --> 00:47:58,520 Speaker 1: Clinical Genetics at Columbia UH, talking about how the Genome 675 00:47:58,560 --> 00:48:05,360 Speaker 1: Project has influenced her attends to diagnose UH, particularly inborn 676 00:48:05,680 --> 00:48:11,359 Speaker 1: diseases that involve changes in our genes, and how those 677 00:48:11,400 --> 00:48:14,440 Speaker 1: patients are cared for. And then you'll hear from Charles Rotimi, 678 00:48:14,680 --> 00:48:17,840 Speaker 1: who is currently the director of the trans NIDE Center 679 00:48:17,880 --> 00:48:21,920 Speaker 1: for Research on Genomics and Genomic Health, Genomics and global 680 00:48:21,960 --> 00:48:25,680 Speaker 1: health through the use of genomics and international work in 681 00:48:25,680 --> 00:48:29,160 Speaker 1: that in that regard, So Francis, if you would spend 682 00:48:29,200 --> 00:48:31,799 Speaker 1: some minutes telling us about the experience you had in 683 00:48:31,840 --> 00:48:35,279 Speaker 1: the Clinton administration accelerating the genome project, then we'll turn 684 00:48:35,320 --> 00:48:38,920 Speaker 1: it over to the other two speakers. Well, i'd be 685 00:48:38,960 --> 00:48:42,480 Speaker 1: glad to and thank you Harold, Mr President Secretary Shlela 686 00:48:42,840 --> 00:48:45,960 Speaker 1: Dear colleagues and friends. It is a privilege to be 687 00:48:46,040 --> 00:48:49,959 Speaker 1: part of this event with people I admire so much. Yeah, 688 00:48:49,960 --> 00:48:52,359 Speaker 1: I'm walking back the memory lane here to the fall 689 00:48:52,440 --> 00:48:57,239 Speaker 1: of I had been hired by Bernardine Healy to come 690 00:48:57,280 --> 00:48:59,680 Speaker 1: and lead the human Genome project at a time where, 691 00:48:59,760 --> 00:49:02,120 Speaker 1: let's be clear, it was a little uncertain about whether 692 00:49:02,120 --> 00:49:04,840 Speaker 1: this was gonna work, and a fair percentage of the 693 00:49:04,880 --> 00:49:07,759 Speaker 1: scientific community was not at all supportive, thinking that this 694 00:49:07,800 --> 00:49:10,160 Speaker 1: was just going to be a boondoggle. And then there 695 00:49:10,200 --> 00:49:12,480 Speaker 1: was an election and people began to say to me, 696 00:49:12,600 --> 00:49:14,760 Speaker 1: did you realize that you were hired by the previous 697 00:49:14,800 --> 00:49:17,400 Speaker 1: administration and maybe you ought to be a little careful 698 00:49:17,400 --> 00:49:20,319 Speaker 1: about whether you really have a job. Well, I need 699 00:49:20,360 --> 00:49:23,319 Speaker 1: not have worried, because I got a call I don't 700 00:49:23,320 --> 00:49:24,880 Speaker 1: know if it was the day after the election or 701 00:49:24,920 --> 00:49:28,360 Speaker 1: the day after that from Donna Chola saying, never fear, 702 00:49:29,000 --> 00:49:32,040 Speaker 1: we really believe in the Clinton administration about this project. 703 00:49:32,520 --> 00:49:34,680 Speaker 1: I'm going to be your secretary and I will make 704 00:49:34,719 --> 00:49:38,239 Speaker 1: sure that this project gets the attention it deserves. So 705 00:49:38,280 --> 00:49:41,680 Speaker 1: I decided that was right and gave up my professorship 706 00:49:41,800 --> 00:49:45,560 Speaker 1: in Michigan and moved into the old nurses Dorm on 707 00:49:45,600 --> 00:49:50,800 Speaker 1: the NIH campus. We're together with a very plentiful abundance 708 00:49:50,800 --> 00:49:55,200 Speaker 1: of cockroaches. I began to learn how the government actually operates, 709 00:49:55,840 --> 00:49:58,720 Speaker 1: and was happily joined a few months later by Harold, 710 00:49:58,719 --> 00:50:01,000 Speaker 1: who lived in another part, met down the hall in 711 00:50:01,000 --> 00:50:04,480 Speaker 1: the old nurses Dorm with Connie, his spouse. The good 712 00:50:04,480 --> 00:50:06,720 Speaker 1: part of that was we did a lot of strategizing 713 00:50:06,719 --> 00:50:09,600 Speaker 1: at night over red wine about what exactly could be 714 00:50:09,680 --> 00:50:12,759 Speaker 1: done here as we began to bring molecular biology and 715 00:50:12,800 --> 00:50:16,000 Speaker 1: genomics forward at the NIH in a way that showed 716 00:50:16,080 --> 00:50:20,520 Speaker 1: such promise, and we knew we had wonderful leadership with Donna, 717 00:50:20,600 --> 00:50:24,759 Speaker 1: and we've learned just how enthusiastic the President was about 718 00:50:24,800 --> 00:50:28,480 Speaker 1: genomics when he visited US on a Saturday and had 719 00:50:28,520 --> 00:50:32,239 Speaker 1: the experience of hearing his questions, showing him how to 720 00:50:32,360 --> 00:50:36,640 Speaker 1: dissect a human chromosome, and recognizing that we had a 721 00:50:36,760 --> 00:50:40,840 Speaker 1: dream team to support NIH and to support the genome project. 722 00:50:41,560 --> 00:50:44,240 Speaker 1: And that was good because, of course, the general project 723 00:50:44,239 --> 00:50:47,360 Speaker 1: began with a budget that was essentially zero before it 724 00:50:47,400 --> 00:50:49,480 Speaker 1: got started, and it had to ramp up, and it 725 00:50:49,520 --> 00:50:51,560 Speaker 1: had to ramp up faster than the rest of NIH 726 00:50:51,680 --> 00:50:54,399 Speaker 1: or it couldn't possibly do its job inventing all these 727 00:50:54,400 --> 00:50:58,520 Speaker 1: technologies and also figuring out how to actually do sequencing 728 00:50:58,600 --> 00:51:02,640 Speaker 1: at scale. Something like a thousand base pairs a second 729 00:51:02,800 --> 00:51:04,759 Speaker 1: was what we had to get to, and when we 730 00:51:04,800 --> 00:51:06,759 Speaker 1: started out, we were lucky to do with thousand base 731 00:51:06,840 --> 00:51:09,880 Speaker 1: pairs in a day. It began to pick up speed. 