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Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class from how

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Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot Com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast.

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Speaker 1: I'm Tracy Vie Wilson and I'm Holly Frying. Pretty recently

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Speaker 1: we talked about Maccario Garcia, and we talked in that

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Speaker 1: episode about how World War Two often comes up as

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Speaker 1: one of the factors of many that led to the

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Speaker 1: United States Civil rights movement. So told very simply, soldiers

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Speaker 1: who had put their lives on the line to serve

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Speaker 1: their country and to fight against oppression abroad came back

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Speaker 1: home to fight against depression where they actually lived. And

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Speaker 1: this story is usually told as it related to African

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Speaker 1: American soldiers and World War Two. And in this particular

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Speaker 1: case of the episode we already did. Maccario Garcia was

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Speaker 1: a Mexican national, so after he returned from World War Two,

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Speaker 1: his experience being denied service at a Texas restaurant contributed

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Speaker 1: to a social movement for equal rights for Mexican Americans

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Speaker 1: and other Hispanics and Latinos who were living in that

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Speaker 1: part of the United States. So when we did that

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Speaker 1: episode on Maccario Garcia, we hinted that World War Two

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Speaker 1: was not the only time that's happened that the subject

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Speaker 1: of that was going to be in an upcoming episode,

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Speaker 1: and that is two days episode. We are going to

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Speaker 1: tell this story about World War One's effect on civil

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Speaker 1: rights in the United States by talking about the Harlem

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Speaker 1: Health Fighters. This was a segregated regiment that served in

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Speaker 1: combat in World War One, So we're going to start

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Speaker 1: by talking about the regiment itself. Then we are going

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Speaker 1: to talk about one of its most decorated members as

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Speaker 1: an example of the just really exceptional valor and courage

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Speaker 1: that the Health Fighters exhibited while they were serving in

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Speaker 1: World War One. And lastly, we're going to talk about

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Speaker 1: why World War One does not come up very often

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Speaker 1: when we're talking about things that inspired civil rights activity

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Speaker 1: in the United States. It's much more overshadowed by World

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Speaker 1: War Two. And whenever we talk about segar dation on

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Speaker 1: the podcast, we make it a point to note that

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Speaker 1: the practice was not something that was confined to the South.

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Speaker 1: That sort of rumor sort of persists. Yeah, somebody emailed

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Speaker 1: us about it the other day. Even though I feel

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Speaker 1: like we keep saying it, we're gonna stay it again

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Speaker 1: today very directly. Not just the South, although formalized legally

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Speaker 1: enforced segregation persisted in the South longer than it did

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Speaker 1: than it did in many other parts of the United States,

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Speaker 1: and in a lot of ways it was most obvious there,

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Speaker 1: which is also here where we are, uh. Segregation really

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Speaker 1: existed all over the nation. For example, President Woodrow Wilson,

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Speaker 1: who had promised in his campaign to treat African Americans

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Speaker 1: fairly if he was elected, instead started taking steps to

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Speaker 1: allow segregation of federal government positions almost immediately after his

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Speaker 1: inauguration in n Many many black federal workers all over

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Speaker 1: the country were segregated or flat out dismissed as a result.

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Speaker 1: The United States armed forces were segregated as well, and

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Speaker 1: years leading up to World War One, the Marines did

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Speaker 1: not accept black soldiers at all. The Navy did accept

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Speaker 1: a few, although most of them were restricted to support

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Speaker 1: and manual labor roles, so most black soldiers who served

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Speaker 1: in the military wound up survey in the army, which

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Speaker 1: was segregated. There were also almost no black army officers,

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Speaker 1: and the black Army officers who did exist were not

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Speaker 1: ever placed in command of white soldiers. They were only

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Speaker 1: placed in command of black soldiers. In addition to being

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Speaker 1: restricted to segregated units. Black soldiers serving in World War

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Speaker 1: One faced violence while still in the United States before

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Speaker 1: being sent overseas. These men were sent into the South,

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Speaker 1: sometimes the Deep South, to be trained, and large numbers

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Speaker 1: of armed black men were often explicitly not wanted in

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Speaker 1: the Southern States, and the sudden influx of so many

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Speaker 1: black soldiers led to some very real hostilities and on

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Speaker 1: more than one occasion, riots and murders. The Army has

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Speaker 1: also been fairly canned it and acknowledging that it discriminated

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Speaker 1: specifically against black soldiers during this time, apart from just

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Speaker 1: placing them in segregated units, which, as we have talked

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Speaker 1: and many other podcasts before, segregation based on races inherently discriminatory.

