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Speaker 1: M what's colonizing my sop? Help me out here? How

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Speaker 1: do I introduce the podcast? I'm Robert Evans and this

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Speaker 1: is Behind the Bastards, podcast about the worst people from

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Speaker 1: history and today. And my guest is that doesn't sound

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Speaker 1: like me. No one's gonna buy that. Sophie, we gotta okay, okay?

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Speaker 1: Can I try? Can I try to get okay? Ready? Hitler?

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Speaker 1: I'm Robert Evans. See you know, Sophie, you gotta admit

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Speaker 1: there's there's it's it's there's there's something. You know. There's

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Speaker 1: a power in just screaming the name Hitler to introduce

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Speaker 1: the podcast. There's a reason why I've done it so

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Speaker 1: many times. It gets attention. It gets attention, It gets attention.

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Speaker 1: People pay attention when you just shout the name Hitler

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Speaker 1: into their ears as they're driving to work in the morning.

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Speaker 1: This is of course Behind the Bastards. Bad people talk

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Speaker 1: about him. Uh. Sometimes we introduced it by shouting Hitler,

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Speaker 1: but this time we introduced it with a meandering discussion

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Speaker 1: about how bad I am at introducing the show. My

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Speaker 1: guest again, it's Dr Kvehda of the House of Pod podcast,

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Speaker 1: which deals with a whole bunch of cool medical stuff

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Speaker 1: are our friend of the pod. Garrison Davis was on

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Speaker 1: it recently to talk about gun violence. Right That's Rights.

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Speaker 1: Had him on with a gun. We had him on

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Speaker 1: to ask questions of a gun violence researcher named Dr

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Speaker 1: Amy barn Horse. That was a really fun episode. Good good, Yeah.

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Speaker 1: I mean, I'm actually holding a bullet. Speak it's just

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Speaker 1: one of my desk bullets, the dust bullets. Sophie's holding

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Speaker 1: up blood orange cake. You know. I just got a

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Speaker 1: crate of two and fifty tracer rounds of three oh eight,

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Speaker 1: which is fun because you can light things on fire

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Speaker 1: with them. So I'm excited to find some things to

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Speaker 1: light on fire when I when I got shooting next.

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Speaker 1: Sometimes if you hit a tree stump because of all

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Speaker 1: the sap and there, it'll light the whole stump on fire.

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Speaker 1: It's a hoot. Oh, that's a hoot. As long as

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Speaker 1: it's wet enough outside. You don't want to do it

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Speaker 1: during the dry summer day. So we're in the last

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Speaker 1: couple of months where I can light a stump on

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Speaker 1: fire and not burn down the forest. There's gonna be

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Speaker 1: like doctors who are gonna you know, who follow our show,

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Speaker 1: who are going to be listening to this for the

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Speaker 1: first time and they're just gonna be like, wait, wait,

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Speaker 1: hold on, what's going on? What's going on? He talked

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Speaker 1: about Hitler in guns and what what has happened to

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Speaker 1: Cave And that's okay, I'm okay, it's okay. Speaking of

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Speaker 1: what's happened to what's about to happen to Cave is

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Speaker 1: that he's about to hear about what happens next to

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Speaker 1: James Brooke literally left off had just kind of at

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Speaker 1: gunpoint made himself into the governor of a sizeable chunk

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Speaker 1: of Brunei or Malaysia, whatever you want to call it. Borneo.

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Speaker 1: Um so he has. He has gotten himself declared governor

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Speaker 1: at gunpoint, which is the way to do it. You know,

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Speaker 1: I've I've considered that for a while. I would like

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Speaker 1: to be a governor. I think I'd be a good one,

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Speaker 1: Gonna open up whatever state I'm in or lock it down,

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Speaker 1: depending on wherever it is. I'll do the opposite of

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Speaker 1: whatever they were doing before. It's a safe bet for governors. Change. Change.

