1
00:00:00,080 --> 00:00:02,960
Speaker 1: If you love iPhone, you'll love Apple Card. It's the

2
00:00:03,040 --> 00:00:06,920
Speaker 1: credit card designed for iPhone. It gives you unlimited daily

3
00:00:07,040 --> 00:00:10,000
Speaker 1: cash back that can earn four point four zero percent

4
00:00:10,160 --> 00:00:12,960
Speaker 1: annual percentage yield. When you open a high Yield savings

5
00:00:13,000 --> 00:00:16,280
Speaker 1: account through Apple Card, apply for Applecard in the wallet

6
00:00:16,280 --> 00:00:19,520
Speaker 1: app subject to credit approval. Savings is available to Apple

7
00:00:19,560 --> 00:00:22,800
Speaker 1: Card owners subject to eligibility. Apple Card and Savings by

8
00:00:22,840 --> 00:00:26,120
Speaker 1: Goldman Sachs Bank USA, Salt Lake City Branch Member FDIC

9
00:00:26,520 --> 00:00:29,280
Speaker 1: terms and more at applecard dot com. When you pop

10
00:00:29,320 --> 00:00:31,240
Speaker 1: a piece of cheese into your mouth, you're probably not

11
00:00:31,360 --> 00:00:34,280
Speaker 1: thinking about the environmental impact. But the people in the

12
00:00:34,360 --> 00:00:37,680
Speaker 1: dairy industry are. That's why they're working hard every day

13
00:00:37,720 --> 00:00:40,760
Speaker 1: to find new ways to reduce waste, conserve natural resources,

14
00:00:40,800 --> 00:00:44,360
Speaker 1: and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. How is US Dairy

15
00:00:44,400 --> 00:00:48,520
Speaker 1: tackling greenhouse gases? Many farms use anaerobic digesters to turn

16
00:00:48,560 --> 00:00:53,080
Speaker 1: the methane from manure into renewable energy that can power farms, towns,

17
00:00:53,120 --> 00:00:57,240
Speaker 1: and electric cars. Visit us Dairy dot COM's Last Sustainability

18
00:00:57,280 --> 00:00:58,000
Speaker 1: to learn more.

19
00:00:58,960 --> 00:01:02,600
Speaker 2: Here's a little secret. Most smartphone deals aren't that exciting.

20
00:01:02,920 --> 00:01:06,560
Speaker 2: To be honest, they're barely worth mentioning. But then there's

21
00:01:06,600 --> 00:01:09,920
Speaker 2: AT and T and their best deals. Those are quite exciting.

22
00:01:10,319 --> 00:01:13,039
Speaker 3: They're the kind of deals that are really worth talking about,

23
00:01:13,560 --> 00:01:16,360
Speaker 3: like their deal in the new Samsung Galaxy Z flip six.

24
00:01:16,760 --> 00:01:19,600
Speaker 3: With this deal, you can trade in your eligible smartphone,

25
00:01:19,680 --> 00:01:22,960
Speaker 3: any year, any condition for a new Samsung Galaxy Z

26
00:01:23,080 --> 00:01:23,680
Speaker 3: flip six.

27
00:01:24,120 --> 00:01:26,160
Speaker 4: It's so good, in fact, it will have.

28
00:01:26,280 --> 00:01:30,640
Speaker 2: You shouting from the rooftops. So get yourself down a

29
00:01:30,640 --> 00:01:33,360
Speaker 2: street level and learn how to snag the new Samsung

30
00:01:33,400 --> 00:01:36,880
Speaker 2: Galaxy Z flip six on AT and T and maybe

31
00:01:36,880 --> 00:01:39,320
Speaker 2: grab a ladder on the way home. AT and T

32
00:01:39,720 --> 00:01:44,119
Speaker 2: connecting changes everything requires trade in a Galaxy s Note

33
00:01:44,200 --> 00:01:46,960
Speaker 2: or Z series smartphone, Limited time offer two hundred and

34
00:01:46,959 --> 00:01:49,880
Speaker 2: fifty six gigabytes for zero dollars. Additional fees, terms and

35
00:01:49,920 --> 00:01:53,360
Speaker 2: restrictions apply. See att dot com, slash Samsung, or visit

36
00:01:53,400 --> 00:01:56,960
Speaker 2: an AT and T store for details.

37
00:02:06,040 --> 00:02:08,680
Speaker 1: Hey, Orge, would you say that you have good taste

38
00:02:08,720 --> 00:02:09,280
Speaker 1: in movies?

39
00:02:09,639 --> 00:02:11,320
Speaker 4: I don't know if I have good taste in movies,

40
00:02:11,360 --> 00:02:13,120
Speaker 4: but I feel like I like what I like.

41
00:02:13,320 --> 00:02:14,960
Speaker 1: But does that mean that you think those movies like

42
00:02:15,360 --> 00:02:17,120
Speaker 1: taste good? I mean, what does it mean to have

43
00:02:17,160 --> 00:02:18,760
Speaker 1: good taste in movies?

44
00:02:18,960 --> 00:02:20,720
Speaker 4: You mean, like if I ate a movie.

45
00:02:20,520 --> 00:02:24,080
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. Like are certain movies like delicious or like,

46
00:02:24,320 --> 00:02:25,639
Speaker 1: you know, hard to swallow?

47
00:02:25,840 --> 00:02:28,840
Speaker 4: I think some plot lines are definitely hard to swallow. Yeah,

48
00:02:28,880 --> 00:02:31,000
Speaker 4: but it's kind of an interesting question that you asked me.

49
00:02:31,200 --> 00:02:33,640
Speaker 4: You're still of asking me, like, how can a movie taste?

50
00:02:33,840 --> 00:02:36,400
Speaker 4: Or how can somebody have good taste in music?

51
00:02:36,639 --> 00:02:38,760
Speaker 1: Yeah? Exactly, Like why do we use the word taste

52
00:02:38,760 --> 00:02:43,440
Speaker 1: to describe how we choose art or clothing or you know,

53
00:02:43,600 --> 00:02:46,240
Speaker 1: living room furniture. It's not like you're gonna eat that stuff.

54
00:02:46,600 --> 00:02:50,040
Speaker 4: Well, it's probably just kind of a poetic analogy.

55
00:02:49,560 --> 00:02:51,880
Speaker 1: You know, right, it's a little bit of poetry. Right,

56
00:02:51,960 --> 00:02:54,920
Speaker 1: We're saying, here's something we can't really describe, and we're

57
00:02:54,960 --> 00:03:11,760
Speaker 1: going to relate it to something we can describe.

58
00:03:13,240 --> 00:03:16,720
Speaker 4: Hi'm Horehem, a cartoonist and the creator of PhD comics.

59
00:03:16,800 --> 00:03:20,360
Speaker 1: Hi I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist. I smash stuff

60
00:03:20,360 --> 00:03:23,200
Speaker 1: together at the large Hadron Collider to try to figure

61
00:03:23,200 --> 00:03:24,800
Speaker 1: out what the world is made out of.

62
00:03:25,000 --> 00:03:27,720
Speaker 4: And you are a listener with really good taste because

63
00:03:27,800 --> 00:03:31,000
Speaker 4: you are listening to our podcast. Daniel and Jorge explain

64
00:03:31,080 --> 00:03:34,160
Speaker 4: the Universe, a production of iHeartRadio.

65
00:03:33,720 --> 00:03:37,400
Speaker 1: The most delicious podcast in the whole universe. But seriously,

66
00:03:37,920 --> 00:03:40,280
Speaker 1: our goal on this podcast really is to take the

67
00:03:40,400 --> 00:03:43,000
Speaker 1: universe and slice it into bite sized pieces so you

68
00:03:43,040 --> 00:03:46,400
Speaker 1: can chew them one at a time and really digest each.

69
00:03:46,280 --> 00:03:51,400
Speaker 4: One, bite size installments of knowledge for your ears, taste buds.

70
00:03:51,800 --> 00:03:53,960
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. We want you to really be able to

71
00:03:54,000 --> 00:03:57,360
Speaker 1: incorporate these ideas into your brain. Right, this is something

72
00:03:57,400 --> 00:03:59,120
Speaker 1: you don't just swallow it like a pill. We want

73
00:03:59,160 --> 00:04:01,640
Speaker 1: you to really, you know, take some time, chew it,

74
00:04:02,120 --> 00:04:05,120
Speaker 1: enjoy it, gave understand like the top notes and the

75
00:04:05,120 --> 00:04:06,720
Speaker 1: back notes and the I don't even know what I'm

76
00:04:06,760 --> 00:04:09,200
Speaker 1: talking about here when it comes to names of their

77
00:04:09,280 --> 00:04:10,040
Speaker 1: various tastes.

78
00:04:10,200 --> 00:04:12,800
Speaker 4: Take your phone or whatever you're using to listen to

79
00:04:12,840 --> 00:04:14,840
Speaker 4: this and kind of swirl it around a little bit,

80
00:04:14,880 --> 00:04:17,120
Speaker 4: you know, let this podcast errate a little bit.

81
00:04:17,240 --> 00:04:20,040
Speaker 1: Hey, I think this podcast has legs for tasting. That's

82
00:04:20,040 --> 00:04:22,279
Speaker 1: what they say about wine. You swirl it around and

83
00:04:22,320 --> 00:04:23,640
Speaker 1: you look to see if it has legs.

84
00:04:24,000 --> 00:04:26,599
Speaker 4: Oh, I don't drink that much wine.

85
00:04:26,640 --> 00:04:28,200
Speaker 1: Well, I'm also complimenting your legs.

86
00:04:28,279 --> 00:04:29,839
Speaker 4: Orge, Hey, did shave them this morning?

87
00:04:30,560 --> 00:04:33,000
Speaker 1: What I didn't want to hear that nobody wanted to

88
00:04:33,000 --> 00:04:35,560
Speaker 1: hear that nobody wants to mint. Well, maybe some people

89
00:04:35,560 --> 00:04:37,479
Speaker 1: out there do want a mental image of Jorge shaving

90
00:04:37,520 --> 00:04:37,920
Speaker 1: his legs.

91
00:04:38,120 --> 00:04:41,080
Speaker 4: But I think the point is that there are words

92
00:04:41,120 --> 00:04:46,080
Speaker 4: that physicists use sometimes describe physical phenomenon that is kind

93
00:04:46,080 --> 00:04:50,360
Speaker 4: of weird to use, right, It's kind of it's kind

94
00:04:50,360 --> 00:04:53,960
Speaker 4: of like they're used for other things in the English language.

95
00:04:54,160 --> 00:04:56,159
Speaker 1: Yeah, and we've talked about that a few times on

96
00:04:56,200 --> 00:04:59,000
Speaker 1: this podcast. Recently, we did a whole podcast about spin

97
00:04:59,360 --> 00:05:02,279
Speaker 1: in which you rightly insisted that we should have called

98
00:05:02,279 --> 00:05:05,760
Speaker 1: it like spin, because it's not spin. It's like spin.

99
00:05:06,520 --> 00:05:09,200
Speaker 1: But there's an important point there that we're sort of extrapolating.

100
00:05:09,240 --> 00:05:13,040
Speaker 1: We're saying, here's something weird and unknown, but it's sort

101
00:05:13,040 --> 00:05:15,520
Speaker 1: of similar in interesting ways to this thing we do know,

102
00:05:15,880 --> 00:05:17,720
Speaker 1: and so let's give it that name so we can

103
00:05:17,760 --> 00:05:19,440
Speaker 1: associate these two ideas in our head.

104
00:05:19,720 --> 00:05:22,880
Speaker 4: Yeah, I am a grumpy person when it comes to nomenclature,

105
00:05:23,160 --> 00:05:25,880
Speaker 4: to naming things. I'll take that mantle.

106
00:05:26,000 --> 00:05:27,960
Speaker 1: I've heard you do this yourself about your own work.

107
00:05:28,120 --> 00:05:30,279
Speaker 1: What do you mean Sometimes you introduce your comic and

108
00:05:30,320 --> 00:05:32,560
Speaker 1: if somebody if you don't get that flash of recognition

109
00:05:32,640 --> 00:05:37,320
Speaker 1: you say, oh, PhD comics. It's like Dilbert but for academia.

110
00:05:37,520 --> 00:05:41,240
Speaker 4: Yeah and yeah, I think analogies are useful in the

111
00:05:41,720 --> 00:05:43,880
Speaker 4: English language, and that's why I use the word like.

112
00:05:46,520 --> 00:05:49,600
Speaker 1: But we relean on these heavily in physics. I mean,

113
00:05:49,640 --> 00:05:51,080
Speaker 1: when we talk about things.

114
00:05:50,880 --> 00:05:53,520
Speaker 4: Being particles, metaphors or analogies metaphors.

115
00:05:53,800 --> 00:05:56,920
Speaker 1: Yeah, and I would admit that we often use metaphors

116
00:05:56,960 --> 00:05:59,960
Speaker 1: when we should be using analogies. But that's basically all

117
00:06:00,160 --> 00:06:02,320
Speaker 1: we do. You know, in physics we try to describe

118
00:06:02,640 --> 00:06:05,440
Speaker 1: the unknown. And what can you do when you describe

119
00:06:05,440 --> 00:06:08,520
Speaker 1: the unknown except related to the known? Right, So you're like,

120
00:06:08,560 --> 00:06:10,320
Speaker 1: what is a particle? Like, it's kind of like a

121
00:06:10,320 --> 00:06:12,919
Speaker 1: little spinning ball. Oh, it's kind of like a wave.