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Speaker 1: So command at this point did not think that black

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Speaker 1: men were suited for combat. They were viewed as untrustworthy

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Speaker 1: and lazy and complacent. So overwhelmingly black soldiers were assigned

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Speaker 1: to work as manual labors. So most of the two

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Speaker 1: hundred thousand black soldiers who went overseas in World War

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Speaker 1: One wound up working as stevedors. They dug ditches, they

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Speaker 1: dug latrines, and to be clear, this was absolutely essential

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Speaker 1: work it needed to be done, but it was also

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Speaker 1: often backbreaking and degrading, and overwhelmingly being assigned to only

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Speaker 1: the Black soldiers. Black soldiers were also the ones who

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Speaker 1: were frequently tasked with burying the dead. Only about forty

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Speaker 1: two thousand Black soldiers saw combat in World War One.

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Speaker 1: These men served in the ninety two and nine D

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Speaker 1: third Combat Divisions. The nine mostly comprised men who had

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Speaker 1: been drafted along with their officers, and was part of

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Speaker 1: the muse Ugon offensive in nineteen eighteen. This offensive did

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Speaker 1: not go as well as hoped, and the ninety two

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Speaker 1: wound up being a scapegoat for everything that had gone wrong.

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Speaker 1: Their time in combat was brief. On the other hand,

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Speaker 1: was made up primarily of National Guard units, including the

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Speaker 1: fifteenth New York Colored Regiment. About seventy percent of the

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Speaker 1: men in this regiment were from Harlem in New York,

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Speaker 1: and these were the men who would go on to

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Speaker 1: be nicknamed the Harlem Hellfighters. The ninety three Combat Division,

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Speaker 1: under the command of Colonel William Hayward, wound up essentially

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Speaker 1: being loaned to France to fill a labor shortage in

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Speaker 1: their own army, and this was in spite of the

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Speaker 1: fact that when the United States entered the war, the

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Speaker 1: President had assured the population that US soldiers would not

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Speaker 1: be on loan to other armies. They would be fighting

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Speaker 1: as American units under American command. So when it went overseas,

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Speaker 1: the fifteenth New York Colored Hedgment was renamed the three

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Speaker 1: hundred sixty ninth Infantry, and the three hundred sixty nine

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Speaker 1: served a hundred and ninety one days in combat. This

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Speaker 1: was longer than any other American unit in World War One.

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Speaker 1: Contrary to the American military's assumption that black soldiers were

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Speaker 1: not fit for combat and for their expectations for how

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Speaker 1: black soldiers would perform, the three sixty ninth Inventry became

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Speaker 1: one of the most decorated units to serve in the war.

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Speaker 1: Much like German forces named Russia's all female night bombers

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Speaker 1: the night Witches in World War Two, they nicknamed the

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Speaker 1: three hundred sixty nine the Blueterstick Shvartza Mana or the

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Speaker 1: Bloodthirsty black Men in World War One, and this nickname

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Speaker 1: was eventually translated into the Hellfighters. In addition to their

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Speaker 1: consistent valor and high performance in combat, the three d

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Speaker 1: and sixty ninth Infantories marching band was also a skilled

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Speaker 1: and talented one and was one of the ways that

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Speaker 1: jazz music made its way from the United States It's

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Speaker 1: to France. During the war, the Harlem health fighters time

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Speaker 1: in combat was so prolonged and it touched so many

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Speaker 1: actions on the Western Front that it's actually difficult to

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Speaker 1: get a sense of their remarkable heroism in valor. So

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Speaker 1: to get a glimpse of it, uh, we are going

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Speaker 1: to talk about one of their most incredible members who

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Speaker 1: really exemplifies what we're talking about. But first we are

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Speaker 1: going to have a word from one of our great sponsors.