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Speaker 1: That's what people want, is change, whether or not it's

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Speaker 1: good change or reasonable change or change. People have asked

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Speaker 1: for just change things. Yes, Sophie, that doesn't sound like

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Speaker 1: something I do anyway. Uh So, yeah, James had threatened

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Speaker 1: himself into being a governor. Uh and this this obviously

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Speaker 1: the actual leaders in in Brunei at the time, like

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Speaker 1: the different royal people. Uh, most of them were not

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Speaker 1: super happy with it. So the Sultan of Brunei doesn't

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Speaker 1: like that he's been forced at gunpoint to make this

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Speaker 1: guy a governor. Now, there is a chunk of royals,

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Speaker 1: as there are kind of anywhere there's British imperialism, there's

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Speaker 1: a chunk of the ruling class that likes what's happening, right,

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Speaker 1: And in James's case, it's Prince Badrudine, the guy that

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Speaker 1: he's got the hots for, and Russia hashim Um, and

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Speaker 1: both of these guys kind of warded him because even

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Speaker 1: though he was super problematic and kind of disrespectful, he

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Speaker 1: also had a bunch of modern canons and they were

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Speaker 1: more worried about their local rivals than they were about

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Speaker 1: this British guy who they assumed was going to leave eventually.

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Speaker 1: They were like, we'll put up with this guy. I mean, Badine,

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Speaker 1: I think really loved him, but Raja Hashim is more like,

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Speaker 1: we'll put up with this guy and he'll use his

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Speaker 1: cannons to help us against our rivals, and that'll be

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Speaker 1: a good deal for us. And for a while this

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Speaker 1: worked pretty well. Um, But the whole time James was

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Speaker 1: kind of solidifying his hold on Sarawak. His rivals, who

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Speaker 1: included Prince Makota and one of the sons of the

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Speaker 1: Sultan and brune I, were working behind the scenes to

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Speaker 1: take back their land from this usurper. And obviously it's

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Speaker 1: worth noting that none of the people fighting over sarah

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Speaker 1: Wak had a good moral claim to the land right.

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Speaker 1: The Sultan and Brunei and his kin are all bad people.

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Speaker 1: They let raiders bribe them to rob and murder their citizens. James, meanwhile,

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Speaker 1: wanted to rule sarah Walk for the sake of his

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Speaker 1: ego and to live out his boyhood dreams of Eastern adventure.

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Speaker 1: Nobody's nobody in charges, As is generally the case in history,

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Speaker 1: nobody in charges is a good person or particularly righteous.

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Speaker 1: This is often how colonial dramas would play out. You've

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Speaker 1: got a shitty local leader, You've got differently shitty foreign

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Speaker 1: imperialist interlopers, and you've got a bunch of normal people

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Speaker 1: caught in the middle. That's kind of the story of

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Speaker 1: imperialism and part of why it. Part of why imperialists

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Speaker 1: get traction in places is because a decent number of

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Speaker 1: locals are always willing to sign on with the imperialist

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Speaker 1: because like, well, but our current leaders sucked too, you know,

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Speaker 1: like that's the thing that happens a lot, which is great.

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Speaker 1: Uh So, James had a decent amount of support among

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Speaker 1: some folks in the area. A lot of Malay and

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Speaker 1: Dyak people who rebelled against the Sultan liked him because

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Speaker 1: even if he had won the war against them, he'd

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Speaker 1: spared their lives and he'd done it against the wishes

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Speaker 1: of some of the local powers. Meanwhile, a number of

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Speaker 1: folks in the interior liked him because he'd gotten the

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Speaker 1: Rash to call off that big Dyak raid. So the

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Speaker 1: point is he had a bunch of local support. He

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Speaker 1: was not like, it was not just him imposing his

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Speaker 1: will on the local people for guns. Because of things

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Speaker 1: he did. A decent number of people who lived in

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Speaker 1: sarah Wak and didn't like the leaders in Brunei supported him.

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Speaker 1: And honestly, if you were living in sarah Walk at

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Speaker 1: the time. Given the options, especially if you're one of

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Speaker 1: the people who was about to get rated by these diets,

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Speaker 1: you might have supported James Brooke too, right, because it's

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Speaker 1: just like the Sultans ship too, you know. And and

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Speaker 1: these people aren't dumb. They get a sense of this guy,

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Speaker 1: and clearly everything he's done up to this point would

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Speaker 1: lead you to believe that he's probably gonna get tired

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Speaker 1: at some point and go back to England and leave

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Speaker 1: them alone. You would think that's what's going to happen.