122
00:06:13,400 --> 00:06:15,280
Speaker 1: You know, how does this thing work? It's kind of

123
00:06:15,320 --> 00:06:18,480
Speaker 1: like this other thing. And that's the job of physics

124
00:06:18,520 --> 00:06:21,480
Speaker 1: is to say, here's all these weird, disparate phenomena. Can

125
00:06:21,520 --> 00:06:25,040
Speaker 1: we describe them using similar ideas? So there's this you know,

126
00:06:25,080 --> 00:06:27,240
Speaker 1: there's a good intention there. It's not like physics is

127
00:06:27,360 --> 00:06:30,279
Speaker 1: trying to deceive people by saying this has spinned and

128
00:06:30,320 --> 00:06:32,560
Speaker 1: this is a particle and it has this flavor. We're

129
00:06:32,560 --> 00:06:34,760
Speaker 1: doing our best to try to connect these things to

130
00:06:34,839 --> 00:06:36,480
Speaker 1: ideas that are already in your head to make them

131
00:06:36,520 --> 00:06:37,599
Speaker 1: easier to understand.

132
00:06:37,680 --> 00:06:40,120
Speaker 4: And so today on the podcast, we'll be talking about

133
00:06:45,600 --> 00:06:46,960
Speaker 4: what do quarks taste like?

134
00:06:47,160 --> 00:06:49,760
Speaker 1: That's right, what do quarks taste like? And what do

135
00:06:49,800 --> 00:06:53,279
Speaker 1: they look like? Because in particle physics, we describe quarks

136
00:06:53,320 --> 00:06:57,280
Speaker 1: as having flavor, and we also describe them as having color,

137
00:06:57,960 --> 00:07:00,479
Speaker 1: And so you might be wondering, like, what, but how

138
00:07:00,480 --> 00:07:02,800
Speaker 1: does a tiny little particle have like a color or

139
00:07:02,839 --> 00:07:05,680
Speaker 1: a flavor? Like can you taste one particle at a time?

140
00:07:05,760 --> 00:07:08,440
Speaker 1: What does that really mean? These guys being literal, are

141
00:07:08,440 --> 00:07:12,880
Speaker 1: they being metaphorical? Are they being analogical? What's the word there?

142
00:07:13,280 --> 00:07:16,160
Speaker 4: Yeah, poetic? You know, wrong?

143
00:07:16,400 --> 00:07:19,040
Speaker 1: Perhaps there you go, and we will be open to

144
00:07:19,040 --> 00:07:22,520
Speaker 1: the possibility that physics has taken too many liberties in

145
00:07:22,680 --> 00:07:25,360
Speaker 1: bending the English language to describe what we've learned.

146
00:07:25,440 --> 00:07:27,400
Speaker 4: Yeah. So, and there are a lot of examples like

147
00:07:27,440 --> 00:07:31,480
Speaker 4: this in physics, right, especially particle physics, because you're dealing

148
00:07:31,520 --> 00:07:34,400
Speaker 4: with some pretty weird and unknown things.

149
00:07:34,520 --> 00:07:36,720
Speaker 1: Yeah, we basically always have to do that when we're

150
00:07:36,760 --> 00:07:40,400
Speaker 1: describing these tiny, little weird things. We call particles. We're

151
00:07:40,440 --> 00:07:42,760
Speaker 1: always relying on things that we understand, even the whole

152
00:07:42,760 --> 00:07:45,360
Speaker 1: idea of a field, you know, like we've talked about

153
00:07:45,400 --> 00:07:48,679
Speaker 1: quantum fields and lectum magnetic fields. You know, you're relying

154
00:07:48,720 --> 00:07:53,840
Speaker 1: on your understanding of how these things work. You know,

155
00:07:53,880 --> 00:07:56,280
Speaker 1: a field in general, it's like I imagine like a

156
00:07:56,480 --> 00:07:58,400
Speaker 1: field of wheat or a field of grass, you know,

157
00:07:58,520 --> 00:08:02,160
Speaker 1: like thinking about how things change over a plane. So

158
00:08:02,480 --> 00:08:05,760
Speaker 1: everything we do basically is some sort of poetic or

159
00:08:05,840 --> 00:08:08,040
Speaker 1: non poetic extension of the English language.

160
00:08:08,080 --> 00:08:11,760
Speaker 4: Today were in particular talking about quarks, right, because quarks

161
00:08:11,800 --> 00:08:16,600
Speaker 4: have both color, flavor, and spin. But they actually don't

162
00:08:16,640 --> 00:08:18,520
Speaker 4: have neither color, flavor nor spin.

163
00:08:19,440 --> 00:08:21,880
Speaker 1: They have like flavor, like color, and like spin.

164
00:08:22,280 --> 00:08:26,080
Speaker 4: There you go, Yeah, there you go. Podcast done, Podcast over.

165
00:08:26,760 --> 00:08:28,720
Speaker 1: No, we're going to dig into exactly what that means.

166
00:08:29,000 --> 00:08:32,040
Speaker 1: But I was curious what people thought. So I went

167
00:08:32,040 --> 00:08:34,640
Speaker 1: around the campus a UC Irvine and I asked people. First,

168
00:08:34,679 --> 00:08:36,600
Speaker 1: I asked them, hey, have you heard of a quark?

169
00:08:37,280 --> 00:08:39,959
Speaker 1: And most people you'll you'll hear their responses. But if

170
00:08:39,960 --> 00:08:42,240
Speaker 1: they hadn't, I asked them, well, would you believe me

171
00:08:42,600 --> 00:08:45,199
Speaker 1: if I told you that these tiny particles had flavor?

172
00:08:45,280 --> 00:08:45,760
Speaker 1: Or color.

173
00:08:46,400 --> 00:08:48,440
Speaker 4: Wait, if they had heard of them, you would ask

174
00:08:48,480 --> 00:08:50,800
Speaker 4: them if they knew that they had flavors.

175
00:08:50,880 --> 00:08:52,840
Speaker 1: That's right, if they if they had heard of them.

176
00:08:52,880 --> 00:08:55,160
Speaker 1: I asked them if they knew about quark flavor and color.

177
00:08:55,320 --> 00:08:57,520
Speaker 1: If they hadn't, I said, would you believe me if

178
00:08:57,559 --> 00:08:59,640
Speaker 1: I told you that they had flavors and colors?

179
00:09:00,080 --> 00:09:01,679
Speaker 4: Like a multi part question here? All right?

180
00:09:02,000 --> 00:09:04,800
Speaker 1: Yeah? Otherwise it was just too short a conversation. Have

181
00:09:04,840 --> 00:09:05,520
Speaker 1: you heard of quarks?

182
00:09:05,600 --> 00:09:05,680
Speaker 5: No?

183
00:09:06,040 --> 00:09:07,040
Speaker 1: All right, well, there you go.

184
00:09:07,160 --> 00:09:09,280
Speaker 4: Those of you listening, maybe take a second to think

185
00:09:09,320 --> 00:09:11,199
Speaker 4: about if somebody approach you on the street and ask

186
00:09:11,280 --> 00:09:14,720
Speaker 4: you what a quarks taste like, or what's their flavor

187
00:09:14,840 --> 00:09:18,000
Speaker 4: or color? What would you answer? Here's what people had

188
00:09:18,000 --> 00:09:18,560
Speaker 4: to say.

189
00:09:18,960 --> 00:09:20,720
Speaker 1: Have you heard of quarks? Do you know what quarks are?

190
00:09:21,720 --> 00:09:25,560
Speaker 1: I've heard of them. They're supposed to have colors and flavors.

191
00:09:25,600 --> 00:09:27,440
Speaker 1: Do you know what quark colors and flavors means?

192
00:09:28,360 --> 00:09:31,200
Speaker 4: No, quork is a delightful like yogurt y kind of

193
00:09:31,200 --> 00:09:33,160
Speaker 4: a thing. So that's the first thing that I thought of.

194
00:09:33,600 --> 00:09:35,760
Speaker 1: What the question is, do you know what quark flavors are?

195
00:09:36,760 --> 00:09:37,080
Speaker 5: Wow?

196
00:09:37,800 --> 00:09:42,080
Speaker 1: You're not talking strawberry blueberry? For the yogurt. I have

197
00:09:42,160 --> 00:09:43,440
Speaker 1: heard of quark flavors.

198
00:09:43,760 --> 00:09:46,880
Speaker 4: Yes, I have heard of quarks another thing, don't know

199
00:09:46,920 --> 00:09:47,440
Speaker 4: what they are.

200
00:09:47,600 --> 00:09:51,120
Speaker 1: Did you know that quarks come in different colors and flavors? No?

201
00:09:51,600 --> 00:09:54,320
Speaker 4: I wish I could say yes, but I don't have.

202
00:09:54,440 --> 00:09:55,319
Speaker 1: Heard of them.

203
00:09:55,720 --> 00:09:57,360
Speaker 4: What no quirky people.

204
00:09:58,040 --> 00:10:00,000
Speaker 1: Did you know that quarks, the fundamental particles, come in

205
00:10:00,040 --> 00:10:01,120
Speaker 1: different flavors and colors.

206
00:10:01,920 --> 00:10:05,160
Speaker 4: I had also heard that, but I can't believe I

207
00:10:05,160 --> 00:10:05,440
Speaker 4: did not.

208
00:10:06,000 --> 00:10:08,840
Speaker 6: All right, great, Yeah, they're one of the parts of

209
00:10:09,960 --> 00:10:11,760
Speaker 6: protons and neutrons, right.

210
00:10:11,840 --> 00:10:14,160
Speaker 1: Did you know that they come in different colors and flavors?

211
00:10:15,160 --> 00:10:18,120
Speaker 1: Can you explain that? Do they really taste and look different?

212
00:10:18,320 --> 00:10:20,920
Speaker 6: No, it's just a way that it's describe, and there's

213
00:10:21,000 --> 00:10:23,600
Speaker 6: up and down, and I don't really understand too much

214
00:10:23,640 --> 00:10:24,240
Speaker 6: how that works.

215
00:10:24,320 --> 00:10:26,400
Speaker 4: I would have a hard time believing that because as

216
00:10:26,400 --> 00:10:28,080
Speaker 4: far as I know, we don't really see.

217
00:10:27,880 --> 00:10:30,160
Speaker 1: The quantum mechanic goal side of.

218
00:10:30,160 --> 00:10:32,199
Speaker 4: The world, so I don't know how that would work exactly.

219
00:10:32,400 --> 00:10:36,560
Speaker 4: All right, A pretty delicious set of answers there.

220
00:10:36,920 --> 00:10:40,319
Speaker 1: That's right. Yeah. I was amazed to learn that there

221
00:10:40,360 --> 00:10:44,200
Speaker 1: actually is a European yogurt product called quark that does

222
00:10:44,280 --> 00:10:45,440
Speaker 1: come in various flavors.

223
00:10:45,720 --> 00:10:46,360
Speaker 4: Is that true?

224
00:10:46,600 --> 00:10:48,880
Speaker 1: That is true. I verified that via Google.

225
00:10:49,120 --> 00:10:51,439
Speaker 4: Well, technically that yogurt probably does have a lot of

226
00:10:51,480 --> 00:10:51,959
Speaker 4: quarks in.

227
00:10:51,920 --> 00:10:54,240
Speaker 1: It, that's true. We should relabel everything in the grocery

228
00:10:54,240 --> 00:10:55,439
Speaker 1: store as mostly.

229
00:10:55,200 --> 00:10:56,800
Speaker 4: Quarks, quarks and electrons.

230
00:10:57,120 --> 00:10:58,960
Speaker 1: Is that going to be a part of physics food company?

231
00:10:59,040 --> 00:11:01,160
Speaker 1: Quarks and electrons? Yum, yum, yum.

232
00:11:01,200 --> 00:11:02,680
Speaker 4: That's right, you can put it. You can have a

233
00:11:02,720 --> 00:11:05,920
Speaker 4: patent for pretty much anything, and you would dominate the

234
00:11:06,080 --> 00:11:07,240
Speaker 4: entire global economy.

235
00:11:07,320 --> 00:11:09,839
Speaker 1: That's true, And that's something I think most people haven't

236
00:11:10,080 --> 00:11:12,760
Speaker 1: really gotten their minds around the fact that everything they

237
00:11:12,760 --> 00:11:15,280
Speaker 1: eat is just made out of the same particles, and

238
00:11:15,320 --> 00:11:17,560
Speaker 1: it's made out of the same particles in basically the

239
00:11:17,600 --> 00:11:20,760
Speaker 1: same numbers. You know, you have a spoonful of yogurt,

240
00:11:20,960 --> 00:11:23,120
Speaker 1: and you have a spoonful of I don't know what's

241
00:11:23,120 --> 00:11:27,200
Speaker 1: something healthy, ice cream or lentils or whatever. Then it

242
00:11:27,280 --> 00:11:30,040
Speaker 1: has the same particles in it, they're just arranged differently.