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Speaker 1: So we're going to tell the story of how the

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Speaker 1: sixty ninth Infantry was pretty incredible in their service by

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Speaker 1: talking about specifically the story of Henry Johnson. Henry Johnson

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Speaker 1: was born William Henry Johnson in Winston Salem, North Carolina,

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Speaker 1: and he moved to New York when he was a teenager.

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Speaker 1: Once he got there, he worked at a variety of jobs,

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Speaker 1: most of them involving manual labor, until he eventually became

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Speaker 1: a red cap porter at the Albany, New York train station. Later,

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Speaker 1: he joined the National Guard unit that would become part

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Speaker 1: of the Harlem Health Fighters. In May of nineteen eighteen,

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Speaker 1: Henry Johnson and Need Roberts, both of them then privates,

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Speaker 1: were acting as centuries at a lookout post in the

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Speaker 1: Argon Forest on the Western Front. Johnson heard the sound

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Speaker 1: of someone snipping through barbed wire. Concluding that this was

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Speaker 1: a German advance, he sent Roberts to go for help,

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Speaker 1: called for help himself, and then lobbed grenades at the

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Speaker 1: source of the sound. It was indeed a German advance,

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Speaker 1: and the Germans returned fire with both grenades and bullets.

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Speaker 1: Roberts turned back to try to help Johnson, and both

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Speaker 1: men were hit. Roberts was actually hurt so badly that

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Speaker 1: he was not able to continue fighting, so he passed

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Speaker 1: grenades to Johnson, and Johnson threw them at the approaching

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Speaker 1: Germans until he ran out, and then Johnson got his

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Speaker 1: rifle and he fired upon the advancing German soldiers until

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Speaker 1: his weapon jammed after he accidentally tried to use an

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Speaker 1: American clip with a French rifle. At this point, the

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Speaker 1: German soldiers closed into hand to hand range, and so

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Speaker 1: Johnson tried to fight them off, basically by swinging his

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Speaker 1: rifle like a club until the butt of it literally splintered.

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Speaker 1: And Johnson, we should point out, was not a large man.

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Speaker 1: He was only about five ft four you ate about

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Speaker 1: a hundred and thirty pounds, and once his rifle was destroyed,

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Speaker 1: he was struck in the head and knocked down. But

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Speaker 1: then he saw that the German soldiers were trying to

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Speaker 1: take the injured Private Roberts prisoner, so Johnson managed to

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Speaker 1: get to his feet. He pulled out the only weapon

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Speaker 1: he had left, which was his bolo knife, and he

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Speaker 1: fought back with that while trying to drag Roberts to safety. Fortunately,

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Speaker 1: at this point, the sounds of gunfire and grenades and

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Speaker 1: their calls for help had brought other soldiers to their aid,

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Speaker 1: so Johnson continued trying to drag Roberts away from the

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Speaker 1: fighting until he lost consciousness. Fortunately that was when reinforcements

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Speaker 1: arrived and the German soldiers who were still upright fled.

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Speaker 1: In the morning, it was revealed that then Private Johnson

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Speaker 1: had single handedly killed four enemy soldiers and wounded somewhere

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Speaker 1: between ten and twenty more, all while he was injured

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Speaker 1: himself with twenty one wounds sustained in his combat and

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Speaker 1: refusing to allow his compatriot to be taken captive. So

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Speaker 1: both men were awarded the quad A gear, which is

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Speaker 1: the French military decoration for valor and heroism. This made

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Speaker 1: Johnson and Roberts the first American privates of any race

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Speaker 1: to earn this recognition, and Johnson and Roberts were not

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Speaker 1: the only members of the Harlem Hell Fighters to ultimately

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Speaker 1: be awarded the Quada gear for their valor. All in all,

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Speaker 1: a hundred and seventy one individual members of the Harlem

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Speaker 1: Hell Fighters received the Quadi gear, and the unit as

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Speaker 1: a whole was awarded one as well for capturing, say

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Speaker 1: Show while advancing ahead of French and other American lines.

