1 00:00:01,280 --> 00:00:04,320 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,400 --> 00:00:13,600 Speaker 1: of I Heart Radio. Hello and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:13,680 --> 00:00:17,520 Speaker 1: I'm Tracy V. Wilson and I'm Holly Fry. This is 4 00:00:17,600 --> 00:00:21,880 Speaker 1: part two of our regularly scheduled episode of Unearthed. To 5 00:00:21,920 --> 00:00:25,560 Speaker 1: this swin covering Things that feed has things that were covered, 6 00:00:26,640 --> 00:00:31,360 Speaker 1: things that were literally or figuratively uncovered in April, May 7 00:00:31,440 --> 00:00:36,559 Speaker 1: and juneo and so in this episode we have some 8 00:00:36,720 --> 00:00:41,120 Speaker 1: animal stuff and some arts stuff. A lot of times 9 00:00:41,120 --> 00:00:45,239 Speaker 1: on and Earth we talked about exhumations didn't really have 10 00:00:45,360 --> 00:00:47,640 Speaker 1: as much on the exclamation front. There were a couple 11 00:00:47,680 --> 00:00:49,320 Speaker 1: of things that came up where I was like, this 12 00:00:49,400 --> 00:00:52,800 Speaker 1: feels ghoulish to discuss. I think this needs to like 13 00:00:53,000 --> 00:00:56,320 Speaker 1: stay where it is as always, though, we will start 14 00:00:56,360 --> 00:00:58,520 Speaker 1: with some potpourri, which is just the stuff I had 15 00:00:58,520 --> 00:01:01,960 Speaker 1: a hard time categorizing, right, and we're starting with a 16 00:01:01,960 --> 00:01:06,560 Speaker 1: little bit of an accidental exhibition, so will kind of 17 00:01:06,560 --> 00:01:10,120 Speaker 1: scratch that it for people that love exhumations. Teams working 18 00:01:10,120 --> 00:01:13,160 Speaker 1: to rebuild the spire at Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris 19 00:01:13,560 --> 00:01:17,160 Speaker 1: found a well preserved sarcophagus, which was removed from the 20 00:01:17,200 --> 00:01:21,160 Speaker 1: cathedral in mid April. Although it was found among brick 21 00:01:21,240 --> 00:01:24,800 Speaker 1: pipes that were part of a nineteenth century heating system. 22 00:01:24,920 --> 00:01:29,520 Speaker 1: Researchers believed it dated back as far as the fourteenth century. 23 00:01:29,680 --> 00:01:32,360 Speaker 1: It has already been confirmed that it contains at least 24 00:01:32,480 --> 00:01:35,520 Speaker 1: part of a person's skeleton. That was confirmed using an 25 00:01:35,600 --> 00:01:40,000 Speaker 1: endoscopic camera. There was also some plant matter suggesting that 26 00:01:40,040 --> 00:01:43,280 Speaker 1: the sarcophagus may have been lined with boxwood, something that 27 00:01:43,360 --> 00:01:46,000 Speaker 1: was done to try to preserve the bodies of wealthier 28 00:01:46,040 --> 00:01:49,360 Speaker 1: and more powerful people. There were a lot of headlines 29 00:01:49,680 --> 00:01:52,160 Speaker 1: in mid April saying that this was going to be 30 00:01:52,240 --> 00:01:57,000 Speaker 1: open soon. But if it has been opened since then, 31 00:01:57,160 --> 00:02:00,280 Speaker 1: I was not able to find anything about it. That's 32 00:02:00,280 --> 00:02:02,360 Speaker 1: the good thing about soon. It does not have a 33 00:02:02,400 --> 00:02:05,680 Speaker 1: finite amount attached to it, so you could just say it. 34 00:02:07,840 --> 00:02:11,280 Speaker 1: We have talked at various points about residues inside ceramic 35 00:02:11,360 --> 00:02:14,959 Speaker 1: vessels and what those residues have suggested about what those 36 00:02:15,040 --> 00:02:19,640 Speaker 1: vessels contained. Usually this has been something like barley or makeup, 37 00:02:19,760 --> 00:02:23,760 Speaker 1: or animal fat, or occasionally even parasite eggs. But in 38 00:02:23,800 --> 00:02:26,760 Speaker 1: the case of some vessels found in Jerusalem which date 39 00:02:26,800 --> 00:02:31,440 Speaker 1: back to the Crusades, they contained explosive materials, so they 40 00:02:31,520 --> 00:02:35,760 Speaker 1: may have been hand grenades. This probably wasn't black powder 41 00:02:35,800 --> 00:02:39,000 Speaker 1: that was introduced to the area from Asia by about 42 00:02:39,040 --> 00:02:42,520 Speaker 1: the thirteenth century, but instead it was something flammable that 43 00:02:42,639 --> 00:02:45,840 Speaker 1: was locally made. So to be super clear here, the 44 00:02:45,919 --> 00:02:49,360 Speaker 1: idea that there were things that were basically hand grenades 45 00:02:49,520 --> 00:02:52,600 Speaker 1: during the Crusades, that's not a new idea. These are 46 00:02:52,639 --> 00:02:56,079 Speaker 1: not the first vessels ever to be found that were 47 00:02:56,160 --> 00:02:59,280 Speaker 1: likely to have been used as hand grenades. But I 48 00:02:59,320 --> 00:03:02,480 Speaker 1: didn't get really excited when the residues inside the containers 49 00:03:02,639 --> 00:03:05,600 Speaker 1: were not cooking residues, which has been the case so 50 00:03:05,680 --> 00:03:10,519 Speaker 1: many times, but instead explosion residues. Up next. Back in 51 00:03:10,680 --> 00:03:15,079 Speaker 1: ten Laura Young, proprietor at Temple of Vintage, was that 52 00:03:15,280 --> 00:03:18,560 Speaker 1: a goodwill in Austin, Texas and saw a marble bust 53 00:03:18,639 --> 00:03:21,680 Speaker 1: under a table. She bought that marble bust for about 54 00:03:21,680 --> 00:03:24,680 Speaker 1: thirty five dollars. It was clearly old and it weighed 55 00:03:24,680 --> 00:03:27,480 Speaker 1: about fifty pounds, and in May it was announced that 56 00:03:27,520 --> 00:03:30,400 Speaker 1: it was a two thousand year old sculpture that had 57 00:03:30,400 --> 00:03:33,359 Speaker 1: originally been housed at the Pompeianum, which was a replica 58 00:03:33,480 --> 00:03:37,320 Speaker 1: Roman villa commissioned by King Ludwig the First of Bavaria. 59 00:03:37,480 --> 00:03:40,640 Speaker 1: But the Pompeianum was badly damaged during World War Two 60 00:03:40,720 --> 00:03:44,400 Speaker 1: and much of its contents were looted by Nazis. It 61 00:03:44,520 --> 00:03:47,200 Speaker 1: is a total mystery how this thing came to be 62 00:03:47,320 --> 00:03:50,200 Speaker 1: at a good will in Austin, and there's also a 63 00:03:50,240 --> 00:03:53,480 Speaker 1: lot of debate about exactly who it's meant to depict. 