243
00:11:30,480 --> 00:11:34,200
Speaker 1: So the thingness that you're eating, the yumminess or the grossness,

244
00:11:34,360 --> 00:11:36,640
Speaker 1: comes entirely from how those particles are put together, not

245
00:11:36,720 --> 00:11:40,280
Speaker 1: what they're actually made out of, which endlessly fascinates me

246
00:11:40,600 --> 00:11:43,480
Speaker 1: that was a bit of a digression. Sorry, But onto

247
00:11:43,480 --> 00:11:46,800
Speaker 1: the topic of quarks being tasty. Maybe we should first

248
00:11:46,800 --> 00:11:49,640
Speaker 1: remind people what a quark is and where it sits

249
00:11:49,679 --> 00:11:52,280
Speaker 1: in the sort of hierarchy of particles, and then dig

250
00:11:52,320 --> 00:11:53,920
Speaker 1: into their flavors and colors.

251
00:11:54,000 --> 00:11:56,320
Speaker 4: All right, Yeah, so let's break it down for people,

252
00:11:56,440 --> 00:11:58,640
Speaker 4: or remind them what is a quarked anyone?

253
00:11:58,679 --> 00:12:01,200
Speaker 1: It's a delicious European o gret apparently, all right?

254
00:12:01,240 --> 00:12:03,160
Speaker 4: And what flavors does it come in? And what color

255
00:12:03,240 --> 00:12:05,880
Speaker 4: is it?

256
00:12:05,880 --> 00:12:09,080
Speaker 1: It comes in strawberry and blueberry. No, A quark is,

257
00:12:09,400 --> 00:12:12,480
Speaker 1: as far as we know, a fundamental particle, right, So

258
00:12:12,520 --> 00:12:14,720
Speaker 1: if you look at the stuff around you, then you

259
00:12:14,760 --> 00:12:16,960
Speaker 1: know stuff is made out of atoms, elements of the

260
00:12:16,960 --> 00:12:19,839
Speaker 1: periodic table. You dig into those atoms of courses. A

261
00:12:19,920 --> 00:12:23,760
Speaker 1: nucleus surrounded by electrons, and inside the nucleus are protons

262
00:12:23,800 --> 00:12:28,160
Speaker 1: and neutrons, right, protons being positively charged and neutrons being neutral.

263
00:12:28,320 --> 00:12:31,040
Speaker 1: But inside the protons and neutrons are these particles we

264
00:12:31,120 --> 00:12:33,800
Speaker 1: call quarks. And there's either two up quarks and a

265
00:12:33,880 --> 00:12:36,559
Speaker 1: down or two down quarks and an up, and that

266
00:12:36,679 --> 00:12:39,959
Speaker 1: gives you protons and neutrons. So even the smallest level,

267
00:12:40,240 --> 00:12:42,080
Speaker 1: everything is made out of these little pieces that are

268
00:12:42,160 --> 00:12:44,920
Speaker 1: arranged differently. The same basic building blocks can give you

269
00:12:44,960 --> 00:12:47,960
Speaker 1: protons or neutrons. You're just sort of different numbers of

270
00:12:47,960 --> 00:12:49,439
Speaker 1: the stuff and arrange differently.

271
00:12:49,280 --> 00:12:51,160
Speaker 4: Right, Because I think most of us learn about the

272
00:12:51,240 --> 00:12:54,120
Speaker 4: atom in high school, right, and we learn that there's

273
00:12:55,080 --> 00:12:58,559
Speaker 4: little nucleus with protons and neutrons and then little electrons

274
00:12:58,600 --> 00:13:02,480
Speaker 4: flying around them. But the thing you're saying is that

275
00:13:02,760 --> 00:13:05,400
Speaker 4: those things inside the nucleus are not actually things. They're

276
00:13:05,480 --> 00:13:08,360
Speaker 4: just kind of configurations of smaller things.

277
00:13:08,440 --> 00:13:10,280
Speaker 1: Yeah, well, there are things in the same level that

278
00:13:10,320 --> 00:13:12,720
Speaker 1: you're a thing, right, You're a thing, and your configurations

279
00:13:12,720 --> 00:13:15,360
Speaker 1: of smaller things, and those smaller things are configuration of

280
00:13:15,400 --> 00:13:17,880
Speaker 1: smaller things, and on and on and on until we

281
00:13:17,920 --> 00:13:19,679
Speaker 1: don't know when. In the end, everything is made out

282
00:13:19,679 --> 00:13:21,959
Speaker 1: of these particles and there really are the fundamental building

283
00:13:22,040 --> 00:13:24,640
Speaker 1: blocks of Like all the matter you've seen, all the

284
00:13:24,679 --> 00:13:26,920
Speaker 1: matter you've tasted, all the things you see in the

285
00:13:27,000 --> 00:13:29,520
Speaker 1: night sky. You know those stars out there, and they're

286
00:13:29,520 --> 00:13:32,680
Speaker 1: made mostly out of quarks. The planet under your feet

287
00:13:32,720 --> 00:13:34,960
Speaker 1: is made mostly out of quarks. Your hand that you're

288
00:13:35,000 --> 00:13:36,880
Speaker 1: looking at right now is made mostly out of quarks.

289
00:13:36,880 --> 00:13:39,200
Speaker 1: The brain you're using to hear this podcast is made

290
00:13:39,200 --> 00:13:42,840
Speaker 1: mostly out of quarks, but two quarks, in particular upquarks

291
00:13:42,880 --> 00:13:43,800
Speaker 1: and down quarks.

292
00:13:44,120 --> 00:13:46,520
Speaker 4: And they are, as far as you know, the fundamental

293
00:13:46,520 --> 00:13:48,160
Speaker 4: in the sense that you as far as you know,

294
00:13:48,240 --> 00:13:50,600
Speaker 4: you can't split them any further, or they're not made

295
00:13:50,640 --> 00:13:53,040
Speaker 4: out of even smaller things themselves.

296
00:13:53,160 --> 00:13:55,280
Speaker 1: That's right, as far as we know, but that's mostly

297
00:13:55,360 --> 00:13:57,920
Speaker 1: because we don't have enough power to break them further.

298
00:13:58,400 --> 00:14:00,360
Speaker 1: And you know, there's an interesting bit of history that

299
00:14:00,600 --> 00:14:03,080
Speaker 1: for a long time people thought protons and neutrons were

300
00:14:03,080 --> 00:14:06,000
Speaker 1: fundamental particles. They were the smallest things we had found yet.

301
00:14:06,520 --> 00:14:09,360
Speaker 1: And then people came up with an idea that there

302
00:14:09,440 --> 00:14:12,200
Speaker 1: might be particles inside the protons and neutrons, and you know,

303
00:14:12,200 --> 00:14:14,439
Speaker 1: they call them quarks. But inside the field, there was

304
00:14:14,480 --> 00:14:17,600
Speaker 1: a debate for a long time about whether quarks were real, like,

305
00:14:18,040 --> 00:14:19,920
Speaker 1: you know, are they really there or is it just

306
00:14:19,960 --> 00:14:22,720
Speaker 1: something we use in our calculations that helps us figure

307
00:14:22,760 --> 00:14:24,880
Speaker 1: out how the math works. And they're sort of a

308
00:14:24,920 --> 00:14:27,320
Speaker 1: lively debate for a while until you know, we actually

309
00:14:27,320 --> 00:14:30,440
Speaker 1: saw quarks by breaking open the proton and interacting with

310
00:14:30,480 --> 00:14:31,520
Speaker 1: them directly.

311
00:14:31,240 --> 00:14:34,000
Speaker 4: Right, But you don't actually see the quarks, right, Like,

312
00:14:34,040 --> 00:14:37,080
Speaker 4: you don't detect the quarks, you detect what they turn

313
00:14:37,160 --> 00:14:38,800
Speaker 4: into or what they break into.

314
00:14:38,920 --> 00:14:42,680
Speaker 1: That's right. Quarks by themselves don't hang out very long.

315
00:14:42,760 --> 00:14:46,480
Speaker 1: They have such powerful forces, the strong nuclear force, that

316
00:14:46,520 --> 00:14:48,720
Speaker 1: they gather other stuff around them very very quickly, So

317
00:14:48,760 --> 00:14:51,160
Speaker 1: you almost never see In fact, you never see a

318
00:14:51,200 --> 00:14:54,360
Speaker 1: free qrk a naked cork just by itself. It very

319
00:14:54,400 --> 00:14:57,280
Speaker 1: quickly just grabs energy out of the vacuum and dresses

320
00:14:57,320 --> 00:14:58,560
Speaker 1: itself up. But they're very shy.

321
00:14:58,640 --> 00:15:00,320
Speaker 4: Who wants a bunch of physicists to see than they

322
00:15:00,320 --> 00:15:02,240
Speaker 4: ca it? I mean, I think a lot of people

323
00:15:02,240 --> 00:15:02,600
Speaker 4: can really.

324
00:15:03,040 --> 00:15:05,200
Speaker 1: Oh, I won't answer that question. I'm not qualified to

325
00:15:05,400 --> 00:15:06,200
Speaker 1: speak to that question.

326
00:15:06,520 --> 00:15:08,960
Speaker 4: So you've never seen a qure by itself. You mostly

327
00:15:09,000 --> 00:15:11,600
Speaker 4: see the bits of it. But from your theory you

328
00:15:11,640 --> 00:15:15,360
Speaker 4: can piece together that at some point in that shower

329
00:15:15,480 --> 00:15:18,200
Speaker 4: of stuff there a quark existed.

330
00:15:18,480 --> 00:15:21,720
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. And also on the other side, remember we're

331
00:15:21,760 --> 00:15:24,480
Speaker 1: colliding protons. So when we start out, we collide protons,

332
00:15:24,520 --> 00:15:27,280
Speaker 1: but protons are basically just bags of quarks, and we

333
00:15:27,320 --> 00:15:30,680
Speaker 1: speed them up so much that what's actually interacting are

334
00:15:30,720 --> 00:15:34,960
Speaker 1: the quarks inside the proton because the energy of the quark,

335
00:15:35,120 --> 00:15:37,320
Speaker 1: the energy the quarks have when they're moving in the beams,

336
00:15:37,400 --> 00:15:39,880
Speaker 1: is much much bigger than the energy that's holding the

337
00:15:39,920 --> 00:15:43,040
Speaker 1: proton together. So you can basically just disregard that. So

338
00:15:43,080 --> 00:15:44,920
Speaker 1: on one hand, you can think of the large Hadron

339
00:15:45,000 --> 00:15:47,800
Speaker 1: collider as a proton collider, but really we think of

340
00:15:47,840 --> 00:15:50,520
Speaker 1: it as a quark collider because it's colliding these bags

341
00:15:50,560 --> 00:15:52,840
Speaker 1: of quarks against each other. So while we've never like

342
00:15:53,200 --> 00:15:55,960
Speaker 1: individually seen a quark by itself, we have a lot

343
00:15:56,000 --> 00:15:58,040
Speaker 1: of pretty direct evidence that they do exist.

344
00:15:58,080 --> 00:16:01,400
Speaker 4: So you're telling me you even name your own machines wrong,

345
00:16:03,200 --> 00:16:05,520
Speaker 4: like your your machine should have been called the large

346
00:16:05,680 --> 00:16:06,480
Speaker 4: QUARKI we.

347
00:16:06,520 --> 00:16:08,640
Speaker 1: Need you, man, I keep telling you we need you

348
00:16:08,720 --> 00:16:10,680
Speaker 1: on these committees for the name because some of.

349
00:16:11,000 --> 00:16:13,200
Speaker 4: My services are available for a fee.

350
00:16:14,360 --> 00:16:15,800
Speaker 1: I'll put you in the budget next time.

351
00:16:16,200 --> 00:16:19,800
Speaker 4: Namer that's my name, or scientist.

352
00:16:20,960 --> 00:16:25,320
Speaker 1: What you just named yourself the namer? If you're that good,

353
00:16:25,800 --> 00:16:27,320
Speaker 1: if you're gonna be the I mean, it's direct. I

354
00:16:27,400 --> 00:16:29,160
Speaker 1: like it, it's simple. But if you're going to go

355
00:16:29,240 --> 00:16:31,200
Speaker 1: for like I'm in charge of naming stuff for physics,

356
00:16:31,240 --> 00:16:33,120
Speaker 1: you've got to be a little more creative than that, right,

357
00:16:33,640 --> 00:16:34,960
Speaker 1: his grand naminess.

358
00:16:35,040 --> 00:16:36,760
Speaker 4: It's simple and direct. That's what I keep what I

359
00:16:36,840 --> 00:16:41,520
Speaker 4: keep telling you guys, you need to be not poetic

360
00:16:42,320 --> 00:16:44,800
Speaker 4: the namer of particles.

361
00:16:45,120 --> 00:16:47,080
Speaker 1: No poetic flourish is allowed here. Huh.