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Speaker 1: The Harlem Hell Fighters were the first to reach the

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Speaker 1: Rhine after the armistice, and they were commended again and

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Speaker 1: again for their valor. So basically, they performed above and

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Speaker 1: beyond the call for any combat unit, and especially in

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Speaker 1: a way that flew in the face of what the

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Speaker 1: American command was expecting of them. Yeah, I don't think

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Speaker 1: you could get a much more um kind of poignant

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Speaker 1: portrait of heroism. Right. So, roughly eight hundred Harlem Health

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Speaker 1: Fighters lost their lives in Europe. About three thousand others

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Speaker 1: returned home from the war in February of nineteen nineteen.

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Speaker 1: They had a welcome home parade in which they marched

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Speaker 1: up Fifth Avenue in New York and into their home

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Speaker 1: neighborhood of Harlem. And this parade was in part to

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Speaker 1: make up for the fact that on their departure from

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Speaker 1: New York in December of nineteen seventeen, they had not

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Speaker 1: been permitted to take part in the New York National

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Speaker 1: Guards farewell parade through New York City. The New York

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Speaker 1: National Guard was known as the Rainbow Division because it

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Speaker 1: included members from twenty seven states, and the reason for

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Speaker 1: the fifteenth New York Regiment's exclusion was black is not

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Speaker 1: a color of the Rainbow. On their return, however, the

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Speaker 1: Harlem Health Fighters received a legitimate heroes welcome. Accounts very

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Speaker 1: wildly about how many people were there for the parade.

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Speaker 1: You will find news sources that sight anywhere from two

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Speaker 1: hundred thousand people to more than two million. Johnson was

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Speaker 1: riding in a car for injured veterans, and in spite

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Speaker 1: of the fact that he had a shattered foot that

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Speaker 1: was held together with the metal plate, he stood up

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Speaker 1: to wave at them, and people called him black Death.

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Speaker 1: The response from both white and black onlookers at the

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Speaker 1: parade was so a brilliantly positive that too many it

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Speaker 1: was a symbol of hope for improved race relations to come.

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Speaker 1: And this was bolstered by the fact that President Theodore

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Speaker 1: Roosevelt called Johnson one of the five bravest Americans to

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Speaker 1: serve in the war. That's high praise. And the army

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Speaker 1: used his image on recruitment posters and to sell victory

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Speaker 1: war stamps. I couldn't find a picture of this actual advertisement,

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Speaker 1: but reportedly what it says I it is Johnson licked

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Speaker 1: a dozen Germans. How many stamps have you licked? I

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Speaker 1: looked for I because, yeah, that's some copy, right, na ha.

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Speaker 1: So all of this Johnson's fame is a war hero.

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Speaker 1: The overwhelming tide of support for the returning black veterans,

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Speaker 1: this overall theme that the war had been fought in

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Speaker 1: a to make the world safe for democracy gave a

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Speaker 1: lot of people hope that this signaled a major change

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Speaker 1: in the social and legal status of African Americans and

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Speaker 1: the United States. Sadly, this was not to be true,

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Speaker 1: and we were going to talk about why and how

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Speaker 1: after another brief word from a sponsor, So when he

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Speaker 1: was committing American troops to World War One, Woodrow Wilson

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Speaker 1: very famously said that quote, the world must be made

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Speaker 1: safe for democracy. We alluded to that just before the break,

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Speaker 1: But when African American soldiers returned home to find that

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Speaker 1: they were still the targets of segregation, discrimination and oppression,

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Speaker 1: it really seemed like there was an unspoken for white

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Speaker 1: people at the end of that sentence. Hoping to tie

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Speaker 1: the fight for civil rights to the ideals that had

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Speaker 1: underpinned the United States very involvement in the war, and

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Speaker 1: the fact that so many black soldiers had returned as

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Speaker 1: highly decorated heroes, black civil rights leaders called for action.

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Speaker 1: The idea of making the world safe for democracy came

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Speaker 1: up again and again in art, coal speeches, pamphlets, and

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Speaker 1: other materials about equal rights for black citizens. In May

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Speaker 1: of nineteen nineteen, for example, W. E. B. Du Boys

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Speaker 1: wrote quote, returning soldiers, we return, we returned from fighting.

