WEBVTT - TechStuff Classic: TechStuff Goes Transmitter Hunting - Part One

0:00:04.440 --> 0:00:10.400
<v Speaker 1>Welcome to tech Stuff, a production from iHeartRadio.

0:00:11.840 --> 0:00:12.720
<v Speaker 2>Hey there, and.

0:00:12.680 --> 0:00:17.400
<v Speaker 1>Welcome to tech Stuff. I'm your host, Jonathan Strickland. I'm

0:00:17.440 --> 0:00:22.840
<v Speaker 1>an executive producer with iHeartRadio and how the tech are you?

0:00:23.440 --> 0:00:28.600
<v Speaker 1>It's time for another tech Stuff classic episode. This episode

0:00:28.960 --> 0:00:33.760
<v Speaker 1>is titled tech Stuff Goes Transmitter Hunting, Part One that's

0:00:33.760 --> 0:00:39.159
<v Speaker 1>published on March eighth, twenty seventeen, and Joe McCormick of Stuffed,

0:00:39.159 --> 0:00:43.199
<v Speaker 1>Blow Your Mind joined me for this particular episode. I

0:00:43.240 --> 0:00:49.000
<v Speaker 1>hope you enjoy. Joe McCormick beloved in our office. We

0:00:49.200 --> 0:00:52.479
<v Speaker 1>sing his phrases when he's not around. Joe, welcome back.

0:00:52.360 --> 0:00:53.800
<v Speaker 2>To the show. Thank you for having me.

0:00:53.880 --> 0:00:55.840
<v Speaker 1>Jonathan, You're welcome, Joe. It's like a little it's like

0:00:55.880 --> 0:00:58.320
<v Speaker 1>a two thirds forward thinking reunion right now.

0:00:58.800 --> 0:01:02.040
<v Speaker 2>So I wanted to talk today a little bit about

0:01:02.080 --> 0:01:06.160
<v Speaker 2>a subject that is recently near and dear to my heart. Yeah,

0:01:06.200 --> 0:01:10.720
<v Speaker 2>not a long time fascination, a recent obsession. Yeah, and

0:01:10.920 --> 0:01:13.920
<v Speaker 2>that is the idea of radio direction finding.

0:01:14.240 --> 0:01:17.880
<v Speaker 1>Yeah. This was something I knew. I mean really, I

0:01:17.959 --> 0:01:20.680
<v Speaker 1>knew nothing about it when you brought this to my attention.

0:01:20.959 --> 0:01:22.679
<v Speaker 1>And the more I learned about it, the more I

0:01:22.720 --> 0:01:25.560
<v Speaker 1>realized not only is it a fascinating subject, but it

0:01:25.600 --> 0:01:29.319
<v Speaker 1>also in many ways is kind of a spiritual cousin

0:01:29.440 --> 0:01:33.120
<v Speaker 1>to some other topics I've covered, like geo cashing. Just

0:01:33.120 --> 0:01:36.440
<v Speaker 1>for one specific part of radio direction finding that we'll

0:01:36.440 --> 0:01:37.960
<v Speaker 1>get into in this episode.

0:01:38.080 --> 0:01:42.280
<v Speaker 2>Okay, So to introduce you here, I want you to

0:01:42.319 --> 0:01:45.480
<v Speaker 2>imagine you have a favorite radio station, ninety nine. You

0:01:45.520 --> 0:01:47.520
<v Speaker 2>don't have to imagine, you really do it. What do

0:01:47.520 --> 0:01:48.360
<v Speaker 2>they play on Power.

0:01:48.240 --> 0:01:50.400
<v Speaker 1>Ninety Well, they don't play anything anymore because now it's

0:01:50.480 --> 0:01:54.080
<v Speaker 1>ninety nine X. But back in the nineties, Power ninety

0:01:54.160 --> 0:01:58.280
<v Speaker 1>nine was the station that slowly introduced Atlanta to the

0:01:58.400 --> 0:02:00.680
<v Speaker 1>wonderful world of alternative music.

0:02:01.080 --> 0:02:02.760
<v Speaker 2>Okay, so r EM.

0:02:02.520 --> 0:02:04.040
<v Speaker 1>Got a lot of play. In fact, the very first

0:02:04.040 --> 0:02:06.120
<v Speaker 1>time I ever heard Ram's Losing My Religion was on

0:02:06.200 --> 0:02:07.120
<v Speaker 1>Power ninety nine.

0:02:07.280 --> 0:02:10.600
<v Speaker 2>Nice. Yeah, do you listen now to ninety seven point

0:02:10.600 --> 0:02:12.480
<v Speaker 2>one the River? You know what?

0:02:12.919 --> 0:02:14.640
<v Speaker 1>Not a big not a big fan of the River,

0:02:14.680 --> 0:02:16.800
<v Speaker 1>But I do still listen to ninety nine X, which

0:02:16.880 --> 0:02:19.720
<v Speaker 1>is not on ninety nine point seven anymore. I can't

0:02:19.720 --> 0:02:22.040
<v Speaker 1>remember which station it's on, but I still listen to that.

0:02:22.320 --> 0:02:24.960
<v Speaker 2>Okay, well take yourself back in time, Jonathan, Okay, go

0:02:25.040 --> 0:02:27.360
<v Speaker 2>back to the days of Power ninety nine will do

0:02:28.200 --> 0:02:30.919
<v Speaker 2>and imagine, you know, Power ninety nine. It just gets

0:02:31.000 --> 0:02:33.280
<v Speaker 2>you through the morning. Yeah, you wake up every day,

0:02:33.960 --> 0:02:37.600
<v Speaker 2>you know, it gets you through the TDM of peeling

0:02:37.639 --> 0:02:41.400
<v Speaker 2>those thirty seven hard boiled eggs you're gonna eat for breakfast. Yeah,

0:02:41.440 --> 0:02:44.720
<v Speaker 2>and it''s accurate so far, and it just it's your

0:02:44.760 --> 0:02:48.880
<v Speaker 2>favorite part of the day. But one morning you switch

0:02:48.919 --> 0:02:51.000
<v Speaker 2>on your radio to Power ninety nine. You think you're

0:02:51.040 --> 0:02:54.480
<v Speaker 2>gonna hear some great new r EM singles, but instead

0:02:54.800 --> 0:02:58.880
<v Speaker 2>something is wrong. Instead of the regular programming of your

0:02:59.240 --> 0:03:01.920
<v Speaker 2>of your regular favorite radio station, you are treated to

0:03:01.960 --> 0:03:05.760
<v Speaker 2>an unending loop of Mick Jagger's nineteen eighty five solo

0:03:05.840 --> 0:03:07.440
<v Speaker 2>love ballad hard Woman.

0:03:07.720 --> 0:03:09.760
<v Speaker 1>Is this the one that has the terrible music video?

0:03:10.040 --> 0:03:12.960
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, that was put together by a crazy supercomputer.

0:03:13.360 --> 0:03:15.960
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, now I remember this. I remember you showing me

0:03:16.000 --> 0:03:18.760
<v Speaker 1>that music video. And the only thing worse than the

0:03:18.840 --> 0:03:21.119
<v Speaker 1>music video was, in fact, the song itself.

0:03:21.800 --> 0:03:25.160
<v Speaker 2>It's it's hard to know which is worse, but yeah,

0:03:25.200 --> 0:03:27.840
<v Speaker 2>so it's looping. In fact, they don't even let the

0:03:27.880 --> 0:03:31.280
<v Speaker 2>song finish. Each time it plays, the loop begins about

0:03:31.280 --> 0:03:33.840
<v Speaker 2>ten to fifteen seconds before the song's over.

0:03:34.080 --> 0:03:35.040
<v Speaker 1>It's just maddening.

0:03:35.240 --> 0:03:38.560
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, So you call up the station, you call up

0:03:38.600 --> 0:03:40.600
<v Speaker 2>Power ninety nine and say, hey, what's up with Hard

0:03:40.600 --> 0:03:44.000
<v Speaker 2>Woman all the time? Where's myrim? And they say, I

0:03:44.040 --> 0:03:46.760
<v Speaker 2>don't know what you're talking about. We're running our regular programming.

0:03:48.040 --> 0:03:49.840
<v Speaker 2>Somebody is jamming you.

0:03:50.200 --> 0:03:54.680
<v Speaker 1>So what they're doing is they're using a transmitter, presumably

0:03:54.720 --> 0:03:58.480
<v Speaker 1>one much closer to you than the radio station's transmitter

0:03:58.760 --> 0:04:02.080
<v Speaker 1>and at a power that overpowers the incoming signal for

0:04:02.200 --> 0:04:03.000
<v Speaker 1>that radio station.

0:04:03.200 --> 0:04:06.160
<v Speaker 2>Right, because they're closer to you than the radio station is.

0:04:06.240 --> 0:04:07.720
<v Speaker 2>They can do this because the only.

0:04:07.600 --> 0:04:09.240
<v Speaker 1>Other way they could do that is if they were

0:04:09.280 --> 0:04:12.320
<v Speaker 1>actually putting in more power in the transmitter than the

0:04:12.440 --> 0:04:13.560
<v Speaker 1>radio station is, which.

0:04:13.400 --> 0:04:17.440
<v Speaker 2>Is not likely. But somebody in your neighborhood, somebody near

0:04:17.520 --> 0:04:21.840
<v Speaker 2>your house with a with a vendetta against r em yeah,

0:04:22.000 --> 0:04:27.120
<v Speaker 2>or maybe just an unending, powerful, overflowing love for Mick

0:04:27.200 --> 0:04:28.400
<v Speaker 2>Jagger's Hard Woman.