732 00:51:10,400 --> 00:51:15,320 Speaker 1: UH Secretary Slela decided in seven that the National Center 733 00:51:15,400 --> 00:51:18,960 Speaker 1: for Human Genome Research could be upgraded to an institute 734 00:51:19,000 --> 00:51:21,279 Speaker 1: as it now is today. Thank you Donna for that. 735 00:51:21,960 --> 00:51:24,319 Speaker 1: And it was international from the start, and that was 736 00:51:24,400 --> 00:51:26,920 Speaker 1: a big part of what it made possible to go 737 00:51:27,000 --> 00:51:30,640 Speaker 1: at this pace with partners in six countries and twenty labs, 738 00:51:30,680 --> 00:51:34,719 Speaker 1: all agreeing to work at the same set of guidelines 739 00:51:34,760 --> 00:51:39,040 Speaker 1: and standards for excellence and accuracy of the data, and 740 00:51:39,080 --> 00:51:42,560 Speaker 1: a very important decision made about that time that this 741 00:51:42,680 --> 00:51:45,160 Speaker 1: data ought to be in the public domain. This not 742 00:51:45,440 --> 00:51:48,560 Speaker 1: this should not be something as our shared inheritance that 743 00:51:48,719 --> 00:51:52,560 Speaker 1: anybody owned, and so we began putting that sequence into 744 00:51:52,640 --> 00:51:56,920 Speaker 1: the public domain every twenty four hours. President Clinton strongly 745 00:51:56,960 --> 00:52:00,320 Speaker 1: agreed with that. There were other entities that were claiming 746 00:52:00,360 --> 00:52:02,960 Speaker 1: bits and pieces of the genome and trying to file 747 00:52:03,040 --> 00:52:07,200 Speaker 1: intellectual property and sometimes getting it on those and so um. 748 00:52:07,360 --> 00:52:10,560 Speaker 1: In the spring of two thousand, President Clinton and Tony 749 00:52:10,640 --> 00:52:13,759 Speaker 1: Blair put out a statement saying it would be a 750 00:52:13,800 --> 00:52:16,879 Speaker 1: good thing for the genome sequence that belongs to all 751 00:52:16,920 --> 00:52:20,120 Speaker 1: of us to be accessible to everybody. Well, Joe low 752 00:52:20,400 --> 00:52:24,480 Speaker 1: Lockhart in his press briefing that morning, didn't quite get 753 00:52:24,520 --> 00:52:27,319 Speaker 1: it right, and I think he said something like, well, 754 00:52:27,400 --> 00:52:30,319 Speaker 1: Jane Pattons aren't going to be allowed anymore. And the 755 00:52:30,400 --> 00:52:35,400 Speaker 1: stock market crashed, which was a little embarrassing. But fortunately 756 00:52:35,560 --> 00:52:37,560 Speaker 1: it all got cleared up fairly quickly, and it was 757 00:52:38,000 --> 00:52:41,000 Speaker 1: a deep dip that was then retrieved and brought back 758 00:52:41,040 --> 00:52:43,520 Speaker 1: into the better place. Although I think some people in 759 00:52:43,560 --> 00:52:47,760 Speaker 1: biotechnology were a little shaken up by it. Well about 760 00:52:47,760 --> 00:52:50,600 Speaker 1: that time, we had this race that the President was 761 00:52:50,680 --> 00:52:54,919 Speaker 1: referring to with a private sector effort called Salera led 762 00:52:54,920 --> 00:52:58,839 Speaker 1: by Craig Ventor. It was getting a bit unseemly both 763 00:52:58,880 --> 00:53:01,759 Speaker 1: the public project in the private project. We're making progress. 764 00:53:02,320 --> 00:53:05,200 Speaker 1: Um I asked Ari Petrinos, who was running the Department 765 00:53:05,239 --> 00:53:08,799 Speaker 1: of Energies effort in genomics, to convene Craig and me 766 00:53:08,920 --> 00:53:12,120 Speaker 1: for pizza and his basement. And many essays and articles 767 00:53:12,120 --> 00:53:15,000 Speaker 1: have been written about that pizza party, and there was 768 00:53:15,040 --> 00:53:18,400 Speaker 1: more than one and the result of that a memorable day, 769 00:53:18,640 --> 00:53:23,760 Speaker 1: Mr Presidents June two thousand, Eastroom of the White House, 770 00:53:24,520 --> 00:53:27,520 Speaker 1: with the scientific community and the world kind of gathered 771 00:53:27,560 --> 00:53:31,040 Speaker 1: to see what this was as we announced a not 772 00:53:31,239 --> 00:53:35,359 Speaker 1: complete yet but a very good draft about nine of 773 00:53:35,400 --> 00:53:38,200 Speaker 1: the Genome. It was the milestone that many people have 774 00:53:38,280 --> 00:53:41,840 Speaker 1: been waiting for. Mr President. You referred to the map 775 00:53:41,960 --> 00:53:45,680 Speaker 1: that Meriwether Lewis had presented to Thomas Jefferson in that 776 00:53:45,880 --> 00:53:49,520 Speaker 1: same room. Well, that was pretty interesting as a parallel, 777 00:53:50,239 --> 00:53:52,880 Speaker 1: and I went back and read your remarks. You called 778 00:53:52,920 --> 00:53:56,840 Speaker 1: the genome the most important, most wondrous map ever produced. 779 00:53:56,840 --> 00:53:59,960 Speaker 1: By humankind, and it was the language in which God 780 00:54:00,040 --> 00:54:04,719 Speaker 1: aided life. And you emphasized how all humans, regardless of race, yes, 781 00:54:04,800 --> 00:54:08,759 Speaker 1: are more than the same. And we all knew that 782 00:54:08,840 --> 00:54:11,200 Speaker 1: you were quite attached to that, having noted how you 783 00:54:11,239 --> 00:54:14,279 Speaker 1: had lectured the Serbs and the Croats and Kosovo that 784 00:54:14,360 --> 00:54:16,839 Speaker 1: they really shouldn't be fighting with each other because their 785 00:54:16,880 --> 00:54:19,880 Speaker 1: genomes were so similar. I'm never quite sure how that 786 00:54:19,920 --> 00:54:22,080 Speaker 1: played out, but I thought it was a wonderful way 787 00:54:22,520 --> 00:54:26,040 Speaker 1: to put forward some science at a difficult time. And 788 00:54:26,080 --> 00:54:28,360 Speaker 1: that was such a moment. And we got to the 789 00:54:28,440 --> 00:54:31,080 Speaker 1: end of the speeches and you closed with this ad 790 00:54:31,080 --> 00:54:33,200 Speaker 1: lib and for some reason, they're just stuck in my mind, 791 00:54:33,200 --> 00:54:35,200 Speaker 1: so I thought I would read it again. You said, 792 00:54:35,239 --> 00:54:37,359 Speaker 1: when we get this all worked out, and we're all 793 00:54:37,400 --> 00:54:40,399 Speaker 1: living to be a hundred and fifty, young people will 794 00:54:40,440 --> 00:54:43,400 Speaker 1: still fall in love. Old people will still fight about 795 00:54:43,400 --> 00:54:46,840 Speaker 1: things that should have been resolved fifty years earlier. We 796 00:54:46,960 --> 00:54:50,879 Speaker 1: will on occasion do stupid things, and we will all 797 00:54:50,880 --> 00:54:55,560 Speaker 1: see the unbelievable capacity of humanity to be noble. This 798 00:54:55,719 --> 00:54:59,440 Speaker 1: is a great day. It was a great day, Mr President. 