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Speaker 1: Hey or hey, when you think about finding life on

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Speaker 1: other planets, what do you imagine I want to hear

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Speaker 1: what an artistic cartoonist thinks about when he thinks about

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Speaker 1: life on other planets. Well, you know, I think of

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Speaker 1: little green men or blue, tall attractive people like an avatar,

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Speaker 1: or you know, crazy blobs or weird plants. So you're

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Speaker 1: mostly thinking about life like on these planets, like on

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Speaker 1: the surface. Yeah, like living things on the surface of

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Speaker 1: other planets. What if there could be like strange underground life,

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Speaker 1: not life on other planets, but life in other planets

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Speaker 1: you mean like underneath the surface. Yeah, like underground life

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Speaker 1: on other planets. Oh. Man, it sounds like a like

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Speaker 1: a pretty cool, hid grungy kind of extraterrestrial life, you know,

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Speaker 1: be part of the underground scene. Yeah, exactly interesting. So

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Speaker 1: like we could look at a planet and think, oh,

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Speaker 1: it's barren, there's nothing there, but really there could be

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Speaker 1: amazing cities on I need the surface. Yeah, we'll just

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Speaker 1: think about our oceans. Right, If you look at the

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Speaker 1: ocean from space, you don't see that much action, right,

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Speaker 1: But of course there's a huge amount of stuff going

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Speaker 1: on under the surface. Um, it could be more than

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Speaker 1: what you see. Hi, I'm Jorge and I'm Daniel, and

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Speaker 1: welcome to our podcast. Daniel and Jorge Explained the Universe,

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Speaker 1: a production of I Heart Radio in which a cartoonist

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Speaker 1: and a physicist try to break it all down for

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Speaker 1: you and explain to you all that weird stuff you

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Speaker 1: always wanted to understand but didn't feel comfortable asking your

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Speaker 1: friends about. Yeah, it was the weird things on the surface,

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Speaker 1: and then maybe possibly cooler stuff underneath the surface of things,

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Speaker 1: the cooler, weirder, probably slimier stuff too, so do they.

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Speaker 1: On the podcast, we'll be talking about Europa, the moon

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Speaker 1: of Jupiter. What is it? Where is it? Could there

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Speaker 1: be life in it or on it, or under it

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Speaker 1: or inside of it? Behind it? Could there be an

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Speaker 1: alien slime ship just hiding behind Europa al we dodging

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Speaker 1: out of you as we look at it at all times? Yeah,

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Speaker 1: it might be possibly one of the only other places

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Speaker 1: in our solar system where there could be life. There

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Speaker 1: could be really goopy, slimy life out there. Why do

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Speaker 1: you think that aliens are often associated with slime in movies? Um? Well,

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Speaker 1: they can't be um dry. I guess that it wouldn't

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Speaker 1: be gross or alien? Or can't you have like an

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Speaker 1: armadillo life? You know, armadillos are not slimy, all right,

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Speaker 1: What can't aliens be more like armadillos? They always seem

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Speaker 1: to be like, you know, salamanders, or goopy and gross,

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Speaker 1: like there's some sort of like aliens have to be disgusting,

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Speaker 1: they have to feel alien, I guess, so well, let's

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Speaker 1: talk about it. What else. Europa is one of the

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Speaker 1: moons of Jupiter. So Jupiter, another planet in our Solar system,

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Speaker 1: has many moons, and one of them is called Europa.

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Speaker 1: That's right, And you know, it's very interesting to us,

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Speaker 1: of course, ask the question is there life out there

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Speaker 1: in the universe? And so we naturally think about looking

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Speaker 1: for life in places where we would live, you know,

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Speaker 1: on the surface of a nice, warm, rocky planet. But

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Speaker 1: we should think more broadly. We should think about whether

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Speaker 1: there's life and other kinds of places, places where you

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Speaker 1: and I wouldn't want to live, places a little too slimy,

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Speaker 1: but places that still there could be something wriggling around

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Speaker 1: in right, then might have the conditions or the ingredients

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Speaker 1: for life, but maybe not necessarily looked like the planet Earth. Yeah, exactly,

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Speaker 1: and certainly not a place you'd want to vacation too.

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Speaker 1: And so in this episode we want to dive deep

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Speaker 1: into the moon of Jupiter Europa and see about and

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Speaker 1: talk about whether it's possible for there to be life

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Speaker 1: underground in that moon. You mean you don't want to

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Speaker 1: have a europay in vacation if European, I'm a going,

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Speaker 1: oh no, But I think it'd be really fascinating. Say

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Speaker 1: we do discover life in Europe. But you know, that

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Speaker 1: would be amazing because it would tell us a lot

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Speaker 1: about the likelihood of life forming in general. Right when

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Speaker 1: you have these conditions, how often does life start? And

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Speaker 1: we just haven't found the conditions for life in many

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Speaker 1: other places, and so it's fascinating to get to just,

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Speaker 1: you know, peek in on an alien body of water

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Speaker 1: and see if they're microbes or fish or crazy angry

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Speaker 1: octopy or something. Yeah. Well, Europe is interesting because it's

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Speaker 1: kind of a mystery, right, because it's a moon of Jupiter,

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Speaker 1: but it's covered in ice, and scientists think that maybe

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Speaker 1: underneath all that ice is a big giant ocean. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: Europe is crazy. We'll get into that. But it's a

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Speaker 1: really weird object it's got lots of mysteries in it.

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Speaker 1: But before we do, we thought, what do people think

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Speaker 1: about whether there's life on this moon? People know about

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Speaker 1: these alien oceans and people believe there might be life

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Speaker 1: under there. Yeah, So, as usually, Daniel went out into

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Speaker 1: the UC Irvine campus and ask people on the street

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Speaker 1: what do they think is under the ice? In Europa? Yeah,

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Speaker 1: here's what people had to say a variety of responses,

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Speaker 1: as you'll hear. So I think for a moment, what's

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Speaker 1: your bit what do you think would be found in

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Speaker 1: an alien ocean under kilometers of ice? And then listen

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Speaker 1: to these responses gas, Oh yeah, I mean like unknown

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Speaker 1: things that we're not a mean to or like so

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Speaker 1: we haven't discovered yet. Maybe do you think there might

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Speaker 1: be life? Maybe it could be, Yeah, because I believe

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Speaker 1: like like parallel universes and like there has to be

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Speaker 1: life and in other universes. So maybe, like I know,

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Speaker 1: some kind of like fishes or something, I don't know,

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Speaker 1: maybe some weird creatures or something like that, there might

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Speaker 1: be life on the moon. Rangine, Yeah, definitely, I believe

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Speaker 1: there's life all around us. Yeah, awesome, I don't I

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Speaker 1: don't expect they don't find life. No, why not? It

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Speaker 1: seems very improbable. Like, you know, I feel like life

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Speaker 1: can you know, happen because you know, obviously Earth, but

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Speaker 1: I feel like the odds of something like that to

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Speaker 1: happen would just be very, very small. It's possible that

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Speaker 1: there could be some like intelligent life since there is water,

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Speaker 1: but it is pretty far away from the sun, might

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Speaker 1: be too cold for anything to sustain off. So you

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Speaker 1: think water on another planets a chance of his life there? Yeah, definitely,

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Speaker 1: probably some debris, some space debris. Seriously, I mean, do

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Speaker 1: you think there might be life there? As far as life?

