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Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth,

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Speaker 1: you're probably not thinking about the environmental impact, but the

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Speaker 1: hard every day to find new ways to reduce waste,

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Speaker 1: that can power farms, towns, and electric cars. Visit us

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Speaker 1: dairy dot COM's Last Sustainability to learn more. Hey, Jorge,

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Speaker 1: did you know that not all particles are created equal?

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Speaker 3: Huh? You mean like some of them are heavier or

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Speaker 3: more charged than others.

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Speaker 1: Oh, that's definitely true. But also not all of them

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Speaker 1: have the same rights.

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Speaker 3: The same rights. I mean, is there a particle constitution

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Speaker 3: that grants them certain freedoms?

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Speaker 1: Only some of them have freedoms. Electrons can be free,

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Speaker 1: but quarks cannot.

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Speaker 3: Oh, man, poor quarks. Somebody had to hit the streets

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Speaker 3: and protests for them.

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Speaker 1: That's right, I can see this. Clever signs already set

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Speaker 1: the quarks free.

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Speaker 3: Hi. I'm Jorge, IM a cartoonist and the creator of

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Speaker 3: PhD Comics.

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Speaker 1: Hi. I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist, and I'm an

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Speaker 1: activist for the freedom of quarks.

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Speaker 3: And welcome to our podcast. Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe,

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Speaker 3: a production of iHeartRadio.

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Speaker 1: In which we talk about all the amazing and crazy

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Speaker 1: and wonderful and beautiful and insane things about our universe

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Speaker 1: and try to explain them in a way that makes

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Speaker 1: you laugh and hopefully makes you understand the way they work.

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Speaker 3: That's right. We talk about all the big things in

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Speaker 3: the universe, the origin of the universe, how big is

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Speaker 3: the universe? And we also talk about this are things

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Speaker 3: in the universe, the little bits that make up everything

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Speaker 3: around you.

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Speaker 1: I feel like it's kind of cheating that in physics

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Speaker 1: or in particle physics, I get to work on both

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Speaker 1: the biggest, the baddest, the most original, the cosmic questions,

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Speaker 1: and also the tiniest. I feel like it's at both

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Speaker 1: extremes of the universe.

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Speaker 3: Right, everything in between. You don't care.

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Speaker 1: That's chemistry, man, who.

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Speaker 3: Cares chemistry, biology, philosophy, live your happiness. That's right, Democracy,

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Speaker 3: human rights, that's all beyond the scope of your physics research.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. And I don't mean to say nobody cares

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Speaker 1: about chemistry. Chemistry is really important, otherwise we wouldn't have

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Speaker 1: pharmaceuticals and all that good stuff.

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Speaker 3: I also said human rights that, but you don't seem

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Speaker 3: to uh want a caveat human rights as well.

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Speaker 1: I'm more worried about backlash from chemists than people advocate.

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Speaker 3: Chemists have acids, acids and dangerous things that can kill you.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, but maybe it's just that you know that stuff

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Speaker 1: is harder, it's more complicated for me. Physics at the streams,

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Speaker 1: they're really tiny and they're really big. It's sort of

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Speaker 1: the simplest questions, the most basic, and therefore the most

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Speaker 1: interesting and also easier to grapple with.

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Speaker 3: Well, today we're getting into some things that are kind

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Speaker 3: of the opposite of that, Right, We're getting into the

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Speaker 3: nitty gritty complex details of the legality of particles, kind

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Speaker 3: of what rights particles have.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, because when we study the universe, what we'd like

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Speaker 1: to do is to take it apart. If I look

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Speaker 1: at the banana in front of me and I say,

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Speaker 1: what's this made out of? I mean, what particles is

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Speaker 1: it made out of? And when you do that, you're

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Speaker 1: sort of taking an intellectual leap. You're saying, this banana

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Speaker 1: could get blown up into its constituent particles. You could

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Speaker 1: break it up into these little bits. And that's an

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Speaker 1: important part of how we think about understanding the universe,

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Speaker 1: but it's not always possible to actually separate those particles.

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Speaker 3: Right, do you actually have a banana in front of you, Daniel,

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Speaker 3: I have.

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Speaker 1: A metaphysical banana here in front of me.

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Speaker 3: Here, I'll pass you my banana using the Ray and

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Speaker 3: Kylo ren teleportation system.

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Speaker 1: Just digitize the banana and email it to me.

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Speaker 3: Oh, there you go, there you go.

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Speaker 1: Somebody should develop a device that scans a banana, turns

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Speaker 1: it into an electronic banana signature, and then at the

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Speaker 1: other side, like three D prints of banana.

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Speaker 3: Right, using AI. Don't forget AI.

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Speaker 1: Using AI precisely because every kitchen appliance needs AI now.

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Speaker 3: But anyways, we are going to be talking about some

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Speaker 3: of the rules that govern the universe at the smallest levels,

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Speaker 3: because there are rules, and that's kind of what physics

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Speaker 3: is a little bit all about.

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Speaker 4: Right.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, And once recently on a podcast, we talked about

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Speaker 1: magnetic monopoles. How you could take an atom and separate

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Speaker 1: its positive and negative charges and move them far away

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Speaker 1: to infinity and they could ignore each other. But you

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Speaker 1: can't do that with the north and south of the

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Speaker 1: magnetic monopole, and today we'll be talking about a sort

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Speaker 1: of similarly confusing, sticky topic in particle physics.

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Speaker 3: Right, it's a rule about the universe that physicists don't

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Speaker 3: really know why it's there. Right, It's kind of another

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Speaker 3: of the big mysteries in nature.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, I think that describes every rule about the universe.

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Speaker 1: You know, we don't know why any of them are there.

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Speaker 1: Some people write in and they ask me questions like that.

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Speaker 1: They say, why is electromagnetism this way and not that

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Speaker 1: other way? And I think, Wow, you're a physicist because

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Speaker 1: that's the question we all want the answer to. We

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Speaker 1: don't know.

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Speaker 3: You're a physicist because you don't know anything. You too

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Speaker 3: can get paid for it like I am, because.

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Speaker 1: You embrace your ignorance and you want to ask why.

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Speaker 1: And it's a deep question in physics, why is something

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Speaker 1: this way not the other way? You know, maybe someday

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Speaker 1: in the future of physics will be looking at the

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Speaker 1: equations of the universe and will say, oh, it makes sense.

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Speaker 1: This is the only set of equations we could possibly have,

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Speaker 1: and so it has to be this way. Or we

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Speaker 1: could be looking at the equations to say, well, this

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Speaker 1: is one of ten to the one hundred possible universes.

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Speaker 1: So why is it this way not the other way?

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Speaker 1: We might not.

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Speaker 3: Ever know right, right again, you don't know.

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Speaker 1: That's the way you summarize physics.

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Speaker 3: In some we don't know. We have no idea, which

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Speaker 3: is the title of a great book I've heard about

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Speaker 3: which everyone should check out.

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Speaker 1: I don't know. I heard it has a lot of

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Speaker 1: puns in it.

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Speaker 3: Oh, like the are they as good as the ones

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Speaker 3: we have in our show here?

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Speaker 1: They're better because they're edited. Thank you, Courtney.

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Speaker 3: Well. Today on the podcast, we'll be tackling a pretty

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Speaker 3: sticky subject, and it's the question of a special rule

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Speaker 3: that governs one of the particles of nature. So today

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Speaker 3: on the podcast, we'll be tackling the question why can

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Speaker 3: quarks never be alone? Yeah, So it turns out that

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Speaker 3: one of the fundamental particles in nature, the quark, has

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Speaker 3: some special rules that govern what it can and cannot do.

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Speaker 1: That's right. Quarks feel the strong nuclear force and electrons don't.

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Speaker 1: And anything that feels a strong nuclear force is subject

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Speaker 1: to that forces really weird properties. We've talked about it

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Speaker 1: a few times in the podcast, how it has strange

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Speaker 1: properties like color. But today we'll be talking about one

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Speaker 1: very special property that really likes to stick these quirks together.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, and so the question is what weather coarse can

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Speaker 3: be alone by themselves? And you know, does it mean

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Speaker 3: alone like like psychologically like they feel alone, or is

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Speaker 3: it like alone where they have to be they can't

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Speaker 3: be in a room by themselves.

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Speaker 1: Yeah. You can't put them in solitary confinement for too

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Speaker 1: long or they go crazy. Is this another kind of

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Speaker 1: quirk you never heard about, Not the strange coirk or

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Speaker 1: the charm quirk, but the crazy quark.

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Speaker 3: That's right, the inmate quirk.

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Speaker 1: No, that's not a laughing matter. Solitary confinement is pretty

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Speaker 1: serious stuff. But we have found in physics, and as

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Speaker 1: you said earlier, we don't know why, but we have

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Speaker 1: found in physics that when you try to separate a quark,

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Speaker 1: to pull it far away from everything else, to isolate

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Speaker 1: it the way you could take, for example, an electron

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Speaker 1: and put it in the middle of space, you just

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Speaker 1: can't do that with a quark. It's physically impossible.

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Speaker 3: Wow, the universe doesn't allow it.

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Speaker 1: It would take an infinitema out of energy, which would

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Speaker 1: then just collapse into a bunch more quarks.

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Speaker 3: All right, we'll get into that in more detail. But first,

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Speaker 3: as usual, we were curious to know how many people

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Speaker 3: out there, first of all, had heard of quarks and

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Speaker 3: second of all new whether or not quarts can ever

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Speaker 3: be alone.

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Speaker 1: So, you see, Irvine was closed for the holidays, and

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Speaker 1: so these questions went to random strangers at coffee shops

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Speaker 1: who were amenable to answering questions. And as usual at

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Speaker 1: U see Irvine, ninety nine point nine percent of random

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Speaker 1: students are willing to answer my questions. But the rate

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Speaker 1: of acceptance at coffee shops is much much lower, which

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Speaker 1: I think says something awesome about students at U SEEI.

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Speaker 3: So a physicist wearing sandals and scraggly hair is normal

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Speaker 3: at a college campus, but in a commercial, regular coffee shop,

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Speaker 3: you're seen with more skepticism.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, or you know, maybe it's just the slice of

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Speaker 1: people that you encounter at a coffee shop are less

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Speaker 1: open to that kind of stuff.

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Speaker 3: We'll surprised you did it twice, because they didn't kick

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Speaker 3: you out the first time.

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Speaker 1: I had to go to a variety of coffee shops.

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Speaker 3: See, you try never to hit the same one twice.

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Speaker 3: That's how you can.

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Speaker 1: They have my picture up on the wall now, and

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Speaker 1: so they pressed that little red button under the counter

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Speaker 1: when they see me coming.

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Speaker 3: Oh man, I can picture you walking into one in

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Speaker 3: the disguise, just to try to get your coffee.

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Speaker 1: That's right, I'm disguised as a chemist sometimes.

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Speaker 5: Mmm.

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Speaker 3: You wear the groutch of marks, you know, glasses and

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Speaker 3: nose and mustache. But no, way, that's already you.

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Speaker 1: No, I just put on a lab coat and safety goggles.

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Speaker 3: Right, lae, chemistry, I see you wear nice clothes. Is

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Speaker 3: that what you're saying.