362
00:16:47,120 --> 00:16:50,280
Speaker 4: Well, so let's get into what a cork tastes like

363
00:16:50,440 --> 00:16:53,400
Speaker 4: or what a quirk looks like. But first let's take

364
00:16:53,440 --> 00:16:54,120
Speaker 4: a quick break.

365
00:16:58,680 --> 00:17:01,600
Speaker 1: With big wireless providers, what you see is never what

366
00:17:01,720 --> 00:17:04,400
Speaker 1: you get. Somewhere between the store and your first month's bill,

367
00:17:04,440 --> 00:17:07,480
Speaker 1: the price, your thoughts you were paying magically skyrockets. With

368
00:17:07,600 --> 00:17:11,040
Speaker 1: mint Mobile, You'll never have to worry about gotcha's ever again.

369
00:17:11,119 --> 00:17:13,359
Speaker 1: When Mint Mobile says fifteen dollars a month for a

370
00:17:13,359 --> 00:17:16,200
Speaker 1: three month plan, they really mean it. I've used mint

371
00:17:16,200 --> 00:17:18,680
Speaker 1: Mobile and the call quality is always so crisp and

372
00:17:18,760 --> 00:17:21,200
Speaker 1: so clear. I can recommend it to you. So say

373
00:17:21,200 --> 00:17:24,439
Speaker 1: bye bye to your overpriced wireless plans, jaw dropping monthly

374
00:17:24,520 --> 00:17:27,600
Speaker 1: bills and unexpected overages. You can use your own phone

375
00:17:27,680 --> 00:17:30,160
Speaker 1: with any mint Mobile plan and bring your phone number

376
00:17:30,280 --> 00:17:33,560
Speaker 1: along with your existing contacts. So dit your overpriced wireless

377
00:17:33,560 --> 00:17:35,960
Speaker 1: with mint Mobiles deal and get three months a premium

378
00:17:36,000 --> 00:17:38,439
Speaker 1: wireless service for fifteen bucks a month. To get this

379
00:17:38,480 --> 00:17:40,920
Speaker 1: new customer offer and your new three month premium wireless

380
00:17:40,920 --> 00:17:42,640
Speaker 1: plan for just fifteen bucks a month, go to mint

381
00:17:42,680 --> 00:17:46,479
Speaker 1: mobile dot com slash universe. That's mintmobile dot com slash universe.

382
00:17:46,480 --> 00:17:48,479
Speaker 1: Cut your wireless bill to fifteen bucks a month. At

383
00:17:48,480 --> 00:17:51,639
Speaker 1: mintmobile dot com slash Universe. Forty five dollars upfront payment

384
00:17:51,640 --> 00:17:54,359
Speaker 1: required equivalent to fifteen dollars per month new customers on

385
00:17:54,400 --> 00:17:57,240
Speaker 1: first three month plan only speeds slower about forty gigabytes

386
00:17:57,240 --> 00:18:00,240
Speaker 1: on unlimited plan. Additional taxi speeds and restrictions apply. Mint

387
00:18:00,240 --> 00:18:01,240
Speaker 1: Mobile for details.

388
00:18:01,400 --> 00:18:04,480
Speaker 7: AI might be the most important new computer technology ever.

389
00:18:04,720 --> 00:18:07,919
Speaker 7: It's storming every industry and literally billions of dollars are

390
00:18:07,960 --> 00:18:12,160
Speaker 7: being invested, so buckle up. The problem is that AI

391
00:18:12,280 --> 00:18:15,120
Speaker 7: needs a lot of speed and processing power. So how

392
00:18:15,119 --> 00:18:18,280
Speaker 7: do you compete without cost spiraling out of control. It's

393
00:18:18,320 --> 00:18:20,600
Speaker 7: time to upgrade to the next generation of the cloud.

394
00:18:20,960 --> 00:18:26,160
Speaker 7: Oracle Cloud Infrastructure or OCI. OCI is a single platform

395
00:18:26,200 --> 00:18:31,040
Speaker 7: for your infrastructure, database, application development, and AI needs. OCI

396
00:18:31,200 --> 00:18:33,600
Speaker 7: has four to eight times the bandwidth of other clouds,

397
00:18:33,960 --> 00:18:37,520
Speaker 7: offers one consistent price instead of variable regional pricing, and

398
00:18:37,600 --> 00:18:40,680
Speaker 7: of course, nobody does data better than Oracle so now

399
00:18:40,720 --> 00:18:42,919
Speaker 7: you can train your AI models at twice the speed

400
00:18:43,119 --> 00:18:45,480
Speaker 7: and less than half the cost of other clouds. If

401
00:18:45,480 --> 00:18:47,720
Speaker 7: you want to do more and spend less, like Uber

402
00:18:47,840 --> 00:18:50,480
Speaker 7: eight by eight and Data Bricks Mosaic. Take a free

403
00:18:50,520 --> 00:18:54,440
Speaker 7: test drive of OCI at Oracle dot com slash Strategic.

404
00:18:54,720 --> 00:18:59,919
Speaker 7: That's Oracle dot com slash Strategic. Oracle dot com slash Strategic.

405
00:19:00,280 --> 00:19:03,159
Speaker 1: If you love iPhone, you'll love Apple Card. It's the

406
00:19:03,240 --> 00:19:07,119
Speaker 1: credit card designed for iPhone. It gives you unlimited daily

407
00:19:07,240 --> 00:19:10,200
Speaker 1: cash back that can earn four point four zero percent

408
00:19:10,359 --> 00:19:13,159
Speaker 1: annual percentage yield. When you open a high Yield savings

409
00:19:13,200 --> 00:19:16,000
Speaker 1: account through Apple Card. Apply for Apple Card in the

410
00:19:16,080 --> 00:19:19,359
Speaker 1: wallet app, subject to credit approval. Savings is available to

411
00:19:19,440 --> 00:19:22,840
Speaker 1: Apple Card owners subject to eligibility. Apple Card and Savings

412
00:19:22,840 --> 00:19:25,760
Speaker 1: by Goldman Sachs Bank USA Salt Lake City Branch Member

413
00:19:25,840 --> 00:19:37,440
Speaker 1: FDIC terms and more at applecard dot com.

414
00:19:37,480 --> 00:19:40,080
Speaker 4: All right, so we're digging into quarks today, and in

415
00:19:40,080 --> 00:19:47,639
Speaker 4: particular this idea that a quark has flavor, it wears

416
00:19:47,680 --> 00:19:48,159
Speaker 4: bling and.

417
00:19:49,720 --> 00:19:52,160
Speaker 1: No, it gets even funnier than that because there are

418
00:19:52,200 --> 00:19:55,840
Speaker 1: other quarks out there, right, and those quarks are heavier,

419
00:19:56,240 --> 00:19:58,360
Speaker 1: so they're just like the upcork and the down cork,

420
00:19:58,400 --> 00:20:00,879
Speaker 1: but they have more mass. So we often refer to

421
00:20:00,880 --> 00:20:03,919
Speaker 1: those other quarks as heavy flavor. And I remember in

422
00:20:03,920 --> 00:20:06,840
Speaker 1: grad school telling my friends who are like biologists or

423
00:20:06,880 --> 00:20:09,600
Speaker 1: you know, political science grad students, what I was working on.

424
00:20:09,640 --> 00:20:11,720
Speaker 1: I said, I'm working on heavy flavor, And to them

425
00:20:11,720 --> 00:20:12,800
Speaker 1: that totally sounded like.

426
00:20:12,760 --> 00:20:14,720
Speaker 4: A rap group Heavy flavor.

427
00:20:14,920 --> 00:20:17,200
Speaker 1: Yeah, I'm gonna drop some heavy flavor on you today. Man.

428
00:20:17,440 --> 00:20:21,280
Speaker 4: There is a well known YouTuber who raps and sings

429
00:20:21,280 --> 00:20:24,040
Speaker 4: about physics. You've heard of him, met him? I've met him.

430
00:20:24,440 --> 00:20:25,600
Speaker 4: But have you heard of him?

431
00:20:25,720 --> 00:20:26,680
Speaker 1: Yeah? Isn't it a woman?

432
00:20:27,280 --> 00:20:28,679
Speaker 4: No, No, it's a guy who does a lot of

433
00:20:28,680 --> 00:20:30,440
Speaker 4: a cappella songs about physics.

434
00:20:30,480 --> 00:20:34,160
Speaker 1: Oh, yes, I have heard of him. Acapella science. He's fantastic.

435
00:20:34,480 --> 00:20:36,919
Speaker 1: There's another there's a famous rap about the LHC that

436
00:20:37,000 --> 00:20:40,480
Speaker 1: was done by a young graduate student. She's also pretty good.

437
00:20:40,840 --> 00:20:43,320
Speaker 1: So this turns out there's a whole community of physics

438
00:20:43,400 --> 00:20:44,120
Speaker 1: rappers out there.

439
00:20:44,320 --> 00:20:46,280
Speaker 4: Yeah, that's exactly what the world needs.

440
00:20:48,160 --> 00:20:50,520
Speaker 1: But back to the top of quarks. The idea of

441
00:20:50,600 --> 00:20:53,200
Speaker 1: flavors is that there's more than just the upquark and

442
00:20:53,240 --> 00:20:56,000
Speaker 1: the downquark. Those exist those make the proton and the neutron,

443
00:20:56,320 --> 00:20:59,160
Speaker 1: but sometimes you can also make these other quarks. They're

444
00:20:59,200 --> 00:21:02,880
Speaker 1: called charm and strange, top and bottom. And the thing

445
00:21:02,920 --> 00:21:05,240
Speaker 1: that's interesting about the other quarks is that they're very

446
00:21:05,280 --> 00:21:07,320
Speaker 1: similar to the upcork in the down cork. They're like

447
00:21:07,400 --> 00:21:10,040
Speaker 1: copies of those quarks, they're just heavier.

448
00:21:10,240 --> 00:21:13,640
Speaker 4: So is that kind of what happened that at first

449
00:21:13,640 --> 00:21:15,919
Speaker 4: you only had two quarks up and down, and then

450
00:21:15,960 --> 00:21:18,399
Speaker 4: you discovered more quarks, so you had to come up

451
00:21:18,440 --> 00:21:19,200
Speaker 4: with other names.

452
00:21:19,280 --> 00:21:21,400
Speaker 1: Yes, exactly if the first thing that up and the down,

453
00:21:21,880 --> 00:21:25,359
Speaker 1: and then they found the strange cork, and after that

454
00:21:25,400 --> 00:21:27,840
Speaker 1: they found the charm cork, and then the bottom and

455
00:21:27,880 --> 00:21:28,680
Speaker 1: then the top quark.

456
00:21:28,720 --> 00:21:31,240
Speaker 4: Because I wonder if physicists thought that there were only

457
00:21:31,280 --> 00:21:33,840
Speaker 4: two so they went with up and down, and then

458
00:21:33,840 --> 00:21:35,560
Speaker 4: they're like, wait, there's another one. What do we call

459
00:21:35,600 --> 00:21:38,760
Speaker 4: this one? Side? Left, right, front, back?

460
00:21:39,080 --> 00:21:42,640
Speaker 1: No, it actually did happen that way. There were these

461
00:21:42,680 --> 00:21:45,160
Speaker 1: particles that were kind of weird, so they called them

462
00:21:45,240 --> 00:21:49,560
Speaker 1: strange particles very creatively, and then when they discovered that

463
00:21:49,600 --> 00:21:51,879
Speaker 1: the reason they were strange was that they included a

464
00:21:52,000 --> 00:21:54,639
Speaker 1: new kind of quark, they called that the strange cork.

465
00:21:54,760 --> 00:21:56,879
Speaker 4: And then there was one that was just particularly charming,

466
00:21:57,040 --> 00:21:58,960
Speaker 4: and you're like, let's call this one the charm cork.

467
00:22:02,840 --> 00:22:05,160
Speaker 1: So we were saying that every particle, every quirk has

468
00:22:05,240 --> 00:22:08,040
Speaker 1: like two cousins or two versions of it. The down

469
00:22:08,119 --> 00:22:10,919
Speaker 1: cork aligns with the strange cork. So then when they thought, well,

470
00:22:11,000 --> 00:22:12,960
Speaker 1: there must be a fourth quirk to balance it out,

471
00:22:13,119 --> 00:22:16,640
Speaker 1: they needed to make it somehow like above the strange

472
00:22:16,640 --> 00:22:20,080
Speaker 1: cork the way like the way up is above the down.

473
00:22:20,520 --> 00:22:22,359
Speaker 1: So they were like, well, what's you know, sort of

474
00:22:22,359 --> 00:22:25,240
Speaker 1: in that category, but you know higher, So they went

475
00:22:25,280 --> 00:22:27,240
Speaker 1: for charm. Oh I see, and you know this is

476
00:22:27,280 --> 00:22:29,840
Speaker 1: where the poetry is. They were like grasping for some

477
00:22:29,880 --> 00:22:32,720
Speaker 1: sort of relationship to try and describe these weird particles

478
00:22:32,800 --> 00:22:35,960
Speaker 1: using you know, English, and so they did their best,

479
00:22:36,000 --> 00:22:38,800
Speaker 1: and they came up with charm. They thought, charm is

480
00:22:38,840 --> 00:22:40,880
Speaker 1: too strange. The way up is to down.