799 00:54:59,480 --> 00:55:03,600 Speaker 1: We crossed into New Territory that day, but just before finishing, 800 00:55:03,600 --> 00:55:06,080 Speaker 1: I'd say, there's another day that I'll remember. About six 801 00:55:06,120 --> 00:55:10,160 Speaker 1: months later, there was a farewell in the Indian Treaty 802 00:55:10,239 --> 00:55:14,480 Speaker 1: Room for the President and the First Lady. Interestingly, right 803 00:55:14,480 --> 00:55:17,080 Speaker 1: now my office in the E. E E O B is 804 00:55:17,160 --> 00:55:19,239 Speaker 1: right down the hall from the Indian Treaty Room. As 805 00:55:19,239 --> 00:55:22,240 Speaker 1: I'm now serving as the acting Science Advisor to President Biden. 806 00:55:22,960 --> 00:55:26,200 Speaker 1: I got an invitation to this farewell to the President, 807 00:55:26,280 --> 00:55:29,040 Speaker 1: the First Lady and from Chris Jennings, and I thought 808 00:55:29,040 --> 00:55:31,799 Speaker 1: I have to bring something, and the timing was just right. 809 00:55:32,080 --> 00:55:35,680 Speaker 1: I brought the first CD that contained the human genome 810 00:55:35,760 --> 00:55:38,799 Speaker 1: sequence on something you could hold in your hand, and 811 00:55:38,800 --> 00:55:43,240 Speaker 1: I made a brief presentation. We were finishing the Nature 812 00:55:43,280 --> 00:55:46,439 Speaker 1: paper that described this, which would have gotten published about 813 00:55:46,440 --> 00:55:49,279 Speaker 1: a month later. And in that paper, which I had 814 00:55:49,320 --> 00:55:52,680 Speaker 1: a lot of time devoted to trying to say something 815 00:55:52,719 --> 00:55:56,680 Speaker 1: that was maybe even a little poetic, it ended with T. S. 816 00:55:56,719 --> 00:56:01,120 Speaker 1: Elliott's famous words from Little Getting, we shall not cease 817 00:56:01,160 --> 00:56:04,160 Speaker 1: from exploration, and the end of all of our exploring 818 00:56:04,239 --> 00:56:07,759 Speaker 1: will be to where will be, to arrive where we started. 819 00:56:08,680 --> 00:56:10,719 Speaker 1: And then the First Lady finished the quote for me 820 00:56:11,640 --> 00:56:15,880 Speaker 1: and know the place for the first time. Yes, we 821 00:56:16,000 --> 00:56:19,480 Speaker 1: know the place. It's a textbook of medicine, it's a 822 00:56:19,560 --> 00:56:23,800 Speaker 1: parts list, and it's a record of our history. Genomics 823 00:56:23,800 --> 00:56:27,880 Speaker 1: has expanded beyond anyone's dreams and expectations since then. The 824 00:56:27,920 --> 00:56:31,960 Speaker 1: Human Genome Project took thirteen years and three billion dollars. 825 00:56:32,320 --> 00:56:34,520 Speaker 1: Now your genome can be sequenced in a day for 826 00:56:34,600 --> 00:56:39,120 Speaker 1: less than a thousand. Applications to cancer, birth defects, drug discovery, 827 00:56:39,160 --> 00:56:43,600 Speaker 1: gene therapy, infectious disease including COVID have massively extended our 828 00:56:43,600 --> 00:56:46,560 Speaker 1: reach in science and medicine, and there is much more 829 00:56:46,640 --> 00:56:49,239 Speaker 1: to come. And for that, I turned to the next 830 00:56:49,280 --> 00:56:53,480 Speaker 1: two speakers, beginning with Dr Wendy Joe, thank you. I'm 831 00:56:53,520 --> 00:56:56,520 Speaker 1: so privileged to be here prisoning Clinton. UM. As I 832 00:56:56,680 --> 00:56:59,280 Speaker 1: was listening to speakers today, I would say I'm actually 833 00:56:59,320 --> 00:57:01,799 Speaker 1: a product of much of what they spoke about. I 834 00:57:01,880 --> 00:57:05,480 Speaker 1: actually began my career scientifically as a student at the 835 00:57:05,560 --> 00:57:08,319 Speaker 1: NIH Clinical Center and in I h S. When was 836 00:57:08,360 --> 00:57:11,640 Speaker 1: inspired to become a genome scientist. I started out my 837 00:57:11,719 --> 00:57:15,279 Speaker 1: training literally the year the Human Genome projects started. And 838 00:57:15,280 --> 00:57:18,200 Speaker 1: realize this, Dr Collins said, if worst putting that much 839 00:57:18,200 --> 00:57:20,560 Speaker 1: money into this, there's going to be amazing things that 840 00:57:20,600 --> 00:57:22,760 Speaker 1: we're going to be able to do, and was able 841 00:57:22,800 --> 00:57:24,960 Speaker 1: to start dreaming about the day when we would be 842 00:57:25,000 --> 00:57:28,360 Speaker 1: able to actually sequence our genome within a day. Just 843 00:57:28,440 --> 00:57:30,680 Speaker 1: to give you a sense of where we are as 844 00:57:30,680 --> 00:57:33,600 Speaker 1: I look back of those twenty thousand genes that we 845 00:57:33,720 --> 00:57:37,080 Speaker 1: now know of, there are remarkable seven thousand of those 846 00:57:37,120 --> 00:57:40,280 Speaker 1: that we can now associate with a very specific human disease. 