0:04:28.400 --> 0:04:30.880
<v Speaker 1>Or some sort of curmudgeon in between.

0:04:30.680 --> 0:04:34.520
<v Speaker 2>Uh huh, yeah, is broadcasting this malicious interference on the

0:04:34.560 --> 0:04:38.520
<v Speaker 2>same frequency as your beloved station. Now, obviously this is intolerable,

0:04:39.520 --> 0:04:42.640
<v Speaker 2>but the station themselves, well they probably can't do anything

0:04:42.680 --> 0:04:46.080
<v Speaker 2>about it. Sure, so you contact the FCC. Right, this

0:04:46.120 --> 0:04:47.120
<v Speaker 2>should be their job to.

0:04:47.080 --> 0:04:49.279
<v Speaker 1>Deal with here in the US. That's exactly who I

0:04:49.279 --> 0:04:51.080
<v Speaker 1>would I've got them on speed dial.

0:04:51.240 --> 0:04:54.440
<v Speaker 2>Right, Signal intrusion. Right, you're supposed to regulate the airwaves,

0:04:54.480 --> 0:04:56.960
<v Speaker 2>so you call it the FCC. But ah, they tell

0:04:57.000 --> 0:05:00.000
<v Speaker 2>you to take a hike. They're busy undoing net neutrality soon.

0:05:01.720 --> 0:05:03.960
<v Speaker 2>So what are you going to do? Are you just

0:05:04.000 --> 0:05:07.600
<v Speaker 2>going to allow this radio freak to jagger up your

0:05:07.640 --> 0:05:09.320
<v Speaker 2>mornings for the rest of your life.

0:05:09.400 --> 0:05:10.719
<v Speaker 1>That doesn't sound like me, Joe.

0:05:12.480 --> 0:05:15.200
<v Speaker 2>If that's not your style. Yeah, one thing you could

0:05:15.200 --> 0:05:18.520
<v Speaker 2>do is try to take matters into your own hands. Now,

0:05:18.520 --> 0:05:20.520
<v Speaker 2>how would you do that? You would have to track

0:05:20.640 --> 0:05:24.279
<v Speaker 2>down the jagger jammer yourself and give this creep a

0:05:24.279 --> 0:05:26.760
<v Speaker 2>piece of your mind. But how could you do that?

0:05:26.839 --> 0:05:29.159
<v Speaker 2>Like the song loop doesn't say, hey, by the way,

0:05:29.240 --> 0:05:33.839
<v Speaker 2>here's the address of my secret jamming transmitter, right, at

0:05:33.920 --> 0:05:34.960
<v Speaker 2>least not explicitly.

0:05:35.440 --> 0:05:38.839
<v Speaker 1>So then I'd have to figure out some way independent

0:05:38.960 --> 0:05:43.160
<v Speaker 1>of the content of the signal to track the location

0:05:43.480 --> 0:05:44.440
<v Speaker 1>of the transmitter.

0:05:44.600 --> 0:05:46.960
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, and that's what today's episode is going to be about.

0:05:47.279 --> 0:05:49.719
<v Speaker 2>If you know a few techniques and if you have

0:05:49.800 --> 0:05:52.920
<v Speaker 2>some special equipment on hand, you actually should be able

0:05:52.960 --> 0:05:57.120
<v Speaker 2>to locate this jammer through the art of radio direction

0:05:57.279 --> 0:06:00.520
<v Speaker 2>finding or RDF, as I'm sure we'll refer to it

0:06:00.560 --> 0:06:03.080
<v Speaker 2>throughout this episode. It's the act of hunting or radio

0:06:03.120 --> 0:06:07.480
<v Speaker 2>broadcast to its physical source. So today we're going to

0:06:07.520 --> 0:06:09.760
<v Speaker 2>talk a little bit about RDF in general, a little

0:06:09.760 --> 0:06:12.680
<v Speaker 2>bit about the history about the science behind it. But

0:06:12.800 --> 0:06:15.599
<v Speaker 2>we also wanted to focus somewhat on the sport of

0:06:15.680 --> 0:06:19.520
<v Speaker 2>transmitter hunting, also known as tea hunting or fox hunting,

0:06:19.920 --> 0:06:23.440
<v Speaker 2>which turns this activity of radio direction finding into a

0:06:23.480 --> 0:06:25.560
<v Speaker 2>recreational activity.

0:06:25.120 --> 0:06:28.600
<v Speaker 1>And this ties into a lot of those other subjects

0:06:28.640 --> 0:06:31.640
<v Speaker 1>I was talking about, like from the aspect of geocachhing,

0:06:31.680 --> 0:06:35.400
<v Speaker 1>where we're using technology for some sort of recreational activity

0:06:35.720 --> 0:06:40.000
<v Speaker 1>that wasn't necessarily intended to be when we first started

0:06:40.040 --> 0:06:43.680
<v Speaker 1>developing that tech, all the way to the story Chuck

0:06:43.720 --> 0:06:49.160
<v Speaker 1>and I did about the infamous Max Hedgroom incident right where.

0:06:48.960 --> 0:06:51.719
<v Speaker 2>Somebody another case of signal intruthu exactly.

0:06:51.320 --> 0:06:54.719
<v Speaker 1>Someone was able to do signal intrusion in the Chicago

0:06:54.839 --> 0:07:03.479
<v Speaker 1>market and overpower television signals and present an absurd, slightly disturbing,

0:07:03.520 --> 0:07:10.200
<v Speaker 1>and very surreal Max Headroom type of intrusion, Well those things,

0:07:10.200 --> 0:07:12.080
<v Speaker 1>I mean, that's that's kind of why we're talking about this,

0:07:12.240 --> 0:07:15.920
<v Speaker 1>is like, how would you detect where such an intrusion

0:07:15.960 --> 0:07:18.720
<v Speaker 1>is coming from if you had enough time to do so.

0:07:18.920 --> 0:07:22.480
<v Speaker 1>In the case of the Max Headroom incident, Yeah, by

0:07:22.520 --> 0:07:24.960
<v Speaker 1>the time anyone knew what was happening, it was too

0:07:25.040 --> 0:07:28.400
<v Speaker 1>late to really figure out where's the signal coming from.

0:07:28.640 --> 0:07:32.520
<v Speaker 1>They had general ideas just based upon the architecture of

0:07:32.560 --> 0:07:36.000
<v Speaker 1>the city, because things like buildings and stuff can get

0:07:36.000 --> 0:07:38.600
<v Speaker 1>in the way of radio signals, so that that limits

0:07:38.760 --> 0:07:43.200
<v Speaker 1>where a signal can come from. But you need something

0:07:43.240 --> 0:07:46.560
<v Speaker 1>more sophisticated in order to narrow down the actual direction

0:07:46.800 --> 0:07:52.680
<v Speaker 1>and specifically the locality of a transmitter. So this has

0:07:52.720 --> 0:07:57.480
<v Speaker 1>a really long history. It dates back pretty much shortly

0:07:57.520 --> 0:08:02.400
<v Speaker 1>after we started sending radio signals. In fact, the very

0:08:02.440 --> 0:08:07.720
<v Speaker 1>first person to kind of associate directionality with radio signals

0:08:08.160 --> 0:08:12.720
<v Speaker 1>was Heinrich Hertz. And that name Hurts probably rings some bells.

0:08:12.760 --> 0:08:14.800
<v Speaker 1>We're gonna be talking about a lot about Hurts the

0:08:15.600 --> 0:08:19.640
<v Speaker 1>unit of measurement and not Hurts the person in this episode.

0:08:20.000 --> 0:08:23.559
<v Speaker 1>He discovered in eighteen eighty eight with an open loop

0:08:23.560 --> 0:08:26.040
<v Speaker 1>of wire which was acting like an antenna, or it

0:08:26.080 --> 0:08:28.560
<v Speaker 1>really was an antenna, wasn't acting like one, just a

0:08:28.600 --> 0:08:31.600
<v Speaker 1>bent one. Yeah, But this was a loop of wire

0:08:31.840 --> 0:08:35.000
<v Speaker 1>that had a gap between the two ends of the loop.

0:08:35.080 --> 0:08:36.959
<v Speaker 1>So it's not a closed loop, it's an open loop.

0:08:37.720 --> 0:08:40.240
<v Speaker 1>It had some direction finding properties to it. He found

0:08:40.280 --> 0:08:44.840
<v Speaker 1>that if he used this loop near a transmitter and

0:08:44.880 --> 0:08:48.599
<v Speaker 1>if the looper positions so that it's ends faced the transmitter.

0:08:48.600 --> 0:08:50.640
<v Speaker 1>In other words, if you're looking at the face of

0:08:50.679 --> 0:08:53.120
<v Speaker 1>a transmitter and you're looking at a loop, the loop

0:08:53.160 --> 0:08:56.120
<v Speaker 1>is at a ninety degree angle. It's the wire part

0:08:56.200 --> 0:08:59.120
<v Speaker 1>is facing the ends of the wire part is facing

0:08:59.160 --> 0:09:01.240
<v Speaker 1>the transmitter as post to the open face.

0:09:01.440 --> 0:09:04.120
<v Speaker 2>Okay, it would create real a.

0:09:04.080 --> 0:09:07.160
<v Speaker 1>Big spark between those two ends. If you started to

0:09:07.280 --> 0:09:10.200
<v Speaker 1>rotate the loop of wire so that the open face

0:09:10.320 --> 0:09:13.760
<v Speaker 1>the o if you will, of the loop faced the transmitter,

0:09:14.080 --> 0:09:19.319
<v Speaker 1>it didn't create that spark. So rotating it would create sparks,

0:09:19.360 --> 0:09:21.800
<v Speaker 1>and the biggest spark would be if it was in

0:09:21.840 --> 0:09:26.040
<v Speaker 1>this ninety degree alignment with the transmitter. And that showed

0:09:26.040 --> 0:09:29.080
<v Speaker 1>that there was some directionality with radio waves and antenna.