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Speaker 1: Physicists have to dress up to become chemists? Yes, that's

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Speaker 1: definitely true. All right. So here's what people at that

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Speaker 1: coffee shop had to say. And have you guys heard

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Speaker 1: of the particle called a cork?

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Speaker 3: Yes?

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Speaker 1: Now, did you know the quarks can never be found

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Speaker 1: by themselves? No, I've heard of it, but I don't

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Speaker 1: know too much about it. You never did you know

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Speaker 1: that you can never find a cork by itself? That

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Speaker 1: can never be alone?

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Speaker 2: No?

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Speaker 1: Yeah? Did you know that quarks can never be alone?

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Speaker 3: No?

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Speaker 1: I did not know that.

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Speaker 5: Although there are two meanings for quark, I wasn't sure

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Speaker 5: if you meant the yogurt meaning or the particle meaning

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Speaker 5: I think can be alone.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, but I can't tell you what it is. Do

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Speaker 1: you know that quarks can never be alone?

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Speaker 3: Is it an animal?

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Speaker 1: No, it's a tiny little part of them. Okay, yes,

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Speaker 1: you know the quarks can never be by themselves. Actually

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Speaker 1: I didn't know that. I guess I haven't looked into

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Speaker 1: it deep enough. No, I actually think I have. And

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Speaker 1: I have no idea why I wouldn't know that or

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Speaker 1: what it is. Yeah.

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Speaker 6: Of course they're made up of blue ons, I believe,

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Speaker 6: and they make up protons and electrons, and I think

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Speaker 6: neutrons too cool.

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Speaker 1: Did you know that quarks can never be by themselves?

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Speaker 1: They can never be alone?

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Speaker 6: Yeah, because they have to switch between because I don't

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Speaker 6: I tried to study this, but I don't completely understand

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Speaker 6: it because I know I can't remember as works are

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Speaker 6: labeled red, blue, green, and.

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Speaker 3: They have to switch from zone to zone.

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Speaker 6: They always have to be occupied, and they can't exist

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Speaker 6: by themselves.

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Speaker 1: You know what?

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Speaker 6: I do not know why?

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Speaker 3: No, I couldn't figure that out. Actually, qua ar kan No,

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Speaker 3: I haven't all right, I guess not a lot of

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Speaker 3: people had heard of the quark.

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Speaker 1: No, there's not a lot of familiarity about the quark

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Speaker 1: the particle, though, one friendly person commented on quark the yogurt.

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Speaker 3: Oh again, all right, it must be a really popular

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Speaker 3: brand of yogurt.

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Speaker 1: It's a whole it's a whole dairy product. I think

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Speaker 1: it's not even just a brand. It's like a kind

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Speaker 1: of thing, you know.

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Speaker 3: Well. I like how this person said, do you mean

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Speaker 3: the particle or the yogurt? Because this person knew about both,

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Speaker 3: and he's like, 's terrify are we talking? Are we

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Speaker 3: talking food or physics? Here?

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Speaker 1: She was ready to talk about quark the yogurt or

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Speaker 1: quark the particles.

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Speaker 3: Yes, it's a renaissance person right there.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, precisely. And there were some misunderstandings about quarks, people

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Speaker 1: who think that they are made up of gluons or

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Speaker 1: that electrons are made up of quarks. So definitely a

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Speaker 1: topic that we should cover. Explain to people what quarks

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Speaker 1: are and how they work.

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Speaker 3: Right, because obviously they're not made out of gluons. Everyone

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Speaker 3: knows that.

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Speaker 1: No, of course, not glue is made out of glue.

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Speaker 3: That right. It's a sticky subject, of course. Yeah, So

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Speaker 3: let's get into it. So, first of all, Daniel, what

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Speaker 3: are quarks, and talk to me about this idea that

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Speaker 3: they can never be alone.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, so, quarks are one of the fundamental particles. If

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Speaker 1: you take matter apart, you'll find, of course that it's

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Speaker 1: made out of atoms, and those atoms have inside them

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Speaker 1: electrons whizzing around the nucleus, and then inside the nucleus

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Speaker 1: we have neutrons and protons.

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Speaker 3: Even glue is made out of those same things.

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Speaker 1: Everything is made out of those things. Everything that you've eaten,

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Speaker 1: at least, there are kinds of matter out there in

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Speaker 1: the universe that are not made out of atoms, dark

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Speaker 1: matter specifically, but everything that you've encountered, everything you've sat on,

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Speaker 1: everything any human is ever eaten or thrown at each

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Speaker 1: other is made out of atoms. And so it's pretty

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Speaker 1: universal recipe.

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Speaker 3: Right, What if my kid ate some dark matter? Should

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Speaker 3: I call the doctor or.

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Speaker 1: I think Sweden because you're getting a Nobel prize proving

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Speaker 1: that dark.

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Speaker 3: Matter exists for feeding my child dark matter?

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Speaker 1: Are you talking about the dark matter that goes into

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Speaker 1: your child or out of your child though, because that's

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Speaker 1: a whole different topic.

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Speaker 3: All right, let's move on before somebody calls Social services

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Speaker 3: of me.

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Speaker 1: No, But the amazing thing about this is that it's

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Speaker 1: a recipe for all kinds of stuff. Like everything out

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Speaker 1: there has the same number of protons, neutrons and electrons.

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Speaker 1: I just can't get over this fact. Like every kind

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Speaker 1: of material out there, every element, right has one proton

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Speaker 1: per electron and just about one neutron per proton. So

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Speaker 1: it's one to one to one no matter what.

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Speaker 3: It is, right, And so it's not just any particle

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Speaker 3: or any random or insignificant particle nature. This is like

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Speaker 3: the particle, right, I mean, you and I are made

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Speaker 3: out of them. Everyone is made out of them. It's

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Speaker 3: one of the big two particles that make up everything.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, and so the most of the stuff that's inside

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Speaker 1: you is made out of these protons and neutrons. But

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Speaker 1: the protons and neutrons are not actually themselves fundamental. They're

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Speaker 1: made of these smaller particles, and those are the quarks,

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Speaker 1: the upcork and the down quark. And you mix those

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Speaker 1: together in one way, you get a proton. You mix

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Speaker 1: them together another way you get a neutron. But of

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Speaker 1: course the proton and the neutron, you know, those are

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Speaker 1: the physical particles that we can see. We can interact with.

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Speaker 1: We can separate them. You can have like one proton

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Speaker 1: and have one neutron over here. And for a long

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Speaker 1: time people thought that they might be fundamental. But then

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Speaker 1: in the seventies, by shooting super high energy electrons at

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Speaker 1: the proton, we found that there was structure inside the proton.

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Speaker 1: We found that there were particles inside there. And so

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Speaker 1: that's what the quarks are.

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Speaker 3: Right, And so that's what a quark is. And there's

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Speaker 3: something funny about them because, for example, electrons can be

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Speaker 3: by themselves. You can't have it like a think you

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Speaker 3: can hold a single electron in your hand. For example,

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Speaker 3: the quarks you're telling me have come as a kind

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Speaker 3: of a special rule that they can never be alone.

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Speaker 1: Yeah. The way that we found out about electrons, you know,

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Speaker 1: is that we separated them from their atom. We isolated

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Speaker 1: them so we could study them. We talked about in

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Speaker 1: the podcast. JG. Thompson ionized atoms and made beams of

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Speaker 1: electrons before he even knew what he was doing. And

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Speaker 1: the way we discovered the nucleus is the same way

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Speaker 1: we separated it. We broke the atom into pieces so

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Speaker 1: we could study it. But with the quarks, we've never

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Speaker 1: been able to do that. What we've been able to

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Speaker 1: do is poke the inside of the proton and see

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Speaker 1: the quarks sort of bouncing around in there. We have

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Speaker 1: been able to break up the proton into quarks, but

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Speaker 1: we can't ever see the quarks by themselves. They are

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Speaker 1: so much in love with being together. You always find

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Speaker 1: them in pairs or triplets.

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Speaker 3: Well, I'm a little bit confused because you told me that.

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Speaker 3: You know, at the large pattern collider, you take protons

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Speaker 3: and you smash them together. But when you smash them together,

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Speaker 3: you're saying they don't actually break apart.

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Speaker 1: We do smash protons together at the large hadron collide, right,

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Speaker 1: I was not lying. And what happens there is that

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Speaker 1: the quarks inside one proton interact with the quarks inside

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Speaker 1: the other proton. But there's a rule about sort of

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Speaker 1: the maximum distance that a quark can ever be from

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Speaker 1: another quark. And so what happens there is you can

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Speaker 1: have like two quarks go pair off to be their

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Speaker 1: own little particle. The quarks can never leave by themselves.

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Speaker 3: Oh, so you smash protons together, which are made out

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Speaker 3: of quarks inside. But when they smash it together, it's

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Speaker 3: not like an explosion where everything flies off in all

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Speaker 3: kinds of directions. The quarks. You know, you can't have

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Speaker 3: a quark flying off from a collision by itself.

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Speaker 1: That's right, you can't do that. They always have to

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Speaker 1: be found in pairs or in triplets. There's no way

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Speaker 1: to find a quark all by itself.

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Speaker 3: Oh well, you've never seen it by itself, right.

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Speaker 1: Yes, you're right. In physics, we should never say never.

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Speaker 1: We don't think it's possible. Nobody's ever seen a free quark.

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Speaker 1: Nobody's ever isolated a quark by itself. Quarks are in

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Speaker 1: that sense more mathematical than any other kind of particle

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Speaker 1: because we've never seen them on their own. They only

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Speaker 1: exist sort of as part of our model for what's

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Speaker 1: inside all these particles that we think are made up

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Speaker 1: of quarks. You got protons, you got neutrons, and you

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Speaker 1: mix quarks and lots of other ways, you can get

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Speaker 1: all sorts of other crazy particles, pions and masons and

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Speaker 1: ata particles and omega particles and all sorts of crazy stuff. Right, bananons,

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Speaker 1: you're just gonna try to slip that in there.

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Speaker 3: You would just go with it, But I guess paint

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Speaker 3: the picture from me. Right. So at the large Hattern collider,

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Speaker 3: you have protons kind of going at each other, right,

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Speaker 3: They're coming at huge speeds, and in each proton you

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Speaker 3: have three quarks kind of bound together. They're stuck together

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Speaker 3: at each one, and then they the two protons smash

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Speaker 3: into each other. They do, and you create this mess.

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Speaker 3: And you're saying that you know, everything that leaves out

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Speaker 3: of that collision, that explosion has to be paired of,

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Speaker 3: like the no matter how you smash them together, somehow,

400
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Speaker 3: they always the quarks always pair up when they fly

401
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Speaker 3: off together.

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00:19:07,520 --> 00:19:10,360
Speaker 1: That's right. And one possibility is that you just sort

403
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Speaker 1: of rearrange the quarks. You say, I got three quarks

404
00:19:12,960 --> 00:19:15,360
Speaker 1: from this proton, I got three quarks from the other proton,

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Speaker 1: so I'll just pair them up. Maybe I'll get like

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Speaker 1: three pairs of quarks and this is going to go

407
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Speaker 1: fly off and make me three pions. That's one possibility.