481
00:22:41,960 --> 00:22:44,520
Speaker 4: I can see that in like an SAT question. You know,

482
00:22:45,200 --> 00:22:49,000
Speaker 4: up is to down as strange as to obviously charm.

483
00:22:50,440 --> 00:22:53,960
Speaker 1: Obviously charge that's exactly what we did. Yes, somebody was

484
00:22:54,000 --> 00:22:56,520
Speaker 1: doing the SAT and that's how we need particles. And

485
00:22:56,520 --> 00:22:58,960
Speaker 1: then when they found another one and it aligned again

486
00:22:59,040 --> 00:23:01,320
Speaker 1: with the down cork, they called it the bottom, which

487
00:23:01,320 --> 00:23:04,080
Speaker 1: is not a great moment of creativity, right, But once

488
00:23:04,119 --> 00:23:05,760
Speaker 1: they called it the bottom, then they had to call

489
00:23:05,800 --> 00:23:06,600
Speaker 1: the other one the top.

490
00:23:06,680 --> 00:23:09,800
Speaker 4: If you find another one, it'll be the lower and

491
00:23:09,880 --> 00:23:12,480
Speaker 4: the under exactly.

492
00:23:13,160 --> 00:23:15,920
Speaker 1: I No. Interestingly, we've actually proven that there are only

493
00:23:16,040 --> 00:23:18,840
Speaker 1: three different flavors of quarks. So when we say flavor

494
00:23:18,840 --> 00:23:21,120
Speaker 1: of quarks, that's what we mean. We mean either this

495
00:23:21,200 --> 00:23:25,320
Speaker 1: first group up and down, or the second group charm

496
00:23:25,359 --> 00:23:28,440
Speaker 1: and strange, or the third group top and bottom. So

497
00:23:28,480 --> 00:23:30,960
Speaker 1: there are three flavors of quark, and they're not strawberry,

498
00:23:30,960 --> 00:23:33,800
Speaker 1: blueberry and vanilla there. You know that first group, the

499
00:23:33,840 --> 00:23:35,040
Speaker 1: second group, and the third group.

500
00:23:35,200 --> 00:23:37,719
Speaker 4: Okay, So the idea is that first you only had

501
00:23:37,760 --> 00:23:40,600
Speaker 4: two up and down, and you discovered more, and so

502
00:23:40,680 --> 00:23:44,680
Speaker 4: suddenly you needed a name that tells you that separates

503
00:23:44,720 --> 00:23:46,840
Speaker 4: all of these different versions of the quarks.

504
00:23:47,000 --> 00:23:49,440
Speaker 1: Yeah, and probably somebody was like, what can we do?

505
00:23:49,520 --> 00:23:51,280
Speaker 1: How can we name it? Maybe they like went down

506
00:23:51,320 --> 00:23:52,680
Speaker 1: for ice cream and they were looking at all the

507
00:23:52,720 --> 00:23:55,520
Speaker 1: different flavors and they were thinking, all these things are

508
00:23:55,520 --> 00:23:58,199
Speaker 1: all similar, but each is a little different, you know,

509
00:23:58,240 --> 00:24:00,240
Speaker 1: And so I think they were grasping for some think

510
00:24:00,280 --> 00:24:03,080
Speaker 1: poetic there they were trying to describe how these particles

511
00:24:03,119 --> 00:24:06,200
Speaker 1: have relationships. But they're each a little tweaked version of

512
00:24:06,240 --> 00:24:08,639
Speaker 1: the other one, and so, you know, flavor. It's not

513
00:24:08,720 --> 00:24:10,760
Speaker 1: a perfect description, but it's not terrible either.

514
00:24:10,840 --> 00:24:14,640
Speaker 4: Well it's weird because it's not really a quality. It's

515
00:24:14,720 --> 00:24:18,560
Speaker 4: not really a measurable quality, right, or quantity. It's just

516
00:24:18,680 --> 00:24:21,400
Speaker 4: it's just like a category. It's like it's basically another

517
00:24:21,400 --> 00:24:26,119
Speaker 4: word for category or another word for types.

518
00:24:26,560 --> 00:24:31,360
Speaker 1: Type. Yeah, yeah, exactly, it's trying to describe basically the

519
00:24:31,400 --> 00:24:34,960
Speaker 1: type of type or the relationships between these three types, right,

520
00:24:35,000 --> 00:24:37,359
Speaker 1: saying we have these three types of things, what's the

521
00:24:37,400 --> 00:24:39,960
Speaker 1: relationship between them? And you know, to make it even

522
00:24:39,960 --> 00:24:42,720
Speaker 1: more complicated, there's actually sort of like dueling ways to

523
00:24:42,760 --> 00:24:45,800
Speaker 1: talk about this. Some people say, oh, there's three flavors

524
00:24:45,800 --> 00:24:48,879
Speaker 1: of quarks. Other people say there's three families of quarks

525
00:24:48,960 --> 00:24:52,040
Speaker 1: or three generations of quarks because they think that, you know,

526
00:24:52,080 --> 00:24:55,280
Speaker 1: the cousin analogy works better than like the ice cream

527
00:24:55,320 --> 00:24:56,280
Speaker 1: flavor analogy.

528
00:24:56,400 --> 00:24:59,800
Speaker 4: So there's there is debate even within the physics community.

529
00:25:00,440 --> 00:25:02,000
Speaker 4: How good you guys thinks?

530
00:25:03,800 --> 00:25:05,560
Speaker 1: I think the fact that nobody can agree on how

531
00:25:05,560 --> 00:25:07,639
Speaker 1: to call them pretty much settles the fact that we

532
00:25:07,680 --> 00:25:09,200
Speaker 1: didn't do a great job naming them.

533
00:25:09,200 --> 00:25:10,679
Speaker 4: But I guess what I'm saying is it's not a

534
00:25:10,680 --> 00:25:13,640
Speaker 4: property that's like on a spectrum, you know, like a

535
00:25:13,760 --> 00:25:16,040
Speaker 4: you know, like a real flavor sweet. You can have

536
00:25:16,080 --> 00:25:19,320
Speaker 4: something really really sweet or less sweet and everything in between.

537
00:25:19,600 --> 00:25:22,880
Speaker 4: But a flavor for quarks is not really it's really

538
00:25:22,920 --> 00:25:24,959
Speaker 4: more like strawberry or blueberry.

539
00:25:25,200 --> 00:25:28,080
Speaker 1: It's quantized. Right, You're right. You can't be halfway in

540
00:25:28,080 --> 00:25:30,640
Speaker 1: between one type or the other. You can't be half

541
00:25:30,760 --> 00:25:33,960
Speaker 1: up down and half top bottom, right, that's not possible.

542
00:25:34,200 --> 00:25:35,440
Speaker 1: You're either one or the other.

543
00:25:35,760 --> 00:25:37,399
Speaker 4: Well, I guess. But then the question is do they

544
00:25:37,400 --> 00:25:41,040
Speaker 4: have flavor? Like is there something about quarks and they're

545
00:25:41,080 --> 00:25:45,840
Speaker 4: different flavors that is maybe analogous to real flavor.

546
00:25:46,040 --> 00:25:48,320
Speaker 1: I don't think so. I think it's a bit of

547
00:25:48,359 --> 00:25:51,280
Speaker 1: a stretch. I mean, quarks do have flavor in the

548
00:25:51,320 --> 00:25:53,760
Speaker 1: sense that they taste like stuff, Like the last thing

549
00:25:53,800 --> 00:25:55,399
Speaker 1: you ate was made of quarks, and I hope it

550
00:25:55,440 --> 00:25:59,199
Speaker 1: tasted good. But quarks themselves, you know, they have no

551
00:26:00,160 --> 00:26:02,439
Speaker 1: and flavor in that sense. And this quality that we

552
00:26:02,600 --> 00:26:06,199
Speaker 1: call flavor has, you know, only the most tenuous relationship

553
00:26:06,280 --> 00:26:08,840
Speaker 1: with the quality that you and I think of as flavor.

554
00:26:09,000 --> 00:26:11,080
Speaker 4: Okay, so it's not like it's something about the way

555
00:26:11,119 --> 00:26:15,080
Speaker 4: they react to other things, or it's not something related

556
00:26:15,119 --> 00:26:19,560
Speaker 4: to how other particles feel them. It's just sort of

557
00:26:19,560 --> 00:26:21,600
Speaker 4: a name they use for like when you go to

558
00:26:21,640 --> 00:26:23,800
Speaker 4: the ice cream store and there are different types of

559
00:26:23,960 --> 00:26:24,920
Speaker 4: things to choose from.

560
00:26:25,000 --> 00:26:28,120
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. And again I think it's trying to show

561
00:26:28,119 --> 00:26:30,760
Speaker 1: that they're part of a larger category, but there are

562
00:26:30,840 --> 00:26:32,840
Speaker 1: different elements in that category.

563
00:26:32,680 --> 00:26:37,680
Speaker 4: That they're also ad under the same freezer. Yes, exactly, basically, right,

564
00:26:38,320 --> 00:26:40,440
Speaker 4: I think they're all sort of a here all together,

565
00:26:40,520 --> 00:26:41,520
Speaker 4: and you can order one of them.

566
00:26:41,600 --> 00:26:44,119
Speaker 1: Yeah, that about sums it up. Quarks are all different

567
00:26:44,160 --> 00:26:46,200
Speaker 1: varieties of frozen treats.

568
00:26:46,000 --> 00:26:48,280
Speaker 4: All right. So that's flavors. And so let's get into

569
00:26:48,320 --> 00:26:52,080
Speaker 4: what color quarks are, because apparently quarks also have color

570
00:26:52,280 --> 00:26:55,680
Speaker 4: in addition to spin, which they have neither of. But first,

571
00:26:55,720 --> 00:26:56,879
Speaker 4: let's take a quick break.

572
00:27:01,600 --> 00:27:03,400
Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth

573
00:27:03,520 --> 00:27:06,640
Speaker 1: or enjoy a rich spoonful of Greek yogurt, you're probably

574
00:27:06,680 --> 00:27:10,720
Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact of each and every bite,

575
00:27:10,760 --> 00:27:13,399
Speaker 1: but the people in the dairy industry are. US Dairy

576
00:27:13,440 --> 00:27:17,719
Speaker 1: has set themselves some ambitious sustainability goals, including being greenhouse

577
00:27:17,760 --> 00:27:20,320
Speaker 1: gas neutral by twenty to fifty. That's why they're working

578
00:27:20,359 --> 00:27:22,680
Speaker 1: hard every day to find new ways to reduce waste,

579
00:27:22,760 --> 00:27:27,000
Speaker 1: conserve natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. Take water,

580
00:27:27,040 --> 00:27:30,119
Speaker 1: for example, most dairy farms reuse water up to four

581
00:27:30,200 --> 00:27:33,640
Speaker 1: times the same water cools the milk, cleans equipment, washes

582
00:27:33,680 --> 00:27:36,480
Speaker 1: the barn, and irrigates the crops. How is US dairy

583
00:27:36,520 --> 00:27:40,240
Speaker 1: tackling greenhouse gases? Many farms use anaerobic digestors that turn

584
00:27:40,320 --> 00:27:44,159
Speaker 1: the methane from maneuver into renewable energy that can power farms, towns,

585
00:27:44,240 --> 00:27:46,320
Speaker 1: and electric cars. So the next time you grab a

586
00:27:46,359 --> 00:27:48,359
Speaker 1: slice of pizza or lick an ice cream cone, know

587
00:27:48,440 --> 00:27:51,120
Speaker 1: that dairy farmers and processors around the country are using

588
00:27:51,160 --> 00:27:54,640
Speaker 1: the latest practices and innovations to provide the nutrient dense

589
00:27:54,760 --> 00:27:57,480
Speaker 1: dairy products we love with less of an impact. Visit

590
00:27:57,600 --> 00:28:00,399
Speaker 1: usdairy dot com slash sustainability to learn more.

591
00:28:00,680 --> 00:28:03,639
Speaker 5: California has millions of homes that could be damaged in

592
00:28:03,680 --> 00:28:07,720
Speaker 5: a strong earthquake. Older homes are especially vulnerable to quake damage,

593
00:28:07,760 --> 00:28:10,359
Speaker 5: so you may need to take steps to strengthen yours.

594
00:28:10,640 --> 00:28:13,199
Speaker 5: Viesit strengthen your house dot com to learn how to

595
00:28:13,240 --> 00:28:16,760
Speaker 5: strengthen your home and help protect it from damage. The

596
00:28:16,840 --> 00:28:19,440
Speaker 5: work may cost less than you think and can often

597
00:28:19,480 --> 00:28:22,480
Speaker 5: be done in just a few days. Strengthen your home

598
00:28:22,720 --> 00:28:26,200
Speaker 5: and help protect your family. Get prepared today and worry

599
00:28:26,320 --> 00:28:31,200
Speaker 5: less tomorrow. Visit strengthen your House dot com.