0:09:29.360 --> 0:09:33.560
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, and that specifically you could put together an antenna

0:09:33.720 --> 0:09:37.640
<v Speaker 2>receiver in certain ways that it would respond differently depending

0:09:37.679 --> 0:09:39.199
<v Speaker 2>on how it's oriented.

0:09:38.880 --> 0:09:42.880
<v Speaker 1>Exactly with respect to the source of transmission exactly, So

0:09:43.240 --> 0:09:45.600
<v Speaker 1>the next one you would talk about the actual One

0:09:45.640 --> 0:09:50.960
<v Speaker 1>of the earliest successful implementations of this idea would be

0:09:51.040 --> 0:09:58.120
<v Speaker 1>the Bellini Tosi apparatus, not the only early direction finding antenna.

0:09:58.160 --> 0:10:01.239
<v Speaker 2>Why am I imagining some kind of dessert making machine

0:10:01.360 --> 0:10:05.000
<v Speaker 2>the Billini Tosi apparatus. It's like a large box, out

0:10:05.040 --> 0:10:07.280
<v Speaker 2>of which comes big blobs of icing.

0:10:07.240 --> 0:10:11.000
<v Speaker 1>Right, or gelato or something. I'm on a diet, Dude,

0:10:11.000 --> 0:10:11.920
<v Speaker 1>you are killing.

0:10:11.679 --> 0:10:12.679
<v Speaker 2>The runs on diesel.

0:10:13.679 --> 0:10:18.439
<v Speaker 1>I would eat diesel powered gelatto right now in a heartbeat,

0:10:18.880 --> 0:10:21.000
<v Speaker 1>but instead I'm going to stick to my Brussels sprouts.

0:10:21.679 --> 0:10:26.120
<v Speaker 1>So two Italian officers named Ettore Bellini and Alessandro Tossi

0:10:26.960 --> 0:10:29.559
<v Speaker 1>came up with this. Sometimes it's actually called the Marconi

0:10:29.640 --> 0:10:33.920
<v Speaker 1>Ballini tosi because Marconi's name gets attached to everything. Yeah,

0:10:33.960 --> 0:10:39.240
<v Speaker 1>that might be a little bitter tesla left over issues

0:10:39.240 --> 0:10:42.200
<v Speaker 1>that I have about Marconi's name getting associated with stuff

0:10:42.240 --> 0:10:46.000
<v Speaker 1>that certainly he was instrumental in the development of, but

0:10:46.040 --> 0:10:50.040
<v Speaker 1>perhaps not the primary source of that technology the way

0:10:50.040 --> 0:10:51.559
<v Speaker 1>his name would indicate anyway.

0:10:51.640 --> 0:10:55.880
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, the wireless telegraph you'd want his name all over everything. Yeah, yeah,

0:10:56.240 --> 0:10:56.960
<v Speaker 2>don't worry.

0:10:56.760 --> 0:11:00.480
<v Speaker 1>About people who worked on that stuff, you know, before him,

0:11:00.760 --> 0:11:04.760
<v Speaker 1>or had originally secured a patent before he had and

0:11:04.800 --> 0:11:07.439
<v Speaker 1>then had their patents overturned. Stop with your bitterness. That's

0:11:07.480 --> 0:11:10.360
<v Speaker 1>another episode. In fact, I've talked about it in previous episodes.

0:11:10.800 --> 0:11:13.080
<v Speaker 1>So the way this worked is that they actually created

0:11:13.840 --> 0:11:17.040
<v Speaker 1>two loops of wire arranged at right angles with respect

0:11:17.040 --> 0:11:18.719
<v Speaker 1>to one another. So you can think of these as

0:11:18.760 --> 0:11:21.280
<v Speaker 1>kind of like a casing, these two big loops of

0:11:21.320 --> 0:11:24.079
<v Speaker 1>wire at right angles in the middle of which they

0:11:24.080 --> 0:11:26.760
<v Speaker 1>put a third coil of wire, but this one could

0:11:26.840 --> 0:11:31.439
<v Speaker 1>rotate freely within those two fixed ninety degree angle loops.

0:11:31.600 --> 0:11:34.800
<v Speaker 2>Okay, so it's like a wire globe and then another

0:11:34.840 --> 0:11:35.600
<v Speaker 2>loop inside.

0:11:35.679 --> 0:11:38.559
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, and that wire loop inside can freely rotate, and

0:11:38.640 --> 0:11:42.240
<v Speaker 1>that's where they were able to create this directional antenna,

0:11:42.360 --> 0:11:47.120
<v Speaker 1>this direction finding antenna. The rotating element is called a

0:11:47.200 --> 0:11:50.760
<v Speaker 1>rotor or sense coil, and then the other two are

0:11:50.800 --> 0:11:54.679
<v Speaker 1>called stators or field coils. And folks, I apologize, I'm

0:11:54.720 --> 0:11:56.880
<v Speaker 1>still over getting over a cold, so you're gonna hear

0:11:56.880 --> 0:12:00.800
<v Speaker 1>me be raspy throughout this episode, just like last time. Yay,

0:12:02.320 --> 0:12:06.599
<v Speaker 1>So these original ones were big, big devices.

0:12:07.160 --> 0:12:07.360
<v Speaker 2>Yeah.

0:12:07.400 --> 0:12:10.040
<v Speaker 1>The first picture I saw it showed the operator sitting

0:12:10.080 --> 0:12:13.480
<v Speaker 1>at a desk and the actual antenna was about twice

0:12:13.520 --> 0:12:15.360
<v Speaker 1>the height of the desk he was sitting at.

0:12:15.480 --> 0:12:16.800
<v Speaker 2>Now, what was this used for?

0:12:16.840 --> 0:12:21.400
<v Speaker 1>At the time, These were used as land stations around

0:12:21.600 --> 0:12:25.760
<v Speaker 1>primarily Europe, and were used mainly to help with navigation.

0:12:26.320 --> 0:12:27.760
<v Speaker 2>So how would that work.

0:12:27.880 --> 0:12:33.720
<v Speaker 1>You would have this enormous antenna that was detecting transmissions

0:12:33.720 --> 0:12:39.880
<v Speaker 1>coming from other vessels, let's say navy vessels or maritime vessels,

0:12:39.960 --> 0:12:43.079
<v Speaker 1>and they would be able to detect what direction the

0:12:43.840 --> 0:12:47.920
<v Speaker 1>the that transmissions coming from and send information back out

0:12:48.040 --> 0:12:49.920
<v Speaker 1>via radio to the vessel.

0:12:50.040 --> 0:12:52.600
<v Speaker 2>So the lost ship says where am I sends a

0:12:52.640 --> 0:12:54.960
<v Speaker 2>transmission saying where am I land based?

0:12:55.360 --> 0:12:56.160
<v Speaker 1>Our southwest?

0:12:56.440 --> 0:12:58.560
<v Speaker 2>It knows where it is, yes, and if it knows

0:12:58.600 --> 0:13:01.439
<v Speaker 2>the direction you're transmission is coming from, then it can

0:13:01.480 --> 0:13:02.440
<v Speaker 2>tell you where you.

0:13:02.320 --> 0:13:05.240
<v Speaker 1>Are in general. Yes. And then eventually you actually saw

0:13:05.320 --> 0:13:09.600
<v Speaker 1>these devices being placed on the craft themselves. So then

0:13:09.640 --> 0:13:15.240
<v Speaker 1>you could have a stationary radio transmission center sending out

0:13:15.480 --> 0:13:20.800
<v Speaker 1>a basic signal sometimes and frequently having the location for

0:13:20.960 --> 0:13:26.360
<v Speaker 1>that transmission center encoded in the signal itself sent out

0:13:26.400 --> 0:13:31.320
<v Speaker 1>to sea, and then the vessels would have these type

0:13:31.320 --> 0:13:34.160
<v Speaker 1>of antenna aboard them. They could then use the antenna

0:13:34.240 --> 0:13:37.600
<v Speaker 1>to figure out what direction the transmission's coming from because

0:13:37.640 --> 0:13:40.760
<v Speaker 1>they know the specific location of that center because it's

0:13:40.840 --> 0:13:42.080
<v Speaker 1>in the signal itself.

0:13:42.200 --> 0:13:44.040
<v Speaker 2>So the same thing, but inverse exactly.

0:13:44.400 --> 0:13:47.480
<v Speaker 1>So early ones were land based, then later on they

0:13:47.520 --> 0:13:50.800
<v Speaker 1>were actually based on the vehicles themselves. Whether it was

0:13:51.120 --> 0:13:54.760
<v Speaker 1>it started off with ships, it eventually also incorporated aircraft.

0:13:55.040 --> 0:13:59.400
<v Speaker 2>Now I know that the idea of finding the physical

0:13:59.480 --> 0:14:03.160
<v Speaker 2>location of a radio transmitter, whether it's a vehicle or

0:14:03.200 --> 0:14:06.160
<v Speaker 2>a station of some kind, must have played a big

0:14:06.240 --> 0:14:08.800
<v Speaker 2>role once radio was used in warfare.