408
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Speaker 1: But sometimes if you put enough energy into these things,

409
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Speaker 1: the quarks sort of try to go free. Like you

410
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Speaker 1: push one quark off in one direction, another one off

411
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Speaker 1: in another direction, and there and none of the other

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Speaker 1: original quarks from the proton are near it, and it's

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Speaker 1: like flying off into outer space by itself. Uh huh,

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Speaker 1: But physics says no, and what yeah, And what happens

415
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Speaker 1: there is that some of its energy gets converted into

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Speaker 1: making a new quark. It pops a new quirk out

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Speaker 1: of the vacuum, so that quark doesn't have to be

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Speaker 1: by itself.

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Speaker 3: Wait what so you're saying one of the quarks after

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Speaker 3: the collision was going off to the left, but because

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Speaker 3: physics says no, it it disappears and it reappears somewhere else.

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Speaker 1: Say, for example, you have a quark going off really

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Speaker 1: fast to the left and another quark going off really

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Speaker 1: fast to the right, so the distance between them is growing. Well,

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Speaker 1: what happens is that takes a huge amount of energy,

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Speaker 1: and that energy gets converted into making new quarks. Like

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Speaker 1: you create new quarks, one for the one going to

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Speaker 1: the left and one for the one going to the right,

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Speaker 1: so that each of them now has a companion, so

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Speaker 1: they're not by themselves.

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Speaker 3: The universe is like you're going on by yourself here,

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Speaker 3: I'll make you a companion.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, and that's because the strong nuclear force is super

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Speaker 1: duper weird. And we'll talk about that more detail in

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Speaker 1: a minute. I hope. But the short version is unlike electromagnetism,

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Speaker 1: where as the distance between them grows, the force gets

437
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Speaker 1: weaker and fades in the strong force, as the distance

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Speaker 1: between them grows, the force gets stronger, so it takes

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Speaker 1: more and more energy to separate them, and eventually there's

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Speaker 1: enough energy to create new matter.

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Speaker 3: All right, let's get into the details of that a

442
00:20:56,440 --> 00:20:58,480
Speaker 3: little bit more. But I think it's pretty considered of

443
00:20:58,520 --> 00:21:01,119
Speaker 3: the universe not to be looking out for quarks like that.

444
00:21:01,280 --> 00:21:03,879
Speaker 1: You know, depends. I mean, if you're quirky, you just

445
00:21:03,920 --> 00:21:07,920
Speaker 1: want some like me time, then it's not a curse.

446
00:21:10,040 --> 00:21:11,359
Speaker 3: Love is a curse, you're saying.

447
00:21:13,880 --> 00:21:15,280
Speaker 1: If you ever grew up in a house that's kind

448
00:21:15,280 --> 00:21:17,840
Speaker 1: of crowded, you'd know that there's value to time by yourself.

449
00:21:17,880 --> 00:21:19,679
Speaker 1: You know, you want time with your book. And just

450
00:21:19,720 --> 00:21:21,879
Speaker 1: like nobody asked me to do something or ask me

451
00:21:21,920 --> 00:21:23,040
Speaker 1: a question, you know.

452
00:21:23,080 --> 00:21:24,640
Speaker 3: My family is pretty quirky.

453
00:21:26,640 --> 00:21:28,480
Speaker 1: You got some strange quarks in your family and some

454
00:21:28,600 --> 00:21:29,680
Speaker 1: charming quarks, you.

455
00:21:29,640 --> 00:21:32,920
Speaker 3: Know, of course. Right, all right, let's get into more

456
00:21:33,000 --> 00:21:36,520
Speaker 3: of this kind of mysterious force that makes quarks just

457
00:21:36,520 --> 00:21:39,800
Speaker 3: so they're not alone. But first, let's take a quick break.

458
00:21:43,960 --> 00:21:46,919
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Speaker 3: All right, I know, so it seems like the universe

508
00:24:24,720 --> 00:24:27,400
Speaker 3: doesn't like for quarks to be alone, to the point

509
00:24:27,440 --> 00:24:29,639
Speaker 3: where it even makes up new quarks when it needs to.

510
00:24:29,720 --> 00:24:32,080
Speaker 3: Whenever it sees a quark going off to be alone,

511
00:24:32,119 --> 00:24:33,760
Speaker 3: it makes a new quirk to pair up with it,

512
00:24:34,760 --> 00:24:37,600
Speaker 3: which is pretty amazing. And you're telling me that this

513
00:24:37,680 --> 00:24:40,119
Speaker 3: is all because of the force between quarks.

514
00:24:40,359 --> 00:24:43,840
Speaker 1: Yeah, one of the three or four fundamental forces of nature,

515
00:24:43,880 --> 00:24:46,720
Speaker 1: depending how you count. We have gravity, which we don't

516
00:24:46,800 --> 00:24:51,080
Speaker 1: understand quantum mechanically. We have electromagnetism and the weak force,

517
00:24:51,119 --> 00:24:53,639
Speaker 1: which I think of together as boundaries as part of

518
00:24:53,640 --> 00:24:57,119
Speaker 1: the electroweak force. And then we have the strong nuclear force,

519
00:24:57,520 --> 00:24:59,600
Speaker 1: and this is a thing that holds the proton together

520
00:24:59,640 --> 00:25:02,160
Speaker 1: and whole the neutron together. And also it's a thing

521
00:25:02,160 --> 00:25:05,399
Speaker 1: that holds the nucleus together because there's little residual bits

522
00:25:05,400 --> 00:25:07,359
Speaker 1: of it left over after you've made the proton and

523
00:25:07,400 --> 00:25:11,080
Speaker 1: the neutron. But this force is really powerful and really

524
00:25:11,119 --> 00:25:13,040
Speaker 1: different from any of the other forces.

525
00:25:13,240 --> 00:25:15,119
Speaker 3: It's called the strong force, right.

526
00:25:15,480 --> 00:25:17,480
Speaker 1: Yeah, not the strange force, though maybe they should have

527
00:25:17,480 --> 00:25:18,960
Speaker 1: called it the strange.

528
00:25:19,000 --> 00:25:22,960
Speaker 3: Nuclear If you get a PC in the strong into

529
00:25:22,960 --> 00:25:25,440
Speaker 3: the strange force, does that make you a doctor strange?

530
00:25:26,680 --> 00:25:29,440
Speaker 1: It absolutely officially does, and gives you power over time.

531
00:25:29,680 --> 00:25:31,560
Speaker 1: It's happened to everybody.

532
00:25:31,200 --> 00:25:34,040
Speaker 3: Right, right, even the Benedict Cumber batches of the world.

533
00:25:34,440 --> 00:25:37,520
Speaker 1: Yeah. And you know, we like to categorize things in physics.

534
00:25:37,600 --> 00:25:39,440
Speaker 1: We like to say, all right, these things are all

535
00:25:39,480 --> 00:25:42,000
Speaker 1: similar to each other, and what connections can we draw

536
00:25:42,040 --> 00:25:44,399
Speaker 1: between them? But we also like to contrast things. We

537
00:25:44,520 --> 00:25:47,480
Speaker 1: like to say, oh, look, these forces are similar because

538
00:25:47,480 --> 00:25:50,800
Speaker 1: they're all forces, but they have some big differences in them,

539
00:25:50,840 --> 00:25:53,920
Speaker 1: and so those things can teach us like what kind

540
00:25:53,960 --> 00:25:56,400
Speaker 1: of forces can there be in the universe?

541
00:25:56,640 --> 00:25:56,960
Speaker 5: Right?

542
00:25:57,040 --> 00:26:00,359
Speaker 1: And the strong force is different and basically every that

543
00:26:00,359 --> 00:26:02,360
Speaker 1: it can be different from the other forces.

544
00:26:02,520 --> 00:26:05,640
Speaker 3: Really, huh, So it's one of the four fundamental forces,

545
00:26:05,640 --> 00:26:08,159
Speaker 3: but it's very different than the other three or the

546
00:26:08,200 --> 00:26:08,600
Speaker 3: other two.

547
00:26:08,720 --> 00:26:11,360
Speaker 1: Yeah, it's very different from I would say the other two.

548
00:26:11,840 --> 00:26:15,560
Speaker 1: For example, gravity has one way it can push, right,

549
00:26:15,560 --> 00:26:17,920
Speaker 1: it can only pull things together. And that's because there's

550
00:26:17,920 --> 00:26:20,159
Speaker 1: only one kind of mass. You can have positive and

551
00:26:20,240 --> 00:26:25,200
Speaker 1: negative mass. It's so gravity is only attractive. Right. Electromagnetism

552
00:26:25,560 --> 00:26:28,480
Speaker 1: right works on positive and negative charges, and so it

553
00:26:28,520 --> 00:26:32,040
Speaker 1: can both push and pull. It pushes if two positive

554
00:26:32,119 --> 00:26:34,680
Speaker 1: charges or negative charges come near each other. It pulls

555
00:26:34,800 --> 00:26:37,320
Speaker 1: if you have opposite charges near each other. Right, But

556
00:26:37,400 --> 00:26:40,760
Speaker 1: the strong force is weird because it has three charges

557
00:26:41,320 --> 00:26:45,359
Speaker 1: and we call those red, green, and blue, and so's

558
00:26:45,520 --> 00:26:47,600
Speaker 1: it just it blows your mind and thinking like wow,

559
00:26:47,720 --> 00:26:50,840
Speaker 1: there can be like three different kinds of charges, and

560
00:26:50,880 --> 00:26:54,080
Speaker 1: it requires different kinds of math like to balance them out,

561
00:26:54,119 --> 00:26:56,160
Speaker 1: to neutralize them, and all sorts of stuff.

562
00:26:55,920 --> 00:26:57,560
Speaker 3: Right, because I was just thinking that the one I

563
00:26:57,640 --> 00:26:59,920
Speaker 3: think most people are familiar with is the electro mat

564
00:27:00,400 --> 00:27:04,240
Speaker 3: magnetic force. Right in terms of they're being charges. We're

565
00:27:04,280 --> 00:27:06,760
Speaker 3: so used to just they're being two right plus or

566
00:27:06,800 --> 00:27:07,680
Speaker 3: minus yeah.

567
00:27:07,560 --> 00:27:09,040
Speaker 1: You're used to there being two, and it used to

568
00:27:09,040 --> 00:27:11,680
Speaker 1: being there being two kinds of magnets right north and south.

569
00:27:11,880 --> 00:27:14,920
Speaker 1: What if there were like three kinds of magnets, you know, north,

570
00:27:15,000 --> 00:27:17,399
Speaker 1: south and east or something, and the east magnet was

571
00:27:17,560 --> 00:27:20,359
Speaker 1: super weird and like it would it would be a

572
00:27:20,359 --> 00:27:22,840
Speaker 1: really different force. Well, that's what the strong force is.

573
00:27:23,040 --> 00:27:25,080
Speaker 1: It has three kinds of charges.

574
00:27:25,000 --> 00:27:26,800
Speaker 3: Like a plus, minus and x.

575
00:27:27,920 --> 00:27:30,520
Speaker 1: Well, red, green, and blue. And that's why you can

576
00:27:30,600 --> 00:27:33,280
Speaker 1: have bound states of two quarks because you can have

577
00:27:33,359 --> 00:27:36,800
Speaker 1: like a red and an anti red, or three quarks

578
00:27:36,920 --> 00:27:39,440
Speaker 1: if you have like a red, green, and blue because red, green,

579
00:27:39,440 --> 00:27:41,160
Speaker 1: and blue add up to neutral.