600
00:28:31,440 --> 00:28:34,920
Speaker 8: There are children, friends, and families walking, riding on paths

601
00:28:34,920 --> 00:28:37,360
Speaker 8: and roads every day. Remember they're real people with loved

602
00:28:37,400 --> 00:28:39,600
Speaker 8: ones who need them to get home safely. Protect our

603
00:28:39,640 --> 00:28:43,160
Speaker 8: cyclists and pedestrians because they're people too, Go safely California

604
00:28:43,200 --> 00:28:45,520
Speaker 8: from the California Office of Traffic Safety and caltrans.

605
00:28:53,680 --> 00:28:56,920
Speaker 4: Quarks also have colors. You guys give colors to quarks,

606
00:28:56,960 --> 00:28:59,320
Speaker 4: And so this one you're telling me is a little

607
00:28:59,320 --> 00:29:00,800
Speaker 4: bit more more more than just poetic.

608
00:29:00,960 --> 00:29:04,120
Speaker 1: Yeah, I think this one really does convey something about

609
00:29:04,160 --> 00:29:07,320
Speaker 1: how the property works, the relationships that has it really

610
00:29:07,360 --> 00:29:08,680
Speaker 1: makes the more sense if you think about it in

611
00:29:08,800 --> 00:29:11,960
Speaker 1: terms of color. And this relates to how the quarks

612
00:29:12,000 --> 00:29:15,280
Speaker 1: interact with each other. I remember that these quarks are

613
00:29:15,280 --> 00:29:18,480
Speaker 1: bound together inside a proton or inside a neutron, and

614
00:29:18,560 --> 00:29:20,920
Speaker 1: you might ask, like what holds them together? And you're

615
00:29:20,960 --> 00:29:24,920
Speaker 1: probably familiar with thinking about electromagnetism, Like electrons are negative

616
00:29:24,920 --> 00:29:28,360
Speaker 1: and protons are positive, and so they feel these forces.

617
00:29:28,400 --> 00:29:30,640
Speaker 1: That's what hold the atoms together. Well, what holds the

618
00:29:30,680 --> 00:29:33,560
Speaker 1: proton and neutron together is a totally different force. It's

619
00:29:33,600 --> 00:29:35,320
Speaker 1: the strong nuclear.

620
00:29:34,880 --> 00:29:38,240
Speaker 4: Force, right, So, and the strong nuclear force is one

621
00:29:38,280 --> 00:29:42,280
Speaker 4: of the four fundamental forces. Right, there's other big forces

622
00:29:42,320 --> 00:29:45,000
Speaker 4: that make particles push and pull on each other.

623
00:29:45,120 --> 00:29:48,280
Speaker 1: That's right. We have gravity, we have electromagnetism, we have

624
00:29:48,320 --> 00:29:50,840
Speaker 1: the strong nuclear force, and we have the weak nuclear force.

625
00:29:51,040 --> 00:29:54,640
Speaker 1: And actually we've already combined the weak nuclear force with electromagnetism,

626
00:29:54,760 --> 00:29:57,240
Speaker 1: so you can think of it as three sometimes. But

627
00:29:57,400 --> 00:29:59,000
Speaker 1: strong is its own.

628
00:29:59,080 --> 00:30:02,360
Speaker 4: Yeah, strong is it all this time I've been saying.

629
00:30:02,120 --> 00:30:05,560
Speaker 1: For you're like decades behind the time. Man, you should

630
00:30:05,640 --> 00:30:06,479
Speaker 1: like talk to a particle.

631
00:30:08,520 --> 00:30:10,920
Speaker 4: I think I read that in a book that we wrote, Daniel.

632
00:30:12,000 --> 00:30:14,360
Speaker 1: I think I added a footnote that caveat somewhere in

633
00:30:14,360 --> 00:30:17,880
Speaker 1: that book. Yes, it's called the electro Week because it

634
00:30:17,960 --> 00:30:21,200
Speaker 1: turns out that the weak nuclear force and electromagnetism are

635
00:30:21,240 --> 00:30:23,920
Speaker 1: really just two sides of the same coin. That's fascinating.

636
00:30:24,040 --> 00:30:26,360
Speaker 1: And actually it's connected to the Higgs boson, which is

637
00:30:26,480 --> 00:30:29,600
Speaker 1: also really interesting, but we'll talk about that on another podcast.

638
00:30:30,080 --> 00:30:32,800
Speaker 1: But the strong nuclear force stands apart because, first of all,

639
00:30:32,840 --> 00:30:36,360
Speaker 1: it's really strong, but also has this really weird property.

640
00:30:36,920 --> 00:30:40,680
Speaker 1: Unlike electromagnetism, which can be like positive or negative, so

641
00:30:40,720 --> 00:30:44,440
Speaker 1: there's two different charges there. The strong nuclear force has

642
00:30:44,600 --> 00:30:46,360
Speaker 1: three different charges.

643
00:30:46,120 --> 00:30:47,920
Speaker 4: Right, And I just want to add a footnote here

644
00:30:47,920 --> 00:30:50,720
Speaker 4: that I actually agree with the naming criteria you have

645
00:30:50,840 --> 00:30:52,920
Speaker 4: here and that you called it the strong nuclear force

646
00:30:52,920 --> 00:30:56,560
Speaker 4: because it's strong, Like that's a that's simplicity I can

647
00:30:56,600 --> 00:30:57,200
Speaker 4: stand behind.

648
00:30:59,080 --> 00:31:01,800
Speaker 1: All right, I'll let people know that this one has

649
00:31:01,840 --> 00:31:04,280
Speaker 1: your seal of approval, the name has approved. It not

650
00:31:04,360 --> 00:31:06,959
Speaker 1: official yet, you're still the unofficial namer. Right, let's not

651
00:31:07,240 --> 00:31:09,920
Speaker 1: jump the gun. But yeah, I'm working on it. I'm

652
00:31:09,920 --> 00:31:13,280
Speaker 1: getting the paperwork through. Yes, the strong nuclear force has

653
00:31:13,320 --> 00:31:16,200
Speaker 1: these three different kinds of charges. And you might be

654
00:31:16,240 --> 00:31:19,160
Speaker 1: thinking three. That's weird, like this positive and negative? What

655
00:31:19,200 --> 00:31:21,880
Speaker 1: else could there be? Not zero? Right? But there's three

656
00:31:21,920 --> 00:31:26,280
Speaker 1: different non zero charges. And so instead of having just

657
00:31:26,320 --> 00:31:29,080
Speaker 1: sort of one axis with positive and negative, you have

658
00:31:29,160 --> 00:31:31,680
Speaker 1: to have sort of a weirder image in your mind

659
00:31:32,360 --> 00:31:35,080
Speaker 1: because there's three different directions. You can go from zero

660
00:31:35,160 --> 00:31:35,800
Speaker 1: instead of two.

661
00:31:35,960 --> 00:31:38,600
Speaker 4: And by charges, you mean like you know, if it's

662
00:31:38,760 --> 00:31:41,600
Speaker 4: if it's the electromnetic force. You know, if I'm minus

663
00:31:41,600 --> 00:31:43,880
Speaker 4: and your minus, we're going to repel each other. Right,

664
00:31:43,960 --> 00:31:45,360
Speaker 4: So it's kind of like what the term.

665
00:31:45,320 --> 00:31:47,320
Speaker 1: Would never happen? Man, that would never happen?

666
00:31:48,760 --> 00:31:52,200
Speaker 4: Which part that we're both negative we repel each other.

667
00:31:52,320 --> 00:31:52,760
Speaker 1: Exactly.

668
00:31:52,960 --> 00:31:54,920
Speaker 4: I'm pretty sure we're pretty negative some those.

669
00:31:56,600 --> 00:31:58,280
Speaker 1: Well, as long as one of us is positive, it

670
00:31:58,280 --> 00:32:01,800
Speaker 1: will all work out. But yes, exactly, two negatives repel

671
00:32:01,800 --> 00:32:03,880
Speaker 1: each other and two positives repel each other.

672
00:32:03,960 --> 00:32:06,560
Speaker 4: But so it's kind of like a label, you know,

673
00:32:06,640 --> 00:32:10,200
Speaker 4: like it determines what this force is going to do

674
00:32:10,360 --> 00:32:10,640
Speaker 4: to the.

675
00:32:10,560 --> 00:32:13,200
Speaker 1: Two of us. Yes, exactly, it's just like a label.

676
00:32:13,600 --> 00:32:17,560
Speaker 1: And electromagnetism, there's two possible labels, positive or negative, and

677
00:32:17,600 --> 00:32:21,600
Speaker 1: as you said, the same labels repel and opposite labels attract.

678
00:32:21,960 --> 00:32:26,480
Speaker 1: But in the strong nuclear force, there are three different labels,

679
00:32:26,720 --> 00:32:29,400
Speaker 1: and the math is kind of weird. Like if you

680
00:32:29,520 --> 00:32:33,400
Speaker 1: have particles that have all three labels and you bring

681
00:32:33,440 --> 00:32:36,960
Speaker 1: them together, they cancel out, just like if you have

682
00:32:37,040 --> 00:32:39,360
Speaker 1: an electromagnetism, you have a positive and negative and you

683
00:32:39,400 --> 00:32:42,840
Speaker 1: bring them together, they cancel out to zero. In the

684
00:32:42,840 --> 00:32:45,200
Speaker 1: strong nuclear force, you need one of each of these

685
00:32:45,280 --> 00:32:49,120
Speaker 1: three different charges to bring them together to get zero.

686
00:32:49,120 --> 00:32:51,760
Speaker 4: So quarks. When it comes to this strong nuclear force,

687
00:32:52,160 --> 00:32:55,000
Speaker 4: then you can be one of three things. And these

688
00:32:55,040 --> 00:32:57,000
Speaker 4: three things are called color.

689
00:32:57,160 --> 00:32:59,840
Speaker 1: That's right, we call them color. We call them red, green,

690
00:32:59,880 --> 00:33:04,080
Speaker 1: and blue. And the idea is that not having a

691
00:33:04,160 --> 00:33:07,480
Speaker 1: color is called white, right, or colorless. And the idea

692
00:33:07,480 --> 00:33:09,920
Speaker 1: is that if you add red, green, and blue together,

693
00:33:10,240 --> 00:33:12,680
Speaker 1: you get white. And so it's trying to describe the

694
00:33:12,720 --> 00:33:16,040
Speaker 1: mathematics of that, right, this weird business where you need

695
00:33:16,080 --> 00:33:18,720
Speaker 1: one of each of the three things together to cancel

696
00:33:18,800 --> 00:33:20,720
Speaker 1: it all out to get back to zero. The other

697
00:33:20,800 --> 00:33:22,920
Speaker 1: thing that's like that in our world is color.

698
00:33:23,120 --> 00:33:24,960
Speaker 4: But wait, let's like a step back and let me

699
00:33:25,120 --> 00:33:27,000
Speaker 4: let me understand this a little bit. So if I'm,

700
00:33:27,120 --> 00:33:30,360
Speaker 4: for example, if I'm one kind of strong charge, Like

701
00:33:30,400 --> 00:33:33,600
Speaker 4: if I'm red and you're blue, what does that mean

702
00:33:33,640 --> 00:33:35,040
Speaker 4: between the two of us. Are we going to repel

703
00:33:35,040 --> 00:33:36,160
Speaker 4: each other or attract each other?

704
00:33:36,200 --> 00:33:37,760
Speaker 1: Oh, We're definitely going to attract each other.

705
00:33:37,880 --> 00:33:40,480
Speaker 4: Okay, what if I'm like blue and you're green.

706
00:33:40,280 --> 00:33:41,280
Speaker 1: Then we'll attract each other.

707
00:33:41,360 --> 00:33:43,320
Speaker 4: Like what are the rules there between the three?

708
00:33:43,800 --> 00:33:45,560
Speaker 1: Right? And I see where you're going that you want

709
00:33:45,560 --> 00:33:49,000
Speaker 1: to make this comparison with electrons and protons and understand this,

710
00:33:49,080 --> 00:33:52,000
Speaker 1: like in terms of attraction and repulsion, that makes sense.

711
00:33:52,040 --> 00:33:54,800
Speaker 1: But the strong force is just a different kind of beast.