64 00:03:53,640 --> 00:03:56,080 Speaker 1: But at the moment it is on loan to the 65 00:03:56,120 --> 00:03:59,320 Speaker 1: San Antonio Museum of Art. It's not the first time 66 00:03:59,360 --> 00:04:03,720 Speaker 1: there's been like a random thrift store or goodwill sale 67 00:04:03,760 --> 00:04:06,320 Speaker 1: that has made news, but this one's backstory to me 68 00:04:06,560 --> 00:04:10,360 Speaker 1: was like what a ride King Olympigs involved. It's just 69 00:04:10,560 --> 00:04:16,440 Speaker 1: layer upon layer upon layer of nuttiness. Lastly, for our 70 00:04:17,000 --> 00:04:20,880 Speaker 1: bit of potpoury, research from the University of Georgia Laboratory 71 00:04:20,920 --> 00:04:24,839 Speaker 1: of Archaeology and its partners at the Muskogee Nation was 72 00:04:24,880 --> 00:04:29,080 Speaker 1: published in the journal American Antiquity in May. This research 73 00:04:29,200 --> 00:04:32,560 Speaker 1: involved the study of a site and what's now Cold Springs, 74 00:04:32,720 --> 00:04:36,320 Speaker 1: Georgia that suggests the presence of a council house dating 75 00:04:36,360 --> 00:04:39,960 Speaker 1: back at least fifteen hundred years there. To quote from 76 00:04:39,960 --> 00:04:43,559 Speaker 1: the paper, we argue that council houses were the early 77 00:04:43,640 --> 00:04:47,120 Speaker 1: manifestations of a form of collective governance that can be 78 00:04:47,160 --> 00:04:50,360 Speaker 1: confidently documented in one form or another over the last 79 00:04:50,400 --> 00:04:56,479 Speaker 1: fifteen hundred years among ancestral Muscogeean societies. Sources indicate that 80 00:04:56,520 --> 00:04:59,880 Speaker 1: council houses were the hub of political life within communities 81 00:05:00,160 --> 00:05:04,039 Speaker 1: and often across regions. And although council houses were in 82 00:05:04,200 --> 00:05:07,920 Speaker 1: part a bridge to ceremonial worlds, they were key forums 83 00:05:07,960 --> 00:05:11,480 Speaker 1: in which to discuss and debate the collective good and governance. 84 00:05:12,600 --> 00:05:15,920 Speaker 1: So this is a shift away from an idea that's 85 00:05:15,960 --> 00:05:19,680 Speaker 1: been a part of archaeological interpretations of these sites in 86 00:05:19,760 --> 00:05:23,080 Speaker 1: North America for a long time. That idea is that 87 00:05:23,240 --> 00:05:27,880 Speaker 1: until about the year one thousand, these communities were largely egalitarian, 88 00:05:28,000 --> 00:05:31,200 Speaker 1: but then after the year one thousand they quickly transitioned 89 00:05:31,200 --> 00:05:34,560 Speaker 1: into societies that had a hierarchy and ruling elite, in 90 00:05:34,600 --> 00:05:38,800 Speaker 1: particular a chief. So this paper instead offers the interpretation 91 00:05:38,920 --> 00:05:43,359 Speaker 1: that democratic institutions in North America instead date back to 92 00:05:43,440 --> 00:05:47,520 Speaker 1: people like the ancestral Muskogean communities, and that then those 93 00:05:47,560 --> 00:05:51,880 Speaker 1: institutions continued all through the development of the Muscogee Nation. 94 00:05:52,520 --> 00:05:57,120 Speaker 1: This paper is titled the Early Materialization of Democratic institutions 95 00:05:57,160 --> 00:06:00,880 Speaker 1: among the Ancestral Muscogeon of the America in Southeast and 96 00:06:00,880 --> 00:06:03,599 Speaker 1: it is an open access paper, so you can read 97 00:06:03,600 --> 00:06:07,479 Speaker 1: the whole thing if you wish. Yeah, we're gonna move 98 00:06:07,520 --> 00:06:11,760 Speaker 1: on to edibles and potables now. Researchers from the University 99 00:06:11,760 --> 00:06:15,840 Speaker 1: of Cambridge have conducted isotopic analysis of two thousand sets 100 00:06:15,920 --> 00:06:20,080 Speaker 1: of skeletal remains dating back to the early medieval period, 101 00:06:20,360 --> 00:06:23,640 Speaker 1: and their findings suggest that people in medieval Britain really 102 00:06:23,680 --> 00:06:27,800 Speaker 1: weren't eating very much meat, and that included the skeletal 103 00:06:27,839 --> 00:06:31,680 Speaker 1: remains of people who were probably nobles and royals who 104 00:06:32,080 --> 00:06:35,240 Speaker 1: are imagined as having eaten a whole bunch of like 105 00:06:35,279 --> 00:06:38,159 Speaker 1: turkey legs all the time. At the same time, though, 106 00:06:38,279 --> 00:06:41,919 Speaker 1: we have food lists from royal feasts dating back to 107 00:06:41,960 --> 00:06:45,040 Speaker 1: the same period, and those lists show lots of meat 108 00:06:45,160 --> 00:06:49,320 Speaker 1: being served. So the basic conclusion here, kind of unsurprisingly 109 00:06:49,440 --> 00:06:52,160 Speaker 1: is that those lists are for feasts that were really 110 00:06:52,200 --> 00:06:56,400 Speaker 1: special occasions and not just regular occurrences. Key to this 111 00:06:56,520 --> 00:06:58,840 Speaker 1: research was a food list for a banquet during the 112 00:06:58,880 --> 00:07:02,040 Speaker 1: reign of King Aina of Wessex. When the team tallied 113 00:07:02,120 --> 00:07:04,960 Speaker 1: up everything on that list, they found that meat accounted 114 00:07:05,000 --> 00:07:08,080 Speaker 1: for more than half of the total number of calories served. 115 00:07:08,560 --> 00:07:11,520 Speaker 1: They tried to estimate what one person's meal looked like 116 00:07:11,720 --> 00:07:14,360 Speaker 1: based on the idea that each guest got one of 117 00:07:14,360 --> 00:07:17,520 Speaker 1: the three hundred bread rolls shown on the list. Based 118 00:07:17,520 --> 00:07:20,640 Speaker 1: on that calculation, each guest would have gotten five hundred 119 00:07:20,720 --> 00:07:23,840 Speaker 1: grams each of mutton and beef, plus a total of 120 00:07:23,880 --> 00:07:28,440 Speaker 1: five hundred grams of salmon, eel, and poultry, along with cheese, honey, 121 00:07:28,520 --> 00:07:32,320 Speaker 1: and ale. Other lists used for other meals in other 122 00:07:32,360 --> 00:07:35,400 Speaker 1: parts of what's now southern England also showed that same 123 00:07:35,440 --> 00:07:40,960 Speaker 1: basic pattern. None of them mentioned any vegetables. Yeah, a 124 00:07:41,040 --> 00:07:43,000 Speaker 1: lot of articles that I read about this were like, 125 00:07:43,080 --> 00:07:45,800 Speaker 1: vegetables might have been