847 00:57:40,320 --> 00:57:44,439 Speaker 1: And in fact, these conditions are quite common. Individually, many 848 00:57:44,480 --> 00:57:46,800 Speaker 1: of them are rare, I'll grant you that, but collectively, 849 00:57:46,840 --> 00:57:49,400 Speaker 1: if we look at many of these men Delian conditions, 850 00:57:49,800 --> 00:57:53,640 Speaker 1: ten percent of us actually have or will have manifestations 851 00:57:53,640 --> 00:57:57,040 Speaker 1: of these conditions. And I is still a practicing physicians 852 00:57:57,120 --> 00:57:59,680 Speaker 1: see a lot of these patients that are at risk, 853 00:57:59,760 --> 00:58:03,080 Speaker 1: for instance, for hereditary breast or a varying cancer. But 854 00:58:03,160 --> 00:58:05,680 Speaker 1: they're able now today to be able to walk a 855 00:58:05,720 --> 00:58:08,200 Speaker 1: different path than their mothers walked, or for those at 856 00:58:08,280 --> 00:58:10,640 Speaker 1: risk for calling cancer, to walk a different path than 857 00:58:10,640 --> 00:58:13,640 Speaker 1: their fathers have walked. They're able to see that there 858 00:58:13,640 --> 00:58:16,160 Speaker 1: are at risk and they're able to do something about it. 859 00:58:16,200 --> 00:58:18,920 Speaker 1: They're able to take that into their hands and not 860 00:58:19,000 --> 00:58:22,480 Speaker 1: let that be their destiny. They're able to really rewrite 861 00:58:22,480 --> 00:58:25,160 Speaker 1: by seeing what's ahead, and to be able to take 862 00:58:25,320 --> 00:58:29,520 Speaker 1: very conscious and deliberate actions, sometimes very brave, but to 863 00:58:29,600 --> 00:58:32,360 Speaker 1: be able to lead a different life and to be 864 00:58:32,480 --> 00:58:35,880 Speaker 1: lead able to lead a healthier life. They really they're inspiring. 865 00:58:36,040 --> 00:58:39,000 Speaker 1: They are incredible in terms of what they personally do 866 00:58:39,080 --> 00:58:42,280 Speaker 1: with this information. But there's so much more that's yet 867 00:58:42,320 --> 00:58:45,240 Speaker 1: to come. It's been remarkable for me to be able 868 00:58:45,320 --> 00:58:48,280 Speaker 1: to see that technologically we can read out those three 869 00:58:48,320 --> 00:58:50,400 Speaker 1: billion base pairers. We can do it for less than 870 00:58:50,440 --> 00:58:54,200 Speaker 1: a thousand dollars, but we had to overcome other hurdles. 871 00:58:54,200 --> 00:58:57,080 Speaker 1: Sometimes this has been referenced, even legal hurdles to be 872 00:58:57,120 --> 00:59:00,040 Speaker 1: able to take down gene patents, to be able to 873 00:59:00,240 --> 00:59:04,120 Speaker 1: have the ability to know that information content, and to 874 00:59:04,200 --> 00:59:06,480 Speaker 1: be able to use that to take care of ourselves 875 00:59:07,120 --> 00:59:09,320 Speaker 1: as we've done and I did it just yesterday and 876 00:59:09,320 --> 00:59:12,840 Speaker 1: the Neonatal UH intensive care unit our hospital. We can 877 00:59:12,880 --> 00:59:15,760 Speaker 1: take babies, for instance, who are critically ill and be 878 00:59:15,840 --> 00:59:18,560 Speaker 1: able to read out their genome just in some cases 879 00:59:18,680 --> 00:59:21,640 Speaker 1: hours to days, and be able to make critically life 880 00:59:21,640 --> 00:59:25,320 Speaker 1: threatening decisions about how to save their lives. In some cases, 881 00:59:25,720 --> 00:59:27,560 Speaker 1: some cases where we'll need to be able to do 882 00:59:27,600 --> 00:59:30,680 Speaker 1: an emergent transplant of an organ, to be able to 883 00:59:30,720 --> 00:59:32,600 Speaker 1: take care of a body part for them that is 884 00:59:32,640 --> 00:59:35,480 Speaker 1: failing them in some cases, to be able to give 885 00:59:35,520 --> 00:59:38,520 Speaker 1: them medicines that are now tailor made for their particular 886 00:59:38,600 --> 00:59:42,520 Speaker 1: cystic fibrosis mutation, or as you'll be hearing in terms 887 00:59:42,560 --> 00:59:45,320 Speaker 1: of gene therapy, to do some remarkable things that we're 888 00:59:45,520 --> 00:59:49,080 Speaker 1: just beginning to think about for certain types of immuno 889 00:59:49,200 --> 00:59:53,439 Speaker 1: deficiencies or certain types of hematological conditions like sickle cell. 890 00:59:54,080 --> 00:59:56,040 Speaker 1: I'll tell you one story that really has been made 891 00:59:56,120 --> 00:59:58,320 Speaker 1: a big impression on me in terms of what is 892 00:59:58,400 --> 01:00:01,320 Speaker 1: yet to come for us. When I started medical school, 893 01:00:01,400 --> 01:00:04,280 Speaker 1: the most common genetic cause of death for children less 894 01:00:04,280 --> 01:00:06,919 Speaker 1: than two years of age was a tragic condition called 895 01:00:06,960 --> 01:00:10,440 Speaker 1: spinal muscular atrophy. And I'm using intentionally the past tense. 896 01:00:10,680 --> 01:00:13,640 Speaker 1: Used to be the most common genetic cause of death. 897 01:00:14,160 --> 01:00:16,600 Speaker 1: It was heart wrenching for me to see these children, 898 01:00:16,640 --> 01:00:18,920 Speaker 1: because many of them with the most severe form of 899 01:00:18,920 --> 01:00:21,920 Speaker 1: the disease wouldn't live to see their first birthday because 900 01:00:21,960 --> 01:00:24,600 Speaker 1: they were so profoundly weak, so profoundly weak that they 901 01:00:24,640 --> 01:00:27,560 Speaker 1: could not breathe, They could not be able to inspire, 902 01:00:27,880 --> 01:00:30,960 Speaker 1: to be able to take a breath. With time, though, 903 01:00:31,080 --> 01:00:33,800 Speaker 1: and with a lot of this very foundational work that 904 01:00:33,880 --> 01:00:36,560 Speaker 1: came from the Human Genome Project, from the science that 905 01:00:36,640 --> 01:00:39,080 Speaker 1: came with it, we've learned that there are in fact 906 01:00:39,200 --> 01:00:41,880 Speaker 1: not just one gene, but also a backup copy of 907 01:00:41,880 --> 01:00:45,480 Speaker 1: that gene called survival motor neuron, and being able to 908 01:00:45,600 --> 01:00:49,120 Speaker 1: use the technology