580
00:27:41,960 --> 00:27:44,040
Speaker 3: Well, I guess step me through this a little bit

581
00:27:45,080 --> 00:27:48,159
Speaker 3: more because I know that you know, if I have

582
00:27:48,200 --> 00:27:50,880
Speaker 3: a plus charge and a minus charge, they'll attract each

583
00:27:50,920 --> 00:27:56,280
Speaker 3: other in electromagnetic forces, or if you have two pluses,

584
00:27:56,320 --> 00:27:58,480
Speaker 3: they'll repel each other. So how does it work if

585
00:27:58,480 --> 00:28:00,520
Speaker 3: you have three? You know, it's like two. I know

586
00:28:00,680 --> 00:28:02,160
Speaker 3: three is kind of a weird thing.

587
00:28:02,240 --> 00:28:03,560
Speaker 1: Are you asking me how to have a three sume

588
00:28:03,640 --> 00:28:04,040
Speaker 1: in particle?

589
00:28:05,000 --> 00:28:09,879
Speaker 3: I was trying to avoid that reference, But if you

590
00:28:09,920 --> 00:28:11,280
Speaker 3: want to go there, let's go there.

591
00:28:11,320 --> 00:28:13,120
Speaker 1: I mean, it turns out to be pretty different. If

592
00:28:13,119 --> 00:28:15,600
Speaker 1: two pluses and a minus or two minuses and a plus.

593
00:28:15,920 --> 00:28:18,760
Speaker 3: I see, it's a whole different genre.

594
00:28:20,040 --> 00:28:23,240
Speaker 1: Right, exactly. No, it's a very different kind of situation.

595
00:28:23,680 --> 00:28:27,160
Speaker 1: And the weird thing is basically, anything that has color

596
00:28:27,400 --> 00:28:30,560
Speaker 1: that isn't neutral will attract the other thing. So red

597
00:28:30,560 --> 00:28:33,560
Speaker 1: will attract red, red will attract anti red. Well, red

598
00:28:33,560 --> 00:28:37,000
Speaker 1: will attract green, green will attract blue, blue will attract

599
00:28:37,040 --> 00:28:39,680
Speaker 1: anti blue. It's basically always a party when it comes

600
00:28:39,720 --> 00:28:40,400
Speaker 1: to this trick board.

601
00:28:40,640 --> 00:28:44,400
Speaker 3: Wait, so, anything that has a color charge attracts other

602
00:28:44,440 --> 00:28:45,400
Speaker 3: things with color charge.

603
00:28:45,440 --> 00:28:47,600
Speaker 1: Anything that has a color charge will interact with the

604
00:28:47,600 --> 00:28:49,680
Speaker 1: other things that have a color charge. Whether or not

605
00:28:49,760 --> 00:28:53,880
Speaker 1: they attract or repel depends on where they are, how

606
00:28:53,960 --> 00:28:56,960
Speaker 1: close they are. Well, if you take a red cork

607
00:28:57,040 --> 00:28:59,880
Speaker 1: and an anti red quark, if they're too close together,

608
00:29:00,120 --> 00:29:02,680
Speaker 1: they will repel each other. If they're too far apart,

609
00:29:02,800 --> 00:29:04,280
Speaker 1: they will attract each other.

610
00:29:04,560 --> 00:29:06,320
Speaker 3: Oh, I see, so they like to be sort of

611
00:29:06,360 --> 00:29:07,840
Speaker 3: a specific distance apart.

612
00:29:08,240 --> 00:29:10,840
Speaker 1: Yes, they like to be a specific distance apart. Anything

613
00:29:10,880 --> 00:29:13,120
Speaker 1: else takes more energy. So if you have a red

614
00:29:13,160 --> 00:29:14,800
Speaker 1: cork and an anti red cork and you want them

615
00:29:14,840 --> 00:29:17,680
Speaker 1: closer together, you got to squeeze them because they repel that.

616
00:29:17,760 --> 00:29:21,600
Speaker 1: They avoid that. Similarly, if you want them further apart,

617
00:29:21,600 --> 00:29:23,960
Speaker 1: you got to put in energy, And as they get

618
00:29:24,000 --> 00:29:26,880
Speaker 1: further and further apart, it takes more and more energy.

619
00:29:27,200 --> 00:29:29,880
Speaker 1: And that's the thing that's really weird about the strong force.

620
00:29:30,160 --> 00:29:33,280
Speaker 1: Like with electromagnetism, you take plus and a minus and

621
00:29:33,320 --> 00:29:35,760
Speaker 1: you pull them apart, the force between them starts to

622
00:29:35,800 --> 00:29:38,040
Speaker 1: fade right as they get further and further apart, because

623
00:29:38,080 --> 00:29:39,400
Speaker 1: like one over are squared.

624
00:29:39,560 --> 00:29:41,400
Speaker 3: But what about like a red and a green.

625
00:29:41,360 --> 00:29:44,720
Speaker 1: Same situation. I mean, there's some little details there for

626
00:29:44,800 --> 00:29:47,920
Speaker 1: higher order calculations, but roughly it's about the same.

627
00:29:48,200 --> 00:29:48,560
Speaker 4: Huh.

628
00:29:48,600 --> 00:29:51,280
Speaker 3: So everyone wants to be with everybody else but not

629
00:29:51,360 --> 00:29:54,280
Speaker 3: too close, but not too close. So why isn't everything

630
00:29:54,680 --> 00:29:59,080
Speaker 3: just being pulled together? Why aren't my red quarks just

631
00:29:59,200 --> 00:30:04,480
Speaker 3: totally you know, pulling the red quarks in my microphone

632
00:30:04,560 --> 00:30:05,680
Speaker 3: or in the sun to.

633
00:30:05,720 --> 00:30:09,880
Speaker 1: Me because your red quarks are all in color neutral

634
00:30:10,040 --> 00:30:12,560
Speaker 1: bound states, mostly protons and neutrons.

635
00:30:12,920 --> 00:30:15,480
Speaker 3: Oh, they're happy. They're happy three and a happy threesome.

636
00:30:15,760 --> 00:30:17,640
Speaker 1: They're in a happy three someome. Yeah, And you know

637
00:30:18,160 --> 00:30:21,160
Speaker 1: why is the nucleus hell together? Because there's a little

638
00:30:21,160 --> 00:30:23,360
Speaker 1: bit of strong force that leaks out of the proton

639
00:30:23,720 --> 00:30:27,280
Speaker 1: and holds those protons together. So mostly they're in a

640
00:30:27,320 --> 00:30:30,000
Speaker 1: totally happy state. But you know, sometimes a neutron decays

641
00:30:30,000 --> 00:30:31,200
Speaker 1: and do a proton.

642
00:30:30,960 --> 00:30:34,640
Speaker 3: Oh, I see. It's like asking, why aren't all my

643
00:30:34,760 --> 00:30:37,480
Speaker 3: plus charges in my body attracting the plus charges in

644
00:30:37,520 --> 00:30:40,360
Speaker 3: the sun. And the answer is that my plus charges

645
00:30:40,400 --> 00:30:43,560
Speaker 3: are all happy stuck with a negative charge inside of me.

646
00:30:44,080 --> 00:30:47,840
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. Most of your plus charges are in neutral atoms,

647
00:30:47,880 --> 00:30:50,240
Speaker 1: and so the neutral atoms don't really interact unless you

648
00:30:50,280 --> 00:30:52,680
Speaker 1: get really close, and then it depends on how close

649
00:30:52,680 --> 00:30:54,320
Speaker 1: you are to the plus part of the minus part.

650
00:30:54,720 --> 00:30:57,400
Speaker 1: But on average you're neutral, and so you don't interact

651
00:30:57,440 --> 00:30:59,640
Speaker 1: with the electric charges in the rock or in your

652
00:30:59,680 --> 00:31:00,760
Speaker 1: most or whatever.

653
00:31:01,000 --> 00:31:03,040
Speaker 3: So if I had like the power to create a

654
00:31:03,080 --> 00:31:05,080
Speaker 3: red quirk right in front of me, like poof, I

655
00:31:05,160 --> 00:31:06,880
Speaker 3: just made one in front of me, it would be

656
00:31:06,960 --> 00:31:10,000
Speaker 3: super attracted to or maybe not would look for the

657
00:31:10,240 --> 00:31:14,040
Speaker 3: closest single quirk and get attracted to that.

658
00:31:14,040 --> 00:31:16,360
Speaker 1: That's right, But it would take an enormous amount of

659
00:31:16,440 --> 00:31:18,960
Speaker 1: energy to create that quirk and have it be really

660
00:31:19,000 --> 00:31:20,320
Speaker 1: far away from any partner.

661
00:31:20,480 --> 00:31:24,880
Speaker 3: Oh, it's because the potential energy would be so big.

662
00:31:25,200 --> 00:31:28,800
Speaker 1: Precisely, think about the opposite. Say you had a quirk

663
00:31:28,840 --> 00:31:30,959
Speaker 1: and an anti red quirk and you wanted to separate them.

664
00:31:31,000 --> 00:31:32,920
Speaker 1: How much energy would it take to separate them to

665
00:31:32,960 --> 00:31:36,320
Speaker 1: be like, you know, one galaxy away from each other. Well,

666
00:31:36,360 --> 00:31:39,320
Speaker 1: every meter you separate them would take more and more energy.

667
00:31:39,520 --> 00:31:42,480
Speaker 1: It's not like with electromagnetism, where once you get them

668
00:31:42,480 --> 00:31:45,480
Speaker 1: far apart, they basically ignore each other. You know, a

669
00:31:45,560 --> 00:31:50,240
Speaker 1: quirk here would feel a quirk and andromeda super duper powerfully.

670
00:31:50,320 --> 00:31:52,920
Speaker 1: That would be you know, an incredible amount of energy.

671
00:31:53,080 --> 00:31:55,240
Speaker 1: And that's the really weird thing about the strong force

672
00:31:55,320 --> 00:31:58,840
Speaker 1: is that the power of the force doesn't degrade with distance.

673
00:31:58,920 --> 00:32:00,120
Speaker 1: It gets stronger.

674
00:32:00,520 --> 00:32:02,240
Speaker 3: Oh, it took a spring. It's like a one like

675
00:32:02,280 --> 00:32:03,200
Speaker 3: a mechanical spring.

676
00:32:03,360 --> 00:32:06,360
Speaker 1: Exactly, it goes it's linearly with the distance, just like

677
00:32:06,400 --> 00:32:07,320
Speaker 1: a mechanical spring.

678
00:32:07,480 --> 00:32:09,760
Speaker 3: And so is that how you explain whether you can't

679
00:32:09,800 --> 00:32:11,880
Speaker 3: find one alone in nature? Is that it's just it

680
00:32:11,880 --> 00:32:13,120
Speaker 3: would just take too much energy.

681
00:32:13,240 --> 00:32:16,280
Speaker 1: Yeah, and that energy prefers to turn into matter. So

682
00:32:16,320 --> 00:32:18,840
Speaker 1: if you did take a quark and an anti quark

683
00:32:19,040 --> 00:32:21,600
Speaker 1: and you pull them apart, that would require a huge

684
00:32:21,600 --> 00:32:24,560
Speaker 1: amount of energy be pouring energy into it to separate them,

685
00:32:24,760 --> 00:32:28,440
Speaker 1: and nature prefers to not have that much unstable energy.