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Speaker 1: I mean, grass is an organism? Is this life? So

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Speaker 1: in essentially for all into the purpose of perspectively, they

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Speaker 1: might find some life. Cool, Okay, pretty interesting. I find

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Speaker 1: it interesting that most people kind of knew what you

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Speaker 1: were talking about, Like you said, what's under the neath

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Speaker 1: the ice in Europa? And people didn't flish. They're not, like,

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Speaker 1: what what's underneath Europe? What do you mean like Iceland,

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Speaker 1: Finland or sweet Yeah that's true. Yeah, no, you're right,

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Speaker 1: And um, some people were shocked to discover that there

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Speaker 1: could be oceans of water and other planets, right, Um,

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Speaker 1: But most people when you when I told them that

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Speaker 1: there was a water ocean, or when they believe that

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Speaker 1: for the moment, a lot of people were confident that

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Speaker 1: we could find life there. I think people have this

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Speaker 1: sense that water means life, and that life is not

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Speaker 1: a rare thing, and and that when you have the conditions,

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Speaker 1: you should expect it to pop up to flour wherever it.

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Speaker 1: Wherever it can we associated with life? Like how can

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Speaker 1: you have water without any life or bacteria or little

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Speaker 1: bugs in it? It would be weird to think of

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Speaker 1: that much water, totally pure and clean exactly, And you

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Speaker 1: know that much water and that much time, Right, a

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Speaker 1: blob of water with organic chemicals, and it's sitting around

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Speaker 1: for billions of years. It feels like the right stuff's

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Speaker 1: gotta bounce into each other just the right way eventually. Right,

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Speaker 1: there's just so much time and so many combinations. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: so so much water for citing there for such a

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Speaker 1: long time. Is it kind of the most probable place

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Speaker 1: where life might be elsewhere in our solar system besides Earth?

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Speaker 1: That's a great question. You know, you have to make

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Speaker 1: a bet. Remember we once talked about an underground body

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Speaker 1: of water on Mars as well, they've found a body

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Speaker 1: of water kilometers underground on Mars. I mean, haven't sampled it.

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Speaker 1: They just detected it's they're using the ground penetrating radar,

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Speaker 1: and so that might also have microbes. We don't know.

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Speaker 1: But something really fascinating about Europa is that it's further

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Speaker 1: from Earth. So for example, if you discover life on Mars,

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Speaker 1: you know, you might make the argument that life started

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Speaker 1: on Earth and got to Mars as rocks got blown

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Speaker 1: off the surface, and you guys should listen to that

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Speaker 1: whole podcast episode we did about it. But Europa is

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Speaker 1: far away. So if life started on Europa, it would

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Speaker 1: probably be unique. It would be a separate it would

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Speaker 1: be distinct, right, It would mean life starting on its

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Speaker 1: own again, not just spreading from Earth or to Earth.

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Speaker 1: It couldn't have come from us. It must have origin

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Speaker 1: at it totally separately from life here. Yeah, you know,

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Speaker 1: unless our ancient ancestors somehow we're space faring and landed

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Speaker 1: on Jupiter and you know, seated it with life and

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Speaker 1: then lost that technology and all traces of it were

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Speaker 1: destroyed except for that weird hypolicis somebody other probably believes yes, exactly,

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Speaker 1: would have to start Weird Possibility Saw and a bad

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Speaker 1: science fiction movie. You mean the science fiction novel I'm

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Speaker 1: currently writing. What are you talking about? That? This idea

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Speaker 1: that one caveman space spaceman. Come on, I see caveman aliens.

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Speaker 1: That's right, I'm crazy spaceman iceman. Wasn't that the Saturnday

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Speaker 1: Live episode? Anyway? Um, yeah, let's dig into it. Let's

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Speaker 1: talk about why Europa attracted people's attention in the first place. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: let's let's dig to the core of the issue. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: but we have to start on the surface, because the

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Speaker 1: weirdest thing about Europa is that it's pretty smooth, like

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Speaker 1: it's cool. It is very cold in fact, on the surface.

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Speaker 1: It's not a kind of place you want to go.

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Speaker 1: The temperature on the surfaces like mineus two hundred and

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Speaker 1: sixty degrees fahrenheit on a sunny day. But actually, what

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Speaker 1: I meant is that there aren't a lot of craters

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Speaker 1: on the surface because you know, the Solar System is

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Speaker 1: a messy place. There's asteroids and rocks bouncing around everywhere,

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Speaker 1: and basically everything in the Solar System is constantly being

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Speaker 1: bombarded by small rocks, which is while you look in

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Speaker 1: the Moon. You see all these craters, right, So it

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Speaker 1: doesn't have any pimples on its on its face, yeah, exactly.

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Speaker 1: And so the weird thing about Europa is that it

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Speaker 1: has hardly any craters on it, right, It's so smooth.

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Speaker 1: It doesn't have an atmosphere like Earth. Earth doesn't have

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Speaker 1: a lot of craters because our atmosphere acts like a pillow,

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Speaker 1: you know, it's like a water bed or something. It

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Speaker 1: slows down the rocks and disperses their energy before they

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Speaker 1: hit the surface. Europa it has a very slight atmosphere,

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Speaker 1: but not enough to act as a break for any

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Speaker 1: of these rocks. So you would expect, since it's billions

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Speaker 1: of years old, that it would be pummeled with rocks

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Speaker 1: and have lots of holes on its surface, but it doesn't.

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Speaker 1: It's very smooth. Does that mean it means that the

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Speaker 1: surface is pretty young, right, that it hasn't been around

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Speaker 1: very long um or it's being constantly refreshed right or erased.

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Speaker 1: You know, it's like a chalkboard that somebody comes in

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Speaker 1: and cleans every morning, and then you fill it up

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Speaker 1: with equations and then they clean it again, right, or

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Speaker 1: maybe somebody grooms it. Somebody somebody out there with a

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Speaker 1: huge rake. Yeah, exactly. Um, the fascinating thing is they

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Speaker 1: tried to estimate the age of the surface of Europa,

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Speaker 1: and you know, it's basically consistent with zero. You know,

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Speaker 1: the measurement they get is like fifty million years plus

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Speaker 1: or minus fifty million years, just based on the craters,

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Speaker 1: just based on the size and the number of the craters. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: something is going on on the surface of Europa that's

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Speaker 1: refreshing the surface. It's like erasing it. It's like it's

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Speaker 1: for ever young, like it uses bullox, lunar bulltox. Well,

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Speaker 1: let's give people some context. So Europa is one of

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Speaker 1: the moons of Jupiter, one of the planets in our

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Speaker 1: solar system. And I was reading it's about almost the

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Speaker 1: size of our moon m hm. And we have a

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Speaker 1: pretty big moon, right, So being close to the size

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Speaker 1: of around moon means you're being pretty big m So

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Speaker 1: it is a pretty sizeable ball of rock or ice

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Speaker 1: out there, and it orbits Jupiter every three and a

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Speaker 1: half days m m m exactly, which probably is it.

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Speaker 1: It's sort of see, sunlight has kind of a day

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Speaker 1: night period, probably around three and a half days. Then,

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Speaker 1: but remember it's much further from the Sun than our planet,

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Speaker 1: and so it gets like one twentieth of the amount

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Speaker 1: of sunlight. The Sun in the sky of Europa is

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Speaker 1: a tiny, tiny dot, whereas Jupiter is mammoth right, it

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Speaker 1: appears hugely in the sky. Is that why it's so

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Speaker 1: icy and cold because it's so far away. Yeah, that's

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Speaker 1: one of the reasons why it's so icing cold. Also,

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Speaker 1: it doesn't have much of an atmosphere, which could you know,

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Speaker 1: collect and keep that warmth on the surface. Um, yeah, exactly.