0:14:09.000 --> 0:14:14.880
<v Speaker 1>Absolutely there were some instrumental battles in which one side

0:14:14.960 --> 0:14:18.679
<v Speaker 1>or the other frequently actually was the Allies had determined

0:14:19.520 --> 0:14:24.080
<v Speaker 1>that a certain German group of units, typically U boats,

0:14:24.480 --> 0:14:27.200
<v Speaker 1>was really effected in naval warfare thiss in World War One,

0:14:27.240 --> 0:14:29.840
<v Speaker 1>world War two. Actually world War one there was some,

0:14:30.240 --> 0:14:32.680
<v Speaker 1>but world War two it really came into play. World

0:14:32.720 --> 0:14:36.480
<v Speaker 1>War one, certainly the U boat communications, which were using

0:14:36.600 --> 0:14:40.560
<v Speaker 1>very low frequency radio waves, it was very important. By

0:14:40.880 --> 0:14:43.680
<v Speaker 1>world War two, you're talking about more high frequency and

0:14:44.240 --> 0:14:47.000
<v Speaker 1>radio ways being put into use. That's where we get

0:14:47.000 --> 0:14:51.040
<v Speaker 1>the huff Duff because it's high frequency direction finder antennas

0:14:51.280 --> 0:14:54.520
<v Speaker 1>hf DFS or huff Duff was the nickname. You get

0:14:54.560 --> 0:14:59.440
<v Speaker 1>the huff Duff antennas that would indicate the direction of

0:14:59.480 --> 0:15:03.280
<v Speaker 1>a trans and that would help be able to track

0:15:03.480 --> 0:15:06.760
<v Speaker 1>like enemy movements, enemy troop movements, particularly in the in

0:15:07.240 --> 0:15:07.880
<v Speaker 1>the Navy.

0:15:08.000 --> 0:15:11.560
<v Speaker 2>And it can you imagine how disappointed these antennas are

0:15:11.640 --> 0:15:13.320
<v Speaker 2>when they get sorted into huffleduff.

0:15:13.640 --> 0:15:15.840
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, no, right, Like you know, they all want to

0:15:15.840 --> 0:15:18.880
<v Speaker 1>be Slytherin because that's my house. I don't know what

0:15:19.000 --> 0:15:19.920
<v Speaker 1>house you belong to.

0:15:20.520 --> 0:15:22.400
<v Speaker 2>I I that's not for me to say.

0:15:22.440 --> 0:15:25.360
<v Speaker 1>It never been sorted. I got sorted into Slytherin. I mean,

0:15:25.440 --> 0:15:28.320
<v Speaker 1>I'm just saying I didn't try to. It just happened.

0:15:29.360 --> 0:15:30.960
<v Speaker 1>You just put on the hat. I do what the

0:15:31.000 --> 0:15:42.760
<v Speaker 1>hat tells me. Man. I live my life that way.

0:15:42.920 --> 0:15:46.040
<v Speaker 1>So this type of antenna was originally meant not for

0:15:46.160 --> 0:15:50.440
<v Speaker 1>military purposes. It was actually meant to help meteorologists learn

0:15:50.480 --> 0:15:54.440
<v Speaker 1>more about lightning and was developed by Robert Watson Watt

0:15:54.880 --> 0:15:57.720
<v Speaker 1>back in nineteen twenty six, and it was to help

0:15:58.120 --> 0:16:01.760
<v Speaker 1>locate where a lightning strike occurs, because you know lightning.

0:16:01.960 --> 0:16:05.200
<v Speaker 1>It gives off electromagnetic rays just or waves, I should

0:16:05.240 --> 0:16:08.920
<v Speaker 1>say not rays, but waves, just as a radio antenna

0:16:08.960 --> 0:16:11.760
<v Speaker 1>would sure, and so you would use these antenna to

0:16:11.800 --> 0:16:15.000
<v Speaker 1>detect the location of lightning strikes. It also helped you

0:16:15.120 --> 0:16:19.120
<v Speaker 1>track the pathway of electrical storms. So that's what it

0:16:19.160 --> 0:16:21.720
<v Speaker 1>was intended for. But in World War Two it got

0:16:21.720 --> 0:16:24.480
<v Speaker 1>put to other uses to try and track movements of

0:16:24.560 --> 0:16:31.160
<v Speaker 1>enemy troops. Very important. Now, after World War Two, we

0:16:31.280 --> 0:16:35.640
<v Speaker 1>started seeing more development in radio direction finding technology, not

0:16:35.840 --> 0:16:39.640
<v Speaker 1>just in military but also commercial applications. In fact, we

0:16:39.680 --> 0:16:43.480
<v Speaker 1>also saw a lot of amateur radio operators get interested

0:16:43.560 --> 0:16:47.640
<v Speaker 1>in it, and particularly once ham radio in the United

0:16:47.680 --> 0:16:49.280
<v Speaker 1>States was really starting to take off.

0:16:49.320 --> 0:16:51.040
<v Speaker 2>I guess that was in the fifties sort of.

0:16:51.160 --> 0:16:54.120
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, forties and fifties really really post world War two,

0:16:54.200 --> 0:16:57.520
<v Speaker 1>because during World War Two they were very very picky

0:16:57.600 --> 0:17:01.680
<v Speaker 1>about who got a chance to actually broad cast radio. Right, Yeah,

0:17:01.680 --> 0:17:04.000
<v Speaker 1>they were like, you know, guys, we need you, guys

0:17:04.000 --> 0:17:07.280
<v Speaker 1>to unless we're telling you to do it, don't do

0:17:07.400 --> 0:17:12.320
<v Speaker 1>that thing, right. So, but once World War two was over,

0:17:12.520 --> 0:17:15.040
<v Speaker 1>we saw a lot more development go into that and

0:17:15.119 --> 0:17:18.240
<v Speaker 1>there are a lot of a lot of purposes for

0:17:18.400 --> 0:17:21.200
<v Speaker 1>RDF we talked about navigation, it's not really used for

0:17:21.320 --> 0:17:24.840
<v Speaker 1>navigation that much anymore because we have more sophisticated methods

0:17:24.880 --> 0:17:25.480
<v Speaker 1>for navigation.

0:17:26.520 --> 0:17:28.240
<v Speaker 2>Lots satellites, now, yeah, we've.

0:17:28.119 --> 0:17:31.920
<v Speaker 1>Got we've got stuff beyond, like a radio transmitter and

0:17:32.320 --> 0:17:36.240
<v Speaker 1>a receiver. That being said, there's still some places that

0:17:36.520 --> 0:17:42.040
<v Speaker 1>use radio beacons as a means for emergency backup, some

0:17:42.119 --> 0:17:44.720
<v Speaker 1>around the UK, not really any in the United States.

0:17:44.800 --> 0:17:49.080
<v Speaker 1>At this point, maritime vehicles held onto it longer than

0:17:49.160 --> 0:17:52.919
<v Speaker 1>aircraft did. But even today you don't really see that

0:17:53.240 --> 0:17:58.480
<v Speaker 1>as a as a even a tertiary method for navigation

0:17:58.680 --> 0:18:01.840
<v Speaker 1>because we have so many other more sophisticated systems at play.

0:18:03.080 --> 0:18:06.040
<v Speaker 1>But there are other reasons that we do still use them.

0:18:06.080 --> 0:18:08.600
<v Speaker 2>I mean, well, one would be like the example hunting

0:18:08.600 --> 0:18:10.800
<v Speaker 2>down illicit broadcasts and jammers.

0:18:10.840 --> 0:18:13.600
<v Speaker 1>Absolutely, yeah, Now this was huge in World War Two

0:18:13.640 --> 0:18:17.240
<v Speaker 1>as well. The UK actually ended up getting a big

0:18:17.359 --> 0:18:21.480
<v Speaker 1>volunteer force of interceptors about seventeen hundred folks in the

0:18:21.600 --> 0:18:25.639
<v Speaker 1>UK who were amateur radio operators, and use them to

0:18:25.640 --> 0:18:29.720
<v Speaker 1>help suss out any enemy transmissions that were coming from

0:18:29.800 --> 0:18:30.320
<v Speaker 1>the UK.

0:18:30.640 --> 0:18:32.960
<v Speaker 2>Because is there a period piece movie about this year?

0:18:33.000 --> 0:18:35.760
<v Speaker 1>There should be, although it'd be kind of boring because

0:18:35.760 --> 0:18:38.720
<v Speaker 1>I think they only find anything. They found like two

0:18:39.200 --> 0:18:41.520
<v Speaker 1>and one of them was one that they were doing

0:18:41.560 --> 0:18:42.160
<v Speaker 1>on purpose.

0:18:42.560 --> 0:18:44.639
<v Speaker 2>Well, that could be the angle. Maybe there was a

0:18:44.680 --> 0:18:46.879
<v Speaker 2>cover up, there's some big secret or like.

0:18:47.359 --> 0:18:52.879
<v Speaker 1>There's the crowd of HAM operators carrying pitchforks storming the

0:18:53.480 --> 0:18:57.920
<v Speaker 1>transmitter room of this one perceived enemy of the state,

0:18:58.000 --> 0:19:00.520
<v Speaker 1>and it turns out that they're just following or from

0:19:00.560 --> 0:19:05.720
<v Speaker 1>the UK government to send out false commands. Because that

0:19:05.840 --> 0:19:08.720
<v Speaker 1>was a thing, right, Like, it wasn't just secret information,

0:19:08.760 --> 0:19:11.200
<v Speaker 1>it was disinformation. There were a lot of different campaigns

0:19:11.240 --> 0:19:14.520
<v Speaker 1>going on in the information and intelligence worlds in World

0:19:14.560 --> 0:19:14.960
<v Speaker 1>War Two.