served, they're just not on the list. 126 00:07:47,040 --> 00:07:51,960 Speaker 1: It's okay, sure. So there's, aside from that, a fair 127 00:07:52,000 --> 00:07:55,240 Speaker 1: amount of conjecture here, including the way that it rests 128 00:07:55,240 --> 00:07:57,760 Speaker 1: on the idea that every person got one bread roll. 129 00:07:58,480 --> 00:08:00,920 Speaker 1: Even if that's not quite right there, this does seem 130 00:08:00,960 --> 00:08:02,960 Speaker 1: like the amount of food that was listed on all 131 00:08:03,000 --> 00:08:05,000 Speaker 1: of these food lists that would have been meant for 132 00:08:05,280 --> 00:08:08,960 Speaker 1: hundreds of people, not for just like the monarchs and 133 00:08:09,000 --> 00:08:12,160 Speaker 1: their immediate court. I'm still tickled at the idea that 134 00:08:12,200 --> 00:08:16,320 Speaker 1: there could have been secret Broccolini. Various reporting on this 135 00:08:16,400 --> 00:08:19,600 Speaker 1: has compared it to a great, big barbecue hosted by 136 00:08:19,640 --> 00:08:23,320 Speaker 1: the peasants for the royalty, probably with leftovers that were 137 00:08:23,320 --> 00:08:26,440 Speaker 1: picked over and later turned into things like hardy stews. 138 00:08:27,240 --> 00:08:30,280 Speaker 1: Next up, according to research from Tel Aviv University and 139 00:08:30,360 --> 00:08:35,080 Speaker 1: the Hebrew University, olive trees were first domesticated about seven 140 00:08:35,160 --> 00:08:39,840 Speaker 1: thousand years ago. They came to this conclusion by analyzing 141 00:08:39,960 --> 00:08:43,640 Speaker 1: charcoal remains from an archaeological site and determining that the 142 00:08:43,679 --> 00:08:46,160 Speaker 1: wood that had been burned at that site was from 143 00:08:46,280 --> 00:08:50,120 Speaker 1: olive trees. This is in an area where olive trees 144 00:08:50,160 --> 00:08:53,640 Speaker 1: don't grow naturally, and there was more olive wood among 145 00:08:53,720 --> 00:08:56,920 Speaker 1: the charcoal than could logically be explained by somebody having 146 00:08:56,960 --> 00:09:00,600 Speaker 1: just like brought some wood from somewhere else. They also 147 00:09:00,679 --> 00:09:04,320 Speaker 1: found evidence of lots of small fig branches, which may 148 00:09:04,360 --> 00:09:08,199 Speaker 1: have been evidence that people were cultivating fig trees there, 149 00:09:08,760 --> 00:09:12,240 Speaker 1: since they resembled branches that would have been pruned off 150 00:09:12,360 --> 00:09:16,319 Speaker 1: during the process of cultivation. Before we get into our 151 00:09:16,360 --> 00:09:23,400 Speaker 1: next subject, which is animals, let's take a quick sponsor break. 152 00:09:28,600 --> 00:09:31,240 Speaker 1: So next up we have some stuff about animals, and 153 00:09:31,360 --> 00:09:36,439 Speaker 1: first we will talk about chickens today, domestic chickens or 154 00:09:36,640 --> 00:09:40,200 Speaker 1: Gallus domesticus are found really all over a lot of 155 00:09:40,200 --> 00:09:44,120 Speaker 1: the world, but it hasn't been totally clear where or 156 00:09:44,240 --> 00:09:49,640 Speaker 1: when these birds were first domesticated. Researchers have suggested various 157 00:09:49,679 --> 00:09:53,160 Speaker 1: parts of Asia as the likely starting point. To be clear, 158 00:09:53,240 --> 00:09:57,640 Speaker 1: Asia is enormous, so that's not narrowing it down all 159 00:09:57,679 --> 00:10:02,120 Speaker 1: that much. Uh. The time line has been similarly vague, 160 00:10:02,120 --> 00:10:05,319 Speaker 1: with suggestions stretching all the way from more than ten 161 00:10:05,440 --> 00:10:09,400 Speaker 1: thousand years ago to as recently as four thousand years ago. 162 00:10:10,320 --> 00:10:14,719 Speaker 1: Even pinpointing the domesticated chickens likely wild ancestor has been 163 00:10:14,760 --> 00:10:18,920 Speaker 1: pretty recent, with research suggesting that it is one species 164 00:10:19,000 --> 00:10:22,800 Speaker 1: of Southeast Asian jungle foul published just two years ago. 165 00:10:23,960 --> 00:10:27,400 Speaker 1: Two new studies may have brought this into more focus. 166 00:10:27,440 --> 00:10:30,079 Speaker 1: The first was published in the Proceedings of the National 167 00:10:30,080 --> 00:10:35,160 Speaker 1: Academy of Sciences. Researchers studied domestic chicken remains across more 168 00:10:35,160 --> 00:10:40,160 Speaker 1: than six hundred archaeological sites in eighty nine countries. Together, 169 00:10:40,240 --> 00:10:43,959 Speaker 1: this suggested that chickens were first domesticated in central Thailand 170 00:10:44,080 --> 00:10:49,200 Speaker 1: sometime between sixteen fifty and twelve fifty BC. This was 171 00:10:49,240 --> 00:10:52,040 Speaker 1: at about the same time that people were first cultivating 172 00:10:52,080 --> 00:10:55,800 Speaker 1: greens like rice and millet, including cultivating a rice by 173 00:10:55,840 --> 00:10:59,880 Speaker 1: scattering seed onto saturated soil rather than planting it in 174 00:11:00,040 --> 00:11:03,960 Speaker 1: a totally submerged patty field. So wild birds may have 175 00:11:04,000 --> 00:11:07,080 Speaker 1: been attracted to these fields or to grain storage areas 176 00:11:07,240 --> 00:11:11,640 Speaker 1: is an easy food source, thus kickstarting the process of domestication. 177 00:11:12,800 --> 00:11:17,120 Speaker 1: Another unanswered question has been how and when domestic chickens 178 00:11:17,280 --> 00:11:20,560 Speaker 1: moved from where they were first domesticated to other parts 179 00:11:20,600 --> 00:11:23,360 Speaker 1: of the world, and that's where the other paper comes in. 180 00:11:24,400 --> 00:11:27,880 Speaker 1: It was published in the journal Antiquity, and this research 181 00:11:28,000 --> 00:11:31,840 Speaker 1: used radio carbon dating to try to pinpoint when domesticated 182 00:11:31,920 --> 00:11:36,760 Speaker 1: chickens first arrived in Europe and Northwest Africa. Based on 183 00:11:36,880 --> 00:11:41,600 Speaker 1: this dating, domesticated chickens first arrived in Mediterranean Europe about 184 00:11:42,440 --> 00:11:45,720 Speaker 1: hundred years ago and then in northern Africa between one 185 00:11:45,800 --> 00:11:50,120 Speaker 1: thousand and eight hundred years ago. Our next animal find 