to co opt that second gene, we've 909 01:00:49,120 --> 01:00:52,000 Speaker 1: been able to think about creative ways to be able 910 01:00:52,040 --> 01:00:54,680 Speaker 1: to tweak it, to be able to up regulate it, 911 01:00:54,720 --> 01:00:57,320 Speaker 1: to be able to use it, to be able to 912 01:00:57,800 --> 01:01:01,240 Speaker 1: compensate for the deficiency that those children have when they're born. 913 01:01:02,200 --> 01:01:04,440 Speaker 1: One of the remarkable things that we've done with that 914 01:01:04,880 --> 01:01:08,320 Speaker 1: is to actually, in tandem a developed methods of being 915 01:01:08,360 --> 01:01:12,040 Speaker 1: able to identify those children as newborns. So at this 916 01:01:12,080 --> 01:01:14,760 Speaker 1: point we can now actually from my heel prick, be 917 01:01:14,840 --> 01:01:17,520 Speaker 1: able to identify those newborns who are going to be 918 01:01:17,600 --> 01:01:22,080 Speaker 1: at risk for spinal muscular atrophy, a progressive degenerative disease 919 01:01:22,120 --> 01:01:24,800 Speaker 1: that otherwise would have taken their life, and now be 920 01:01:24,920 --> 01:01:28,120 Speaker 1: able to use either gene therapy or one of three 921 01:01:28,240 --> 01:01:32,080 Speaker 1: FDA approved medications that is now life saving for them. 922 01:01:32,280 --> 01:01:34,280 Speaker 1: So that as we've been able to do that and 923 01:01:34,400 --> 01:01:38,120 Speaker 1: for this condition, which is an equal opportunity condition that 924 01:01:38,240 --> 01:01:41,960 Speaker 1: affects all different individuals from all different parts of the world, 925 01:01:42,320 --> 01:01:45,880 Speaker 1: now to have a completely different outcome for them, hopefully 926 01:01:45,920 --> 01:01:48,400 Speaker 1: to be able to give them long, full and healthy 927 01:01:48,480 --> 01:01:52,200 Speaker 1: lives that particular scenario. To be able to go from 928 01:01:52,280 --> 01:01:56,160 Speaker 1: knowing that condition, diagnosing it newborns coming up with treatment 929 01:01:56,200 --> 01:01:59,080 Speaker 1: we did in record time, really just a matter of 930 01:01:59,200 --> 01:02:03,120 Speaker 1: four years. We were able to compress that with the diagnosis, 931 01:02:03,200 --> 01:02:06,840 Speaker 1: rapid diagnosis and getting those treatments, those three treatments to 932 01:02:06,960 --> 01:02:09,600 Speaker 1: now be approved, and I'm convinced that these are things 933 01:02:09,680 --> 01:02:12,480 Speaker 1: that we can do over and over again with the 934 01:02:12,520 --> 01:02:15,880 Speaker 1: foundation of this technology and with the industry that's been 935 01:02:15,920 --> 01:02:19,080 Speaker 1: developed to be able to use this important to me, 936 01:02:19,120 --> 01:02:22,240 Speaker 1: and I'll end with this is just as this comes forward. 937 01:02:22,320 --> 01:02:25,200 Speaker 1: What we did with spinal muscular atrophy was so important 938 01:02:25,240 --> 01:02:28,280 Speaker 1: to me from an equity point of view that, as 939 01:02:28,320 --> 01:02:30,680 Speaker 1: I alluded to, we were able to take a drop 940 01:02:30,720 --> 01:02:33,600 Speaker 1: of blood from a newborn and be able to understand 941 01:02:33,680 --> 01:02:36,440 Speaker 1: what conditions they would be at risk for. From a 942 01:02:36,520 --> 01:02:39,080 Speaker 1: public health point of view, where we could do this 943 01:02:39,200 --> 01:02:43,280 Speaker 1: for every single baby and it mattered not where they 944 01:02:43,280 --> 01:02:46,959 Speaker 1: were born, who their parents were every single baby would 945 01:02:47,000 --> 01:02:50,160 Speaker 1: get the same access and does get the same access 946 01:02:50,200 --> 01:02:52,920 Speaker 1: to this phenomenal care that we can provide them, and 947 01:02:52,960 --> 01:02:54,720 Speaker 1: that I think is going to be one of the 948 01:02:54,800 --> 01:02:57,120 Speaker 1: things in terms of the future of what the Human 949 01:02:57,200 --> 01:03:00,400 Speaker 1: Genome Project will have produced, allowing everych I want to 950 01:03:00,480 --> 01:03:04,200 Speaker 1: have an equal healthy start to life by using that 951 01:03:04,280 --> 01:03:06,760 Speaker 1: information to be able to keep them safe and keep 952 01:03:06,800 --> 01:03:09,520 Speaker 1: them healthy. It's been remarkable to be with you today. 953 01:03:09,560 --> 01:03:25,320 Speaker 1: I'm honored. We'll be right back. Thank you very much. 954 01:03:25,600 --> 01:03:28,760 Speaker 1: It's really an honor and a privilege to be being 955 01:03:28,760 --> 01:03:31,800 Speaker 1: a member of this panel and to be invited by 956 01:03:32,760 --> 01:03:36,720 Speaker 1: the present Claton's Foundation. I want to stop by saying 957 01:03:36,760 --> 01:03:40,120 Speaker 1: today's my birthday and I couldn't. I can't think of 958 01:03:40,200 --> 01:03:43,400 Speaker 1: any other way able to celebrate it with President Clinton 959 01:03:43,480 --> 01:03:48,320 Speaker 1: and this wonderful lest Steam panel. So again I am 960 01:03:48,360 --> 01:03:53,400 Speaker 1: in celebrating mood and I think my parents who give 961 01:03:53,440 --> 01:03:57,240 Speaker 1: birth to men Injuria, US some sixty five years ago 962 01:03:57,640 --> 01:04:01,240 Speaker 1: and I just qualified for medicare uh you know it's 963 01:04:01,360 --> 01:04:05,640 Speaker 1: that will be extremely proud to see me on this panel. 964 01:04:06,400 --> 01:04:12,480 Speaker 1: My comments today really will be to emphasize how we 965 01:04:12,600 --> 01:04:17,040 Speaker 1: can continue to ensure that the gains of the human 966 01:04:17,160 --> 01:04:23,000 Speaker 1: genome is indeed accrue to all human populations around the world. 