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Speaker 1: We returned fighting make way for democracy. We saved it

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Speaker 1: in France, and by the Great Jehovah, we will save

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Speaker 1: it in the United States of America. Or know the

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Speaker 1: reason why. But this is not the war that winds

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Speaker 1: up being referenced in terms of how it affected civil rights.

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Speaker 1: That distinction always, as we've said, goes to World War Two.

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Speaker 1: The biggest reason for this is that it's much easier

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Speaker 1: to frame World War two as a more positive story.

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Speaker 1: Following World War Two, returning black veterans added their voices

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Speaker 1: to a growing grass grassroots movement all over the nation,

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Speaker 1: which coalesced into what we know is the civil rights

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Speaker 1: movement today. And although there was definitely a violent backlash

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Speaker 1: and lots of resistance that was a hallmark toward part

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Speaker 1: of this movement, it did eventually lead to civil rights

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Speaker 1: legislation that was meant to help put Black Americans on

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Speaker 1: more equal footing. That's an oversimplified way to look at

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Speaker 1: World War two, but no amount of oversimplification can put

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Speaker 1: the years following World War One into such a positive light.

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Speaker 1: World War One ended on November eleventh of nineteen eighteen.

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Speaker 1: The following summer, violence broke out all over the United States,

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Speaker 1: driven by a number of social and economic factors. One

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Speaker 1: was a backlash against advocacy for equal treatment of African Americans,

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Speaker 1: especially as others began to view this movement as militant.

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Speaker 1: But also in play was the return of soldiers who

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Speaker 1: had fought in the war, colliding with what's known as

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Speaker 1: the Great Migration. So in the Great Migration, which peaked

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Speaker 1: between nineteen fourteen and nineteen twenty, huge numbers of African

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Speaker 1: Americans living in the South moved north. Many of them

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Speaker 1: were fleeing up poverty and social and political oppression. People

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Speaker 1: who had been living as sharecroppers in the South moved

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Speaker 1: north to get industrial jobs, many of which were tied

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Speaker 1: to the war effort, in the hope of getting better

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Speaker 1: incomes and more freedom. So this dramatically shifted the racial

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Speaker 1: landscape and many northern cities. This also meant that many

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Speaker 1: white veterans in the North returned home to find that

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Speaker 1: their industrial jobs had been filled by black workers who

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Speaker 1: had moved up from the South. Returning soldiers of all

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Speaker 1: races and ethnicities wound up in competition for a shrinking

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Speaker 1: supply of jobs. As a result of these and many

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Speaker 1: other factors, the summer of nineteen nineteen was so violent

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Speaker 1: and so deadly that it came to be known as

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Speaker 1: Red Summer. Eighty three people are known to have been

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Speaker 1: lynched in nineteen nineteen up from sixty four in nineteen eighteen.

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Speaker 1: Ku Klux Klan activity also spread, especially in the South,

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Speaker 1: and then there were what is often described as race riots,

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Speaker 1: which broke out in Washington, d C. Chicago, Omaha, Knoxville,

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Speaker 1: and many other cities. However, as we discussed in our

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Speaker 1: episode on the Tulsa race riot and Black Wall Street,

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Speaker 1: the term race riot is often a misnomer because it

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Speaker 1: suggests racial violence in which the races involved are equal aggressors.

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Speaker 1: It was a misnomer during the destruction of Black Wall

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Speaker 1: Street in Tulsa, and it was a misnomer during Red Summer.

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Speaker 1: Overwhelmingly the instigators in Red Summer were white citizens, and

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Speaker 1: overwhelmingly Black people, along with their homes, businesses, and entire neighborhoods,

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Speaker 1: were the victims. One of the most dramatic moments in

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Speaker 1: Red Summer took place that July when a riot broke

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Speaker 1: out in Chicago after a black teenager drowned. He had

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Speaker 1: been using a customarily whites only beach and people did

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Speaker 1: not like that and they stoned him, so he drowned

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Speaker 1: after being stoned. As a result of this particular riot,

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Speaker 1: almost forty people were killed five hundred were injured, and

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Speaker 1: about a thousand black families were left homeless after a

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Speaker 1: white mob burned their homes down. The last major event

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Speaker 1: in Red Summer actually took place in October and he

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Speaker 1: in Arkansas, black sharecroppers, attempting to organize themselves to advocate

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Speaker 1: for better treatment, were massacred by a white mob. Somewhere

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Speaker 1: between one hundred and two hundred black sharecroppers were killed.