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Speaker 1: And also Jupiter is blasting it with radiation, so the

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Speaker 1: surface of Europa is not a very friendly place. Wait,

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Speaker 1: Jupiter is shooting at it, what do you mean, Yeah,

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Speaker 1: well Jupiter, you know, like the Sun, Jupiter produces a

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Speaker 1: lot of radiation. You know, there's crazy stuff happening in

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Speaker 1: the core of Jupiter because of all the gravitational pressure

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Speaker 1: produces huge amounts of radiation. And you know, just in

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Speaker 1: general out in space, this radiation right from the Sun

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Speaker 1: but also from Jupiter, and there's nothing, there's no atmosphere

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Speaker 1: to protect you. So if you were on the surface

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Speaker 1: of Europa, you would get a fatal dose of radiation

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Speaker 1: very quickly. Oh, so it doesn't have an atmosphere. It

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Speaker 1: has a very very thin atmosphere, essentially nothing useful to

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Speaker 1: protect you from radiation. So it's not a very hospitable place.

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Speaker 1: It's cold, it's frozen, there's no nothing, Their breathe getting

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Speaker 1: cancer every five minutes. You know, there's really nothing in

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Speaker 1: the brochure that would attract you, except of course for

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Speaker 1: the scientific mysteries, right, the things that make you think, what,

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Speaker 1: how could that be? What's going on? Yeah? Yeah, So

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Speaker 1: the weird thing or the incredible things about Europa are

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Speaker 1: what's going on inside of it? Right? Yeah? So the

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Speaker 1: outside is this water crust, right, it's frozen water crust.

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Speaker 1: It's ice and you know the ice spikes on the

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Speaker 1: surface are like fifteen meters high. And um. There was

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Speaker 1: a bunch of spacecraft that flew by Europa and took

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Speaker 1: a bunch of pictures and measurements because they were trying

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Speaker 1: to understand like what is going on with this surface?

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Speaker 1: How is this surface getting reformed? Why is it so

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Speaker 1: smooth and looking exactly? And so what they did was

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Speaker 1: they try to probe the inside of it. They were like,

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Speaker 1: well what is this made out of? Right? Is there

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Speaker 1: like weird tectonic activity because you know on Earth, Earth

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Speaker 1: is very active, right, the plates are always moving and shifting,

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Speaker 1: and so you're getting new surfaces being formed as as

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Speaker 1: you know, volcanoes erupt and stuff. So they're wondering maybe

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Speaker 1: it was tectonic activity. So they FLU did all these

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Speaker 1: fly bys to try to measure what's going on inside,

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Speaker 1: and this is really cool. They just measure the gravitational

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Speaker 1: pull on the satellite from various angles in various directions,

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Speaker 1: and they can get a map basically of the density

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Speaker 1: of what's going on inside without landing or or going inside.

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Speaker 1: They can get a map of the density of the

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Speaker 1: stuff inside the Moon from a distance. You can tell

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Speaker 1: these things, yeah, just from gravitational measurement. And NASA does

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Speaker 1: this also on Earth, like NASA can sea. You know

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Speaker 1: when your house is sinking by an inch or by

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Speaker 1: a meter or by two ms due to like ground

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Speaker 1: water being sucked up, because it's making these very detailed

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Speaker 1: gravitational measurements the effect of the of gravity on satellites.

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Speaker 1: So what they found when they did this is that

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Speaker 1: there's this very thick crust water, crust, water, ice, crust

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Speaker 1: on the outside and underneath it is something with the

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Speaker 1: density of water. And they were like, what, how could

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Speaker 1: there be something with a density of water because you

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Speaker 1: have this frozen stuff, right, which is less dense. And

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Speaker 1: then under that they saw this huge band of something

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Speaker 1: that has the density of of of liquid water. So

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Speaker 1: it could be a giant ocean, a giant underground ocean.

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Speaker 1: Yeah exactly. And so of the best guess is that

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Speaker 1: there's a huge underground ocean of water. And you know,

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Speaker 1: they think it's water because it has the right density

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Speaker 1: and because the outside of Europa is frozen water. Right,

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Speaker 1: it's not like something exotic like liquid methane or something um.

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Speaker 1: But it's not small. It's not like, you know, two

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Speaker 1: or three cups of water. If you took all the

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Speaker 1: liquid in the oceans of Europa, it would be two

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Speaker 1: or three times the amount of water on the surface

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Speaker 1: of the Earth in a much smaller ball of rock. Right, yeah, exactly, exactly.

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Speaker 1: It's much more smaller than the moon, right, And so

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Speaker 1: it's a thick layer of water. Okay, well, let's dig

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Speaker 1: into that mystery. But first let's take a quick break. Alright,

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Speaker 1: So Europa is a moon of a Jupiter, and it's

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Speaker 1: interesting because it's it's made out of ice, but under

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Speaker 1: neat that ice there's a huge ocean of water. We think, yeah, exactly,

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Speaker 1: And it gets weirder as you go in. I think, right,

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Speaker 1: so you've got this ice crust on the outside, and

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Speaker 1: then you've got this liquid center, right, it's like a

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Speaker 1: it's like a candy or something. And then on the

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Speaker 1: inside of that you have this rocky ball with some

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Speaker 1: metal in it. Also, you have these three basic components

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Speaker 1: and everything is spinning, but it's not really connected. Right,

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Speaker 1: the inside bit, the rocky bit on the inside, is

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Speaker 1: not connected to the shell, the water, the ice shell

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Speaker 1: on the very outside, because there's this liquid, right, so

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Speaker 1: they can slip, And what they think is that the

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Speaker 1: outside is rotating at a different speed from the inside, right,

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Speaker 1: So like the outside is like eventually laps the inside.

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Speaker 1: So it's like a shell floating on top of or

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Speaker 1: around a metal core. I know, if if you included

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Speaker 1: this in my bad Um Spaceman Iceman Caveman science fiction

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Speaker 1: novel that I'm supposed to be adding, you would think

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Speaker 1: this is crazy. This could never happen in real life.

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Speaker 1: I mean, let's get realistic. I love that you look

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Speaker 1: out there in the universe and you find such weird stuff, right,

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Speaker 1: stuff you could never imagine or dream up. Well, so

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Speaker 1: it'd be kind of like going to Antarctica and you

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Speaker 1: know it's a huge sheet of ice, but underneath that

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Speaker 1: is sort of there there there's water, right, like you

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Speaker 1: could swim underneath these sheets of ice. Yeah, exactly, it's

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Speaker 1: warmer underneath the sheets of ice, right. And the thing

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Speaker 1: that's providing that warmth is that is Jupiter. And it's

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Speaker 1: not the radiation, but Jupiter's gravitational field is constantly squeezing Europa, right,

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Speaker 1: something we call tidal forces, which sounds complicated, it's actually

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Speaker 1: pretty simple to understand. You know that gravity, the strength

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Speaker 1: of gravity, falls as the distance, right, So the further

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Speaker 1: way you get from Jupiter, the weaker gravity is. Well,

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Speaker 1: imagine you're a big body, you're like a moon like Europa.

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Speaker 1: Then Jupiter is pulling harder on the bit of you

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Speaker 1: that's closer to Jupiter, and it's not pulling as hard

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Speaker 1: on the bit that's further away. But that means it's

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Speaker 1: a big sickly trying to pull the moon apart. Right,

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Speaker 1: It's tugging harder on one part than on the other.

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Speaker 1: So it's trying to pull a moon apart. This is

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Speaker 1: what we call a tidal force that generates heat and warmth. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: it's like you know, it's it's like Jupiter's taking his

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Speaker 1: hand and squeezing it constantly, right, and that's pumping energy

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Speaker 1: into it. It's like it's like an engine, right, Jupiter's

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Speaker 1: gravitational field take. It's like taking an orange and like

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Speaker 1: massaging it, kind of like hot stone massage for a

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Speaker 1: whole moon. Right. And there's a huge ocean and it's

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Speaker 1: the ice cross it's huge. It's like a hundred kilometers thick. Yeah.