186 00:11:50,520 --> 00:11:55,120 Speaker 1: is frogs, specifically more than eight thousand frog and toad 187 00:11:55,160 --> 00:11:59,080 Speaker 1: bones representing about three hundred fifty total animals, that were 188 00:11:59,080 --> 00:12:02,800 Speaker 1: found in a ditch north of Cambridge, England. This ditch 189 00:12:02,920 --> 00:12:05,920 Speaker 1: is adjacent to an iron age roundhouse and most of 190 00:12:05,920 --> 00:12:09,000 Speaker 1: the bones are from common species of frogs, but it's 191 00:12:09,040 --> 00:12:11,600 Speaker 1: unclear why there are so many of them in this 192 00:12:11,679 --> 00:12:18,120 Speaker 1: particular location. The BBC described experts as baffled. There's been 193 00:12:18,200 --> 00:12:21,920 Speaker 1: so much speculation about these frogs, like did they hold 194 00:12:22,040 --> 00:12:26,000 Speaker 1: some kind of special symbolism for the Iron age population 195 00:12:26,080 --> 00:12:30,320 Speaker 1: of this area that has been true of other civilizations 196 00:12:30,320 --> 00:12:32,720 Speaker 1: and other parts of the world during the same overall 197 00:12:32,760 --> 00:12:36,720 Speaker 1: time period. Or maybe we're people eating the frogs. The 198 00:12:36,760 --> 00:12:39,280 Speaker 1: bones don't show the kinds of charring or cut marks 199 00:12:39,280 --> 00:12:41,800 Speaker 1: that would suggest that they had been a food source, 200 00:12:41,880 --> 00:12:45,679 Speaker 1: but if people had prepared them by boiling, those wouldn't 201 00:12:45,679 --> 00:12:50,320 Speaker 1: necessarily be there. Or this wasn't that far from an 202 00:12:50,360 --> 00:12:53,360 Speaker 1: area that people were processing grain, So did the grain 203 00:12:53,400 --> 00:12:56,719 Speaker 1: attract lots of insects and then the insects attracted lots 204 00:12:56,800 --> 00:12:59,880 Speaker 1: of frogs If this was just a popular, you know, 205 00:13:00,080 --> 00:13:03,080 Speaker 1: hangout place for frogs. That still doesn't explain why there 206 00:13:03,120 --> 00:13:06,480 Speaker 1: were so many bones in one place. Some of the 207 00:13:06,520 --> 00:13:09,320 Speaker 1: ideas there are that they got into the ditch and 208 00:13:09,320 --> 00:13:12,200 Speaker 1: they couldn't get out again, or that having so many 209 00:13:12,280 --> 00:13:14,800 Speaker 1: frogs together in a small space had led to the 210 00:13:14,800 --> 00:13:18,400 Speaker 1: spread of a disease. Uh. It kind of cracks me 211 00:13:18,480 --> 00:13:20,720 Speaker 1: up that there was a lot of coverage of these 212 00:13:20,760 --> 00:13:23,200 Speaker 1: frogs and it all sort of landed on. There are 213 00:13:23,200 --> 00:13:26,640 Speaker 1: a lot of frogs by this iron a rage roundhouse. 214 00:13:27,679 --> 00:13:32,400 Speaker 1: Not totally sure why frog mysteries. Our last bit of 215 00:13:32,440 --> 00:13:35,360 Speaker 1: animal research is circling back to domestication again. It is 216 00:13:35,400 --> 00:13:41,319 Speaker 1: about domesticated dogs. We know that dogs were domesticated from wolves, 217 00:13:41,320 --> 00:13:44,520 Speaker 1: but similarly to that whole thing with the chickens, there's 218 00:13:44,520 --> 00:13:47,719 Speaker 1: been a lot of ongoing research into exactly when and 219 00:13:47,840 --> 00:13:52,520 Speaker 1: where this first happened. This includes the possibility that dogs 220 00:13:52,559 --> 00:13:57,319 Speaker 1: were domesticated in multiple places around the world, independently of 221 00:13:57,400 --> 00:14:02,120 Speaker 1: each other. I feel like we've had various dog domestication 222 00:14:02,280 --> 00:14:05,160 Speaker 1: things that have come up on on Earth before that 223 00:14:05,200 --> 00:14:08,280 Speaker 1: suggests sometimes wildly different things. I'm telling you this is 224 00:14:08,320 --> 00:14:11,440 Speaker 1: why I have not done a dog episode like I 225 00:14:11,480 --> 00:14:13,960 Speaker 1: did when we talked about the domestication of the cap 226 00:14:14,320 --> 00:14:19,520 Speaker 1: because there's so much conflicting stuff and just continually changing. 227 00:14:20,960 --> 00:14:23,960 Speaker 1: A genomic history of gray wolves published in the journal 228 00:14:24,080 --> 00:14:27,480 Speaker 1: Nature suggests that today's dogs are descended from two different 229 00:14:27,520 --> 00:14:32,440 Speaker 1: wolf populations. This research involved analyzing seventy two ancient wolf 230 00:14:32,480 --> 00:14:36,080 Speaker 1: genomes from Europe, Siberia, and North America, as well as 231 00:14:36,120 --> 00:14:39,920 Speaker 1: the genomes of sixty eight modern wolves, one sixty nine 232 00:14:39,920 --> 00:14:44,400 Speaker 1: modern dogs, and thirty three ancient dogs. All together, this 233 00:14:44,480 --> 00:14:48,520 Speaker 1: represents animals that lived over the last one hundred thousand years. 234 00:14:49,760 --> 00:14:54,200 Speaker 1: This research doesn't conclusively settle the question of when and 235 00:14:54,240 --> 00:14:58,520 Speaker 1: where dogs were first domesticated. None of the wolf genomes 236 00:14:58,560 --> 00:15:00,720 Speaker 1: that were part of the research per I'd like the 237 00:15:00,760 --> 00:15:04,280 Speaker 1: exact match with today's modern dogs that would do that, 238 00:15:04,360 --> 00:15:09,080 Speaker 1: But it does appear that in general today's dogs are 239 00:15:09,200 --> 00:15:13,320 Speaker 1: more closely related to wolves from eastern Eurasia than to 240 00:15:13,440 --> 00:15:16,320 Speaker 1: wolves from other parts of the world, So that suggests 241 00:15:16,320 --> 00:15:20,239 Speaker 1: that dogs may have first been domesticated in Eastern Eurasia. 