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Speaker 1: I think that would be a reasonable assumption. Yeah, yeah,

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Speaker 1: I think that's kind of what's happening. They're like, everything

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Speaker 1: he's done isn't shitty. He's helped us out in a

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Speaker 1: couple of things we don't like about our leaders. He's

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Speaker 1: a white dude. He's not going to stay here forever.

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Speaker 1: He's a rich white boy. He's gonna go home at

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Speaker 1: some point. Let's use him while he's here, you know.

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Speaker 1: I think that's the bet a lot of people make now.

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Speaker 1: At the point in which he became kind of total

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Speaker 1: ruler of his own little country, James Brooke was thirty

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Speaker 1: eight years old. He started using the title Raja, which

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Speaker 1: was not strictly legal because he was not royal in

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Speaker 1: any way, shape or form. He had been made a

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Speaker 1: governor um. But he starts calling himself the Rajah. The

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Speaker 1: locals called him twine Bassar, which means big lord, which

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Speaker 1: is kind of a rad nickname. Again, and he started

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Speaker 1: off his reign pretty well by releasing a bunch of

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Speaker 1: hostages who had been taken during the civil war, so

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Speaker 1: again kind of ingratiating himself with the local people. Not

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Speaker 1: a bad move. Um. Now he'd come to power by

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Speaker 1: defending the cooching Malaise, who were the folks in the

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Speaker 1: interior that were about to get rated from their rulers

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Speaker 1: in Brunei. But his territory had an equal population of Dyaks,

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Speaker 1: and they were not as friendly to him on the

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Speaker 1: whole because he had stopped some of them from raiding

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Speaker 1: these cootching Malaise. So James knew that if he was

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Speaker 1: going to hold on power, he already had the cootching

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Speaker 1: people like kind of on his back. He needed to

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Speaker 1: win over these Dyaks to his side, and in order

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Speaker 1: to do that, he took a leaf out of the

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Speaker 1: British Empire's playbook. As he later wrote, quote divide and

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Speaker 1: govern is the motto, I must govern each by the other.

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Speaker 1: So do you understand what that means? This again what

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Speaker 1: the British Empire does in in we talked about in

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Speaker 1: the in the idi Amine episode, and there were certain

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Speaker 1: tribal groups that they would support an arm to control

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Speaker 1: other tribal groups. Right, that's the same thing the Belgians do. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: he's he's learning. That's what he figures out he's going

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Speaker 1: to do. So his first step was to demolish an

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Speaker 1: old system set up by both Bruneyan and Malay aristocrats

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Speaker 1: called the Sarah. This gave those nobles the right to

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Speaker 1: legally take any diac property they happened to. Like if

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Speaker 1: they saw a diet boat they fancied, they could cut

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Speaker 1: a gouge in the top and that was a legally

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Speaker 1: binding signal that the boat was now their property. Nobles

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Speaker 1: were also given the right to set prices for produce

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Speaker 1: that they bought from peasant farmers and gatherers. So like

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Speaker 1: you gather a bunch of food, or farmer a bunch

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Speaker 1: of food, and the rich people get to decide what

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Speaker 1: they pay you for it, which is not a great

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Speaker 1: deal for the actual people making the food, you know.

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Speaker 1: Um So, if these little people didn't produce sufficient quantities

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Speaker 1: of food stuff, their children and spouses could be sold

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Speaker 1: into slavery. So the Surah is an unpopular their system

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Speaker 1: among the Dyaks, and James Brooke abolishes it as soon

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Speaker 1: as he comes to power. Again, not a bad call

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Speaker 1: so far. He's pretty much to two in my book,

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Speaker 1: you know. Um So, he also decided early on not

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Speaker 1: to mess with a local religion. I should clarify. He

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Speaker 1: decided not to mess with the religious beliefs of the

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Speaker 1: local Malays who were Muslim. So he sees that like

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Speaker 1: a lot of the population are Muslim, in kind of

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Speaker 1: an uncommon move for a British imperial ruler in this period.