712
00:33:54,840 --> 00:33:58,360
Speaker 1: It's so powerful that anytime two quirks get near each other,

713
00:33:58,440 --> 00:34:02,240
Speaker 1: any two colored objects, the energy between them generates more

714
00:34:02,320 --> 00:34:05,360
Speaker 1: quarks and gluons and other colored stuff until they can

715
00:34:05,400 --> 00:34:08,920
Speaker 1: combine to get something color neutral. And it's different from

716
00:34:08,960 --> 00:34:12,840
Speaker 1: electromagnetism in another important way. See the particle that carries

717
00:34:12,920 --> 00:34:15,840
Speaker 1: the electromagnetic force, the photon, it's neutral, right, it doesn't

718
00:34:15,880 --> 00:34:19,360
Speaker 1: carry a charge itself, So the electron it can emit

719
00:34:19,360 --> 00:34:22,480
Speaker 1: a photon and still be negatively charged. It doesn't change

720
00:34:22,520 --> 00:34:24,919
Speaker 1: the charge of the electron to emit that photon because

721
00:34:24,920 --> 00:34:28,560
Speaker 1: the photon is neutral. But the particle that carries a

722
00:34:28,600 --> 00:34:32,160
Speaker 1: strong force, the gluon, it's not neutral. It carries two

723
00:34:32,320 --> 00:34:34,640
Speaker 1: different colors. So what does that mean. It means that

724
00:34:34,680 --> 00:34:37,680
Speaker 1: if a red quark emits a gluon, it changes the

725
00:34:37,719 --> 00:34:40,880
Speaker 1: color of the quark, So it's like if an electron

726
00:34:40,920 --> 00:34:43,799
Speaker 1: emits a photon and then becomes an anti electron or

727
00:34:43,800 --> 00:34:47,360
Speaker 1: something else with a different charge anyway, So for the

728
00:34:47,400 --> 00:34:49,799
Speaker 1: color force, it's not as simple as saying two red

729
00:34:49,880 --> 00:34:52,880
Speaker 1: quarks can attract or repel. What happens is is that

730
00:34:52,920 --> 00:34:57,080
Speaker 1: the interact like crazy, changing colors and shooting gluons everywhere

731
00:34:57,120 --> 00:34:59,759
Speaker 1: until there's the right combination like red plus green plus

732
00:34:59,800 --> 00:35:02,839
Speaker 1: blue to become color neutral or white. That's the only

733
00:35:02,880 --> 00:35:04,880
Speaker 1: way the strong force is happy, the only way you

734
00:35:04,880 --> 00:35:05,520
Speaker 1: can chill out.

735
00:35:05,600 --> 00:35:08,799
Speaker 4: But you're saying something weird happens when there's a you know,

736
00:35:09,480 --> 00:35:12,840
Speaker 4: there's three of us, and I think this is a

737
00:35:12,960 --> 00:35:17,160
Speaker 4: safer work podcast here, So let's get into what happens

738
00:35:17,400 --> 00:35:18,359
Speaker 4: analogies for three.

739
00:35:19,440 --> 00:35:22,719
Speaker 1: We're not advocating any of these arrangements in your personal life, right,

740
00:35:22,800 --> 00:35:24,759
Speaker 1: See that's right. What are you doing there? Or hey,

741
00:35:24,800 --> 00:35:27,400
Speaker 1: you're using an analogy to get people to understand it? Right,

742
00:35:27,480 --> 00:35:28,560
Speaker 1: You're like making you're.

743
00:35:28,360 --> 00:35:32,920
Speaker 4: Trying to analogy is children listening to this podcast?

744
00:35:33,120 --> 00:35:36,840
Speaker 1: You're trying to avoid a very obvious and useful analogy.

745
00:35:39,680 --> 00:35:41,920
Speaker 4: So let's say there's three kids who want to play together,

746
00:35:42,440 --> 00:35:46,080
Speaker 4: and they're all different charges. You're saying, something weird happens,

747
00:35:46,120 --> 00:35:48,319
Speaker 4: Like all the kids will want to attract each other

748
00:35:48,320 --> 00:35:49,680
Speaker 4: because they're all different.

749
00:35:50,440 --> 00:35:54,080
Speaker 1: And together together they have no charge. Just like if

750
00:35:54,120 --> 00:35:56,319
Speaker 1: a proton and an electron attract each other and they

751
00:35:56,320 --> 00:35:58,600
Speaker 1: form a bound state, then from the outside they have

752
00:35:58,680 --> 00:36:02,360
Speaker 1: no charge. Like that's hydrogen. Hydrogen has no net electric charge.

753
00:36:02,560 --> 00:36:05,319
Speaker 1: If you bring together a red cork, a blue cork,

754
00:36:05,360 --> 00:36:08,160
Speaker 1: and a green cork, then together they have no charge,

755
00:36:08,239 --> 00:36:10,239
Speaker 1: no color charge. And that's what a proton and a

756
00:36:10,280 --> 00:36:14,759
Speaker 1: neutron are. They're colorless, but they have colored things inside them.

757
00:36:14,840 --> 00:36:16,200
Speaker 1: But those things cancel.

758
00:36:15,880 --> 00:36:18,319
Speaker 4: Out, so a pleasant mind you saying, cancels out. So

759
00:36:18,440 --> 00:36:20,560
Speaker 4: like if I get a proton and an electron together,

760
00:36:21,320 --> 00:36:26,040
Speaker 4: they add up to zero. Basically they become Nobody wants

761
00:36:26,120 --> 00:36:28,400
Speaker 4: to be attracted or repelled by.

762
00:36:28,239 --> 00:36:32,160
Speaker 1: The Exactly, they're like a married couple. They're invisible in

763
00:36:32,200 --> 00:36:35,640
Speaker 1: the dating scene. And in the same way. If for color,

764
00:36:35,680 --> 00:36:38,000
Speaker 1: if you bring together one of each of the charges,

765
00:36:38,000 --> 00:36:40,799
Speaker 1: except now there's three red, green, and blue, then you

766
00:36:40,880 --> 00:36:44,960
Speaker 1: get something which has no colored charge. Right, it's colorless,

767
00:36:45,000 --> 00:36:47,200
Speaker 1: it doesn't it's neutral from the point of view of

768
00:36:47,239 --> 00:36:48,520
Speaker 1: the strong nuclear force.

769
00:36:48,840 --> 00:36:50,480
Speaker 4: Okay, but what if I just get a red and

770
00:36:50,520 --> 00:36:52,759
Speaker 4: a blue together. What happens then then it still has

771
00:36:52,800 --> 00:36:55,000
Speaker 4: a charge, which charge red and blue.

772
00:36:55,160 --> 00:36:57,520
Speaker 1: Yeah, it's a combination of red and blue, and there'll

773
00:36:57,560 --> 00:36:59,600
Speaker 1: be a glue on. Those things will emit a glue

774
00:36:59,600 --> 00:37:02,319
Speaker 1: on and glue ones carry two different colors. The math

775
00:37:02,360 --> 00:37:06,320
Speaker 1: gets pretty hairy. But they will attract a green cork.

776
00:37:06,440 --> 00:37:08,839
Speaker 1: And if they can successfully attract a green cork, then

777
00:37:08,920 --> 00:37:09,680
Speaker 1: it'll be neutral.

778
00:37:09,800 --> 00:37:12,560
Speaker 4: So they like being in threes quarks.

779
00:37:12,440 --> 00:37:15,520
Speaker 1: Yes, because the strong nuclear force is so powerful that

780
00:37:15,640 --> 00:37:20,120
Speaker 1: nature tries to make everything have no net color because

781
00:37:20,239 --> 00:37:22,760
Speaker 1: thing because it's so powerful that anything that has color

782
00:37:23,000 --> 00:37:25,920
Speaker 1: automatically just like creates particles out of the vacuum to

783
00:37:26,000 --> 00:37:29,080
Speaker 1: balance that color out. Because there's so much energy in

784
00:37:29,120 --> 00:37:31,560
Speaker 1: the strong nuclear force. And that's why we can't see

785
00:37:31,640 --> 00:37:33,920
Speaker 1: quarks on their own because they have a cork color,

786
00:37:34,160 --> 00:37:36,480
Speaker 1: and there's so much energy in that color, in that

787
00:37:36,960 --> 00:37:40,840
Speaker 1: colored field that it pulls new quarks out of the

788
00:37:40,880 --> 00:37:42,080
Speaker 1: vacuum to balance it out.

789
00:37:42,320 --> 00:37:44,279
Speaker 4: So that's what happens. If I get a red and

790
00:37:44,320 --> 00:37:47,759
Speaker 4: a blue together, like a green will magically appear.

791
00:37:47,800 --> 00:37:50,600
Speaker 1: Not magically scientifically.

792
00:37:50,320 --> 00:37:52,880
Speaker 4: Poetically, a green will disappear quetically.

793
00:37:53,360 --> 00:37:56,680
Speaker 1: Yeah, the energy of their interaction will get converted into

794
00:37:56,760 --> 00:37:59,640
Speaker 1: the mass of another quark, and then it will be complete,

795
00:37:59,719 --> 00:38:02,239
Speaker 1: and it'll be complete. Yeah, and then it'll stop generating

796
00:38:02,320 --> 00:38:05,879
Speaker 1: new particles out of the vacuum because that it'll be colorless.

797
00:38:06,560 --> 00:38:10,080
Speaker 1: But there's another way. There's another way you can be colorless.

798
00:38:10,080 --> 00:38:12,560
Speaker 1: Like if you're a red cork, then if you meet

799
00:38:12,640 --> 00:38:15,640
Speaker 1: up with an anti red cork. Like you know, quarks

800
00:38:15,680 --> 00:38:18,560
Speaker 1: have anti particles, right, quarks and anti quarks well, anti

801
00:38:18,640 --> 00:38:22,520
Speaker 1: quarks have anti color. So red and anti red together

802
00:38:22,880 --> 00:38:24,120
Speaker 1: make white and then.

803
00:38:24,040 --> 00:38:26,719
Speaker 4: What happens to them? They disappear or what?

804
00:38:27,040 --> 00:38:29,320
Speaker 1: No, they can form bound states. And we have particles

805
00:38:29,320 --> 00:38:31,839
Speaker 1: that have just two quarks in them. They're called like pions.

806
00:38:32,239 --> 00:38:35,400
Speaker 1: Pions are examples of like an upcork and an anti

807
00:38:35,560 --> 00:38:39,040
Speaker 1: upcork bound together. That only works if that quark is

808
00:38:39,080 --> 00:38:41,200
Speaker 1: like green and the other one is anti green or

809
00:38:41,200 --> 00:38:43,719
Speaker 1: blue and anti blue or red and anti red.

810
00:38:43,760 --> 00:38:46,600
Speaker 4: I thought antimatter. When you touch it would matter, they

811
00:38:46,680 --> 00:38:48,200
Speaker 4: annihilate and explode.

812
00:38:48,400 --> 00:38:50,480
Speaker 1: It can, yeah, but it can also form bound states.

813
00:38:50,480 --> 00:38:51,959
Speaker 4: This book wrote is totally wrong.

814
00:38:52,040 --> 00:38:57,480
Speaker 1: Daniel turns out there's a whole field behind that, right,

815
00:38:57,480 --> 00:39:00,799
Speaker 1: it's just scratch the surface the same way that you know,

816
00:39:00,840 --> 00:39:04,040
Speaker 1: like positive negative charges can annihilate, but they can also

817
00:39:04,120 --> 00:39:06,839
Speaker 1: form bound states like hydrogen right, just the same way.

818
00:39:06,880 --> 00:39:09,200
Speaker 1: Like two things that feel gravity, like the Earth and

819
00:39:09,239 --> 00:39:11,760
Speaker 1: the Moon feel gravity towards each other, but they don't

820
00:39:11,800 --> 00:39:15,040
Speaker 1: necessarily automatically crash because there's so much energy in the

821
00:39:15,080 --> 00:39:19,520
Speaker 1: Moon's orbit that it's stable. Right, So even though there

822
00:39:19,520 --> 00:39:21,440
Speaker 1: are forces between them that want to pull the Earth

823
00:39:21,440 --> 00:39:23,880
Speaker 1: and the Moon together, the Moon is in a stable orbit.

824
00:39:24,000 --> 00:39:26,200
Speaker 1: In the same way electrons can be in a stable

825
00:39:26,320 --> 00:39:28,840
Speaker 1: orbit around a proton even though there's a force pulling

826
00:39:28,880 --> 00:39:32,560
Speaker 1: them together. And upquarks and anti upquarks can form stable

827
00:39:32,560 --> 00:39:33,360
Speaker 1: particles together.

828
00:39:33,440 --> 00:39:35,560
Speaker 4: Well, I think the point is that you're trying to

829
00:39:35,560 --> 00:39:39,640
Speaker 4: make is that because when you have three cores of

830
00:39:39,680 --> 00:39:41,879
Speaker 4: the different flavors and you bring them together, they sort

831
00:39:41,920 --> 00:39:45,319
Speaker 4: of cancel each other out. That's sort of like different colors. Yeah,

832
00:39:45,320 --> 00:39:48,040
Speaker 4: you're saying, that's sort of like when you get color,

833
00:39:48,520 --> 00:39:50,480
Speaker 4: like real like a like a red light and a

834
00:39:50,480 --> 00:39:52,480
Speaker 4: blue light and a green light, you're going to see

835
00:39:52,480 --> 00:39:53,320
Speaker 4: that as a white.

836
00:39:53,120 --> 00:39:57,000
Speaker 1: Light exactly exactly. It's it should work the same. I mean,

837
00:39:57,040 --> 00:39:58,799
Speaker 1: I'm not an expert on color. I defer to you

838
00:39:58,880 --> 00:40:02,280
Speaker 1: as the artist. But that's the idea that the math

839
00:40:02,360 --> 00:40:05,160
Speaker 1: of quark color, the way they add up, is very

840
00:40:05,160 --> 00:40:07,680
Speaker 1: similar to the math of these real color, the colors

841
00:40:07,680 --> 00:40:10,480
Speaker 1: of light. And so that's why they named it color.