242 00:15:20,720 --> 00:15:23,960 Speaker 1: At the same time, though, dogs in Western Asia and 243 00:15:24,000 --> 00:15:27,560 Speaker 1: Northern Africa seem to have lots of connection to wolves 244 00:15:27,600 --> 00:15:31,520 Speaker 1: from Southwest Eurasia, as much as half of their ancestry 245 00:15:31,560 --> 00:15:35,560 Speaker 1: comes from the Southwest Eurasian population, so that is the 246 00:15:35,560 --> 00:15:38,840 Speaker 1: basis for the idea that dogs came from two populations 247 00:15:38,840 --> 00:15:42,800 Speaker 1: of wolves. Yeah, something that's come up on previous Unearthed 248 00:15:43,280 --> 00:15:47,040 Speaker 1: has been about how dogs that were brought to North 249 00:15:47,080 --> 00:15:52,880 Speaker 1: America from Europe during colonization like overtook dogs that had 250 00:15:52,960 --> 00:15:55,840 Speaker 1: already been domesticated here. And I am not sure how 251 00:15:56,000 --> 00:16:01,440 Speaker 1: this research incorporated that idea. UH tried to figure it 252 00:16:01,440 --> 00:16:04,840 Speaker 1: out and could not. But anyway, we are going to 253 00:16:04,880 --> 00:16:09,960 Speaker 1: move on now to some art finds. Workers replacing gas 254 00:16:10,000 --> 00:16:13,800 Speaker 1: pipes outside of Verona, Italy have found a floor mosaic 255 00:16:13,960 --> 00:16:18,119 Speaker 1: believed to have been part of a villa owned by Theodoric, 256 00:16:18,360 --> 00:16:21,360 Speaker 1: king of the Ostrogoths, also known as Theodoric the Great. 257 00:16:22,040 --> 00:16:24,960 Speaker 1: This idea seems to connect mostly to how large and 258 00:16:25,120 --> 00:16:28,920 Speaker 1: ornate the mosaic is, but in the words of Vincenzo Tone, 259 00:16:28,920 --> 00:16:33,560 Speaker 1: Cultural Heritage Superintendent of Verona, quote, bits of mosaic, thermal 260 00:16:33,600 --> 00:16:37,720 Speaker 1: facilities and residential complexes have been emerging in a scattered 261 00:16:37,720 --> 00:16:41,040 Speaker 1: way at Montorio over the past decades, and it is 262 00:16:41,120 --> 00:16:45,320 Speaker 1: now time to systematize them. Our next art find was 263 00:16:45,360 --> 00:16:49,480 Speaker 1: also found under something. These are polychrome paintings that were 264 00:16:49,520 --> 00:16:53,400 Speaker 1: found under the plaster at the Royal Salt Works Castle 265 00:16:53,480 --> 00:16:59,080 Speaker 1: in Balitka, Poland during restoration work. The oldest of these 266 00:16:59,120 --> 00:17:02,400 Speaker 1: newly discovered paintings date back to the seventeenth century, and 267 00:17:02,400 --> 00:17:06,199 Speaker 1: they've been covered over with successive layers of plaster in 268 00:17:06,240 --> 00:17:10,240 Speaker 1: the centuries since then. These paintings are spread across five 269 00:17:10,320 --> 00:17:13,679 Speaker 1: rooms in the castle, and they show floral motifs, coats 270 00:17:13,720 --> 00:17:18,120 Speaker 1: of arms, and Arabesque decorations, as well as some representational paintings. 271 00:17:18,760 --> 00:17:22,800 Speaker 1: Some of them are realistic paintings of architectural or decorative features. 272 00:17:22,800 --> 00:17:25,760 Speaker 1: So rather than having a carved column or a draped 273 00:17:25,800 --> 00:17:28,800 Speaker 1: fabric to decorate the wall of a room, instead having 274 00:17:28,800 --> 00:17:31,199 Speaker 1: a painting of the column or fabric to create the 275 00:17:31,280 --> 00:17:36,400 Speaker 1: illusion of their being there. Some of these, just from 276 00:17:36,400 --> 00:17:39,159 Speaker 1: my looking at them on a computer screen on a website, 277 00:17:40,359 --> 00:17:44,639 Speaker 1: are really convincing. Like if I walked into a room 278 00:17:44,680 --> 00:17:46,919 Speaker 1: with the whole thing exposed, I might have been like, 279 00:17:46,960 --> 00:17:49,000 Speaker 1: what a great column over there. It's not a column, 280 00:17:49,040 --> 00:17:54,160 Speaker 1: it's a painting. Next, researchers from the Universities of York 281 00:17:54,280 --> 00:17:58,520 Speaker 1: and Durham have been studying engraved stones from the collections 282 00:17:58,560 --> 00:18:01,840 Speaker 1: of the British Museum and have come to the conclusion 283 00:18:01,960 --> 00:18:06,960 Speaker 1: that prehistoric people's carved these stones by firelight. These stones 284 00:18:07,080 --> 00:18:10,200 Speaker 1: are known as plaquettes. They were made between twenty three 285 00:18:10,200 --> 00:18:14,480 Speaker 1: thousand and fourteen thousand years ago, and there's heat damage 286 00:18:14,600 --> 00:18:17,000 Speaker 1: on some of the stones that suggests that they were 287 00:18:17,040 --> 00:18:21,160 Speaker 1: held close to a fire. Okay, you may be asking, 288 00:18:21,480 --> 00:18:23,760 Speaker 1: couldn't people have just started with a rock that had 289 00:18:23,800 --> 00:18:26,720 Speaker 1: already been near a fire, or left the rock near 290 00:18:26,760 --> 00:18:29,520 Speaker 1: the fire when they weren't actively working on it, and 291 00:18:29,600 --> 00:18:32,760 Speaker 1: that's the previous assumption of where the pinkish heat damage 292 00:18:32,760 --> 00:18:36,600 Speaker 1: on these stones came from. But after coming to this conclusion, 293 00:18:36,720 --> 00:18:39,720 Speaker 1: researchers tried to confirm it using three D models and 294 00:18:39,800 --> 00:18:43,760 Speaker 1: virtual reality software, and the results supported the idea that 295 00:18:43,800 --> 00:18:46,520 Speaker 1: the pattern of the heat damage suggested that the stones 296 00:18:46,600 --> 00:18:50,440 Speaker 1: had been held near the fire intentionally. We've talked about 297 00:18:50,480 --> 00:18:54,880 Speaker 1: some other research recently that suggests that prehistoric people's created 298 00:18:55,040 --> 00:18:58,240 Speaker 1: art by firelight. In the case of that other research, 299 00:18:58,359 --> 00:19:01,439 Speaker 1: we were talking about cave art and the likelihood that 300 00:19:01,480 --> 00:19:03,960 Speaker 1: the fumes and the lack of oxygen from the smoke 301 00:19:04,080 --> 00:19:08,960 Speaker 1: might have created another psychological dimension to the creation process 302 00:19:09,000 --> 00:19:11,800 Speaker 1: for this artwork, and that is the case here too. 303 00:19:12,400 --> 00:19:16,200 Speaker 1: Dr Andy Needham was quoted as saying, quote, creating art 304 00:19:16,280 --> 00:19:20,280 Speaker 1: by the firelight would have been a very visceral experience, 305 00:19:20,359 --> 00:19:23,600 Speaker 1: activating different parts of the human brain. We know that 306 00:19:23,720 --> 00:19:28,119 Speaker 1: flickering shadows and light enhance our evolutionary capacity to see 307 00:19:28,240 --> 00:19:32,440 Speaker 1: forms and faces in inanimate objects, and this might help 308 00:19:32,480 --> 00:19:35,760 Speaker 1: explain why it's common to see plaquette designs that have 309 00:19:35,840 --> 00:19:40,000 Speaker 1: been used or integrated natural features in the rock to 310 00:19:40,080 --> 00:19:45,080 Speaker 1: draw animals or artistic forms. Moving on. A team off 311 00:19:45,119 --> 00:19:47,560 Speaker 1: the coast of southern France is trying to preserve and 312 00:19:47,640 --> 00:19:51,119 Speaker 1: document a cave system full of prehistoric art before it 313 00:19:51,160 --> 00:19:55,400 Speaker 1: is lost to plastic pollution and climate change. The coscy 314 00:19:55,560 --> 00:19:59,600 Speaker 1: cavern system is reachable only through a treacherous dive into 315 00:19:59,640 --> 00:20:03,560 Speaker 1: a ca burned that is increasingly submerged. This site is 316 00:20:03,640 --> 00:20:08,600 Speaker 1: the only known location of cave art of prehistoric marine animals. Yeah, 317 00:20:08,640 --> 00:20:10,600 Speaker 1: and we say it's treacherous, like there have been people 318 00:20:10,600 --> 00:20:13,040 Speaker 1: who have drowned trying to get to the site to 319 00:20:13,440 --> 00:20:17,199 Speaker 1: pinpoint where it was to explore it. The artwork in 320 00:20:17,240 --> 00:20:20,960 Speaker 1: this cave date dates back about thirty thousand years, and 321 00:20:21,080 --> 00:20:24,000 Speaker 1: efforts to document it have really been escalating since a 322 00:20:24,119 --> 00:20:27,960 Speaker 1: rise in sea levels started threatening the site in twleven. 323 00:20:28,720 --> 00:20:32,040 Speaker 1: This was likely home to more than five hundred works 324 00:20:32,040 --> 00:20:34,960 Speaker 1: of art originally, but as more of the cave has 325 00:20:35,040 --> 00:20:38,800 Speaker 1: become submerged and damaged, only about a hundred and fifty 326 00:20:38,920 --> 00:20:43,359 Speaker 1: of those images remain. Only about twenty of the cave 327 00:20:43,400 --> 00:20:47,040 Speaker 1: system is still dry today. The work to document this 328 00:20:47,119 --> 00:20:50,840 Speaker 1: cave has included extensive three D mapping, and a replica 329 00:20:50,920 --> 00:20:54,119 Speaker 1: of the cave opened as a museum in Marseille in June. 330 00:20:54,920 --> 00:20:59,400 Speaker 1: Our last art find is also about rock art. Griffith 331 00:20:59,480 --> 00:21:03,199 Speaker 1: University Center for Social and Cultural Research has been working 332 00:21:03,240 --> 00:21:07,200 Speaker 1: with the traditional elders of Katakut National Park in Australia 333 00:21:07,280 --> 00:21:10,760 Speaker 1: to train a machine learning model to detect rock art 334 00:21:10,800 --> 00:21:14,399 Speaker 1: that a human might miss. This might help researchers find 335 00:21:14,440 --> 00:21:17,399 Speaker 1: and identify rock art in places that are treacherous or 336 00:21:17,480 --> 00:21:20,879 Speaker 1: difficult to reach, so they could work from photos and 337 00:21:20,920 --> 00:21:23,520 Speaker 1: then decide whether they need to go in for further exploration. 338 00:21:24,480 --> 00:21:27,920 Speaker 1: At this point, the machine learning model is correctly detecting 339 00:21:27,960 --> 00:21:30,560 Speaker 1: the presence of rock art about eight nine percent of 340 00:21:30,560 --> 00:21:33,000 Speaker 1: the time, so again, the idea here is that once 341 00:21:33,040 --> 00:21:35,520 Speaker 1: the model picks up the presence of rock art from 342 00:21:35,520 --> 00:21:39,440 Speaker 1: a photo, researchers can then visit that area in person 343 00:21:39,520 --> 00:21:42,960 Speaker 1: to study the artwork more closely. We've got more on 344 00:21:43,000 --> 00:21:44,959 Speaker 1: Earth coming up, but first we are going to pause 345 00:21:45,000 --> 00:21:56,840 Speaker 1: for a little sponsor break. The last few things we're 346 00:21:56,880 --> 00:22:01,080 Speaker 1: going to talk about aren't exactly discoveries. There are reports 347 00:22:01,200 --> 00:22:04,639 Speaker 1: that have been released over the last few months, So 348 00:22:04,800 --> 00:22:08,880 Speaker 1: first Harvard University has released a report detailing the school's 349 00:22:08,920 --> 00:22:13,280 Speaker 1: historical involvement in slavery and the slave trade. Mr report 350 00:22:13,359 --> 00:22:17,239 Speaker 1: also details the university's involvement in race science and the 351 00:22:17,240 --> 00:22:22,119 Speaker 1: eugenics movement in the decades after slavery. Harvard is not 352 00:22:22,440 --> 00:22:25,639 Speaker 1: unique at all in its connections to slavery, nor is 353 00:22:25,640 --> 00:22:28,520 Speaker 1: it the first university in the US do this kind 354 00:22:28,520 --> 00:22:31,159 Speaker 1: of work. It's been going on at some of the 355 00:22:31,240 --> 00:22:35,280 Speaker 1: nation's oldest and most prestigious universities for more than a decade. 356 00:22:35,720 --> 00:22:38,399 Speaker 1: The committee that produced this report also made a series 357 00:22:38,440 --> 00:22:43,199 Speaker 1: of recommendations for reparations. The recommendations include things like steps 358 00:22:43,240 --> 00:22:47,720 Speaker 1: to engage and support descendant communities, honor enslaved people whose 359 00:22:47,760 --> 00:22:51,400 Speaker 1: lives and labor were connected to Harvard, connect with historically 360 00:22:51,440 --> 00:22:54,919 Speaker 1: black colleges and universities, and implement steps to hold the 361 00:22:55,000 --> 00:22:59,840 Speaker 1: university accountable. The university has committed one hundred million dollars 362 00:22:59,840 --> 00:23:04,000 Speaker 1: to carry out those recommendations, and the full paper, recommendations, 363 00:23:04,000 --> 00:23:08,080 Speaker 1: and other materials are available at Legacy of Slavery dot 364 00:23:08,119 --> 00:23:14,000 Speaker 1: Harvard dot DU. Another report from Harvard was not released voluntarily, 365 00:23:14,680 --> 00:23:19,879 Speaker 1: an unfinalized draft report on human Remains in Harvard's collections 366 00:23:20,000 --> 00:23:23,520 Speaker 1: was leaked to the Harvard Crimson Student newspaper, which reported 367 00:23:23,520 --> 00:23:27,080 Speaker 1: on it in June. According to this draft report, the 368 00:23:27,119 --> 00:23:31,000 Speaker 1: remains of at least nineteen people who may have been enslaved, 369 00:23:31,200 --> 00:23:34,600 Speaker 1: and the remains of almost seven thousand Indigenous people