967 01:04:24,040 --> 01:04:27,360 Speaker 1: I am it was a great honor when I was 968 01:04:27,440 --> 01:04:34,240 Speaker 1: invited by Franciscollins and Orders to participate in a spinoff, 969 01:04:34,520 --> 01:04:38,120 Speaker 1: the very first spinoff of the sequence of human genome 970 01:04:38,480 --> 01:04:43,120 Speaker 1: and that's the International Have My Project WISH. I was 971 01:04:43,280 --> 01:04:48,600 Speaker 1: indeed very important because apart from knowing the addresses of 972 01:04:48,800 --> 01:04:51,720 Speaker 1: the four combination of letters that make up our genome, 973 01:04:52,280 --> 01:04:57,480 Speaker 1: we needed to know how these vary between individuals, between 974 01:04:57,560 --> 01:05:02,640 Speaker 1: families and also you know, between ancestry populations around the world. 975 01:05:03,440 --> 01:05:06,200 Speaker 1: And scientists realize that it is only by knowing these 976 01:05:06,240 --> 01:05:10,320 Speaker 1: differences and similarities that will be able to really fully 977 01:05:10,400 --> 01:05:15,880 Speaker 1: understand how the signatures of the environment that our ancestors 978 01:05:15,960 --> 01:05:19,480 Speaker 1: live shaped our genome and how that varies, and how 979 01:05:19,520 --> 01:05:24,080 Speaker 1: their influences disease and human health around the world. So 980 01:05:24,320 --> 01:05:28,600 Speaker 1: the engagement of African population in the hap MATH study, 981 01:05:28,800 --> 01:05:34,480 Speaker 1: especially firstly the europa community in Abiden, Nigeria, was truly 982 01:05:34,520 --> 01:05:39,680 Speaker 1: the first major effort to engage African communities in the 983 01:05:39,920 --> 01:05:43,919 Speaker 1: in the human genome and how we can indeed bring 984 01:05:44,240 --> 01:05:49,160 Speaker 1: our global populations to bear on this wonderful success stories 985 01:05:49,720 --> 01:05:54,720 Speaker 1: that was indeed funded under the Clinton administration. They have 986 01:05:54,920 --> 01:05:58,240 Speaker 1: my project, you know, also was again, like I said, 987 01:05:58,240 --> 01:06:01,840 Speaker 1: my first opportunity to be out of this major initiative. 988 01:06:02,520 --> 01:06:05,680 Speaker 1: But what you have not show to us. And I 989 01:06:05,960 --> 01:06:09,200 Speaker 1: just emphasize the point that President Clinting made earlier in 990 01:06:09,280 --> 01:06:13,000 Speaker 1: his comment, and that is when we look out the 991 01:06:13,520 --> 01:06:19,360 Speaker 1: diversity and and the magnitude and scope of EMA genetic variations, 992 01:06:20,000 --> 01:06:24,440 Speaker 1: we we come to the to the conclusion that Africa 993 01:06:25,360 --> 01:06:30,880 Speaker 1: populations has the highest diversity in the world, and that 994 01:06:31,080 --> 01:06:35,080 Speaker 1: is not a coincident. That is based on our evolutionary history. 995 01:06:35,840 --> 01:06:40,760 Speaker 1: African populations, our human based in general, have lived the 996 01:06:40,840 --> 01:06:44,800 Speaker 1: longest on the African continent and therefore had had their 997 01:06:44,960 --> 01:06:48,480 Speaker 1: genome have had more time to vary within that environment. 998 01:06:49,600 --> 01:06:53,400 Speaker 1: And the point I'm making here is that there are 999 01:06:53,480 --> 01:06:57,080 Speaker 1: aspects of our genome that we can only study by 1000 01:06:57,080 --> 01:07:00,360 Speaker 1: looking at African people. So I want to say that 1001 01:07:01,120 --> 01:07:07,520 Speaker 1: studying African populations and other global populations is a social 1002 01:07:07,600 --> 01:07:13,280 Speaker 1: justice issue, but more importantly it's a scientific imperative. We 1003 01:07:13,360 --> 01:07:18,640 Speaker 1: cannot truly appreciate this coupe of human variation which are 1004 01:07:18,680 --> 01:07:21,920 Speaker 1: going to the roots and the credle of humanity. And 1005 01:07:22,000 --> 01:07:25,240 Speaker 1: this is why I say sometimes that beneath all of 1006 01:07:25,280 --> 01:07:29,200 Speaker 1: our skins, we are indeed Africans. If we treat our 1007 01:07:29,400 --> 01:07:32,560 Speaker 1: history fire enough, most of us, or if not all 1008 01:07:32,600 --> 01:07:36,160 Speaker 1: of us, we end up somewhere on that geographical location 1009 01:07:36,520 --> 01:07:40,920 Speaker 1: called Africa today. So it's critically important that we engage 1010 01:07:41,360 --> 01:07:45,160 Speaker 1: the African community. It will beneto Africa, but it would 1011 01:07:45,200 --> 01:07:50,480 Speaker 1: benefit the world even more so. This is why under 1012 01:07:50,560 --> 01:07:54,800 Speaker 1: the umbrella of the African Society of Human Generics U 1013 01:07:54,960 --> 01:07:58,320 Speaker 1: and working with the Francis Collins and other African scientists, 1014 01:07:58,960 --> 01:08:04,320 Speaker 1: we were able to establish the what we call History Africa, 1015 01:08:05,040 --> 01:08:09,280 Speaker 1: Human Editary and Health in Africa that has brought over 1016 01:08:09,360 --> 01:08:14,720 Speaker 1: two hundred million dollars to change the participation of African 1017 01:08:14,760 --> 01:08:19,959 Speaker 1: scientists and African population in human genetics. This was funded 1018 01:08:20,000 --> 01:08:22,920 Speaker 1: by the end I AGE with Francis Collins as a 1019 01:08:22,960 --> 01:08:27,800 Speaker 1: director and also the welcome Trost Foundation, uh you know 1020 01:08:27,920 --> 01:08:33,519 Speaker 1: in the UK. Now, this initiative was unique in the 1021 01:08:33,560 --> 01:08:38,840 Speaker 1: sense that he actually enabled African scientists to fully participate 1022 01:08:39,280 --> 01:08:42,920 Speaker 1: by giving them the money directly to African institutions and 1023 01:08:42,960 --> 01:08:47,160 Speaker 1: to African investigators, and it has led to the creation 1024 01:08:47,280 --> 01:08:51,200 Speaker 1: of