686
00:32:28,560 --> 00:32:31,560
Speaker 1: It prefers to decay into lower energy states like we

687
00:32:31,640 --> 00:32:34,800
Speaker 1: talked about another time, and it creates new quarks, and

688
00:32:34,880 --> 00:32:37,280
Speaker 1: so it creates a new partner for those quarks you

689
00:32:37,280 --> 00:32:39,960
Speaker 1: were trying to pull apart, so that no quirk is

690
00:32:40,000 --> 00:32:40,640
Speaker 1: by itself.

691
00:32:41,000 --> 00:32:44,760
Speaker 3: Oh so, like like, let's say I grabbed one quark

692
00:32:44,840 --> 00:32:47,160
Speaker 3: with my right hand and I grabbed the other core

693
00:32:47,240 --> 00:32:48,720
Speaker 3: another quark with my left hand, and.

694
00:32:48,640 --> 00:32:50,600
Speaker 1: I hope you're wearing safety goggles here.

695
00:32:51,760 --> 00:32:55,120
Speaker 3: I always wear safety they're called reading glasses.

696
00:32:57,560 --> 00:32:59,080
Speaker 1: All right, So you're pulling your apart.

697
00:32:59,280 --> 00:33:01,360
Speaker 3: I'm pulling apart, and I have big muscles and I

698
00:33:01,400 --> 00:33:03,320
Speaker 3: am just pulling them apart, and it's like, oh, it's

699
00:33:03,360 --> 00:33:05,560
Speaker 3: really hard. It's really hard. And then at some point

700
00:33:05,720 --> 00:33:09,080
Speaker 3: the universe just snaps, like it just you know, it'll

701
00:33:09,160 --> 00:33:12,240
Speaker 3: just it'll be like the spring broke, and suddenly I'll

702
00:33:12,280 --> 00:33:14,360
Speaker 3: have two quarks in one hand and two quarts on

703
00:33:14,400 --> 00:33:14,840
Speaker 3: the other hand.

704
00:33:14,960 --> 00:33:18,360
Speaker 1: Precisely, yeah, and you can even generate more particles. In fact,

705
00:33:18,560 --> 00:33:21,640
Speaker 1: what you just described is essentially my job. That's what

706
00:33:21,680 --> 00:33:23,200
Speaker 1: we do with the large Hadron collider.

707
00:33:23,600 --> 00:33:24,760
Speaker 3: You wear safety glasses.

708
00:33:26,080 --> 00:33:29,240
Speaker 1: I do wear safety glasses. But we smash protons together

709
00:33:29,320 --> 00:33:32,520
Speaker 1: and that pushes effectively the quarks away from each other.

710
00:33:32,800 --> 00:33:36,080
Speaker 1: And when that happens, we see particles get created out

711
00:33:36,120 --> 00:33:38,920
Speaker 1: of the vacuum. Out of that, that energy gets turned

712
00:33:38,960 --> 00:33:41,280
Speaker 1: into particles, and you don't just get one. Sometimes you

713
00:33:41,320 --> 00:33:44,600
Speaker 1: get a whole stream ten, twenty, thirty, forty fifty particles,

714
00:33:44,760 --> 00:33:46,280
Speaker 1: depending how much energy you've created.

715
00:33:46,360 --> 00:33:48,720
Speaker 3: It's like the universe says, you know, it's too much

716
00:33:48,720 --> 00:33:51,240
Speaker 3: effort to pull these two quarts together. It's too much

717
00:33:51,240 --> 00:33:55,600
Speaker 3: effort to fight whoehes amazing biceps and muscles. I'll just

718
00:33:55,800 --> 00:33:58,479
Speaker 3: pair up the quarks that in each each of his hands.

719
00:33:58,720 --> 00:34:00,560
Speaker 1: That's right, Jorge versus the universe.

720
00:34:01,920 --> 00:34:03,280
Speaker 3: Yeah, that's right.

721
00:34:03,400 --> 00:34:05,520
Speaker 1: No, think about it like tension in a string. You know,

722
00:34:05,920 --> 00:34:08,880
Speaker 1: it stretches and stretches and stretches. Eventually it snaps, and

723
00:34:08,920 --> 00:34:10,960
Speaker 1: it just prefers to be in a lower energy state,

724
00:34:11,239 --> 00:34:14,360
Speaker 1: and that lower energy state means having those particles exist.

725
00:34:14,719 --> 00:34:17,640
Speaker 1: We talked about it statistically on another podcast. You know,

726
00:34:17,680 --> 00:34:21,200
Speaker 1: the universe prefers configurations where there's lots of possible ways

727
00:34:21,200 --> 00:34:23,840
Speaker 1: for it to be, and so it will always decay

728
00:34:23,960 --> 00:34:27,520
Speaker 1: to a low energy configuration where that energy can be

729
00:34:27,560 --> 00:34:29,640
Speaker 1: pointed in lots of different directions. And if you create

730
00:34:29,680 --> 00:34:32,279
Speaker 1: these particles, then there's lots of different ways to arrange them.

731
00:34:32,360 --> 00:34:34,440
Speaker 1: Where so if you have all the energy just stored

732
00:34:34,480 --> 00:34:37,120
Speaker 1: in that field between the cork and anti quark is

733
00:34:37,160 --> 00:34:40,920
Speaker 1: one configuration. So just an entropy argument tells you why

734
00:34:40,960 --> 00:34:45,000
Speaker 1: a very tense, single configuration, high energy state will decay

735
00:34:45,080 --> 00:34:46,400
Speaker 1: to a bunch of particles.

736
00:34:46,680 --> 00:34:49,120
Speaker 3: And what is that distance at which the string breaks?

737
00:34:49,239 --> 00:34:50,960
Speaker 3: You know, like if I'm pulling them apart, what is

738
00:34:50,960 --> 00:34:53,640
Speaker 3: the distance at which it just pops and it becomes

739
00:34:53,640 --> 00:34:54,680
Speaker 3: four quarts?

740
00:34:54,800 --> 00:34:58,320
Speaker 1: It depends on the energy. But you know we're talking femtometers.

741
00:34:59,000 --> 00:35:01,400
Speaker 1: That's the preferred day distance for quarks. Quarks like to

742
00:35:01,400 --> 00:35:04,200
Speaker 1: be you know, a few femptometers apart, and so push

743
00:35:04,239 --> 00:35:08,040
Speaker 1: them further away and you'll start to create new quarks, right,

744
00:35:09,040 --> 00:35:11,279
Speaker 1: and you put in really a lot of energy. You

745
00:35:11,280 --> 00:35:13,840
Speaker 1: can create heavy quarks, you know, charm quarks and bottom

746
00:35:13,920 --> 00:35:15,160
Speaker 1: quarks and that kind of stuff.

747
00:35:15,280 --> 00:35:17,760
Speaker 3: Oh wait, what if so if I pull it depends

748
00:35:17,800 --> 00:35:19,000
Speaker 3: on how I pull them apart?

749
00:35:19,080 --> 00:35:21,840
Speaker 1: Well, the universe we don't know how it randomly decides,

750
00:35:21,880 --> 00:35:25,040
Speaker 1: but if you have enough energy, it can create heavier particles,

751
00:35:25,040 --> 00:35:27,320
Speaker 1: and not all the quarks sort of cost the same

752
00:35:27,360 --> 00:35:29,920
Speaker 1: and energy. The upcork and the down cork are the

753
00:35:30,000 --> 00:35:32,840
Speaker 1: cheapest quarks of the lightest ones, but the charm and

754
00:35:32,840 --> 00:35:35,200
Speaker 1: the strange and the bottom these are heavier, so they

755
00:35:35,239 --> 00:35:38,080
Speaker 1: cost more energy to make. So if you put enough energy,

756
00:35:38,080 --> 00:35:39,880
Speaker 1: then you sort of go up the menu and you

757
00:35:39,920 --> 00:35:42,759
Speaker 1: can make some of these heavier quarks do interesting.

758
00:35:43,040 --> 00:35:46,480
Speaker 3: And so what is it that makes the quarks pair

759
00:35:46,640 --> 00:35:51,200
Speaker 3: up in threesomes, in pairs and what do you call it? Triplets?

760
00:35:51,360 --> 00:35:54,800
Speaker 1: The reason is that you can neutralize the strong force

761
00:35:55,239 --> 00:35:57,879
Speaker 1: using three of these charges. It's because the strong force

762
00:35:57,920 --> 00:36:01,399
Speaker 1: has these three charges. And so for example, two ups

763
00:36:01,400 --> 00:36:03,279
Speaker 1: and a down and two downs and an up can

764
00:36:03,360 --> 00:36:06,399
Speaker 1: give you a neutral object in color space in this

765
00:36:06,560 --> 00:36:11,520
Speaker 1: strong nuclear charge. Right in electromagnetism, you can't imagine putting

766
00:36:11,520 --> 00:36:13,800
Speaker 1: two pluses and a minus together to get zero. The

767
00:36:14,280 --> 00:36:18,840
Speaker 1: math doesn't work. But in color space and strong nuclear charge,

768
00:36:19,239 --> 00:36:21,960
Speaker 1: a red, a green, and a blue equal zero. And

769
00:36:22,000 --> 00:36:24,560
Speaker 1: so that's why you can get a threesome of quarks

770
00:36:24,800 --> 00:36:26,320
Speaker 1: because they can balance each other.

771
00:36:26,200 --> 00:36:28,480
Speaker 3: Out that's a stable configuration.

772
00:36:28,960 --> 00:36:31,880
Speaker 1: That's a stable configuration. So you can have pairs or

773
00:36:31,960 --> 00:36:35,040
Speaker 1: you can have triplets. And recently people have been trying

774
00:36:35,080 --> 00:36:37,560
Speaker 1: to figure out ways to get like penta quarks, like

775
00:36:37,640 --> 00:36:40,879
Speaker 1: combinations of five quarks that are stable together. But that's

776
00:36:40,880 --> 00:36:42,440
Speaker 1: sort of a cutting edge research.

777
00:36:42,640 --> 00:36:44,360
Speaker 3: So if I have a red and a green paired

778
00:36:44,440 --> 00:36:47,319
Speaker 3: up together, that would be looking for a blue to

779
00:36:47,400 --> 00:36:47,719
Speaker 3: join it.

780
00:36:47,880 --> 00:36:50,759
Speaker 1: Yes, precisely, it would be desperate for a blue to

781
00:36:50,840 --> 00:36:54,440
Speaker 1: finish out its color party. And you know, the strong

782
00:36:54,480 --> 00:36:57,440
Speaker 1: force is really strong. I mean it's strange also, but

783
00:36:57,600 --> 00:37:01,120
Speaker 1: it's much more powerful than any other force we've ever seen.

784
00:37:01,480 --> 00:37:03,560
Speaker 3: Wow, you should call it the strong force.

785
00:37:05,160 --> 00:37:08,560
Speaker 1: Thank you. I think we will. You know, in comparison,

786
00:37:08,680 --> 00:37:12,080
Speaker 1: it's more than one hundred times the power of electricity

787
00:37:12,080 --> 00:37:16,279
Speaker 1: and magnetism.