0:19:15.640 --> 0:19:19.919
<v Speaker 2>So but that's glorious the image of an army of Hams. Yeah,

0:19:20.040 --> 0:19:23.640
<v Speaker 2>radio Hams coming at you to vhfu up yep.

0:19:23.680 --> 0:19:28.040
<v Speaker 1>That's right. There's so much opportunity there for edge of

0:19:28.080 --> 0:19:33.280
<v Speaker 1>your seat drama. But the interesting thing to me was

0:19:33.320 --> 0:19:36.560
<v Speaker 1>that the UK they were using I five to head

0:19:36.560 --> 0:19:41.400
<v Speaker 1>this operation because that's their domestic intelligence agency, but they

0:19:41.480 --> 0:19:44.439
<v Speaker 1>determined that really this was a bigger problem in Europe.

0:19:44.440 --> 0:19:49.639
<v Speaker 1>They had a lot more clandestine operators in Europe on

0:19:49.720 --> 0:19:54.639
<v Speaker 1>both sides, really sending out messages via radio transmission and

0:19:54.720 --> 0:19:58.879
<v Speaker 1>so they switched this operation over to I six, which

0:19:59.119 --> 0:20:03.800
<v Speaker 1>looked at intelligence coming from outside the UK rather than

0:20:03.800 --> 0:20:06.080
<v Speaker 1>from within it. So it's kind of in the United

0:20:06.119 --> 0:20:09.680
<v Speaker 1>States the difference between our FBI and our CIA, same

0:20:09.720 --> 0:20:13.600
<v Speaker 1>sort of thing, and in Europe was a much different story. Like,

0:20:13.640 --> 0:20:17.000
<v Speaker 1>the RDF was incredibly important during World War Two because

0:20:17.040 --> 0:20:21.120
<v Speaker 1>there were so many different operators using radio transmission as

0:20:21.160 --> 0:20:26.000
<v Speaker 1>a way of getting either spy reports or orders across

0:20:26.080 --> 0:20:29.080
<v Speaker 1>various borders. It eventually got to the point actually where

0:20:29.400 --> 0:20:36.880
<v Speaker 1>the access powers were really shy about transmitting any information

0:20:37.560 --> 0:20:41.120
<v Speaker 1>because they were so worried about it getting intercepted and caught. Now,

0:20:41.119 --> 0:20:44.120
<v Speaker 1>this is the same era as the Enigma machine, right,

0:20:44.440 --> 0:20:48.240
<v Speaker 1>and once the Allies were able to crack some of

0:20:48.280 --> 0:20:53.119
<v Speaker 1>the Enigma codes, was it really became apparent that you

0:20:53.160 --> 0:20:57.359
<v Speaker 1>had to be super careful with your intelligence, otherwise you

0:20:57.440 --> 0:21:01.280
<v Speaker 1>were handing the enemy all of your game plans. So

0:21:02.720 --> 0:21:07.480
<v Speaker 1>really interesting story though. Then there's other methods or other

0:21:07.560 --> 0:21:08.719
<v Speaker 1>reasons to use RDF.

0:21:08.760 --> 0:21:12.000
<v Speaker 2>There's search and rescue, Yeah, how about that, So coast

0:21:12.000 --> 0:21:15.200
<v Speaker 2>guard or rescuing a down plane. Either one. You might

0:21:15.240 --> 0:21:18.840
<v Speaker 2>have a vehicle that is equipped with radio transmission capability

0:21:18.840 --> 0:21:20.200
<v Speaker 2>but is it self stranded.

0:21:20.320 --> 0:21:22.520
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, there's a lot of civil aircraft that have this.

0:21:22.640 --> 0:21:24.800
<v Speaker 1>There are a lot of like if you are if

0:21:24.840 --> 0:21:29.720
<v Speaker 1>you're hiking in an area that is prone to avalanches,

0:21:29.760 --> 0:21:33.159
<v Speaker 1>you may even have a transmitter on you as a

0:21:33.280 --> 0:21:37.399
<v Speaker 1>means for emergency signaling in the case of an avalanche.

0:21:37.760 --> 0:21:40.800
<v Speaker 1>So this is still a thing, right. It's something that

0:21:41.119 --> 0:21:45.160
<v Speaker 1>can send out a steady signal with perhaps an encoded message,

0:21:45.720 --> 0:21:49.080
<v Speaker 1>usually a unique identifier to whatever the transmitter is, so

0:21:49.160 --> 0:21:52.280
<v Speaker 1>that once you tune into it, you know that you're

0:21:52.280 --> 0:21:54.399
<v Speaker 1>actually listening for the right signal. You're not going to

0:21:54.440 --> 0:21:58.119
<v Speaker 1>get distracted by a signal on a similar frequency that

0:21:58.480 --> 0:22:01.160
<v Speaker 1>is not what you're looking for, and you can try

0:22:01.160 --> 0:22:04.000
<v Speaker 1>and narrow down your search to find whatever it is

0:22:04.040 --> 0:22:04.600
<v Speaker 1>that's lost.

0:22:04.760 --> 0:22:07.840
<v Speaker 2>Now, one thing we mentioned earlier is hunting malicious interference,

0:22:07.880 --> 0:22:11.440
<v Speaker 2>people who are intentionally jamming a radio station or broadcasting

0:22:11.440 --> 0:22:15.679
<v Speaker 2>propaganda or something like that. But there's also unintentional interference,

0:22:15.720 --> 0:22:18.080
<v Speaker 2>and this could be useful too for tracking down you

0:22:18.160 --> 0:22:22.920
<v Speaker 2>know something, maybe radio frequencies are leaking out of some

0:22:23.000 --> 0:22:27.120
<v Speaker 2>sort of device and they're interfering with the broadcast band

0:22:27.160 --> 0:22:27.680
<v Speaker 2>around there.

0:22:27.880 --> 0:22:31.400
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, I mean, it's it's not necessarily something that's done

0:22:31.440 --> 0:22:34.639
<v Speaker 1>with malicious intent. Really, anything that creates an electrical field

0:22:34.720 --> 0:22:38.239
<v Speaker 1>is creating electromagnetic radiation, and that some form of that

0:22:38.359 --> 0:22:41.040
<v Speaker 1>is in radio waves, and depending upon the power of

0:22:41.119 --> 0:22:44.280
<v Speaker 1>the device in question, it could be putting out radio

0:22:44.320 --> 0:22:47.960
<v Speaker 1>waves strong enough to interfere with transmission of normal signals.

0:22:48.320 --> 0:22:51.120
<v Speaker 1>You'll hear about this also, like I remember hearing about

0:22:51.119 --> 0:22:56.320
<v Speaker 1>this with theaters, in fact, theaters that were using wireless

0:22:56.440 --> 0:22:59.560
<v Speaker 1>radios in order to have back of house talk to

0:22:59.640 --> 0:23:03.440
<v Speaker 1>front of house for stuff like stage managing and lighting

0:23:03.520 --> 0:23:05.440
<v Speaker 1>changes and stuff, and then you would end up getting

0:23:05.480 --> 0:23:10.080
<v Speaker 1>truckers talking over your system and it would just Peter

0:23:10.240 --> 0:23:12.760
<v Speaker 1>Pan became an entirely different show at that point.

0:23:13.640 --> 0:23:16.000
<v Speaker 2>But this is the sort of thing tinker Bell about

0:23:16.000 --> 0:23:17.119
<v Speaker 2>the speed trap up there.

0:23:17.240 --> 0:23:20.240
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, And it all has to do with the frequency

0:23:20.280 --> 0:23:22.879
<v Speaker 1>you're using in the power of the radios in question, right,

0:23:23.000 --> 0:23:28.280
<v Speaker 1>or perhaps more problematically, having that transmission of a high

0:23:28.320 --> 0:23:31.520
<v Speaker 1>school production of Peter Pan being transmitted out to people

0:23:31.560 --> 0:23:36.040
<v Speaker 1>who are using radio for really important reasons. This is

0:23:36.119 --> 0:23:39.480
<v Speaker 1>one of the reasons why most places around the world

0:23:39.560 --> 0:23:43.320
<v Speaker 1>have very strict rules of what types of equipment can

0:23:43.440 --> 0:23:47.400
<v Speaker 1>use which frequency bands, so that it avoids that kind

0:23:47.440 --> 0:23:48.480
<v Speaker 1>of crost contamination.

0:23:48.600 --> 0:23:51.720
<v Speaker 2>You don't have the problem where Officer Officer Hurtz tries

0:23:51.760 --> 0:23:54.399
<v Speaker 2>to radio in for backup, but instead he's being jammed

0:23:54.440 --> 0:23:55.280
<v Speaker 2>by Peter Pan.

0:23:55.320 --> 0:23:57.560
<v Speaker 1>Right, or suddenly Captain Hook and a bunch of pirates

0:23:57.560 --> 0:23:59.720
<v Speaker 1>show up, Like, this is not the backup I was

0:23:59.720 --> 0:24:02.959
<v Speaker 1>hoping for. That wasn't hoping for a chorus line, I

0:24:02.960 --> 0:24:05.720
<v Speaker 1>really need physical people to help back me up for

0:24:05.800 --> 0:24:06.840
<v Speaker 1>this dangerous situation.

0:24:07.720 --> 0:24:10.040
<v Speaker 2>Another use that you have here that I didn't even

0:24:10.080 --> 0:24:12.520
<v Speaker 2>think of, but very smart wildlife tracking.