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Speaker 1: In the aftermath, many more black share croppers were arrested

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Speaker 1: and jailed, many were put on trial, and some were

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Speaker 1: sentenced to death by all white juries even though they

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Speaker 1: had actually been the victims and not the instigators. So

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Speaker 1: that's why even the World War One inspired a ground

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Speaker 1: swell of organized advocacy for equal rights for black citizens,

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Speaker 1: it doesn't come to the forefront very often, and it's

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Speaker 1: also not a particularly good place to end this episode.

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Speaker 1: So we're going to turn back to the story of

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Speaker 1: Henry Johnson for a moment. So there's widespread belief that

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Speaker 1: Johnson received no disability compensation from the government because of

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Speaker 1: the clerical error in his discharged papers, and that he

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Speaker 1: died in obscure poverty. So while the last part of

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Speaker 1: that is actually sadly mostly true. The first part does

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Speaker 1: not hold up under examination of the records. News articles

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Speaker 1: and military records from the time indicate that Johnson was

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Speaker 1: a patient at Walter Reed Hospital, that he received a

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Speaker 1: disability statement stipend of about ninety dollars a month, which

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Speaker 1: would not have been a lot of money, but was there.

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Speaker 1: Most of this misinformation stems from the fact that Herman Johnson,

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Speaker 1: who served with the Tuskegee Airmen, seems to have mistakenly

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Speaker 1: genuinely believed that Henry Johnson was his father. He gave

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Speaker 1: interviews about his father's life that were based on his

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Speaker 1: own knowledge, which was actually incomplete. And Johnson did die

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Speaker 1: at a sadly young age of myocarditis, after having had

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Speaker 1: a series of complications with the many injuries he sustained

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Speaker 1: in combat, along with tuberculosis. He was buried in Arlington

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Speaker 1: National Cemetery with full military honors on July five. The

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Speaker 1: sight of his grave was actually lost until two thousand two.

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Speaker 1: In the intervening years, his family had believed that he

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Speaker 1: was actually buried in an anonymous grave in Albany, in

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Speaker 1: part because they had lost touch with him, and in

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Speaker 1: part because the Army made a clerical error in the

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Speaker 1: name of who was buried in the grave. Henry Johnson

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Speaker 1: was posthumously awarded a Purple Heart, which is for soldiers

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Speaker 1: who were wounded or killed in action in it didn't

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Speaker 1: actually exist yet when he was wounded. In two thousand three,

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Speaker 1: after the location of his grave was found, he was

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Speaker 1: also awarded the Distinguished Service Cross, and he was posthumously

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Speaker 1: promoted to sergeant. After finding a memo from General John J.

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Speaker 1: Pershing describing Johnson's valorous deeds in a database, Senator Charles

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Speaker 1: Schumer of New York started a petition to have imposthumously

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Speaker 1: awarded the Medal of Honor. Sergeant Henry Johnson was awarded

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Speaker 1: the Medal of Honor on June two. It was accepted

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Speaker 1: on his behalf by Command Sergeant Major Lewis Wilson of

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Speaker 1: the New York National Guarden. His official citation ends quote

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Speaker 1: Private Johnson's extraordinary heroism and selflessness above and beyond the

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Speaker 1: call of duty are in keeping with the highest traditions

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Speaker 1: of military service, and reflect great credit upon himself, his unit,

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Speaker 1: and the United States Army. And there's also a cool

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Speaker 1: graphic novel about the whole thing. I think it is

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Speaker 1: probably cool. It's by Max Brooks, who has done a

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Speaker 1: lot of other graphic novels, some of them not historically

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Speaker 1: related at all. I did check it out from the library.