788
00:37:14,280 --> 00:37:17,080
Speaker 3: At the same distance or at the same sort of

789
00:37:17,160 --> 00:37:18,640
Speaker 3: you know, magnitude.

790
00:37:19,160 --> 00:37:22,279
Speaker 1: Yeah, precisely, at the same distance at one femtometer. It's

791
00:37:22,320 --> 00:37:26,040
Speaker 1: one hundred times the power of electromagnetism. It's a million

792
00:37:26,320 --> 00:37:29,040
Speaker 1: times the power of the weak force, and it's ten

793
00:37:29,160 --> 00:37:32,880
Speaker 1: to the thirty eight times the power of gravity. So

794
00:37:32,920 --> 00:37:34,960
Speaker 1: it's really the most powerful force we've ever.

795
00:37:34,840 --> 00:37:38,160
Speaker 3: Seen, even more powerful than my biceps.

796
00:37:37,800 --> 00:37:40,280
Speaker 1: Even more powerful, and it's really weird.

797
00:37:40,280 --> 00:37:40,480
Speaker 2: You know.

798
00:37:40,520 --> 00:37:42,960
Speaker 1: Nobody had ever thought about how a force could get

799
00:37:43,040 --> 00:37:47,040
Speaker 1: stronger with distance, and it took some really clever mathematics

800
00:37:47,280 --> 00:37:49,680
Speaker 1: to explain this. And there was a Nobel prize just

801
00:37:49,719 --> 00:37:52,160
Speaker 1: for that idea, the idea that maybe this is how

802
00:37:52,200 --> 00:37:54,920
Speaker 1: the strong force works. And that's a Frank will check

803
00:37:55,120 --> 00:37:58,200
Speaker 1: Mit won the Nobel Prize just for explaining the strong force.

804
00:37:58,239 --> 00:37:59,799
Speaker 1: All you have to do is add a minus sign

805
00:37:59,880 --> 00:38:02,560
Speaker 1: to one equation, and that explained it.

806
00:38:02,680 --> 00:38:04,560
Speaker 3: Well, that's what I'll do. I'll just put minus science

807
00:38:04,560 --> 00:38:07,759
Speaker 3: in all kinds of equations and hopefully one of them

808
00:38:07,800 --> 00:38:08,840
Speaker 3: will get me a noble price.

809
00:38:10,680 --> 00:38:14,560
Speaker 1: All right, that seems like a great strategy.

810
00:38:14,680 --> 00:38:18,040
Speaker 3: May go for it. All right. Well that kind of

811
00:38:18,080 --> 00:38:21,719
Speaker 3: explains why quarks can't be alone, sort of, I think.

812
00:38:21,880 --> 00:38:23,680
Speaker 3: And so let's get into what it all means for

813
00:38:23,840 --> 00:38:26,560
Speaker 3: the universe and for you and me and my quarks.

814
00:38:26,719 --> 00:38:28,160
Speaker 3: But first, let's take a quick break.

815
00:38:32,400 --> 00:38:34,200
Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth,

816
00:38:34,320 --> 00:38:37,440
Speaker 1: or enjoy a rich spoonful of Greek yogurt, you're probably

817
00:38:37,520 --> 00:38:41,560
Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact of each and every bite.

818
00:38:41,600 --> 00:38:44,200
Speaker 1: But the people in the dairy industry are. US Dairy

819
00:38:44,239 --> 00:38:48,520
Speaker 1: has set themselves some ambitious sustainability goals, including being greenhouse

820
00:38:48,560 --> 00:38:51,160
Speaker 1: gas neutral by twenty to fifty. That's why they're working

821
00:38:51,160 --> 00:38:53,479
Speaker 1: hard every day to find new ways to reduce waste,

822
00:38:53,560 --> 00:38:57,799
Speaker 1: conserve natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. Take water,

823
00:38:57,840 --> 00:39:01,440
Speaker 1: for example, Moost dairy farms reuse up to four times

824
00:39:01,480 --> 00:39:04,840
Speaker 1: the same water, cools the milk, cleans equipment, washes the barn,

825
00:39:04,960 --> 00:39:08,680
Speaker 1: and irrigates the crops. How is US dairy tackling greenhouse gases?

826
00:39:08,719 --> 00:39:11,680
Speaker 1: Many farms use anaerobic digestors that turn the methane from

827
00:39:11,719 --> 00:39:15,120
Speaker 1: maneure into renewable energy that can power farms, towns, and

828
00:39:15,160 --> 00:39:17,399
Speaker 1: electric cars. So the next time you grab a slice

829
00:39:17,400 --> 00:39:19,319
Speaker 1: of pizza or lick an ice cream cone, know that

830
00:39:19,400 --> 00:39:22,040
Speaker 1: dairy farmers and processors around the country are using the

831
00:39:22,120 --> 00:39:25,880
Speaker 1: latest practices and innovations to provide the nutrient intense dairy

832
00:39:25,880 --> 00:39:28,560
Speaker 1: products we love with less of an impact. Visit US

833
00:39:28,640 --> 00:39:31,200
Speaker 1: dairy dot com slash sustainability to learn more.

834
00:39:31,520 --> 00:39:34,440
Speaker 5: California has millions of homes that could be damaged in

835
00:39:34,480 --> 00:39:38,560
Speaker 5: a strong earthquake. Older homes are especially vulnerable to quake damage.

836
00:39:38,600 --> 00:39:41,160
Speaker 5: So you may need to take steps to strengthen yours.

837
00:39:41,440 --> 00:39:43,920
Speaker 5: Does it strengthen your house? Dot com? To learn how

838
00:39:43,960 --> 00:39:47,279
Speaker 5: to strengthen your home and help protect it from damage.

839
00:39:47,480 --> 00:39:49,920
Speaker 5: The work may cost less than you think and can

840
00:39:50,000 --> 00:39:53,000
Speaker 5: often be done in just a few days. Strengthen your

841
00:39:53,040 --> 00:39:56,640
Speaker 5: home and help protect your family. Get prepared today and

842
00:39:56,719 --> 00:39:59,600
Speaker 5: worry less tomorrow. Does it strengthen your house?

843
00:39:59,719 --> 00:39:59,960
Speaker 1: Dot com?

844
00:40:02,239 --> 00:40:05,720
Speaker 7: There are children, friends, and families walking, riding on paths

845
00:40:05,719 --> 00:40:08,200
Speaker 7: and roads every day. Remember they're real people with loved

846
00:40:08,200 --> 00:40:10,400
Speaker 7: ones who need them to get home safely. Protect our

847
00:40:10,440 --> 00:40:13,960
Speaker 7: cyclists and pedestrians because they're people too. Go safely California

848
00:40:14,000 --> 00:40:16,280
Speaker 7: from the California Office of Traffic Safety and Caltrans.

849
00:40:24,920 --> 00:40:27,400
Speaker 3: All right, so quarks can't be alone, although I feel

850
00:40:27,400 --> 00:40:29,560
Speaker 3: like it's kind of a It depends on your definition

851
00:40:29,600 --> 00:40:32,319
Speaker 3: of alone. Like what if a quark feels that one

852
00:40:32,320 --> 00:40:36,120
Speaker 3: femometer is alone enough, then it can be alone.

853
00:40:36,200 --> 00:40:38,560
Speaker 1: Right, Yeah, that feels pretty cozy to me, you know,

854
00:40:38,640 --> 00:40:40,359
Speaker 1: Like when my kids are fighting on the couch about

855
00:40:40,400 --> 00:40:43,880
Speaker 1: who's getting on my space, if they're one themtometer apart, then.

856
00:40:44,640 --> 00:40:45,400
Speaker 3: That would be trouble.

857
00:40:45,920 --> 00:40:49,200
Speaker 1: That would definitely be trouble. Yeah, I don't really feel

858
00:40:49,200 --> 00:40:50,600
Speaker 1: like I'm alone if I'm going to the bathroom and

859
00:40:50,600 --> 00:40:52,480
Speaker 1: there's somebody one femtometer away.

860
00:40:52,280 --> 00:40:54,960
Speaker 3: From you, Well depends how big you are. You know,

861
00:40:55,000 --> 00:40:57,000
Speaker 3: how big is a cork, Daniel.

862
00:40:58,000 --> 00:41:00,000
Speaker 1: How big is a cork? A cork is a point particle,

863
00:41:00,080 --> 00:41:03,840
Speaker 1: So it really has no volume, really no meaningful size.

864
00:41:03,880 --> 00:41:06,759
Speaker 3: Yeah, so you're saying a fanometer is infinitely far for them.

865
00:41:07,440 --> 00:41:10,360
Speaker 1: Yeah, I guess, so that's a good point. Maybe they're like,

866
00:41:10,719 --> 00:41:12,759
Speaker 1: you know, folks in a marriage feel like they're always

867
00:41:12,800 --> 00:41:15,200
Speaker 1: having a shout across the house at each other. What

868
00:41:15,200 --> 00:41:15,880
Speaker 1: what did you say?

869
00:41:17,880 --> 00:41:22,000
Speaker 3: Yeah, Okay, so quarks don't like to be alone caveat

870
00:41:22,160 --> 00:41:25,120
Speaker 3: more than a fantometer apart, right, I guess that's maybe

871
00:41:25,239 --> 00:41:28,000
Speaker 3: a better way to say it. And and so that's weird,

872
00:41:28,040 --> 00:41:30,319
Speaker 3: and you're saying it's all because that's how that's just

873
00:41:30,320 --> 00:41:33,440
Speaker 3: how the strong force works, Like after a fometer, it

874
00:41:33,600 --> 00:41:36,680
Speaker 3: just decides to create more quarts instead, it's easier.

875
00:41:36,760 --> 00:41:38,920
Speaker 1: They're like stuck in a little valley, right, they just

876
00:41:38,920 --> 00:41:39,760
Speaker 1: can't get out.

877
00:41:39,760 --> 00:41:43,560
Speaker 3: Right, And so that's a weird rule for the universe.

878
00:41:43,600 --> 00:41:45,359
Speaker 3: But I guess that's just kind of the way the

879
00:41:45,480 --> 00:41:48,399
Speaker 3: universe is, right, like, if it was any different, we

880
00:41:48,400 --> 00:41:50,560
Speaker 3: wouldn't be here, we wouldn't be here yet, or there

881
00:41:50,560 --> 00:41:52,839
Speaker 3: would be something else here. There'd be something else, maybe

882
00:41:52,920 --> 00:41:57,239
Speaker 3: a funnier podcast. Impossible. Impossible, that's right. The laws of

883
00:41:57,280 --> 00:42:00,440
Speaker 3: the universe prevent their u there to be a funnier

884
00:42:01,040 --> 00:42:02,080
Speaker 3: science podcast.

885
00:42:02,280 --> 00:42:06,040
Speaker 1: I have calculated the maximum humor for a physics podcast,

886
00:42:06,080 --> 00:42:07,120
Speaker 1: and we have reached it.

887
00:42:07,600 --> 00:42:10,120
Speaker 3: Did you put a minus sign in it? Though? Are

888
00:42:09,320 --> 00:42:11,279
Speaker 3: you it's missing a minus sign?

889
00:42:11,560 --> 00:42:14,480
Speaker 1: Oh yeah, I'm gonna go back check my calculations.