Pan African laboratories. You know about repository Islam by 1025 01:08:51,240 --> 01:08:55,519 Speaker 1: informatics HOBS. That is changing the way African scientists are 1026 01:08:55,600 --> 01:09:00,160 Speaker 1: participating and informing uh you know the Human engine Our 1027 01:09:00,160 --> 01:09:02,880 Speaker 1: project and its success to this as it continue to be. 1028 01:09:03,360 --> 01:09:05,280 Speaker 1: We are not in a position where we can cure 1029 01:09:05,320 --> 01:09:08,720 Speaker 1: this is like sickle cell us engine editing, so that 1030 01:09:08,840 --> 01:09:12,439 Speaker 1: is rebarkable. African countries are also using the gamest of 1031 01:09:12,640 --> 01:09:16,280 Speaker 1: Human General Project to inform a cential drug list in 1032 01:09:16,439 --> 01:09:20,880 Speaker 1: all the way to HIV in places like Bosowana and 1033 01:09:22,080 --> 01:09:25,840 Speaker 1: understanding genetic variation in terms of drug metabolizing for something 1034 01:09:25,920 --> 01:09:29,360 Speaker 1: like coding in Ethiopia. So you can see the gainst 1035 01:09:29,360 --> 01:09:32,680 Speaker 1: the beginning to accrue. But what is important here is 1036 01:09:32,720 --> 01:09:36,679 Speaker 1: creating the opportunity for African scientists to be a part 1037 01:09:36,760 --> 01:09:41,160 Speaker 1: of this wonderful initiative and to ensure that tomorrow's medicine 1038 01:09:41,560 --> 01:09:46,520 Speaker 1: will indeed be available to all humanity. We are indeed 1039 01:09:47,479 --> 01:09:50,120 Speaker 1: all come from the same place and we need to 1040 01:09:50,200 --> 01:09:54,200 Speaker 1: share is that there are diversities. Non illusion, but we 1041 01:09:54,240 --> 01:09:58,960 Speaker 1: should not use it to re emphasize all prejudice. Thank 1042 01:09:59,000 --> 01:10:01,320 Speaker 1: you for inviting me really glad to be a part 1043 01:10:01,320 --> 01:10:04,240 Speaker 1: of this effort. Charles thank you very much for those 1044 01:10:04,400 --> 01:10:10,000 Speaker 1: interesting remarks. UM. President Clinton began our discussion of genomics 1045 01:10:10,040 --> 01:10:13,760 Speaker 1: at the start of the session by emphasizing how much 1046 01:10:13,760 --> 01:10:17,599 Speaker 1: of the genome is held in common and how what 1047 01:10:17,640 --> 01:10:21,200 Speaker 1: we're learning from genomics can be a way of trying 1048 01:10:21,240 --> 01:10:24,120 Speaker 1: to bring the world together and make it a safer place. 1049 01:10:24,840 --> 01:10:27,600 Speaker 1: I think we're learning to that the diversity that you 1050 01:10:27,760 --> 01:10:33,280 Speaker 1: refer to and the pathogenicity of certain UH variations in 1051 01:10:33,320 --> 01:10:36,599 Speaker 1: the genome can be the source of disease. As Wendy 1052 01:10:36,640 --> 01:10:40,680 Speaker 1: pointed out, UH presents a challenge for all of us 1053 01:10:40,680 --> 01:10:43,360 Speaker 1: to be sure that the fruits of our research are 1054 01:10:43,439 --> 01:10:47,200 Speaker 1: widely shared in Africa and Asia, South America, everywhere in 1055 01:10:47,240 --> 01:10:50,519 Speaker 1: the world. And in a few minutes we have remaining 1056 01:10:50,560 --> 01:10:54,040 Speaker 1: before we wrap this up, I'd be curious to hear 1057 01:10:54,120 --> 01:10:56,839 Speaker 1: from the any of the three of you about ways 1058 01:10:56,960 --> 01:11:01,760 Speaker 1: you see that that our existing institutions and scientists can 1059 01:11:02,240 --> 01:11:06,559 Speaker 1: have more of an effect on providing open access to 1060 01:11:07,320 --> 01:11:10,760 Speaker 1: the fruits of genomics. I know that my own work 1061 01:11:10,800 --> 01:11:13,400 Speaker 1: for the World Health Organization of the last several months 1062 01:11:13,400 --> 01:11:17,479 Speaker 1: that there is a receptivity to the idea of of 1063 01:11:17,600 --> 01:11:20,640 Speaker 1: sharing genomic technologies even in the poorest countries and to 1064 01:11:20,680 --> 01:11:24,800 Speaker 1: be sure that, as has been illustrated during this pandemic, 1065 01:11:25,240 --> 01:11:29,640 Speaker 1: that the technologies that have been developed UH in response 1066 01:11:29,760 --> 01:11:33,840 Speaker 1: to and partly in response to the pandemic are influential 1067 01:11:33,920 --> 01:11:38,639 Speaker 1: and in saving lives. Well, I'll just quickly respond, I think, Harold, 1068 01:11:38,680 --> 01:11:41,080 Speaker 1: you're right that we have a great opportunity here and 1069 01:11:41,120 --> 01:11:44,719 Speaker 1: with projects Charles mentioned Age three, Africa has a start 1070 01:11:44,800 --> 01:11:48,040 Speaker 1: on this where the goal really is to enhance research 1071 01:11:48,160 --> 01:11:53,320 Speaker 1: capacity in a sustainable way in low and middle income countries. 1072 01:11:53,800 --> 01:11:58,280 Speaker 1: That is the best possible way to place the kind 1073 01:11:58,320 --> 01:12:00,880 Speaker 1: of capabilities in the hands of those who will need 1074 01:12:00,920 --> 01:12:04,200 Speaker 1: them in their own countries, and also perhaps to stem 1075 01:12:04,280 --> 01:12:07,120 Speaker 1: the brain drain which otherwise has been a really serious 1076 01:12:07,280 --> 01:12:10,440 Speaker 1: issue for losing the talent that you want to have maintained. 1077 01:12:10,880 --> 01:12:13,559 Speaker 1: And I'm excited to see how that is taking shape 1078 01:12:13,600 --> 01:12:15,840 Speaker 1: in Sub Saharan Africa. Although we've got a long way 1079 01:12:15,880 --> 01:12:18,320 Speaker 1: to go. We need to come up with even better 1080 01:12:18,360 --> 01:12:22,640 Speaker 1: ways to provide some kind of a partnership with industry, 1081 01:12:22,720 --> 01:12:26,480 Speaker 1: with NIH and the Welcome Trust and other philanthropy organizations. 