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Speaker 1: I have not yet had time to read it before

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Speaker 1: recording this episode, but it looks really good. Ah, So

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Speaker 1: that is that's rough one. It is well, it's kind

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Speaker 1: of a meandering story through. I think I might have

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Speaker 1: said this in the show before. We have three categories

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Speaker 1: of sad episodes. Right. We have the ones that we

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Speaker 1: know we're going to be sad, and then we get

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Speaker 1: into it and we realize it's a lot sadder than

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Speaker 1: we thought. And then we have the ones that we

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Speaker 1: know we're gonna be really sad, but we are doing

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Speaker 1: them because we think it's important or maybe a lot

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Speaker 1: of people have asked us to do it. And then

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Speaker 1: we have the ones that are like today, which is

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Speaker 1: that I picked something because it sounds cool, and then

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Speaker 1: I get into it and I go, oh, this is

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Speaker 1: this is hurting me. So I had picked the Harlem

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Speaker 1: hell Fighters based on probably a uh like a blog

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Speaker 1: post or a tumbler post or something somewhere that was

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Speaker 1: about this really amazing all black fighting regiment in World

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Speaker 1: War One and how great they were and how much

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Speaker 1: valor and bravery they exhibited and how awesome. And I

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Speaker 1: was like, well, yeah, I want to talk about those guys.

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Speaker 1: And then I was like, oh, dear, this sad, Oh

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Speaker 1: sad things are happening. Yeah. History is full of those

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Speaker 1: surprise little pop upside. You have listener mail that's maybe

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Speaker 1: not quite as tear jerkey it is. Actually, it's not

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Speaker 1: tear jerky at all. It is about an episode that

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Speaker 1: was a little creepy, but its content is not sad.

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Speaker 1: It is from Ellen, and Ellen says, Hi, Tracy and Holly.

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Speaker 1: I love to listen to your podcast during my daily commute.

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Speaker 1: I was too so stoked two years ago when you

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Speaker 1: used my suggestion of encephalitis lethargica as a spooky Halloween topic.

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Speaker 1: I still brag about it. I'm gonna take appause for

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Speaker 1: a second. That was one that turned out a scarier

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Speaker 1: than we thought it was going to. Yeah, it scared

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Speaker 1: me a lot. It's very terrifying. Yeah. So to get

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Speaker 1: back to the letter, I was excited to hear Ivra

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Speaker 1: Hagland mentioned during your recent spooky episode on Linda Hazard

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Speaker 1: and Starvation Heights. You wondered why Iver's restaurant was always mentioned.

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Speaker 1: Was it the irony that he is famous for starting

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Speaker 1: a restaurant when his mother is famous for dying of

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Speaker 1: hazard starvation treatment? Or was it just that it's a

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Speaker 1: famous Seattle place. Having grown up a fourth generation Norwegian

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Speaker 1: immigrant of Seattle, I think I can help with that.

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Speaker 1: And Ivor himself was such a character that I just

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Speaker 1: wanted to share a little trivia about it. Ivor Hagland

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Speaker 1: is a Seattle legend. Billed as the Patriarch of the Waterfront.

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Speaker 1: He established the first Seattle aquarium, as well as a

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Speaker 1: chain of seafood restaurants famous for their delicious clam chowder

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Speaker 1: and my personal recommendation of fish and chips. But Ibor

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Speaker 1: is also such a beloved and sometimes controversial figure because

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Speaker 1: of his hilarious local pranks, my favorite of which includes

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Speaker 1: the time he took a baby seal to visit a

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00:24:02,000 --> 00:24:06,119
Speaker 1: department store Santa Claus and the time he made the

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Speaker 1: most of a sticky situation. Following a thousand gallant syrup

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Speaker 1: spill in downtown Seattle, he quickly picked up some pancakes

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Speaker 1: and ran out to the spill for a fresh spoonful

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Speaker 1: of syrup because I were stayed at the back of

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Speaker 1: my mind. Throughout my dinner time commute home. I ended

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Speaker 1: up with a ridiculous craving for Iver's fishonships while listening

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00:24:24,640 --> 00:24:27,919
Speaker 1: to this strange and cruel story. Thanks a bunch for

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00:24:27,960 --> 00:24:31,240
Speaker 1: making my commute so interesting and educational. Best Ellen, I'm

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00:24:31,320 --> 00:24:34,520
Speaker 1: so glad somebody wrote in to give us some more