890
00:42:15,360 --> 00:42:18,480
Speaker 3: Well, this is probably the funniest podcast about science with

891
00:42:18,520 --> 00:42:21,560
Speaker 3: a cartoonist and a physicist that I have heard of.

892
00:42:22,280 --> 00:42:24,200
Speaker 1: Daniel and Jorge from southern California.

893
00:42:24,400 --> 00:42:24,839
Speaker 3: That's right.

894
00:42:25,840 --> 00:42:28,440
Speaker 1: Put enough caveats in and you're number one in the universe.

895
00:42:28,440 --> 00:42:31,120
Speaker 3: Put enough minus signs you'll get an over price.

896
00:42:32,680 --> 00:42:33,680
Speaker 1: That actually does work.

897
00:42:33,760 --> 00:42:37,760
Speaker 3: Yeah, all right, let's get into then what it all means.

898
00:42:37,800 --> 00:42:41,040
Speaker 3: I mean, this seems like a weird rule. And what

899
00:42:41,200 --> 00:42:43,920
Speaker 3: practically does it mean for physics and for us?

900
00:42:44,000 --> 00:42:47,120
Speaker 1: Well, I think not practically, but philosophically it means something

901
00:42:47,160 --> 00:42:47,920
Speaker 1: pretty profound.

902
00:42:47,960 --> 00:42:48,120
Speaker 5: You know.

903
00:42:48,200 --> 00:42:50,759
Speaker 1: It means that forces can be really different from the

904
00:42:50,800 --> 00:42:53,880
Speaker 1: forces that we're familiar with and this is a recurring

905
00:42:54,200 --> 00:42:56,680
Speaker 1: story in physics that we think the world works one

906
00:42:56,719 --> 00:42:59,600
Speaker 1: way and then we discover, oh, there's an exception. Actually,

907
00:42:59,640 --> 00:43:01,719
Speaker 1: the except it is much more powerful than everything we've

908
00:43:01,760 --> 00:43:05,080
Speaker 1: been thinking about. And so it's just another reminder that

909
00:43:05,160 --> 00:43:07,799
Speaker 1: we need to open our minds and that probably there's

910
00:43:07,880 --> 00:43:10,799
Speaker 1: basic assumptions we're making about how the world works that

911
00:43:10,920 --> 00:43:13,879
Speaker 1: are wrong and we just need the counterexample to prove

912
00:43:13,960 --> 00:43:16,680
Speaker 1: to us that there's something else going on. So it's

913
00:43:16,719 --> 00:43:19,200
Speaker 1: just an example there, and you know, we'll always be

914
00:43:19,239 --> 00:43:21,600
Speaker 1: asking the question like, why is this that way? Why

915
00:43:21,640 --> 00:43:23,440
Speaker 1: is this the other way? Why isn't that work this

916
00:43:23,680 --> 00:43:26,360
Speaker 1: other way I would have preferred? And I hope that

917
00:43:26,400 --> 00:43:28,279
Speaker 1: one day we have those answers, But right now we're

918
00:43:28,280 --> 00:43:30,840
Speaker 1: totally clueless. We're just like, we don't know. We're just

919
00:43:30,880 --> 00:43:33,440
Speaker 1: looking at it and try to at least describe it,

920
00:43:33,800 --> 00:43:36,880
Speaker 1: not even necessarily understand it. But it also has some

921
00:43:37,000 --> 00:43:38,200
Speaker 1: practical consequences.

922
00:43:38,480 --> 00:43:41,880
Speaker 3: Yeah, step us through what does that mean for what

923
00:43:41,960 --> 00:43:43,680
Speaker 3: we can and can make out of stuff?

924
00:43:43,840 --> 00:43:46,120
Speaker 1: Well, one of the tempting things about the strong charge

925
00:43:46,160 --> 00:43:48,640
Speaker 1: is that it's super powerful. You know, it powers nuclear

926
00:43:48,680 --> 00:43:51,440
Speaker 1: weapons and nuclear power and so you might think, wouldn't

927
00:43:51,480 --> 00:43:54,440
Speaker 1: it be awesome to apply that to everyday life? You know,

928
00:43:54,600 --> 00:43:57,919
Speaker 1: to have things like batteries that source as strong force.

929
00:43:57,960 --> 00:44:01,040
Speaker 1: They could be super small and you know some version

930
00:44:01,080 --> 00:44:05,400
Speaker 1: of electrical current and electrical power that's powered by color

931
00:44:05,560 --> 00:44:09,160
Speaker 1: instead of electrical charge. Right, that would be super awesome,

932
00:44:09,440 --> 00:44:10,360
Speaker 1: But you can't.

933
00:44:10,239 --> 00:44:13,440
Speaker 3: Because it's such a powerful force. Could we somehow harness

934
00:44:13,520 --> 00:44:17,480
Speaker 3: that power to something practical, to like charging our cell phones?

935
00:44:17,760 --> 00:44:20,040
Speaker 1: Yeah? Could we carry that power around? And can we

936
00:44:20,360 --> 00:44:22,600
Speaker 1: store that power and use it to transmit things? And

937
00:44:22,800 --> 00:44:25,240
Speaker 1: we've done it very briefly. That's you know what nuclear

938
00:44:25,280 --> 00:44:30,160
Speaker 1: bombs are and your power. But it's tempting to think about,

939
00:44:30,200 --> 00:44:32,880
Speaker 1: you know, having like a current, like why couldn't you

940
00:44:32,920 --> 00:44:35,440
Speaker 1: have a current of that kind of power? But you

941
00:44:35,480 --> 00:44:38,000
Speaker 1: can't because that relies on isolating the charges.

942
00:44:38,239 --> 00:44:40,920
Speaker 3: Like a battery, you can separate the electrons and have

943
00:44:41,000 --> 00:44:44,600
Speaker 3: them kind of flow along your wire to power your

944
00:44:44,960 --> 00:44:47,160
Speaker 3: cell phone, But you couldn't do that with quarks. Like

945
00:44:47,200 --> 00:44:50,080
Speaker 3: if you try to separate the quarks, the universe wouldn't

946
00:44:50,080 --> 00:44:50,279
Speaker 3: like that.

947
00:44:50,719 --> 00:44:53,719
Speaker 1: Yeah, the universe is like uh uh a nice, Try.

948
00:44:54,800 --> 00:44:56,960
Speaker 3: Go snap it fingers in a Z pattern like.

949
00:44:57,360 --> 00:45:01,560
Speaker 1: Uh I see what you're trying to do there and nope, yeah,

950
00:45:01,560 --> 00:45:03,879
Speaker 1: you get a big fat note. So it just means

951
00:45:03,920 --> 00:45:06,160
Speaker 1: that there are things you can't do with that force

952
00:45:06,200 --> 00:45:09,000
Speaker 1: that you can do with other forces. And and then

953
00:45:09,080 --> 00:45:11,759
Speaker 1: one of them is, you know, build a version of electricity,

954
00:45:12,680 --> 00:45:15,240
Speaker 1: which is too bad because it's such an awesome, powerful force.

955
00:45:15,640 --> 00:45:17,960
Speaker 3: It'd be cool to call it quarticity or.

956
00:45:20,480 --> 00:45:22,960
Speaker 1: Quarticity. I'm not sure that one's going to catch on.

957
00:45:22,960 --> 00:45:24,320
Speaker 1: I don't even know how to spell that. Is it

958
00:45:24,400 --> 00:45:26,200
Speaker 1: having a kt in it?

959
00:45:26,200 --> 00:45:29,960
Speaker 3: It has a minus sign hyphen in the middle. That's

960
00:45:29,960 --> 00:45:30,840
Speaker 3: why I'm getting.

961
00:45:31,480 --> 00:45:33,520
Speaker 1: Well, that is a minus awesome idea.

962
00:45:33,920 --> 00:45:39,280
Speaker 3: O good, Well, why did you go with plus or minus?

963
00:45:39,280 --> 00:45:40,959
Speaker 3: Why cann't you go with like it? That's a red

964
00:45:41,320 --> 00:45:44,640
Speaker 3: red hot idea there. It's a cool idea.

965
00:45:44,760 --> 00:45:48,400
Speaker 1: It's kind of a blue green idea, but it also

966
00:45:48,520 --> 00:45:52,279
Speaker 1: has consequences for me and for particle physics because it

967
00:45:52,320 --> 00:45:53,480
Speaker 1: makes our job a lot.

968
00:45:53,320 --> 00:45:56,480
Speaker 3: Harder because it makes it hard to kind of separate

969
00:45:56,520 --> 00:45:57,680
Speaker 3: these things and study them.

970
00:45:57,800 --> 00:46:01,480
Speaker 1: Yeah, if I am interested in understand what happened inside

971
00:46:01,480 --> 00:46:03,560
Speaker 1: a particle collision, I got a look at the stuff

972
00:46:03,560 --> 00:46:06,440
Speaker 1: that flies out because I can't see some heavy, new

973
00:46:06,520 --> 00:46:09,200
Speaker 1: crazy particle that I hope was made in the collision.

974
00:46:09,280 --> 00:46:11,080
Speaker 1: It doesn't last very long. I just see the stuff

975
00:46:11,120 --> 00:46:13,640
Speaker 1: that flies out, and so i'd love if that stuff

976
00:46:13,680 --> 00:46:16,160
Speaker 1: that flies out with sort of simple and clean like

977
00:46:16,200 --> 00:46:19,440
Speaker 1: it just turned into two electrons or something I can measure.

978
00:46:19,960 --> 00:46:23,360
Speaker 1: But very often in these collisions, because we're smashing protons together,

979
00:46:23,520 --> 00:46:25,759
Speaker 1: we get quarks that fly out, and the quarks make

980
00:46:25,840 --> 00:46:29,000
Speaker 1: these big streams of particles, and so instead of having

981
00:46:29,239 --> 00:46:31,799
Speaker 1: one very simple, nice and neat quark that flies out,

982
00:46:31,920 --> 00:46:34,719
Speaker 1: I have fifty particles that fly out, and it's a

983
00:46:34,719 --> 00:46:37,640
Speaker 1: big mess, and they're interacting and they splash into the detector.

984
00:46:38,160 --> 00:46:40,400
Speaker 1: And we call that a jet of particles because.

985
00:46:40,200 --> 00:46:42,640
Speaker 3: When you pull that quark apart, all that energy in

986
00:46:42,719 --> 00:46:45,920
Speaker 3: the strong force turns it into a jet of other particles.

987
00:46:46,360 --> 00:46:49,320
Speaker 1: Yeah, all that energy gets turned into ten, twenty fifty

988
00:46:49,400 --> 00:46:52,680
Speaker 1: other particles with other quarks, which then combine to make

989
00:46:53,080 --> 00:46:56,240
Speaker 1: whole sorts of crazy particles. And so it's a big mess.

990
00:46:56,640 --> 00:46:59,920
Speaker 3: So you're saying it impede your rights as a particle,

991
00:47:00,200 --> 00:47:00,600
Speaker 3: this is.

992
00:47:01,320 --> 00:47:03,920
Speaker 1: Yeah, it obscures the universe a little bit. You know.