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Speaker 1: They don't know exactly how thick it is. That's difficult.

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Speaker 1: They're going to figure that out when they send the

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Speaker 1: next satellite there, but they estimate around a hundred kilometers thick. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: and the ice crust is being cracked constantly. Right. If

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Speaker 1: you're gonna massage something which is like a sphere of ice,

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Speaker 1: then you're gonna end up cracking its shell. And so

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Speaker 1: we see all these stripes on these lines on the

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Speaker 1: surface of Europa, not craters, right, it's smooth, it's pretty

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Speaker 1: smooth from the crater point of view, but there are

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Speaker 1: these cracks which they think come from these tidal forces

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Speaker 1: squeezing the ice on ice. Okay, so there are wrinkles

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Speaker 1: on this bultos perfect just like you see an Orange county.

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Speaker 1: No plastic surgery ever really looks good. Well, I read

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Speaker 1: also read this cool thing that Europa has water volcanoes.

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Speaker 1: I know, it just gets crazier and crazier. Right, So

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Speaker 1: what happens when you have high pressure water trapped under

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Speaker 1: ice and then you squeeze that ice, when you're gonna

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Speaker 1: get cracks and then the water is gonna spew out.

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Speaker 1: And so we have these pictures from Hubble. We pointed

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Speaker 1: Hubble at at Europa and they have these pictures of

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Speaker 1: what looks like plumes of water right there, basically water volcanoes.

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Speaker 1: The ice cracks and the water shoots up. And these

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Speaker 1: are not small, you know, they go up like two

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Speaker 1: hundred kilometers into space. And that's like, you know, multiple

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Speaker 1: times the height of Mount Everest. Imagine a volcano on

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Speaker 1: Earth shooting lava, you know, six times the height of

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Speaker 1: Mount Everest. That would be an event. Yeah, it's like

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Speaker 1: a ginormous geyser, but yes, exactly, and you know it

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Speaker 1: makes Earth feel like a calm place you know, we

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Speaker 1: have like volcanoes and earthquakes and stuff, But the more

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Speaker 1: you look out into the Solar System, the more you discover, like, wow,

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Speaker 1: other planets and moons are much more extreme than the

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Speaker 1: stuff on Earth. Earth is like a pretty calm and

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Speaker 1: cozy place to live. Yeah, and just one qualifier on

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Speaker 1: the water plumes. You know that there is a picture

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Speaker 1: from Hubble that shows something that looks like a plume um.

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Speaker 1: Scientists are still a little skeptical, right, They're not a

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Speaker 1: sure that there really are water plumes um. But it's

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Speaker 1: also connected to this idea of the surface, right, it

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Speaker 1: could be that the reason the surface is getting reformed,

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Speaker 1: the reason it looks smooth, is that like all these

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Speaker 1: cracks are appearing, and maybe the ice is turning over

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Speaker 1: or you know, getting rotated somehow, or you know, they

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Speaker 1: don't fully understand it. It's hard to come up with

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Speaker 1: a model that explains how the surface gets reformed, but

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Speaker 1: it might have something to do with, you know, all

400
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Speaker 1: this activity under the ice breaking it, sucking some of

401
00:22:04,000 --> 00:22:05,959
Speaker 1: it down and sending up new pieces to get hit

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Speaker 1: by asteroids, kind of like the ice sheets and Antarctic

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Speaker 1: I keep moving, shifting, and yeah, reforming exactly, So if

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Speaker 1: you were to build a house there, it might not

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Speaker 1: be there in fifty million years. That's right. One more

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Speaker 1: reason not to build a house on Europa. Okay, so

407
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Speaker 1: that's Europe. It's pretty cool. So if you flew there

408
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Speaker 1: and landed, it would you would it would sort of

409
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Speaker 1: feel like you're on the Moon kind of. And then

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Speaker 1: if you drilled a hole a hundred kilometers deep, you

411
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Speaker 1: would find a huge ocean and you could you could

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Speaker 1: potentially swim in it, right, because it would be sort

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Speaker 1: of around the same density as the water that we

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Speaker 1: have here. Yeah, exactly. And you know, the Moon is

415
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Speaker 1: mostly rock, whereas this this planet, when you land down,

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Speaker 1: it would be mostly water ice. And they have pictures

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Speaker 1: from Europe and it looks like not a very friendly

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Speaker 1: place to land. There's like spikes of these water ice

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Speaker 1: reach of like fifteen meters. You know, it's like these

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Speaker 1: needle thin i am super sharp icicles on the surface.

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Speaker 1: So it's not a friendly place. It's not like, hey,

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Speaker 1: come look land on me. Right in comparison to the

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Speaker 1: Moon is a much friend to the place. But you're right,

424
00:23:13,680 --> 00:23:16,320
Speaker 1: there is this ocean of water under the ice. It

425
00:23:16,560 --> 00:23:18,880
Speaker 1: wouldn't be a smooth landing if you try to get there.

426
00:23:19,440 --> 00:23:21,760
Speaker 1: That's right. It's sort of like that friend you have,

427
00:23:21,880 --> 00:23:24,400
Speaker 1: you know, who's like sort of grumpy on the outside,

428
00:23:24,400 --> 00:23:26,439
Speaker 1: but then when they get home, they're nice and friendly.

429
00:23:26,520 --> 00:23:29,320
Speaker 1: You know. Europe is like that. It's really unfriendly and

430
00:23:29,520 --> 00:23:32,600
Speaker 1: unwelcoming on the outside, but it has this chewy candy

431
00:23:32,680 --> 00:23:35,679
Speaker 1: center right at this ocean of water at the right

432
00:23:35,720 --> 00:23:38,960
Speaker 1: temperature for life, and it has smooth skin. That's the

433
00:23:39,000 --> 00:23:42,320
Speaker 1: other as your friend, exactly. So we don't know too

434
00:23:42,359 --> 00:23:44,840
Speaker 1: much about what's in that water. That's really the biggest question,

435
00:23:44,880 --> 00:23:48,720
Speaker 1: like the organic molecules in there. Is it too salty

436
00:23:48,800 --> 00:23:52,280
Speaker 1: for life? You know, it could be salt water. Yeah,

437
00:23:52,280 --> 00:23:54,520
Speaker 1: it could be salty, right, or who who knows what

438
00:23:54,560 --> 00:23:57,239
Speaker 1: else it could be. You could have other things, you know,

439
00:23:57,480 --> 00:23:59,720
Speaker 1: it could have high concentrations of other things. Right, It

440
00:23:59,720 --> 00:24:02,480
Speaker 1: could like water, but it could be really dangerous for

441
00:24:02,560 --> 00:24:05,199
Speaker 1: us to drink. Yeah, exactly. There could certainly be toxic

442
00:24:05,240 --> 00:24:07,800
Speaker 1: for us, but you know, life on Earth has evolved

443
00:24:07,800 --> 00:24:10,520
Speaker 1: in lots of places that are toxic for us. It's

444
00:24:10,520 --> 00:24:12,639
Speaker 1: really pretty incredible what you get when you have a

445
00:24:12,720 --> 00:24:15,800
Speaker 1: lot of time and a lot of volume. So life

446
00:24:15,800 --> 00:24:18,520
Speaker 1: on Earth, for example, can survive even in places with

447
00:24:18,560 --> 00:24:21,000
Speaker 1: no sun. Right, Folks that there might be asking, how,

448
00:24:21,080 --> 00:24:23,520
Speaker 1: wait a second, how can you have life under the

449
00:24:23,600 --> 00:24:26,240
Speaker 1: ocean if there is a crust on top and it's

450
00:24:26,320 --> 00:24:29,520
Speaker 1: totally dark. Right, This is not a warm, balmy ocean

451
00:24:29,520 --> 00:24:32,479
Speaker 1: in the Caribbean. It's totally black, right, it's jet black.