are 370 00:23:34,640 --> 00:23:39,480 Speaker 1: still in Harvard's collections as of when we are recording this. 371 00:23:39,640 --> 00:23:43,520 Speaker 1: The committee has not yet released its finished work on this, 372 00:23:44,080 --> 00:23:48,640 Speaker 1: and committee members expressed frustration and disappointment with the leak 373 00:23:48,800 --> 00:23:51,639 Speaker 1: of the draft version, saying that that version did not 374 00:23:51,760 --> 00:23:56,480 Speaker 1: reflect week's worth of ongoing work into this. In May, 375 00:23:56,600 --> 00:23:59,320 Speaker 1: the U s Department of the Interior released the first 376 00:23:59,400 --> 00:24:03,080 Speaker 1: volume of an investigative report from the Federal Indian Boarding 377 00:24:03,080 --> 00:24:07,399 Speaker 1: School Initiative, detailing the system of boarding schools that operated 378 00:24:07,400 --> 00:24:11,680 Speaker 1: in the US in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. These schools, 379 00:24:11,760 --> 00:24:15,439 Speaker 1: as we have discussed on the show before, intentionally separated 380 00:24:15,480 --> 00:24:19,040 Speaker 1: Indigenous children from their families and communities as an act 381 00:24:19,040 --> 00:24:25,440 Speaker 1: of cultural genocide. This investigation documented four hundred eight schools, 382 00:24:25,920 --> 00:24:29,360 Speaker 1: as well as marked or unmarked burial sites at fifty 383 00:24:29,520 --> 00:24:32,240 Speaker 1: three of the schools in the system. And this report 384 00:24:32,440 --> 00:24:36,160 Speaker 1: is really just a first step documenting where the schools 385 00:24:36,160 --> 00:24:39,480 Speaker 1: were and what the conditions were like there. One point 386 00:24:39,560 --> 00:24:42,479 Speaker 1: that has made in the report is to quote from 387 00:24:42,520 --> 00:24:45,560 Speaker 1: the Department of the Interiors released about it quote despite 388 00:24:45,640 --> 00:24:49,639 Speaker 1: assertions to the contrary, The investigation found that the school 389 00:24:49,720 --> 00:24:53,800 Speaker 1: system largely focused on manual labor and vocational skills that 390 00:24:53,960 --> 00:24:58,399 Speaker 1: left American, Indian, Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian graduates with 391 00:24:58,480 --> 00:25:04,399 Speaker 1: employment options often irrelevant to the industrial US economy, further 392 00:25:04,560 --> 00:25:08,160 Speaker 1: disrupting tribal economies. If you listen to the earlier episodes 393 00:25:08,119 --> 00:25:09,960 Speaker 1: where we've talked about this, like part of the whole 394 00:25:11,080 --> 00:25:13,920 Speaker 1: set up of these was supposedly like giving people skills 395 00:25:14,080 --> 00:25:16,960 Speaker 1: for their future employment, and that is confirmed in this 396 00:25:17,119 --> 00:25:20,639 Speaker 1: not what was happening at all. Following the report, Secretary 397 00:25:20,680 --> 00:25:24,200 Speaker 1: of the Interior deb Holland announced what she described as 398 00:25:24,240 --> 00:25:27,880 Speaker 1: a year long essential listening tour called the Road to Healing. 399 00:25:28,520 --> 00:25:33,119 Speaker 1: This will involve visiting indigenous communities across the country, including Alaska, 400 00:25:33,320 --> 00:25:37,640 Speaker 1: Native and Hawaiian communities, to both connect communities, to support 401 00:25:38,040 --> 00:25:41,600 Speaker 1: and to create a permanent collection of oral histories. There 402 00:25:41,600 --> 00:25:44,159 Speaker 1: are also steps in place for a second volume of 403 00:25:44,200 --> 00:25:47,879 Speaker 1: the report, and lastly, not exactly a report, but in 404 00:25:47,920 --> 00:25:51,640 Speaker 1: a similar Vein to all of this, the Smithsonian has 405 00:25:51,680 --> 00:25:55,600 Speaker 1: adopted a new policy on ethical collecting, which went into 406 00:25:55,640 --> 00:25:59,920 Speaker 1: effect in April. This is connected to the Smithsonian's announced 407 00:26:00,240 --> 00:26:04,000 Speaker 1: of returning items from its collection known as Benin Bronzes, 408 00:26:04,040 --> 00:26:07,639 Speaker 1: which we've talked about on the show previously. This policy 409 00:26:07,760 --> 00:26:11,000 Speaker 1: covers all of the museums that are part of the Smithsonian, 410 00:26:11,160 --> 00:26:14,080 Speaker 1: but since those museums are pretty broad in terms of 411 00:26:14,080 --> 00:26:17,600 Speaker 1: the time period and types of objects, they include the 412 00:26:17,720 --> 00:26:20,240 Speaker 1: details of how it will be put into place will 413 00:26:20,320 --> 00:26:24,560 Speaker 1: vary from one museum to another, like the standards for 414 00:26:24,600 --> 00:26:27,840 Speaker 1: the National Air and Space Museum and the standards for 415 00:26:27,880 --> 00:26:30,240 Speaker 1: the National Museum of Natural History. They would have some 416 00:26:30,280 --> 00:26:33,040 Speaker 1: places where they would logically overlap, but also some places 417 00:26:33,040 --> 00:26:36,800 Speaker 1: where they would need to address like very different ideas. 418 00:26:37,840 --> 00:26:40,560 Speaker 1: Now we are moving on to repatriations, and we talked 419 00:26:40,560 --> 00:26:43,600 Speaker 1: about quite a few repatriations back in April, but things 420 00:26:43,640 --> 00:26:46,320 Speaker 1: have been a little quieter on that front this time around, 421 00:26:46,400 --> 00:26:49,600 Speaker 1: so we're gonna end on this. The Museum of Rescued 422 00:26:49,760 --> 00:26:53,280 Speaker 1: Art opened in Rome's Ancient Beths of Diocletian in June. 423 00:26:54,080 --> 00:26:56,400 Speaker 1: This is a museum where Italy is going to display 424 00:26:56,560 --> 00:27:00,480 Speaker 1: artwork that has been illegally looted or sold but then covered. 