842
00:40:10,560 --> 00:40:13,600
Speaker 1: Not because these quarks actually look like anything. Red quarks

843
00:40:13,640 --> 00:40:17,240
Speaker 1: are not redder than green quarks, but that the math

844
00:40:17,280 --> 00:40:19,719
Speaker 1: of how color works when you put them together is

845
00:40:19,800 --> 00:40:22,239
Speaker 1: very similar to the math of or how we think

846
00:40:22,280 --> 00:40:24,799
Speaker 1: about how light adds up the color of light.

847
00:40:25,080 --> 00:40:30,520
Speaker 4: Okay, so that does seem more appropriately poetic maybe is

848
00:40:30,560 --> 00:40:33,960
Speaker 4: the word for it, but I mean it still it

849
00:40:34,000 --> 00:40:37,479
Speaker 4: is still I would say a little suspicious to name

850
00:40:37,760 --> 00:40:42,400
Speaker 4: a phenomenon in physics using an analogy from another phenomenon

851
00:40:42,440 --> 00:40:46,600
Speaker 4: in physics, which is how light of different frequencies mix

852
00:40:46,680 --> 00:40:50,640
Speaker 4: together and get processed by our eyeballs. Do you know

853
00:40:50,640 --> 00:40:51,040
Speaker 4: what I mean?

854
00:40:51,280 --> 00:40:53,239
Speaker 1: I know what you mean. Yeah, absolutely, But I think

855
00:40:53,280 --> 00:40:55,520
Speaker 1: this one there is some poetry there. I really do

856
00:40:55,560 --> 00:40:57,600
Speaker 1: appreciate because when I was learning about this for the

857
00:40:57,600 --> 00:41:00,719
Speaker 1: first time as a graduate student, the analogy color really

858
00:41:00,760 --> 00:41:02,760
Speaker 1: did help me understand that. I thought, oh, it really

859
00:41:02,920 --> 00:41:05,919
Speaker 1: is light color. That's pretty cool, and so it helped

860
00:41:05,960 --> 00:41:08,200
Speaker 1: me understand it and then I went further and I thought, well,

861
00:41:08,280 --> 00:41:12,080
Speaker 1: maybe there is a deeper connection, because sometimes when things

862
00:41:12,160 --> 00:41:15,359
Speaker 1: are similar in the mathematical structure mimics each other, then

863
00:41:15,360 --> 00:41:18,120
Speaker 1: there really is a deeper connection. Like with spin, right,

864
00:41:18,160 --> 00:41:22,080
Speaker 1: we talked about how intrinsic spin is really another kind

865
00:41:22,120 --> 00:41:25,439
Speaker 1: of orbital angular momentum. There really is a connection there.

866
00:41:25,600 --> 00:41:27,239
Speaker 1: But in this case, I don't think there is. I

867
00:41:27,280 --> 00:41:31,520
Speaker 1: don't think there's really anything any connection between quark color

868
00:41:31,880 --> 00:41:34,719
Speaker 1: and photon frequency that makes any sense. It's just a

869
00:41:34,960 --> 00:41:38,120
Speaker 1: helpful guide for building the construct in your.

870
00:41:38,000 --> 00:41:40,719
Speaker 4: Mind, because I think the combination of red, green, and

871
00:41:40,719 --> 00:41:43,600
Speaker 4: blue to make white is really just a human perception thing, right,

872
00:41:43,640 --> 00:41:47,200
Speaker 4: Like if you actually take a photon that's red and

873
00:41:47,239 --> 00:41:49,040
Speaker 4: a photon that's green and a photon that's blue, they're

874
00:41:49,040 --> 00:41:53,280
Speaker 4: not gonna suddenly become another photon that's white colored because

875
00:41:53,239 --> 00:41:54,760
Speaker 4: there is no white frequency.

876
00:41:54,560 --> 00:41:57,239
Speaker 1: That's right. Yeah, It's a product of like of how

877
00:41:57,280 --> 00:41:58,800
Speaker 1: your eye sees color, right.

878
00:41:58,880 --> 00:42:02,000
Speaker 4: All right, So these quarks do sort of have a color.

879
00:42:02,360 --> 00:42:04,680
Speaker 4: They don't really have a flavor flavor, but they do

880
00:42:04,840 --> 00:42:07,920
Speaker 4: sort of have some something that is sort of light color.

881
00:42:07,719 --> 00:42:11,319
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. And it's so weird and so odd that

882
00:42:11,400 --> 00:42:14,280
Speaker 1: it really is helpful to draw on something familiar, to say,

883
00:42:14,640 --> 00:42:18,279
Speaker 1: this new property of particles we've never seen before is

884
00:42:18,920 --> 00:42:22,080
Speaker 1: weird and bizarre and strange, but we have something familiar

885
00:42:22,800 --> 00:42:25,000
Speaker 1: that you can use to base your understanding on. And

886
00:42:25,040 --> 00:42:26,160
Speaker 1: I think that's pretty helpful.

887
00:42:30,000 --> 00:42:33,160
Speaker 4: So those are quarks and flavors. Now here's a question, though,

888
00:42:33,200 --> 00:42:37,000
Speaker 4: can you have a red raspberry like? Technically you could

889
00:42:37,080 --> 00:42:40,560
Speaker 4: have a like a red quark. Can be different flavors.

890
00:42:40,280 --> 00:42:42,960
Speaker 1: Yes, that's true. You can have red top quarks or

891
00:42:43,000 --> 00:42:46,759
Speaker 1: red upquarks or red charm quarks. For sure. You can

892
00:42:46,840 --> 00:42:51,000
Speaker 1: have red raspberry or red blueberry red. I mean we're

893
00:42:51,040 --> 00:42:52,719
Speaker 1: totally mixing enough a red strawberry.

894
00:42:52,880 --> 00:42:54,920
Speaker 4: I don't know a red blueberry quark.

895
00:42:55,360 --> 00:42:57,839
Speaker 1: Well, they have blue raspberry, right, that's a thing. I

896
00:42:57,880 --> 00:43:00,239
Speaker 1: never understood that. Oh right, I mean there are red

897
00:43:00,280 --> 00:43:04,080
Speaker 1: blackberries and black raspberries and black and red blackberries, and

898
00:43:04,120 --> 00:43:05,840
Speaker 1: I don't know. I mean, we should get on the

899
00:43:05,840 --> 00:43:08,280
Speaker 1: biologists because they can name those berries pretty confusingly.

900
00:43:08,320 --> 00:43:11,879
Speaker 4: Also, well, I think the overall conclusion is that scientists,

901
00:43:11,960 --> 00:43:14,000
Speaker 4: maybe you should have been in charge of naming.

902
00:43:13,760 --> 00:43:16,960
Speaker 1: Things, not without adult supervision at least. Right.

903
00:43:17,000 --> 00:43:19,279
Speaker 4: Well, I hope that clears that question for the people

904
00:43:19,280 --> 00:43:22,880
Speaker 4: who wrote in with that asking for that explanation.

905
00:43:23,120 --> 00:43:25,479
Speaker 1: Yeah. I think people were reading about quarks and seeing

906
00:43:25,480 --> 00:43:27,719
Speaker 1: this thing with flavors and colors and wondering what does

907
00:43:27,760 --> 00:43:30,640
Speaker 1: that really mean? And I think on the whole it's

908
00:43:30,719 --> 00:43:33,400
Speaker 1: confusing if you don't understand the technical aspect of it,

909
00:43:33,440 --> 00:43:36,520
Speaker 1: because it makes people think of the familiar flavor and

910
00:43:36,560 --> 00:43:39,640
Speaker 1: color that they have in their mind already. But once

911
00:43:39,640 --> 00:43:41,640
Speaker 1: you dig into a little bit, you start to appreciate.

912
00:43:42,400 --> 00:43:44,319
Speaker 1: If you think of it as just sort of a

913
00:43:44,360 --> 00:43:46,759
Speaker 1: placeholder or a guide for how to think about this,

914
00:43:46,960 --> 00:43:49,799
Speaker 1: you can appreciate what the physicists were trying to do.

915
00:43:50,160 --> 00:43:52,920
Speaker 1: But on the whole, I think these physics words borrowed

916
00:43:52,960 --> 00:43:55,880
Speaker 1: from other concepts are more confusing than they are helpful

917
00:43:56,160 --> 00:43:59,160
Speaker 1: for the beginning student or the person just reading about

918
00:43:59,160 --> 00:43:59,560
Speaker 1: a topic.

919
00:43:59,680 --> 00:44:03,160
Speaker 4: So lessen If physics confuses you, take a class and

920
00:44:04,440 --> 00:44:05,879
Speaker 4: people will confuse you as much.

921
00:44:05,960 --> 00:44:08,080
Speaker 1: All right, everyone, And if you have a question about

922
00:44:08,080 --> 00:44:11,400
Speaker 1: particles or the universe or something else really weird and strange,

923
00:44:11,400 --> 00:44:13,040
Speaker 1: and you'd like us to explain it to you and

924
00:44:13,360 --> 00:44:16,880
Speaker 1: show you how, maybe physicists are not totally insane. And crazy.

925
00:44:17,239 --> 00:44:20,000
Speaker 1: Write us and ask us to explain your question to

926
00:44:20,080 --> 00:44:22,400
Speaker 1: feedback at Danielandjorge dot com.

927
00:44:22,440 --> 00:44:24,720
Speaker 4: You promise we'll answer with charm and strange.

928
00:44:25,080 --> 00:44:27,960
Speaker 1: This some days our conversation goes up and sometimes it

929
00:44:28,000 --> 00:44:29,799
Speaker 1: goes down. All right, Thanks for tuning in.

930
00:44:29,920 --> 00:44:30,680
Speaker 4: See you next time.

931
00:44:38,480 --> 00:44:40,799
Speaker 1: Before you still have a question after listening to all

932
00:44:40,840 --> 00:44:44,080
Speaker 1: these explanations, please drop us a line. We'd love to

933
00:44:44,080 --> 00:44:46,520
Speaker 1: hear from you. You can find us on Facebook, Twitter,

934
00:44:46,600 --> 00:44:50,279
Speaker 1: and Instagram at Daniel and Jorge that's one word, or

935
00:44:50,400 --> 00:44:55,120
Speaker 1: email us at feedback at Danielandhorge dot com. Thanks for listening,

936
00:44:55,120 --> 00:44:57,840
Speaker 1: and remember that Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe is

937
00:44:57,880 --> 00:45:02,479
Speaker 1: a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit

938
00:45:02,520 --> 00:45:06,600
Speaker 1: the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to

939
00:45:06,640 --> 00:45:18,239
Speaker 1: your favorite shows. When you pop a piece of cheese

940
00:45:18,280 --> 00:45:21,640
Speaker 1: into your mouth, you're probably not thinking about the environmental impact.

941
00:45:21,880 --> 00:45:24,440
Speaker 1: But the people in the dairy industry are. That's why

942
00:45:24,520 --> 00:45:27,000
Speaker 1: they're working hard every day to find new ways to

943
00:45:27,040 --> 00:45:31,400
Speaker 1: reduce waste, conserve natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions.

944
00:45:31,680 --> 00:45:35,880
Speaker 1: House US dairy tackling greenhouse gases. Many farms use anaerobic

945
00:45:35,920 --> 00:45:39,680
Speaker 1: digestors to turn the methane from manure into renewable energy

946
00:45:39,719 --> 00:45:43,319
Speaker 1: that can power farms, towns, and electric cars. Visit you

947
00:45:43,360 --> 00:45:46,360
Speaker 1: as Dairy dot COM's last sustainability to learn more.

948
00:45:47,160 --> 00:45:50,120
Speaker 5: California has millions of homes that could be damaged in

949
00:45:50,160 --> 00:45:54,200
Speaker 5: a strong earthquake. Older homes are especially vulnerable to quake damage,

950
00:45:54,239 --> 00:45:56,840
Speaker 5: so you may need to take steps to strengthen yours.

951
00:45:57,120 --> 00:45:59,640
Speaker 5: Visit Strengthen your House dot com to learn how to

952
00:45:59,640 --> 00:46:02,960
Speaker 5: strengthen and your home and help protect it from damage.

953
00:46:03,160 --> 00:46:05,600
Speaker 5: The work may cost less than you think and can

954
00:46:05,640 --> 00:46:08,680
Speaker 5: often be done in just a few days. Strengthen your

955
00:46:08,680 --> 00:46:12,319
Speaker 5: home and help protect your family. Get prepared today and

956
00:46:12,360 --> 00:46:17,720
Speaker 5: worry less tomorrow. Visit Strengthenourhouse dot com.

957
00:46:17,920 --> 00:46:21,400
Speaker 8: There are children, friends, and families walking, riding on paths

958
00:46:21,400 --> 00:46:23,839
Speaker 8: and roads every day. Remember they're real people with loved

959
00:46:23,880 --> 00:46:26,080
Speaker 8: ones who need them to get home safely. Protect our

960
00:46:26,120 --> 00:46:29,640
Speaker 8: cyclists and pedestrians because they're people too. Go safely, California.

961
00:46:29,680 --> 00:46:31,960
Speaker 8: From the California Office of Traffic Safety and Caltrans