452
00:24:32,960 --> 00:24:35,399
Speaker 1: But that happens here on Earth. That happens here on

453
00:24:35,440 --> 00:24:38,640
Speaker 1: Earth also exactly, you have places under the water where

454
00:24:38,640 --> 00:24:41,959
Speaker 1: there's heat escaping from the Earth's crust, from the Earth's

455
00:24:42,000 --> 00:24:45,119
Speaker 1: um core and heats up the water and bubbles it

456
00:24:45,200 --> 00:24:46,879
Speaker 1: up and stuff. And the same thing we think is

457
00:24:46,920 --> 00:24:51,240
Speaker 1: happening on the on Europa. Remember, the Jupiter's massaging it

458
00:24:51,320 --> 00:24:54,000
Speaker 1: and creating all this activity inside of it, and some

459
00:24:54,080 --> 00:24:56,480
Speaker 1: of that's creating heat which is warming up the water,

460
00:24:56,600 --> 00:24:59,680
Speaker 1: and that's enough energy for life. Yeah, So that's the

461
00:24:59,720 --> 00:25:02,560
Speaker 1: big question, and that's what's so interesting about Europa is

462
00:25:02,600 --> 00:25:06,640
Speaker 1: that there could be life in it. In these giant oceans,

463
00:25:07,359 --> 00:25:09,720
Speaker 1: there certainly could be. So what's the probability do you

464
00:25:09,760 --> 00:25:13,919
Speaker 1: think that there is life in there? That's a great question,

465
00:25:14,040 --> 00:25:16,240
Speaker 1: and you know, unfortunately we don't really have a great

466
00:25:16,280 --> 00:25:20,640
Speaker 1: scientific answer to that. You know, um, because we've never

467
00:25:20,920 --> 00:25:23,680
Speaker 1: gotten data from other places, right, we haven't ever sampled

468
00:25:24,000 --> 00:25:26,600
Speaker 1: alien water. You know, if we had done it a

469
00:25:26,680 --> 00:25:29,119
Speaker 1: hundred times and we've only seen life once, then we know,

470
00:25:29,200 --> 00:25:31,760
Speaker 1: oh a, life is pretty rare. But the only time

471
00:25:31,760 --> 00:25:34,520
Speaker 1: we've ever looked at water is here on Earth, and

472
00:25:34,600 --> 00:25:37,520
Speaker 1: so we have no information, right, And that's exactly why

473
00:25:37,600 --> 00:25:39,240
Speaker 1: we want to do this. We want to get sample

474
00:25:39,320 --> 00:25:42,640
Speaker 1: number two to understand and you know, sample number two

475
00:25:42,640 --> 00:25:45,760
Speaker 1: has life in it. Also, if two totally separate examples

476
00:25:45,800 --> 00:25:49,960
Speaker 1: both have life, Wow, then the possibilities for life are huge.

477
00:25:50,119 --> 00:25:52,320
Speaker 1: Because you look out into the sky and there's lots

478
00:25:52,320 --> 00:25:54,920
Speaker 1: of stars with lots of planets, a lot of them

479
00:25:55,119 --> 00:25:58,760
Speaker 1: have liquid water. And if the probability for there to

480
00:25:58,840 --> 00:26:01,840
Speaker 1: be life and any sample of liquid water is larger

481
00:26:01,880 --> 00:26:04,720
Speaker 1: than any tiny amount, that means it's a huge amount

482
00:26:04,720 --> 00:26:07,560
Speaker 1: of life out there, so be mind blowing. But unfortunately

483
00:26:07,720 --> 00:26:10,560
Speaker 1: we don't really have an answer. Well, it's exciting to

484
00:26:10,560 --> 00:26:13,359
Speaker 1: think about because Europa does have kind of all the

485
00:26:13,560 --> 00:26:19,280
Speaker 1: ingredients for life, right that we know about water, energy, chemistry,

486
00:26:19,320 --> 00:26:23,040
Speaker 1: compounds from from rocks and things like that, right exactly,

487
00:26:23,119 --> 00:26:26,880
Speaker 1: And that ocean is conveniently shielded from Jupiter's harmful radiation

488
00:26:27,280 --> 00:26:31,200
Speaker 1: by the hundred kilometers or so of ice, But like

489
00:26:31,240 --> 00:26:36,000
Speaker 1: we have our atmosphere to protects they those Europeans would

490
00:26:36,000 --> 00:26:37,960
Speaker 1: have the ice sheet to protect them. Yeah. And you

491
00:26:38,000 --> 00:26:41,119
Speaker 1: know if we if imagine there's intelligent life on Europa, right,

492
00:26:41,400 --> 00:26:43,680
Speaker 1: what would they think of their planet? Like do they

493
00:26:43,720 --> 00:26:46,520
Speaker 1: think of the ice the way we think of the atmosphere? Right,

494
00:26:46,600 --> 00:26:48,200
Speaker 1: Like we think of the edge of the Earth as

495
00:26:48,280 --> 00:26:50,639
Speaker 1: the surface right where the rock ends, but really the

496
00:26:50,680 --> 00:26:53,000
Speaker 1: atmosphere is part of the Earth. Maybe they would think

497
00:26:53,040 --> 00:26:55,800
Speaker 1: of the edge of Europa is like the top of

498
00:26:55,840 --> 00:26:57,119
Speaker 1: the water, and the rest of it is what they

499
00:26:57,119 --> 00:27:01,280
Speaker 1: would call atmosphere, you know, right, or their worldview would

500
00:27:01,320 --> 00:27:04,320
Speaker 1: be kind of like our worldview two thousand years ago,

501
00:27:04,400 --> 00:27:07,960
Speaker 1: where we think that made there's a ceiling to the sky. Yeah,

502
00:27:08,119 --> 00:27:14,200
Speaker 1: like they literally do have a ceiling. Right. Wow. Imagine

503
00:27:14,200 --> 00:27:16,640
Speaker 1: being intelligent life in Euroba and creating like a whole

504
00:27:16,680 --> 00:27:19,680
Speaker 1: cosmology and mythology about how the universe works, and then

505
00:27:20,040 --> 00:27:23,520
Speaker 1: drilling out and discovering that there's an enormous universe out there.

506
00:27:23,680 --> 00:27:26,119
Speaker 1: Why that would be mind blowing. That would be amazing.

507
00:27:26,440 --> 00:27:29,240
Speaker 1: So so it is possible that there is life in Europa.

508
00:27:29,440 --> 00:27:32,040
Speaker 1: It's totally possible. And you know, I think if you

509
00:27:32,119 --> 00:27:36,200
Speaker 1: ask scientists, they're not signed. Their non scientific opinion would

510
00:27:36,200 --> 00:27:38,840
Speaker 1: be it's a good chance. And that's why we're also excited.

511
00:27:38,880 --> 00:27:41,679
Speaker 1: That's why we're spending billions of dollars to send missions

512
00:27:41,680 --> 00:27:44,639
Speaker 1: out there to figure it out. All right, that's pretty cool.

513
00:27:44,920 --> 00:27:47,480
Speaker 1: All right, let's let's jump into what these plans are

514
00:27:47,560 --> 00:27:49,920
Speaker 1: to get there and to study it. But first let's

515
00:27:49,960 --> 00:28:06,680
Speaker 1: take another quick break. I'm so excited about life on Europa.