425 00:27:01,160 --> 00:27:04,320 Speaker 1: So the plan is for this museum's exhibits to change 426 00:27:04,400 --> 00:27:07,280 Speaker 1: every few months as the items are then sent back 427 00:27:07,320 --> 00:27:09,800 Speaker 1: to the regions that they were originally taken from. So 428 00:27:10,480 --> 00:27:15,840 Speaker 1: when Italian authorities recover something that's illegally made its way 429 00:27:15,920 --> 00:27:18,760 Speaker 1: into a museum collection somewhere else in the world or 430 00:27:18,800 --> 00:27:22,440 Speaker 1: to an auction house or a private collection, that object 431 00:27:22,480 --> 00:27:25,880 Speaker 1: may spend some time on public display in this museum 432 00:27:25,920 --> 00:27:28,439 Speaker 1: before then being returned to where it came from. A 433 00:27:28,480 --> 00:27:31,760 Speaker 1: lot of these objects came from illegal digs, which a 434 00:27:31,800 --> 00:27:35,160 Speaker 1: lot of the times to destroy important context to pinpoint 435 00:27:35,280 --> 00:27:40,520 Speaker 1: where something came from. So authorities can't actually tell specifically 436 00:27:40,600 --> 00:27:43,680 Speaker 1: where an object originated, they will return it to some 437 00:27:43,800 --> 00:27:48,560 Speaker 1: place in that general area. The museum's first exhibition includes 438 00:27:48,600 --> 00:27:52,040 Speaker 1: about one hundred of two hundred sixty objects that were 439 00:27:52,040 --> 00:27:54,960 Speaker 1: brought back to Italy from the United States last December. 440 00:27:55,760 --> 00:27:58,920 Speaker 1: This particular set of objects is thousands of years old, 441 00:27:59,040 --> 00:28:04,119 Speaker 1: predating the room An era. They're terra cotta heads, ceramic jars, 442 00:28:04,200 --> 00:28:08,240 Speaker 1: and atruscan funeral boxes in the current display. Yeah, I 443 00:28:08,280 --> 00:28:11,760 Speaker 1: am sure we will have some more repatriations to talk 444 00:28:11,800 --> 00:28:14,879 Speaker 1: about next installment of on Earth, because I know of 445 00:28:15,040 --> 00:28:20,760 Speaker 1: one that was announced just this morning. See your next quarter, 446 00:28:21,600 --> 00:28:23,720 Speaker 1: See your next quarter when we talk about things that 447 00:28:23,800 --> 00:28:27,760 Speaker 1: happened in July. UM, so yeah, that is what has 448 00:28:27,840 --> 00:28:32,040 Speaker 1: been unearthed this time or around. We will talk about 449 00:28:32,200 --> 00:28:35,440 Speaker 1: various behind the scenes details of this in our Friday episode, 450 00:28:35,480 --> 00:28:40,000 Speaker 1: but for now, I have some listener mail. Um. This 451 00:28:40,080 --> 00:28:42,840 Speaker 1: is from Lori, and Lori wrote, I love, love, love 452 00:28:42,920 --> 00:28:45,880 Speaker 1: your podcast. I have so many episodes left for my PhD, 453 00:28:45,880 --> 00:28:50,080 Speaker 1: but maybe I'm up to a bachelor's I love that idea. Anyway, 454 00:28:50,200 --> 00:28:53,320 Speaker 1: I loved hearing about the tour guide who pronounced chaos 455 00:28:53,360 --> 00:28:56,520 Speaker 1: as cows. I had a professor of Russian literature who 456 00:28:56,520 --> 00:28:59,400 Speaker 1: had the same alternate pronunciation, but I feel like it 457 00:28:59,440 --> 00:29:01,760 Speaker 1: took the class as a whole a bit longer to 458 00:29:01,880 --> 00:29:04,760 Speaker 1: decipher the intended word, mostly because of the piece of 459 00:29:04,880 --> 00:29:08,080 Speaker 1: literature being discussed didn't seem to have any relation to 460 00:29:08,200 --> 00:29:12,320 Speaker 1: either cows or chaos at the time the mid nineties, 461 00:29:12,360 --> 00:29:15,040 Speaker 1: so no Google in the classroom. I wrote the word 462 00:29:15,160 --> 00:29:17,760 Speaker 1: as a name and planned to look it up later. 463 00:29:18,080 --> 00:29:21,240 Speaker 1: The professor must have appreciated all the glazed looks on 464 00:29:21,280 --> 00:29:24,720 Speaker 1: our faces and wrote the word on the chalkboard to 465 00:29:24,840 --> 00:29:30,160 Speaker 1: a collective sigh of recognition. It was great. I love 466 00:29:30,240 --> 00:29:36,240 Speaker 1: this story, um. LORI also sent lots of animal pictures. 467 00:29:36,920 --> 00:29:40,480 Speaker 1: One of these pictures is of a dog named Stevie, 468 00:29:40,680 --> 00:29:45,160 Speaker 1: as in Stevie Nicks, who is hiding in the bathtub 469 00:29:46,720 --> 00:29:52,480 Speaker 1: because Stevie dislikes rain and loathe thunderstorms, and I really 470 00:29:52,480 --> 00:29:54,880 Speaker 1: wanted to hug Stevie. I know, I know some folks 471 00:29:54,920 --> 00:29:59,640 Speaker 1: who have a dog who was terrified of thunderstorms, um, 472 00:29:59,640 --> 00:30:02,800 Speaker 1: and one of their nicknames for their dog came from 473 00:30:02,840 --> 00:30:05,920 Speaker 1: the fact that one day there was a thunderstorm and 474 00:30:05,960 --> 00:30:08,719 Speaker 1: he was scared, so he pete in his bed, But 475 00:30:08,720 --> 00:30:10,320 Speaker 1: then he didn't want to be in a wet bed, 476 00:30:10,560 --> 00:30:12,479 Speaker 1: so he went over to his dry bed and then 477 00:30:12,600 --> 00:30:14,959 Speaker 1: pete and that one also, and it was like, oh, buddy, 478 00:30:15,800 --> 00:30:21,440 Speaker 1: I'm so sorry, so sorry for the thunderstorm fear. UM. 479 00:30:21,480 --> 00:30:24,040 Speaker 1: So we have also cat pictures as part of these. 480 00:30:24,080 --> 00:30:27,880 Speaker 1: Thank you so much Laurie for this story, UH and 481 00:30:28,000 --> 00:30:33,040 Speaker 1: for this uh collection of animal pictures. Most of them 482 00:30:33,040 --> 00:30:37,480 Speaker 1: are napping, which I really appreciated. Uh. I love to 483 00:30:37,480 --> 00:30:41,400 Speaker 1: look at a napping animal. UM. If you would like 484 00:30:41,440 --> 00:30:43,560 Speaker 1: to write to us about this or any other podcast 485 00:30:43,680 --> 00:30:46,400 Speaker 1: or a history podcast that I heart radio dot com 486 00:30:46,440 --> 00:30:48,920 Speaker 1: and we're all over social media at ms in History 487 00:30:48,920 --> 00:30:52,440 Speaker 1: that story will find your Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, and Instagram, 488 00:30:52,480 --> 00:30:55,160 Speaker 1: and you can subscribe to our show on the I 489 00:30:55,240 --> 00:30:58,040 Speaker 1: heart radio app or wherever you like to get your podcasts. 490 00:31:03,440 --> 00:31:05,600 Speaker 1: Stuff you missed in History Class is a production of 491 00:31:05,680 --> 00:31:08,880 Speaker 1: I heart Radio. For more podcasts from I heart Radio, 492 00:31:09,080 --> 00:31:12,200 Speaker 1: visit the iHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you 493 00:31:12,320 --> 00:31:17,480 Speaker 1: listen to your favorite shows. M