993
00:47:03,960 --> 00:47:06,239
Speaker 1: We'd love to pull these protons apart and study the

994
00:47:06,280 --> 00:47:09,719
Speaker 1: quarks by themselves. You notice we don't have a quark collider, right,

995
00:47:09,760 --> 00:47:12,640
Speaker 1: we have a proton collider, and that's why we're really

996
00:47:12,640 --> 00:47:15,759
Speaker 1: interested in cork quark interactions. But we can't build a

997
00:47:15,840 --> 00:47:18,600
Speaker 1: quark collider. We have to build a proton collider, and

998
00:47:18,640 --> 00:47:21,280
Speaker 1: then we have to we can't see the quarks interacting

999
00:47:21,280 --> 00:47:23,279
Speaker 1: and the quarks flying out. We have to see the

1000
00:47:23,440 --> 00:47:25,600
Speaker 1: mess that they make afterwards. You know, it's like you

1001
00:47:25,640 --> 00:47:29,239
Speaker 1: want to study preschoolers and and you know they leave

1002
00:47:29,239 --> 00:47:34,080
Speaker 1: a mess on them. You're like, you know, why can't

1003
00:47:34,080 --> 00:47:35,840
Speaker 1: these preschoolers just tell me what they're thinking?

1004
00:47:36,000 --> 00:47:36,160
Speaker 3: Oh?

1005
00:47:36,280 --> 00:47:36,480
Speaker 5: I know?

1006
00:47:36,640 --> 00:47:38,840
Speaker 1: Instead, they just they wreak havoc wherever they go, and

1007
00:47:38,880 --> 00:47:41,239
Speaker 1: you have to try to reconstruct from their tantrums what

1008
00:47:41,320 --> 00:47:42,720
Speaker 1: might have been going on in their minds.

1009
00:47:42,840 --> 00:47:45,120
Speaker 3: Preschoolers are complicated, and so are quarts.

1010
00:47:45,600 --> 00:47:49,000
Speaker 1: Yes, preschoolers are complicated, and so are quarks, and so

1011
00:47:49,080 --> 00:47:50,440
Speaker 1: that makes our job a little harder.

1012
00:47:50,719 --> 00:47:53,160
Speaker 3: Well, and so I guess that means then that that's

1013
00:47:53,239 --> 00:47:56,399
Speaker 3: just how the universe is. The universe has rules for quarks,

1014
00:47:56,520 --> 00:48:01,160
Speaker 3: and quarks don't really have alone rights, right, can ever

1015
00:48:01,239 --> 00:48:03,800
Speaker 3: be alone? Because the universe always wants them to be

1016
00:48:03,960 --> 00:48:05,759
Speaker 3: paired up or in threesomes.

1017
00:48:05,960 --> 00:48:09,640
Speaker 1: That's right, And this one exception. Quarks quarks, they don't

1018
00:48:09,680 --> 00:48:12,319
Speaker 1: they can't be alone. But there's one time when they

1019
00:48:12,320 --> 00:48:15,560
Speaker 1: don't have to be in parsums. Parsums is that a

1020
00:48:15,600 --> 00:48:20,520
Speaker 1: word in apples or parsoms or bananasums, And that's when

1021
00:48:20,560 --> 00:48:24,879
Speaker 1: they're in a huge party. It's called the quark gluon plasma.

1022
00:48:24,960 --> 00:48:26,840
Speaker 3: Wait what uh huh?

1023
00:48:26,920 --> 00:48:29,720
Speaker 1: Yeah, if you create enough energy density, you pour enough

1024
00:48:29,840 --> 00:48:33,120
Speaker 1: energy into a tiny little space, then you can sort

1025
00:48:33,120 --> 00:48:35,920
Speaker 1: of free the quarks because you make this like big

1026
00:48:36,640 --> 00:48:40,160
Speaker 1: frothing mass of stuff where there's too much energy to

1027
00:48:40,200 --> 00:48:42,840
Speaker 1: bound these things together and they're sort of like bound

1028
00:48:42,840 --> 00:48:46,520
Speaker 1: into a huge mass. Instead, we do this experimentally by

1029
00:48:46,520 --> 00:48:49,800
Speaker 1: smashing heavy ions together, like the nucleus of a lead

1030
00:48:49,960 --> 00:48:53,040
Speaker 1: atom and the nucleus of a lead atom. Smash like

1031
00:48:53,160 --> 00:48:56,600
Speaker 1: hundreds of these things together, makes this big, big frothing.

1032
00:48:56,280 --> 00:49:02,719
Speaker 3: Mass in which that suddenly it doesn't they're not particularly

1033
00:49:02,760 --> 00:49:05,799
Speaker 3: paired to another quark or two other quarks, but they're

1034
00:49:05,880 --> 00:49:09,720
Speaker 3: sort of like a it's like a giant, big party.

1035
00:49:10,280 --> 00:49:12,600
Speaker 1: Yeah, it's like a plasma. The same way you got

1036
00:49:12,600 --> 00:49:15,680
Speaker 1: a bunch of hydrogen atoms they're happy with every electron

1037
00:49:15,760 --> 00:49:18,800
Speaker 1: being paired with a proton, but you squeeze them together

1038
00:49:19,000 --> 00:49:22,960
Speaker 1: enough and there's still overall balance of electrons and protons,

1039
00:49:23,040 --> 00:49:24,960
Speaker 1: but the electrons are sort of free to hop from

1040
00:49:25,000 --> 00:49:27,960
Speaker 1: proton to proton the same way you take protons and

1041
00:49:28,000 --> 00:49:31,040
Speaker 1: you squeeze them together enough and the quarks sort of

1042
00:49:31,200 --> 00:49:33,600
Speaker 1: smoosed together, and then they can sort of swap back

1043
00:49:33,640 --> 00:49:37,120
Speaker 1: and forth very quickly between states, and so it makes

1044
00:49:37,160 --> 00:49:40,839
Speaker 1: sort of like a big plasma of loups and gluons. Yeah,

1045
00:49:41,120 --> 00:49:41,360
Speaker 1: like it.

1046
00:49:41,400 --> 00:49:43,920
Speaker 3: Oh, I see, So you can't have a quark by itself,

1047
00:49:43,960 --> 00:49:47,480
Speaker 3: but you can't have free quarks, but only if they're

1048
00:49:47,480 --> 00:49:47,919
Speaker 3: in a soup.

1049
00:49:48,080 --> 00:49:50,279
Speaker 1: Yes, So basically they like to be in pairs, chiplets,

1050
00:49:50,400 --> 00:49:53,240
Speaker 1: or in a big party. And we've actually made that happen.

1051
00:49:53,280 --> 00:49:57,160
Speaker 1: We've collided these things together and created them in colliders.

1052
00:49:57,160 --> 00:49:59,960
Speaker 1: And we think that it happened in the very early universe,

1053
00:50:00,120 --> 00:50:02,839
Speaker 1: when the universe was hot and nasty and dense, that

1054
00:50:02,880 --> 00:50:05,839
Speaker 1: there was this quark gluon plasma. But these days they're

1055
00:50:05,840 --> 00:50:09,040
Speaker 1: mostly found isolated in these pairs and triplets.

1056
00:50:09,280 --> 00:50:11,560
Speaker 3: I see, and can do do these soups? Do these

1057
00:50:11,600 --> 00:50:15,520
Speaker 3: crazy soup parties happen in nature or only in colliders.

1058
00:50:15,880 --> 00:50:18,520
Speaker 1: Only in colliders. Now the universe is too cool for

1059
00:50:18,560 --> 00:50:21,399
Speaker 1: that to happen. Although some people think that maybe at

1060
00:50:21,400 --> 00:50:24,759
Speaker 1: the center of some kinds of stars there might be

1061
00:50:24,840 --> 00:50:25,680
Speaker 1: some quark gluo.

1062
00:50:25,520 --> 00:50:26,800
Speaker 3: On plasma neutron stars.

1063
00:50:26,840 --> 00:50:31,239
Speaker 1: Maybe neutron stars probably not dense enough, amazingly, But are

1064
00:50:31,280 --> 00:50:35,000
Speaker 1: these stars called strange quark stars that where there might

1065
00:50:35,040 --> 00:50:37,360
Speaker 1: be a quark glue in plasma. But nobody's for sure.

1066
00:50:37,560 --> 00:50:40,319
Speaker 3: All right, So it can be free a quark, but

1067
00:50:40,400 --> 00:50:42,600
Speaker 3: it can be alone because it can only be free

1068
00:50:42,640 --> 00:50:44,879
Speaker 3: when there's a whole bunch of other quarks.

1069
00:50:44,640 --> 00:50:49,920
Speaker 1: Right, yeah, precisely, So they can never be by themselves, right.

1070
00:50:49,840 --> 00:50:52,399
Speaker 3: Can never be alone. But it can be free if

1071
00:50:52,400 --> 00:50:55,440
Speaker 3: it's not alone. Oh man, that's a tough tough trade

1072
00:50:55,440 --> 00:50:59,319
Speaker 3: off there would would you trade your freedom for some

1073
00:50:59,520 --> 00:51:00,880
Speaker 3: alone some meantime?

1074
00:51:02,760 --> 00:51:04,640
Speaker 1: I don't know. I think the quirk's got to have

1075
00:51:04,640 --> 00:51:06,840
Speaker 1: its lawyer explain to it exactly what that means.

1076
00:51:08,480 --> 00:51:10,840
Speaker 3: That's a new job description, particle lawyer.

1077
00:51:12,320 --> 00:51:13,520
Speaker 1: Quantum lawyer.

1078
00:51:13,680 --> 00:51:17,640
Speaker 3: I'm a quantum lawyer. Sounds like a scam.

1079
00:51:17,640 --> 00:51:21,680
Speaker 1: Definitely a scam. Do not pay anyone for quantum lawyering advice.

1080
00:51:22,680 --> 00:51:26,480
Speaker 3: All right, Well, that's another pretty interesting fact about the

1081
00:51:26,600 --> 00:51:29,000
Speaker 3: universe that at least I learned today. Is it all

1082
00:51:29,000 --> 00:51:34,040
Speaker 3: these rules that govern our most fundamental particles?

1083
00:51:34,160 --> 00:51:36,799
Speaker 1: That's right. They control how your protons and how your

1084
00:51:36,840 --> 00:51:39,960
Speaker 1: neutrons are stuck together and why they are stuck together.

1085
00:51:40,040 --> 00:51:42,879
Speaker 1: So you should be grateful that all those quirks are

1086
00:51:42,960 --> 00:51:45,040
Speaker 1: stuck together and doing all that work for you.

1087
00:51:45,280 --> 00:51:46,200
Speaker 3: We hope you enjoyed that.

1088
00:51:46,719 --> 00:51:49,080
Speaker 1: See you next time, So enjoy your quarks and enjoy

1089
00:51:49,160 --> 00:51:59,360
Speaker 1: your quirk yogurt and talk to you guys soon before.

1090
00:51:59,360 --> 00:52:02,399
Speaker 1: You still have question after listening to all these explanations,

1091
00:52:02,480 --> 00:52:05,440
Speaker 1: please drop us a line. We'd love to hear from you.

1092
00:52:05,440 --> 00:52:08,279
Speaker 1: You can find us at Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram at

1093
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Speaker 1: Daniel and Jorge that's one word, or email us at

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Speaker 1: Feedback at Danielandhorge dot com. Thanks for listening, and remember

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