516
00:28:07,040 --> 00:28:14,040
Speaker 1: Why he love meeting Europeans. Europeans they're so sophisticated and

517
00:28:14,880 --> 00:28:18,760
Speaker 1: croissants and Europa are fantastic. We know. I just think

518
00:28:18,760 --> 00:28:23,200
Speaker 1: it's incredible. It's so weird and interesting and um, honestly,

519
00:28:23,200 --> 00:28:25,520
Speaker 1: I believe this life there. You just want to see

520
00:28:25,520 --> 00:28:29,359
Speaker 1: Aquaman in real life. I want to see life on

521
00:28:29,400 --> 00:28:32,520
Speaker 1: another place other than Earth, and I'm just desperate to

522
00:28:32,520 --> 00:28:34,800
Speaker 1: discover it. And I can't wait. I mean, it's out

523
00:28:34,800 --> 00:28:37,000
Speaker 1: there waiting for us and we just don't know the answer,

524
00:28:37,040 --> 00:28:39,840
Speaker 1: and we will know soon. I'm just so impatient. But

525
00:28:39,960 --> 00:28:42,680
Speaker 1: what do you think that instinct comes from? Like, what

526
00:28:42,680 --> 00:28:45,920
Speaker 1: what is it that makes you want to confirm that

527
00:28:45,960 --> 00:28:48,680
Speaker 1: there's life elsewhere, or to meet other life out there,

528
00:28:49,040 --> 00:28:51,160
Speaker 1: like don't you aren't you? Aren't you surrounded by other

529
00:28:51,200 --> 00:28:54,400
Speaker 1: people already and I hate most of them, You're right,

530
00:28:54,560 --> 00:28:57,400
Speaker 1: So why would I want to meet anybody else? No,

531
00:28:57,960 --> 00:29:00,400
Speaker 1: even though I'm an introvert, I do want to life

532
00:29:00,400 --> 00:29:02,840
Speaker 1: on other planets. But mostly I think the answer pretty

533
00:29:02,880 --> 00:29:06,200
Speaker 1: basic questions, you know, like what is the context of

534
00:29:06,200 --> 00:29:08,840
Speaker 1: our existence? Are we alone in the universe or not?

535
00:29:09,320 --> 00:29:12,400
Speaker 1: It changes everything. If we're not alone, you know, it

536
00:29:12,480 --> 00:29:15,400
Speaker 1: means something about how special we are, how unusual we are.

537
00:29:16,040 --> 00:29:18,040
Speaker 1: It just it it changes the whole context of the

538
00:29:18,080 --> 00:29:21,959
Speaker 1: human experience, you know, religion out the window, right, If

539
00:29:21,960 --> 00:29:24,400
Speaker 1: there's life in other places? Um, well, I mean if

540
00:29:24,640 --> 00:29:27,760
Speaker 1: if we find life elsewhere, obviously we go from one

541
00:29:27,840 --> 00:29:30,080
Speaker 1: data point of life to two data points, which is,

542
00:29:30,160 --> 00:29:35,160
Speaker 1: you know, increase. But would that really tell you that

543
00:29:35,240 --> 00:29:36,880
Speaker 1: much about the rest of the university? Would still have

544
00:29:36,920 --> 00:29:40,360
Speaker 1: that question? I mean, you would have the probability or

545
00:29:40,880 --> 00:29:43,920
Speaker 1: double the probability, but it's you still wouldn't know what

546
00:29:44,120 --> 00:29:46,600
Speaker 1: the actual probability is. No, but you have a much

547
00:29:46,680 --> 00:29:48,840
Speaker 1: much better estimate, and you know it must be a

548
00:29:48,920 --> 00:29:53,040
Speaker 1: lot larger than zero. Right, Because you could say that

549
00:29:53,120 --> 00:29:55,760
Speaker 1: life on Earth is not an independent test because we

550
00:29:55,800 --> 00:29:57,760
Speaker 1: are here to ask the question. We wouldn't be asking

551
00:29:57,760 --> 00:30:00,680
Speaker 1: the question if there wasn't life on Earth. So it

552
00:30:00,800 --> 00:30:03,760
Speaker 1: could be that we're the only life in the universe

553
00:30:03,880 --> 00:30:06,640
Speaker 1: and we're asking the question because we're alive. So what

554
00:30:06,720 --> 00:30:09,080
Speaker 1: we need is an independent data point. So if we

555
00:30:09,280 --> 00:30:11,800
Speaker 1: go and get a sample from another place that hasn't

556
00:30:11,840 --> 00:30:15,800
Speaker 1: been infected by Earth, it'll tell us independently how how

557
00:30:15,880 --> 00:30:18,160
Speaker 1: likely life is to exist. And yeah, it's only one

558
00:30:18,240 --> 00:30:21,440
Speaker 1: data point. But if in one data point you get

559
00:30:21,440 --> 00:30:23,720
Speaker 1: a positive response, that means the answer must be a

560
00:30:23,800 --> 00:30:27,080
Speaker 1: lot more than zero, right, or you were crazy, crazy,

561
00:30:27,120 --> 00:30:29,840
Speaker 1: crazy lucky. But much more likely would be that the

562
00:30:29,880 --> 00:30:38,080
Speaker 1: answer is you know, half the time you get life. Yeah,

563
00:30:38,320 --> 00:30:40,200
Speaker 1: well let's get let's get into it. Our what are

564
00:30:41,080 --> 00:30:44,320
Speaker 1: humans as plans to go to Europa and check out

565
00:30:44,400 --> 00:30:48,200
Speaker 1: what's underneath all that ice, to poke poke through the ice. Well,

566
00:30:48,240 --> 00:30:50,920
Speaker 1: I'm building something in my backyard right now because I'm

567
00:30:51,040 --> 00:30:54,400
Speaker 1: desperate to know and i can't wait. See you later.

568
00:30:55,520 --> 00:30:59,520
Speaker 1: That's right, Daniel's final European vacation. Um No, we have

569
00:31:00,160 --> 00:31:03,560
Speaker 1: several plans. Um the most imminent. One is called the Clipper,

570
00:31:04,080 --> 00:31:07,280
Speaker 1: and this is something being developed by JPL and others.

571
00:31:07,720 --> 00:31:10,000
Speaker 1: And I spoke to an expert there who gave me

572
00:31:10,320 --> 00:31:14,480
Speaker 1: so much useful information. It was really fantastic. She's so excited. Um,

573
00:31:14,560 --> 00:31:17,320
Speaker 1: And this is something that we planned that they plan

574
00:31:17,480 --> 00:31:20,880
Speaker 1: to launch in like twenty three, So it's you know,

575
00:31:21,240 --> 00:31:23,600
Speaker 1: a few years away before even gets out into space,

576
00:31:23,640 --> 00:31:25,440
Speaker 1: and then it would take a few years to get there.

577
00:31:26,840 --> 00:31:30,600
Speaker 1: By then you might be already be there, Daniel, yea,

578
00:31:30,680 --> 00:31:33,720
Speaker 1: by then our civilization might just be smoking rubble anyway,

579
00:31:33,760 --> 00:31:38,520
Speaker 1: and then be nobody just the dancers. Back to right exactly.