0:24:12.600 --> 0:24:16.840
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, yeah, animals get tagged exactly. These are transmitters that

0:24:17.240 --> 0:24:20.480
<v Speaker 1>send out a steady signal so that scientists can continue

0:24:20.480 --> 0:24:24.280
<v Speaker 1>to monitor the movement of various wildlife. Usually you do

0:24:24.359 --> 0:24:28.040
<v Speaker 1>this to track migration patterns and how those might change,

0:24:28.080 --> 0:24:34.959
<v Speaker 1>particularly in light of things like human like humans moving

0:24:35.000 --> 0:24:39.480
<v Speaker 1>into what used to be territory. For animals, how do

0:24:39.560 --> 0:24:43.960
<v Speaker 1>their migration patterns change, or in the face of changing

0:24:44.119 --> 0:24:48.400
<v Speaker 1>weather patterns, that kind of thing, And you need obviously

0:24:48.560 --> 0:24:51.880
<v Speaker 1>to have a direction finder in order to know where

0:24:51.920 --> 0:24:54.440
<v Speaker 1>the animals are actually going. Plus, if you ever want

0:24:54.440 --> 0:24:56.399
<v Speaker 1>to go into a physical check, let's say that you

0:24:56.760 --> 0:25:01.120
<v Speaker 1>are doing like a drawing blood from a specific animal

0:25:01.640 --> 0:25:03.919
<v Speaker 1>every few months. Then you need to be able to

0:25:03.960 --> 0:25:07.399
<v Speaker 1>track where that animal is and narrow down its range

0:25:07.520 --> 0:25:09.959
<v Speaker 1>so that you can actually get to it and do that.

0:25:10.119 --> 0:25:12.960
<v Speaker 1>So that is another use, and of course we've already

0:25:13.000 --> 0:25:15.320
<v Speaker 1>kind of talked about it, but spies, I mean not

0:25:15.880 --> 0:25:21.040
<v Speaker 1>just not just someone trying to transmit something. Sometimes it's

0:25:21.080 --> 0:25:25.159
<v Speaker 1>like trying to find a bug. Like bugs that have

0:25:25.200 --> 0:25:28.840
<v Speaker 1>been planted in places, they're sending out little radio transmission. Typically,

0:25:29.520 --> 0:25:32.280
<v Speaker 1>I mean, you could have one that's just recording natively

0:25:32.320 --> 0:25:34.160
<v Speaker 1>to a device, but that means you have to go

0:25:34.280 --> 0:25:37.600
<v Speaker 1>back into that place and retrieve the device in order

0:25:37.600 --> 0:25:41.840
<v Speaker 1>to hear what's been recorded on it. Most bugs are transmitters,

0:25:42.359 --> 0:25:44.240
<v Speaker 1>so that means that you have to have a radio

0:25:44.280 --> 0:25:48.960
<v Speaker 1>direction finder to figure out where a transmission is coming from.

0:25:49.000 --> 0:25:51.360
<v Speaker 1>Let's say it's a nice big embassy building. You might

0:25:51.440 --> 0:25:56.040
<v Speaker 1>need to narrow down exactly where is this thing and

0:25:56.240 --> 0:25:58.240
<v Speaker 1>that you know, we see those in spy movies, but

0:25:58.280 --> 0:26:02.399
<v Speaker 1>it really does happen. I Museum in Washington, DC fascinating.

0:26:02.400 --> 0:26:04.200
<v Speaker 1>You can actually see some of the devices that were

0:26:04.280 --> 0:26:08.000
<v Speaker 1>used to both plant bugs and to detect them.

0:26:08.320 --> 0:26:10.280
<v Speaker 2>I want to go to that sometime. I've read a

0:26:10.280 --> 0:26:13.120
<v Speaker 2>little bit about I remember seeing online a thing about

0:26:13.119 --> 0:26:14.800
<v Speaker 2>their exhibit on spy pigeons.

0:26:15.280 --> 0:26:19.560
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, it's fun. It's weird in that I don't mean

0:26:19.560 --> 0:26:22.119
<v Speaker 1>this to become like an ad for the Spy Museum

0:26:22.160 --> 0:26:26.040
<v Speaker 1>in DC. It's weird because I feel like the presentation

0:26:26.320 --> 0:26:31.000
<v Speaker 1>is really perfectly geared towards kids. But there's so much

0:26:31.160 --> 0:26:36.120
<v Speaker 1>text involved in the exhibits that I don't know that

0:26:36.200 --> 0:26:40.359
<v Speaker 1>your average kid has the tension span or desire to

0:26:40.480 --> 0:26:43.399
<v Speaker 1>read that much while going through a museum. So my

0:26:43.560 --> 0:26:46.160
<v Speaker 1>experience was that I was trying to read the same

0:26:46.200 --> 0:26:48.840
<v Speaker 1>paragraph fifteen times while kids were running all over the

0:26:48.880 --> 0:26:51.520
<v Speaker 1>place trying to play with stuff. So it was a

0:26:51.520 --> 0:26:56.120
<v Speaker 1>little frustrating for me, but fascinating exhibits, really well laid

0:26:56.119 --> 0:26:58.920
<v Speaker 1>out and lots of fun stuff. They incorporate both real

0:26:58.920 --> 0:27:02.360
<v Speaker 1>world spy gadgets and also movie stuff, so they had

0:27:02.359 --> 0:27:04.520
<v Speaker 1>like an entire James Bond section that was really a

0:27:04.560 --> 0:27:08.000
<v Speaker 1>lot of fun. Yeah, yeah, so that's cool. And then

0:27:08.600 --> 0:27:12.919
<v Speaker 1>one other modern use for radio direction finding is what

0:27:12.920 --> 0:27:14.600
<v Speaker 1>we're really going to focus on toward the end of

0:27:14.600 --> 0:27:18.399
<v Speaker 1>the show, which is using it recreationally for sport. So

0:27:18.520 --> 0:27:20.920
<v Speaker 1>this idea of fox hunting trying to.

0:27:21.320 --> 0:27:24.960
<v Speaker 2>You know, competitively, you mean the sport itself, not like

0:27:25.119 --> 0:27:28.240
<v Speaker 2>using radio direction finding to find a lost ball in golf.

0:27:29.000 --> 0:27:31.720
<v Speaker 1>I mean, there's no reason you couldn't do that other

0:27:31.800 --> 0:27:33.199
<v Speaker 1>than the fact that you would have to have a

0:27:33.200 --> 0:27:36.119
<v Speaker 1>golf ball with a transmitter and have to build it

0:27:36.119 --> 0:27:38.800
<v Speaker 1>in such a way that it could withstand enormous force

0:27:38.920 --> 0:27:41.280
<v Speaker 1>being placed upon the ball and still not you know,

0:27:41.359 --> 0:27:46.480
<v Speaker 1>still continue to transmit. Probably would have keep going on. Yeah, no,

0:27:46.520 --> 0:27:48.840
<v Speaker 1>I'm thinking about all the different This is the thing

0:27:48.840 --> 0:27:51.560
<v Speaker 1>you're gonna put out a joking hypothetical, and I'm going

0:27:51.640 --> 0:27:54.879
<v Speaker 1>to go through why it's going to be difficult to implement, Well, impossible,

0:27:54.920 --> 0:27:55.480
<v Speaker 1>but difficult.

0:27:55.520 --> 0:27:58.000
<v Speaker 2>Maybe we should stop you there and take a break. Yeah,

0:27:58.080 --> 0:27:58.600
<v Speaker 2>let's do that.

0:27:58.680 --> 0:28:00.720
<v Speaker 1>Let's take a quick break that the think our sponsor

0:28:09.920 --> 0:28:12.720
<v Speaker 1>all right, we're back now. Before we dive into the

0:28:12.760 --> 0:28:16.320
<v Speaker 1>wonderful world of fox hunting, it would probably behoove us

0:28:16.320 --> 0:28:19.240
<v Speaker 1>to understand a little bit more about radio waves, how

0:28:19.240 --> 0:28:23.800
<v Speaker 1>they work, transmitters and antenna in order to get at

0:28:23.960 --> 0:28:28.040
<v Speaker 1>what transmitter hunting is all about. So we're gonna start

0:28:28.119 --> 0:28:33.760
<v Speaker 1>at basic, like elementary level radio physics, okay, and we're

0:28:33.800 --> 0:28:37.280
<v Speaker 1>gonna build from there. So radio waves are a subset

0:28:37.320 --> 0:28:40.640
<v Speaker 1>of electromagnetic waves, so are also called EM waves or

0:28:40.960 --> 0:28:43.280
<v Speaker 1>N waves. You have to put your finger up to

0:28:43.320 --> 0:28:47.880
<v Speaker 1>your chin like you're thinking N waves. Now, em waves

0:28:47.880 --> 0:28:50.040
<v Speaker 1>come from stuff that generates an electric field.

0:28:50.640 --> 0:28:51.280
<v Speaker 2>Doesn't have to.

0:28:51.200 --> 0:28:54.200
<v Speaker 1>Be a particularly sophisticated setup. You can actually do this

0:28:54.440 --> 0:28:57.160
<v Speaker 1>with something as simple as a nine volt battery and

0:28:57.280 --> 0:29:00.160
<v Speaker 1>a coin. Really, yeah, if you put a coin across

0:29:00.200 --> 0:29:03.200
<v Speaker 1>the terminals of a nine volt battery, you are generating

0:29:03.440 --> 0:29:05.479
<v Speaker 1>an electric fil because all you're doing is closing the

0:29:05.520 --> 0:29:10.480
<v Speaker 1>circuit from the negative and positive terminals and allowing electricity

0:29:10.480 --> 0:29:12.600
<v Speaker 1>to flow through. That creates an electric field.