1082 01:12:26,720 --> 01:12:29,960 Speaker 1: But we need to get countries in Africa to recognize 1083 01:12:30,040 --> 01:12:32,400 Speaker 1: that this is time for them to invest as well. 1084 01:12:32,720 --> 01:12:35,000 Speaker 1: We need to go from what I would call donorship 1085 01:12:35,080 --> 01:12:39,479 Speaker 1: to ownership, where a ministers of finance recognize that one 1086 01:12:39,479 --> 01:12:41,720 Speaker 1: of the best things they can do for their economy, 1087 01:12:41,760 --> 01:12:44,280 Speaker 1: for their people is to put some money into research 1088 01:12:44,320 --> 01:12:46,960 Speaker 1: and development because it will pay off over and over again. 1089 01:12:47,200 --> 01:12:49,040 Speaker 1: And we're kind of making that case and starting to 1090 01:12:49,080 --> 01:12:51,800 Speaker 1: get I think, some receptivity, but that's what it's going 1091 01:12:51,840 --> 01:12:53,960 Speaker 1: to do. Yeah, I agree entirely with that, and the 1092 01:12:54,160 --> 01:12:57,160 Speaker 1: World Health Organization is going to be participating in that 1093 01:12:57,240 --> 01:13:01,280 Speaker 1: as well. And I think in many ways fulfilling the 1094 01:13:01,400 --> 01:13:04,800 Speaker 1: kind of ambitions that President Clinton and many others have 1095 01:13:04,880 --> 01:13:07,360 Speaker 1: had since the inception of the Genome Project, that this 1096 01:13:07,439 --> 01:13:11,040 Speaker 1: is something that can help unite humanity and as opposed 1097 01:13:11,040 --> 01:13:15,760 Speaker 1: to tearing it apart. And um, we are approaching the 1098 01:13:15,920 --> 01:13:18,200 Speaker 1: end of our session here and I did want to 1099 01:13:18,240 --> 01:13:21,760 Speaker 1: reflect just for a moment on the incredible privilege has 1100 01:13:21,800 --> 01:13:24,200 Speaker 1: been for many of us to serve in the Clinton 1101 01:13:24,200 --> 01:13:28,320 Speaker 1: administration when things did move ahead so swiftly and at 1102 01:13:28,320 --> 01:13:32,640 Speaker 1: the n i H, not just in in elucidating genomes, 1103 01:13:32,640 --> 01:13:37,240 Speaker 1: but in improving UH, the UH our understanding of how 1104 01:13:37,360 --> 01:13:40,840 Speaker 1: the human body and many other organizations work and how 1105 01:13:41,160 --> 01:13:45,599 Speaker 1: the studies of of biological systems from many perspectives can 1106 01:13:45,680 --> 01:13:49,720 Speaker 1: lead to improvements and our understanding of disease and our 1107 01:13:49,760 --> 01:13:54,439 Speaker 1: efforts to create new therapies for diseases like AIDS and 1108 01:13:54,560 --> 01:13:59,000 Speaker 1: cancer and cardiovascular disease and many others. And I think 1109 01:13:59,040 --> 01:14:02,200 Speaker 1: it's used will for all of us to acknowledge our 1110 01:14:02,200 --> 01:14:07,360 Speaker 1: appreciation for the respect that the president in that era, 1111 01:14:07,840 --> 01:14:13,320 Speaker 1: um President Bill Clinton, had on the country's appreciation of 1112 01:14:13,360 --> 01:14:18,040 Speaker 1: science and uh the efforts that the scientists are making 1113 01:14:18,120 --> 01:14:22,800 Speaker 1: to improve human welfare. Why am I telling you? This 1114 01:14:23,080 --> 01:14:25,880 Speaker 1: is a production of our Heart Radio, the Clinton Foundation 1115 01:14:25,920 --> 01:14:29,760 Speaker 1: and at Will Medium. Our executive producers are Craigmanascian and 1116 01:14:29,800 --> 01:14:34,880 Speaker 1: Will Molnadi. Our production team includes Jamison Katsufas, Tom Galton, 1117 01:14:34,920 --> 01:14:38,760 Speaker 1: Sara Horowitz, and Jake Young, with production support from Liz 1118 01:14:38,880 --> 01:14:44,240 Speaker 1: Raftoree and Josh Farnham. Original music by Wat White. Special 1119 01:14:44,280 --> 01:14:48,200 Speaker 1: thanks to John Sykes, John Davidson on hell Orina, Corey Ganstley, 1120 01:14:48,479 --> 01:14:52,040 Speaker 1: Kevin thurm Oscar Flores, and all our dedicated staff and 1121 01:14:52,080 --> 01:14:59,880 Speaker 1: partners at the Clinton Foundation. Hi. I'm Stephanie Street, exa 1122 01:15:00,080 --> 01:15:03,040 Speaker 1: keive director of the Clinton Foundation, where we work every 1123 01:15:03,080 --> 01:15:06,519 Speaker 1: single day to advance President Clinton's commitment to public service 1124 01:15:06,840 --> 01:15:10,040 Speaker 1: and improve lives across the country and around the world. 1125 01:15:10,600 --> 01:15:13,799 Speaker 1: President Clinton often reminds us that we're all in this together, 1126 01:15:14,160 --> 01:15:17,840 Speaker 1: that we rise or fall together. That's why in the 1127 01:15:17,880 --> 01:15:21,920 Speaker 1: face of crisis, we enter the call we act. At 1128 01:15:21,920 --> 01:15:24,759 Speaker 1: the Clinton Presidential Center, we've been proud to work together 1129 01:15:24,840 --> 01:15:27,720 Speaker 1: with partners to serve hundreds of thousands of meals to 1130 01:15:27,760 --> 01:15:30,960 Speaker 1: those struggling, to put food on the table, to get books, 1131 01:15:31,280 --> 01:15:35,240 Speaker 1: early learning and educational resources into the hands of parents, families, 1132 01:15:35,240 --> 01:15:38,639 Speaker 1: and educators who are navigating the realities of remote learning 1133 01:15:38,880 --> 01:15:42,160 Speaker 1: and need it most. And the Center continues to serve 1134 01:15:42,200 --> 01:15:46,400 Speaker 1: as an educational and cultural institution focused on cultivating the 1135 01:15:46,439 --> 01:15:50,000 Speaker 1: next generation of leaders to make our future brighter than ever. 1136 01:15:50,760 --> 01:15:52,880 Speaker 1: Learn more about this work and see how you can 1137 01:15:52,880 --> 01:15:58,040 Speaker 1: get involved visit www dot Clinton Foundation dot org. Slash 1138 01:15:58,200 --> 01:16:00,280 Speaker 1: Podcast two