580
00:31:38,880 --> 00:31:40,720
Speaker 1: But the the interesting thing about this is that it's

581
00:31:40,720 --> 00:31:43,080
Speaker 1: not going to land. A landing on Europa is a

582
00:31:43,120 --> 00:31:45,760
Speaker 1: whole other problem, which we'll talk about later. This one's

583
00:31:45,800 --> 00:31:47,680
Speaker 1: just going to do a bunch of fly bys. Also,

584
00:31:47,720 --> 00:31:51,200
Speaker 1: you can't really orbit Europa. You can't. You cannot. Why

585
00:31:51,200 --> 00:31:53,520
Speaker 1: not because the radiation is crazy. So if you go

586
00:31:53,560 --> 00:31:57,040
Speaker 1: into orbit around Europa, all our electronics that will be fried,

587
00:31:57,120 --> 00:31:58,880
Speaker 1: and the solar cells and all that stuff would be

588
00:31:58,880 --> 00:32:02,280
Speaker 1: fried in weeks. It's like a one way trip. Yeah,

589
00:32:02,280 --> 00:32:04,080
Speaker 1: So instead of orbiting Europa, it's going to do a

590
00:32:04,120 --> 00:32:07,000
Speaker 1: bunch of fly by's right, It's like, you know, it's

591
00:32:07,000 --> 00:32:09,200
Speaker 1: going to run through It's like running through the sprinklers

592
00:32:09,200 --> 00:32:12,120
Speaker 1: instead of getting downsed. It's gonna do you, like, you know,

593
00:32:12,160 --> 00:32:15,080
Speaker 1: several dozen fly bys to get these measurements. It's going

594
00:32:15,160 --> 00:32:18,360
Speaker 1: to maybe like orbit Jupiter, or it's going to orbit

595
00:32:18,840 --> 00:32:21,600
Speaker 1: the the whole source system, but each time it's going

596
00:32:21,680 --> 00:32:25,280
Speaker 1: to go near Europa to take some pictures. Yeah, exactly.

597
00:32:25,440 --> 00:32:27,200
Speaker 1: I think it's gonna orbit Jupiter and it's going to

598
00:32:27,280 --> 00:32:29,600
Speaker 1: try to do as many fly bys by Europe as possible.

599
00:32:29,840 --> 00:32:32,440
Speaker 1: And you know, my hope is that there's a huge

600
00:32:32,440 --> 00:32:35,720
Speaker 1: water volcano eruption right when it's flying by, and then

601
00:32:35,760 --> 00:32:41,880
Speaker 1: it could fly through that spray and get some water. Yeah.

602
00:32:41,880 --> 00:32:43,920
Speaker 1: And I asked Cynthia from JPL, I said, what do

603
00:32:43,960 --> 00:32:45,680
Speaker 1: you think is going to happen? And she said, well,

604
00:32:45,800 --> 00:32:47,280
Speaker 1: I don't think we're gonna fly through it and get

605
00:32:47,360 --> 00:32:51,840
Speaker 1: hit by a fish, which is disappointing because that was

606
00:32:51,880 --> 00:32:54,560
Speaker 1: actually my mental image is like, of course it's going

607
00:32:54,600 --> 00:32:58,480
Speaker 1: to be like some weird octopus probably obviously not a fish.

608
00:32:59,480 --> 00:33:03,720
Speaker 1: It's gonna be guys, the the satellites gone offline. What happened, right,

609
00:33:04,280 --> 00:33:07,840
Speaker 1: some enormous two kilometer sized shark like jumps up and

610
00:33:07,880 --> 00:33:10,800
Speaker 1: bites it. No, but it would be amazing to sample it.

611
00:33:11,080 --> 00:33:14,320
Speaker 1: And this instrument, sorry, this this thing, the Europa Clipper

612
00:33:14,360 --> 00:33:16,800
Speaker 1: has lots of useful instruments on board. One thing is

613
00:33:16,800 --> 00:33:19,880
Speaker 1: an ice penetrating radar that can use to like measure

614
00:33:19,880 --> 00:33:21,880
Speaker 1: the ice and figure out how deep it is and

615
00:33:21,920 --> 00:33:24,960
Speaker 1: sort of image the inside of the planet. Right, and

616
00:33:25,000 --> 00:33:28,120
Speaker 1: there's another mission out there to being prepared to actually

617
00:33:28,440 --> 00:33:32,760
Speaker 1: um get even closer. Yeah that's right, but we're but

618
00:33:32,800 --> 00:33:35,760
Speaker 1: that's years away. And so I'm really hoping that the

619
00:33:35,800 --> 00:33:38,959
Speaker 1: Europa Clipper gives us some useful information because also on

620
00:33:39,040 --> 00:33:42,120
Speaker 1: board from the Clipper is something called a mass spectrometer,

621
00:33:42,600 --> 00:33:45,680
Speaker 1: and this is a really fancy piece of chemical equipment

622
00:33:45,840 --> 00:33:48,800
Speaker 1: that tells you basically what's in some stuff, you know,

623
00:33:48,880 --> 00:33:52,000
Speaker 1: how heavy are all the molecules in something. So if

624
00:33:52,000 --> 00:33:54,480
Speaker 1: you could like fly through a water plume, or even

625
00:33:54,520 --> 00:33:56,440
Speaker 1: if you don't get that lucky, you know, there's gonna

626
00:33:56,480 --> 00:33:58,440
Speaker 1: be like little bits of Europa just sort of floating

627
00:33:58,480 --> 00:34:01,280
Speaker 1: out in the space nearby it. Because as constant impacts

628
00:34:01,280 --> 00:34:04,480
Speaker 1: from small meteors spewing stuff into space, you could still

629
00:34:04,520 --> 00:34:06,960
Speaker 1: sample that water ice and try to figure out what's

630
00:34:06,960 --> 00:34:10,680
Speaker 1: in it, and so that might be really interesting hints

631
00:34:10,800 --> 00:34:13,800
Speaker 1: of life. Right, So we're still many many years away

632
00:34:13,840 --> 00:34:17,760
Speaker 1: from actually sending something that will land there and actually

633
00:34:17,840 --> 00:34:20,640
Speaker 1: drill through the ice, right, Like, that's not coming anytime

634
00:34:20,680 --> 00:34:25,640
Speaker 1: soon because it's a dangers time soon. Yeah, there's botox

635
00:34:25,680 --> 00:34:29,480
Speaker 1: everywhere and radiation. But I was I was wondering if

636
00:34:29,520 --> 00:34:32,480
Speaker 1: you could determine if you could discover life just from

637
00:34:32,520 --> 00:34:35,160
Speaker 1: what you measure using the Europa Clipper. Like if you

638
00:34:35,160 --> 00:34:37,560
Speaker 1: get a sample of this water, say, you know, we

639
00:34:37,640 --> 00:34:41,120
Speaker 1: get really lucky and the surface opens up and spews

640
00:34:41,120 --> 00:34:44,200
Speaker 1: a volcano, and the clipper flies by and snatches some

641
00:34:44,280 --> 00:34:46,520
Speaker 1: of that water, right, then you could study it with

642
00:34:46,560 --> 00:34:48,960
Speaker 1: this mass spec And so I asked my wife, who

643
00:34:48,960 --> 00:34:51,080
Speaker 1: is a microbiologist and she's an expert in these kind

644
00:34:51,080 --> 00:34:53,680
Speaker 1: of things, I said, could you conclusively say that we

645
00:34:53,920 --> 00:34:56,000
Speaker 1: that there's life and a drop of water from an

646
00:34:56,000 --> 00:34:59,520
Speaker 1: alien ocean just from understanding the mass spec information, just

647
00:34:59,560 --> 00:35:03,080
Speaker 1: from knowing basically what molecules are in there. But is

648
00:35:03,080 --> 00:35:05,799
Speaker 1: it is it going to have like a little cup

649
00:35:05,800 --> 00:35:08,680
Speaker 1: out there trying to catch water? Yeah? Yeah, absolutely, it's

650
00:35:08,680 --> 00:35:10,759
Speaker 1: going to have it can sample and they'll be able

651
00:35:10,840 --> 00:35:12,920
Speaker 1: to do this measurement, this mass spec and tell us

652
00:35:12,960 --> 00:35:15,520
Speaker 1: life what molecules are in there and what are their

653
00:35:15,640 --> 00:35:19,719
Speaker 1: relative fractions? And could you tell if there was life? Unfortunately,

654
00:35:19,719 --> 00:35:22,440
Speaker 1: I don't think you could. Um. All you can tell

655
00:35:22,600 --> 00:35:25,400
Speaker 1: is like, here's a bunch of molecules, right, um. And

656
00:35:25,400 --> 00:35:27,440
Speaker 1: but you can there's not gonna be a microscope on board,

657
00:35:27,719 --> 00:35:30,360
Speaker 1: and you can't like see this thing, these little bugs.