0:29:12.360 --> 0:29:14.720
<v Speaker 2>Right, But I'm assuming you're saying this because doing that

0:29:14.760 --> 0:29:17.560
<v Speaker 2>would generate some kind of radio signal that can be detected.

0:29:17.680 --> 0:29:20.520
<v Speaker 1>Yes, it's a very weak radio signal. But if you

0:29:20.560 --> 0:29:23.640
<v Speaker 1>were to do this very close to an AM radio first,

0:29:23.640 --> 0:29:26.000
<v Speaker 1>you would you would want to tune the AM radio

0:29:26.080 --> 0:29:29.760
<v Speaker 1>to something that's just static. You're not actually getting a

0:29:29.800 --> 0:29:32.640
<v Speaker 1>signal like a strong signal. In and if you were

0:29:32.680 --> 0:29:36.560
<v Speaker 1>to place the coin against the terminals and listen closely

0:29:36.560 --> 0:29:39.280
<v Speaker 1>to the radio, you should hear a crackle as the

0:29:39.640 --> 0:29:42.880
<v Speaker 1>coin makes contact with those terminals. Because you're sending out

0:29:42.880 --> 0:29:45.640
<v Speaker 1>this little radio signal and the radio is detecting it. Now,

0:29:45.680 --> 0:29:49.000
<v Speaker 1>you're not sending out anything meaningful. It's just noise. That's

0:29:49.000 --> 0:29:52.840
<v Speaker 1>why you're just getting a crackle. You could send a

0:29:52.880 --> 0:29:55.920
<v Speaker 1>signal in Morse code, so you could encode a signal

0:29:56.000 --> 0:29:58.960
<v Speaker 1>by the sound and absence of sound of this crackle,

0:29:59.240 --> 0:30:03.360
<v Speaker 1>But there's nothing meaningful in the crackle itself. Right, But

0:30:03.960 --> 0:30:05.960
<v Speaker 1>that does show you that it doesn't take very much

0:30:06.000 --> 0:30:11.560
<v Speaker 1>for you to generate radio waves. The electromagnetic waves that

0:30:11.560 --> 0:30:14.160
<v Speaker 1>we talk about all have kind of common features, even

0:30:14.200 --> 0:30:16.800
<v Speaker 1>though they may do very different things. There's certain things

0:30:16.800 --> 0:30:19.160
<v Speaker 1>that we can use to describe them that's common across

0:30:19.200 --> 0:30:21.920
<v Speaker 1>all of them. So when we plot those waves on

0:30:21.960 --> 0:30:23.960
<v Speaker 1>a graph, you know, it's a little up and down

0:30:24.200 --> 0:30:27.080
<v Speaker 1>the crests and troughs that you would see usually across

0:30:27.080 --> 0:30:30.640
<v Speaker 1>an X and y axis. We would call the height

0:30:31.040 --> 0:30:35.120
<v Speaker 1>of those waves the amplitude. This typically, like in sound waves,

0:30:35.120 --> 0:30:37.920
<v Speaker 1>this would be the volume of sound, right, yea. The

0:30:38.000 --> 0:30:41.760
<v Speaker 1>higher the amplitude, the louder the sound is. The length

0:30:41.880 --> 0:30:44.520
<v Speaker 1>of the wave is the wave length.

0:30:45.000 --> 0:30:46.600
<v Speaker 2>Okay, that's really kind.

0:30:46.440 --> 0:30:49.280
<v Speaker 1>Of tricky, right, And the number of waves that pass

0:30:49.320 --> 0:30:51.760
<v Speaker 1>through any given point on that graph within a second,

0:30:51.840 --> 0:30:52.800
<v Speaker 1>that's the frequency.

0:30:53.040 --> 0:30:56.719
<v Speaker 2>But because these waves always move at the same speed,

0:30:56.840 --> 0:30:59.760
<v Speaker 2>which is the speed of light. Yes, if you know

0:31:00.280 --> 0:31:02.880
<v Speaker 2>one or if you know the wavelength or the frequency,

0:31:03.040 --> 0:31:06.320
<v Speaker 2>you know the other exactly. You know how fast it's going, right, right.

0:31:06.240 --> 0:31:09.400
<v Speaker 1>So when we talk about different frequencies, we're not talking

0:31:09.400 --> 0:31:14.200
<v Speaker 1>about speed of the signal, because the signal is still

0:31:14.240 --> 0:31:16.280
<v Speaker 1>traveling at the speed of light no matter what. We're

0:31:16.320 --> 0:31:19.640
<v Speaker 1>talking about the number of times a wave passes any

0:31:19.680 --> 0:31:23.040
<v Speaker 1>given point within a second. Typically it's within a second.

0:31:23.080 --> 0:31:25.760
<v Speaker 1>It's really any unit of time. But for the purposes

0:31:25.800 --> 0:31:29.280
<v Speaker 1>of measurement, we talk about hurts, and a hurtz talks

0:31:29.320 --> 0:31:32.800
<v Speaker 1>about the number of times a wave passes a point

0:31:32.840 --> 0:31:35.920
<v Speaker 1>in a second. So one hurts would be once a second.

0:31:36.160 --> 0:31:39.800
<v Speaker 1>That would need to be an extremely long wave because

0:31:40.600 --> 0:31:42.560
<v Speaker 1>for it to take a full second for the wave

0:31:42.600 --> 0:31:45.720
<v Speaker 1>to pass that point, and it's traveling at a speed

0:31:45.760 --> 0:31:47.560
<v Speaker 1>of light, that's incredibly long.

0:31:47.800 --> 0:31:50.920
<v Speaker 2>Right, So how far does light go in a second?

0:31:51.040 --> 0:31:52.880
<v Speaker 2>Let's see, I don't know, like.

0:31:53.320 --> 0:31:54.440
<v Speaker 1>Further than I've ever been.

0:31:54.880 --> 0:31:58.240
<v Speaker 2>I can tell you that, Okay, Well, so how do

0:31:58.280 --> 0:32:01.640
<v Speaker 2>you get to using though, because we so, Yes, we

0:32:01.680 --> 0:32:06.320
<v Speaker 2>live in a universe of radio signals. They're electromagnetic waves

0:32:06.360 --> 0:32:09.400
<v Speaker 2>all over the place around us. But that's humans use

0:32:09.560 --> 0:32:12.640
<v Speaker 2>radio for specific purposes. They can take these waves and

0:32:12.880 --> 0:32:14.480
<v Speaker 2>encode information with them.

0:32:14.680 --> 0:32:19.240
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, and this this comes from manipulating either the amplitude

0:32:19.760 --> 0:32:24.840
<v Speaker 1>or the frequency of those waves, modulating them in some way. Typically,

0:32:25.160 --> 0:32:28.920
<v Speaker 1>that's all we can encode information into them. So let's

0:32:28.920 --> 0:32:31.360
<v Speaker 1>say that you build a circuit containing a capacitor and

0:32:31.400 --> 0:32:35.280
<v Speaker 1>an inductor. These are two very basic circuit components. So

0:32:35.320 --> 0:32:37.240
<v Speaker 1>you build your circuit, you've got a capacitor and an

0:32:37.320 --> 0:32:40.160
<v Speaker 1>inductor involved in this. This will allow you to create

0:32:40.160 --> 0:32:45.040
<v Speaker 1>a sine wave that's just a very smooth, continuously varying wave.

0:32:45.120 --> 0:32:47.640
<v Speaker 1>It's you know, that kind of smooth up and down

0:32:48.160 --> 0:32:52.960
<v Speaker 1>like like your typical let's show ocean waves kind of

0:32:53.560 --> 0:32:59.280
<v Speaker 1>viewpoint and just nice little hills and valleys. Little saltwater crocodile,

0:32:59.400 --> 0:33:01.920
<v Speaker 1>yeah along in there, and the saltwater crocodile would be

0:33:01.920 --> 0:33:07.239
<v Speaker 1>carrying information. So without any saltwater crocodiles, you're still not

0:33:07.400 --> 0:33:10.320
<v Speaker 1>transmitting anything meaningful. Right, It's just a sine wave, but

0:33:10.440 --> 0:33:15.040
<v Speaker 1>there's no information there. But if you modulate it, then

0:33:15.160 --> 0:33:17.560
<v Speaker 1>you can encode information in it. One way to do

0:33:17.600 --> 0:33:19.880
<v Speaker 1>that is with pulse modification. This is similar to what

0:33:19.920 --> 0:33:22.200
<v Speaker 1>I was talking about with that nine volt battery. This

0:33:22.400 --> 0:33:25.040
<v Speaker 1>just involves turning a signal on and off so that

0:33:25.200 --> 0:33:27.720
<v Speaker 1>when the signal's on, it might indicate a dot or

0:33:27.800 --> 0:33:31.920
<v Speaker 1>dash in morse code, so you're not Again, nothing within

0:33:31.960 --> 0:33:35.280
<v Speaker 1>the signal itself is necessarily meaningful. It's when you detect

0:33:35.320 --> 0:33:38.040
<v Speaker 1>it versus when you don't detect it that gives you information.

0:33:39.320 --> 0:33:43.560
<v Speaker 1>Then you have amplitude modification or our modulation I should say,

0:33:43.640 --> 0:33:46.520
<v Speaker 1>or AM That changes the peak to peak voltage of

0:33:46.560 --> 0:33:49.400
<v Speaker 1>the sine wave. And the way you do this with

0:33:49.480 --> 0:33:52.800
<v Speaker 1>AM radio is you start with a basic sin wave.