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00:24:34,560 --> 00:24:36,560
Speaker 1: about that. I had. I have seen some of their

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00:24:36,600 --> 00:24:38,840
Speaker 1: ads and things, mostly because I was trying to figure

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00:24:38,840 --> 00:24:42,359
Speaker 1: out how Iver pronounced his name. I was a little

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00:24:42,920 --> 00:24:46,080
Speaker 1: shocked that that it says Iver's and all of the

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00:24:46,160 --> 00:24:50,960
Speaker 1: ads and I said, Okay, that sounds fine. But the

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00:24:50,960 --> 00:24:54,680
Speaker 1: the ads for it were very funny, a lot of them.

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00:24:54,680 --> 00:24:57,199
Speaker 1: So I'm so glad somebody with local knowledge wrote in

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00:24:57,359 --> 00:24:59,680
Speaker 1: to tell us more about it. I feel super lazy.

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00:24:59,760 --> 00:25:02,000
Speaker 1: I have two siblings living in Seattle. Didn't think to

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00:25:02,040 --> 00:25:08,720
Speaker 1: ask them well. I also, I also have family in Seattle.

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00:25:08,800 --> 00:25:12,200
Speaker 1: I did not ask them either. Oh well, we're both

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00:25:12,280 --> 00:25:16,200
Speaker 1: lazy and no, your family in Seattle has a brand

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00:25:16,200 --> 00:25:18,760
Speaker 1: new baby. You don't have time to be answering your

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00:25:18,800 --> 00:25:21,399
Speaker 1: question well. And I also took the much harder route

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00:25:21,960 --> 00:25:26,399
Speaker 1: of looking for video of someone from the restaurant pronouncing

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00:25:26,400 --> 00:25:29,840
Speaker 1: the name of the restaurant rather than just asking someone

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00:25:29,880 --> 00:25:32,960
Speaker 1: who lives there. I made it hard for myself but

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00:25:33,040 --> 00:25:35,280
Speaker 1: also fun, but also kind of fun because I got

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00:25:35,320 --> 00:25:38,560
Speaker 1: to watch very silly ads for a zepoog restaurant. So

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00:25:39,920 --> 00:25:41,320
Speaker 1: if you would like to write to us, you can

457
00:25:41,320 --> 00:25:43,680
Speaker 1: were a history podcast at how stuff works dot com.

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00:25:43,720 --> 00:25:46,280
Speaker 1: We're also on Facebook at Facebook dot com slash miss

459
00:25:46,359 --> 00:25:49,520
Speaker 1: in history and on Twitter at miss in History. Our

460
00:25:49,600 --> 00:25:51,680
Speaker 1: tumbler is at missed in History dot tumbler dot com.

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00:25:51,680 --> 00:25:54,600
Speaker 1: We're also on Pinterest at pinterest dot com slash missed

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00:25:54,600 --> 00:25:57,439
Speaker 1: in History. If you come to our parent company's website,

463
00:25:57,440 --> 00:25:59,200
Speaker 1: which is how stuff works dot com and just put

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00:25:59,200 --> 00:26:02,320
Speaker 1: the word word world War into the search part, you

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00:26:02,359 --> 00:26:05,000
Speaker 1: will find lots of stuff about both both World War

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Speaker 1: One and World War Two. If you want to come

467
00:26:07,160 --> 00:26:09,880
Speaker 1: to our website, which is missed in History dot com,

468
00:26:09,920 --> 00:26:13,600
Speaker 1: you will find show notes for all of the episodes

469
00:26:13,640 --> 00:26:15,480
Speaker 1: Holly and I have ever worked on. You will find

470
00:26:15,520 --> 00:26:18,080
Speaker 1: an archive of all of the episodes ever laugh of

471
00:26:18,080 --> 00:26:19,639
Speaker 1: cool stuff. So you can do all that and a

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00:26:19,640 --> 00:26:22,240
Speaker 1: whole lot more at how stuff works dot com or

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00:26:22,400 --> 00:26:27,920
Speaker 1: missed in History dot com for more on this and

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Speaker 1: thousands of other topics because it how stuff works. Dot

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Speaker 1: com