658
00:35:30,480 --> 00:35:32,399
Speaker 1: If there's like microbes in there, you can't like see

659
00:35:32,440 --> 00:35:36,800
Speaker 1: them metabolizing or living or anything like that, unfortunately. And

660
00:35:36,880 --> 00:35:38,680
Speaker 1: one of the reasons is that there's just so much

661
00:35:38,719 --> 00:35:41,000
Speaker 1: complex stuff going on in life. You know, I asked

662
00:35:41,000 --> 00:35:43,399
Speaker 1: you the same question about, like, you know, pond water.

663
00:35:43,480 --> 00:35:45,800
Speaker 1: If you took a bunch of pond water from Earth

664
00:35:45,840 --> 00:35:47,640
Speaker 1: and put it through the same instrument, could you are

665
00:35:47,680 --> 00:35:50,440
Speaker 1: you conclusively there's life And there's just too much stuff

666
00:35:50,480 --> 00:35:52,960
Speaker 1: going on. We don't even really understand all the things

667
00:35:53,000 --> 00:35:55,480
Speaker 1: that are happening even here on Earth. It's such a

668
00:35:55,520 --> 00:35:58,680
Speaker 1: big messy blob. So I think you need to have

669
00:35:58,719 --> 00:36:00,959
Speaker 1: a microscope, and you need a sample of the water

670
00:36:01,040 --> 00:36:03,640
Speaker 1: before it got spewed outo space. So you're right, we

671
00:36:03,640 --> 00:36:05,839
Speaker 1: should go further and deeper, and we should dig into

672
00:36:05,880 --> 00:36:08,520
Speaker 1: those oceans. You would need to see the actual giant

673
00:36:08,600 --> 00:36:13,800
Speaker 1: space shark exactly exactly. But you know, how are you

674
00:36:13,800 --> 00:36:17,200
Speaker 1: going to land on a moon super far away and

675
00:36:17,320 --> 00:36:21,520
Speaker 1: drill like, you know, kilometers and kilometers into ice, Like

676
00:36:21,640 --> 00:36:24,080
Speaker 1: we can do something we've accomplished on Earth. Humans can

677
00:36:24,080 --> 00:36:27,200
Speaker 1: do it, Twine, I mean engineers can do it. Engineers. Yeah,

678
00:36:27,239 --> 00:36:31,920
Speaker 1: don't put the physicists in charge as the engineers. They

679
00:36:31,920 --> 00:36:34,440
Speaker 1: wan't to spend as much money and they'll get it done. Well.

680
00:36:34,440 --> 00:36:36,560
Speaker 1: They have plans for another one. They have plans for

681
00:36:36,600 --> 00:36:39,600
Speaker 1: a lander. Um, it's gonna go you know, years later,

682
00:36:40,160 --> 00:36:42,200
Speaker 1: and um, but this one is only going to be

683
00:36:42,239 --> 00:36:44,239
Speaker 1: on the surface for a few weeks because it's gonna

684
00:36:44,280 --> 00:36:47,120
Speaker 1: get fried by radiation and it's only going to drill

685
00:36:47,160 --> 00:36:50,400
Speaker 1: down about ten centimeters, not enough to go through the ice.

686
00:36:52,120 --> 00:36:54,640
Speaker 1: All right, Well, I think that's um, that's the mystery

687
00:36:54,640 --> 00:36:58,000
Speaker 1: of Europa. It's pretty cool to think that there is

688
00:36:58,760 --> 00:37:01,480
Speaker 1: a moon out there in our solar system with a

689
00:37:01,520 --> 00:37:04,480
Speaker 1: giant ocean that's just sitting there waiting for us to

690
00:37:04,520 --> 00:37:07,080
Speaker 1: go there and departs in it. I know, it's a

691
00:37:07,120 --> 00:37:11,040
Speaker 1: mystery it's close by, it's tantalizing, it's calling to us.

692
00:37:11,320 --> 00:37:13,920
Speaker 1: An amazing thing to me is we will know the answer,

693
00:37:13,960 --> 00:37:15,960
Speaker 1: and might take us five years or ten years or

694
00:37:16,000 --> 00:37:19,600
Speaker 1: forty years, but eventually humans or their robots will go

695
00:37:19,640 --> 00:37:21,759
Speaker 1: to your rope. But we'll drill into that ocean and

696
00:37:21,800 --> 00:37:25,920
Speaker 1: we will know if there's something swimming around slimy, you know,

697
00:37:26,280 --> 00:37:29,360
Speaker 1: listening to underground dance tracks and having a great time,

698
00:37:29,640 --> 00:37:32,800
Speaker 1: or if it's just another sterile blob out there in space.

699
00:37:34,640 --> 00:37:37,879
Speaker 1: There could be something living there right now. They could

700
00:37:37,880 --> 00:37:40,920
Speaker 1: be preparing something to be sent to Earth. What if

701
00:37:40,920 --> 00:37:44,080
Speaker 1: our what if our landers crossed in space and they're like, hey,

702
00:37:44,080 --> 00:37:47,080
Speaker 1: where are you going? It would be such a traggy

703
00:37:47,120 --> 00:37:49,960
Speaker 1: they crashed into each other and we would never know

704
00:37:51,440 --> 00:37:53,520
Speaker 1: where are you going? Man? I signaled lass, what are

705
00:37:53,520 --> 00:38:01,960
Speaker 1: you talking about? Crash and never never, at least they

706
00:38:02,000 --> 00:38:04,319
Speaker 1: would answer the question though, if there's life out there,

707
00:38:05,000 --> 00:38:07,839
Speaker 1: they're not great drivers, but at least they're alive. All right.

708
00:38:08,040 --> 00:38:11,240
Speaker 1: I hope that was a great europe Pan europe vacation.

709
00:38:11,640 --> 00:38:15,000
Speaker 1: European vacation for you guys out there, all right. Tune

710
00:38:15,040 --> 00:38:18,360
Speaker 1: in next time for more mysteries of the Universe. Thanks

711
00:38:18,360 --> 00:38:28,840
Speaker 1: for listening. If you still have a question after listening

712
00:38:28,880 --> 00:38:31,960
Speaker 1: to all these explanations, please drop us a line. We'd

713
00:38:32,000 --> 00:38:34,840
Speaker 1: love to hear from you. You can find us at Facebook, Twitter,

714
00:38:34,920 --> 00:38:38,560
Speaker 1: and Instagram at Daniel and Jorge That's one Word, or

715
00:38:38,719 --> 00:38:42,600
Speaker 1: email us at Feedback at Daniel and Jorge dot com.

716
00:38:42,600 --> 00:38:45,440
Speaker 1: Thanks for listening, and remember that Daniel and Jorge Explain

717
00:38:45,480 --> 00:38:48,360
Speaker 1: the Universe is a production of I Heart Radio. For

718
00:38:48,520 --> 00:38:51,399
Speaker 1: more podcast for my heart Radio, visit the I heart

719
00:38:51,520 --> 00:38:55,120
Speaker 1: Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your

720
00:38:55,160 --> 00:39:01,560
Speaker 1: favorite shows. Nine