0:33:53.080 --> 0:33:56.240
<v Speaker 1>That's your that's your baseline. You take whatever you want

0:33:56.240 --> 0:33:58.920
<v Speaker 1>to transmit, whether it's you know, the cool hits of

0:33:58.960 --> 0:34:03.040
<v Speaker 1>the seventies or or some talk show hosts or whatever.

0:34:03.120 --> 0:34:05.400
<v Speaker 1>You take that that hard woman, yeah it could be

0:34:05.440 --> 0:34:08.719
<v Speaker 1>a hard woman. You take that signal and you overlay

0:34:08.719 --> 0:34:12.239
<v Speaker 1>that signal on top of the baseline sine wave to

0:34:12.400 --> 0:34:15.319
<v Speaker 1>modulate it. This changes the amplitude of that sine wave.

0:34:15.520 --> 0:34:19.640
<v Speaker 1>You get kind of a you know, a product from

0:34:19.680 --> 0:34:22.480
<v Speaker 1>the modulation of these two. By adding the two together,

0:34:22.520 --> 0:34:26.120
<v Speaker 1>you get a new frequency, a new wave. It's not

0:34:26.200 --> 0:34:28.640
<v Speaker 1>really it's the same frequency, it's different amplitude, but you

0:34:28.640 --> 0:34:31.120
<v Speaker 1>get a new wave with a different amplitude than both

0:34:31.120 --> 0:34:34.160
<v Speaker 1>of your basic ones. This is what you transmit to

0:34:34.360 --> 0:34:38.359
<v Speaker 1>a radio tower. You actually have to amplify it by

0:34:38.440 --> 0:34:41.400
<v Speaker 1>quite a lot. Obviously, the further you want this signal

0:34:41.400 --> 0:34:43.239
<v Speaker 1>to go, the more you have to amplify it, the

0:34:43.480 --> 0:34:47.120
<v Speaker 1>larger your antenna tends to be. And then the signal

0:34:47.160 --> 0:34:48.960
<v Speaker 1>goes out over the air and then people with the

0:34:49.040 --> 0:34:52.160
<v Speaker 1>receivers tuned to that frequency can pick it up, and

0:34:52.320 --> 0:34:56.680
<v Speaker 1>the signal gets converted back into something that a radio

0:34:56.760 --> 0:35:02.239
<v Speaker 1>can play, amplified again so that you can hear uhcy.

0:35:02.400 --> 0:35:06.600
<v Speaker 1>Frequency modulation is similar, except instead of changing the amplitude

0:35:06.680 --> 0:35:09.720
<v Speaker 1>like moduling the amplitude, you're moduling the frequency of the signal.

0:35:09.760 --> 0:35:12.759
<v Speaker 1>So again you start with a base sine wave for

0:35:12.840 --> 0:35:16.200
<v Speaker 1>the radio station. This is what's transmitting, whether any noise

0:35:16.280 --> 0:35:18.239
<v Speaker 1>is coming out of it or not, it's just this

0:35:18.400 --> 0:35:22.560
<v Speaker 1>base sine wave. Then you take on the the the

0:35:22.600 --> 0:35:25.880
<v Speaker 1>wave created from whatever you're trying to transmit hard woman,

0:35:26.360 --> 0:35:27.920
<v Speaker 1>and it changes the frequency.

0:35:28.160 --> 0:35:32.440
<v Speaker 2>Now, Jonathan, I wonder how exactly, if you're not a

0:35:32.560 --> 0:35:39.000
<v Speaker 2>radio expert, how does modulating the frequency not affect the

0:35:40.200 --> 0:35:43.120
<v Speaker 2>you know, the station you're listening to, because the station

0:35:43.280 --> 0:35:46.080
<v Speaker 2>you listen to the radio on is the frequency. Sure,

0:35:46.480 --> 0:35:48.440
<v Speaker 2>when there's a number in front of a radio station,

0:35:48.600 --> 0:35:52.319
<v Speaker 2>power ninety nine, that's ninety nine megahertz, right.

0:35:52.239 --> 0:35:54.879
<v Speaker 1>Right, nine nine point seven. Yeah. Well, part of it

0:35:54.920 --> 0:35:58.799
<v Speaker 1>is that each radio station really has a range like

0:35:58.840 --> 0:36:01.920
<v Speaker 1>there's it's you get a number that's the base frequency,

0:36:02.280 --> 0:36:07.040
<v Speaker 1>but there's a range within are surrounding that frequency that

0:36:07.680 --> 0:36:11.880
<v Speaker 1>allows for this modulation. The modulation doesn't change the frequency

0:36:11.880 --> 0:36:15.680
<v Speaker 1>so dramatically that it will bleed into another station. That's

0:36:15.719 --> 0:36:21.880
<v Speaker 1>why we have stations that have very defined frequencies, because

0:36:22.440 --> 0:36:24.640
<v Speaker 1>if you didn't have that, if they were too close together,

0:36:24.680 --> 0:36:28.239
<v Speaker 1>they would bleed over. Occasionally. You might have actually experienced

0:36:28.239 --> 0:36:30.840
<v Speaker 1>this if you're listening pathleearly to AM radio, because it

0:36:30.840 --> 0:36:34.759
<v Speaker 1>travels much further. If you start traveling around, you might

0:36:34.840 --> 0:36:38.480
<v Speaker 1>get two stations coming in simultaneously, because you might you

0:36:38.560 --> 0:36:42.680
<v Speaker 1>might move from the broadcast area of one station into

0:36:42.719 --> 0:36:46.400
<v Speaker 1>the broadcast range of a station that's got a similar

0:36:46.640 --> 0:36:50.680
<v Speaker 1>though not necessarily identical frequency, and then you're hearing both

0:36:50.719 --> 0:36:55.960
<v Speaker 1>at the same time. That's really disconcerting. If you transcend,

0:36:56.640 --> 0:36:58.960
<v Speaker 1>it could be like if you're if you're hearing are

0:36:59.000 --> 0:37:02.560
<v Speaker 1>Em and hard Woman, you might discover something interesting about yourself.

0:37:02.560 --> 0:37:06.160
<v Speaker 1>I don't think fire and brimstone sermon, and I don't

0:37:06.200 --> 0:37:09.480
<v Speaker 1>know some some good something about college sports. Yeah here

0:37:09.520 --> 0:37:12.680
<v Speaker 1>in the Southeast to be college sports and sermons. Yeah,

0:37:13.040 --> 0:37:16.680
<v Speaker 1>But from my experience of listening to AM radio, so

0:37:17.520 --> 0:37:20.440
<v Speaker 1>receiving antenna, what they do, Like we just talked about, you,

0:37:20.440 --> 0:37:23.239
<v Speaker 1>you take your transmitter, you send a signal out, it

0:37:23.280 --> 0:37:26.200
<v Speaker 1>gets amplified a couple of times, usually before it hits

0:37:26.280 --> 0:37:30.759
<v Speaker 1>the broadcast antenna and sends out over the airwaves. A

0:37:30.840 --> 0:37:32.719
<v Speaker 1>receiver does the same sort of thing, but it does

0:37:32.719 --> 0:37:41.160
<v Speaker 1>this in reverse. So antennas are tuned to specific electromagnetic frequencies.

0:37:41.239 --> 0:37:44.960
<v Speaker 2>Yeah. Usually they have elements that are a certain size, yes,

0:37:45.080 --> 0:37:46.640
<v Speaker 2>specified yep.

0:37:46.760 --> 0:37:51.440
<v Speaker 1>And so what will happen is they they resonate with

0:37:51.800 --> 0:37:55.080
<v Speaker 1>a certain range of frequencies and if those frequencies are present,

0:37:55.920 --> 0:37:57.640
<v Speaker 1>like if the antenna is present in the in the

0:37:57.960 --> 0:38:01.920
<v Speaker 1>within those frequencies, then it can send it. This creates

0:38:01.920 --> 0:38:06.320
<v Speaker 1>an electrical current that it can then amplify and convert

0:38:06.400 --> 0:38:11.000
<v Speaker 1>into sound so that we can hear it on our radios.

0:38:11.719 --> 0:38:14.200
<v Speaker 1>The the purpose of the amplifiers just really to boost

0:38:14.239 --> 0:38:17.680
<v Speaker 1>that signal. You're typically using like something along the lines

0:38:17.719 --> 0:38:20.680
<v Speaker 1>of a transformer to do that, and I've talked about

0:38:20.719 --> 0:38:23.279
<v Speaker 1>that in the past. So that means you can get

0:38:23.280 --> 0:38:25.480
<v Speaker 1>your talk radio or your grazed hits of the ramones

0:38:25.520 --> 0:38:28.440
<v Speaker 1>which lasts twelve minutes, not because they're so few, but

0:38:28.480 --> 0:38:31.759
<v Speaker 1>because romote songs are so short. Well, I hope you

0:38:31.880 --> 0:38:35.200
<v Speaker 1>enjoyed that discussion Joe McCormick and I had about transmitter hunting.

0:38:35.239 --> 0:38:38.080
<v Speaker 1>Remember that was just part one, So next week we

0:38:38.160 --> 0:38:42.279
<v Speaker 1>will conclude with part two of transmitter hunting. I hope

0:38:42.320 --> 0:38:45.040
<v Speaker 1>you're enjoying it. I also hope you are all well,

0:38:45.320 --> 0:38:54.480
<v Speaker 1>and I will talk to you again really soon. Tech

0:38:54.560 --> 0:38:58.919
<v Speaker 1>Stuff is an iHeart Radio production. For more podcasts from iHeartRadio,

0:38:59.280 --> 0:39:02.680
<v Speaker 1>visit the iHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you

0:39:02.719 --> 0:39:04.120
<v Speaker 1>listen to your favorite shows.