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Speaker 1: He decides, I'm not going to let like missionaries come

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Speaker 1: in and funk with the Muslims because I think people

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Speaker 1: have the right to their own religion and that's great. However,

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Speaker 1: the di Acts were animists, right, so they have kind

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Speaker 1: of a more not it's they were. They have a religion,

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Speaker 1: but it's not a Judeo Christian religion, and thus it's

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Speaker 1: not a religion that James Brooke recognizes as a religion. Um,

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Speaker 1: and so he is willing to let evangelists go kind

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Speaker 1: of proselytize to them because he doesn't think they have

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Speaker 1: a religion, because he doesn't understand exactly he's been to

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Speaker 1: Islam because all the time the Indian subcontinent, So it's

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Speaker 1: not foreign to him. This whatever I mean, I don't

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Speaker 1: know what they were following. Yeah, totally foreign to him. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: he doesn't know what it is, and so he thinks

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Speaker 1: they have no religion. His biographer writes that he considered

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Speaker 1: the Diets to be quote children of nature without true religion,

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Speaker 1: since their most cherished beliefs were dismissed in the eyes

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Speaker 1: of civilization as mere childlike superstition. So again, not your

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Speaker 1: worst case for an imperialist overlord because he respects some

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Speaker 1: of the local beliefs under gentler imperialist slightly yeah to

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Speaker 1: some people, I guess now. In all, Brooke championed what

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Speaker 1: he considered to be a hands off approach to rulership.

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Speaker 1: He didn't want to engage in the kind of full

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Speaker 1: scale colonialism that he had seen in India. Instead, he

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Speaker 1: only wanted to bring in a few Europeans, and he

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Speaker 1: saw himself as assisting the native leaders, giving them the

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Speaker 1: benefit of his big European brain, rather than taking over.

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Speaker 1: He felt that this tactic had quote never been fairly tried,

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Speaker 1: and it appears to me in some respects more desirable

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Speaker 1: than the actual possession of a foreign nation. For if successful,

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Speaker 1: the native prince finds greater advantages, and if a failure,

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Speaker 1: the European government is not committed. Above all, it ensures

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Speaker 1: the independence of the native princes and may advance the

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Speaker 1: inhabitants further in the scale of civilization by means of

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Speaker 1: the very independence that can be done when a government

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Speaker 1: is a foreign one and their natural freedom sacrificed. So

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Speaker 1: that's his attitude here. I'm struck well, he writes, and

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Speaker 1: this is kind of some like US and Vietnam style thinking,

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Speaker 1: where it's like, we can't invade this country to declare war,

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Speaker 1: but we can send in advisors and that way if

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Speaker 1: we if it goes badly, we're not committed, which didn't

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Speaker 1: work in Vietnam and spoilers great here. But like that's

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Speaker 1: the that's the thought process that he has. So critics

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Speaker 1: will point out that Brooke was regularly heavy handed in

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Speaker 1: his leadership, although he wouldn't admit to this personally. His

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Speaker 1: years in power included numerous rebellions and brutal crackdowns on

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Speaker 1: insurgent campaigns. They will also note that his enlightened colonialism

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Speaker 1: may have been preferable to him because it was cheaper.

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Speaker 1: James Brooke definitely had dreams of exploiting the mineral wealth

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Speaker 1: of sarah Walk, but he never ever gained any kind

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Speaker 1: of competence at trade or business. The land he conquered

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Speaker 1: was also not rich in the kind of gyms and

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Speaker 1: precious metals he wanted. He just did send back one

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Speaker 1: stone that his laborers found, which he called the Brook Diamond.

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Speaker 1: He sent this to like England to try to drum

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Speaker 1: up like enthusiasm for his reign, but when it was

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Speaker 1: appraised in London, it was found to be a worthless opal. Now, yeah,

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Speaker 1: the Brook Diamond. I wonder what if that's why I

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Speaker 1: thought the name Brooke was related to diamonds. I wonder

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Speaker 1: if I'd ever heard that before. I don't know. I

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Speaker 1: don't know. They may have a cookie company, yes, but

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Speaker 1: not so much of the diamonds. Not so much of

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Speaker 1: the diamonds. So the irony is that the land he'd

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Speaker 1: stumbled into controlling held a tremendous amount of crude oil.

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Speaker 1: That's why the Sultan of Brunei today as a billionaire. Right, Like,

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Speaker 1: there's actually it's very very valuable land to control, but

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Speaker 1: at the time crude oil was kind of useless. There

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Speaker 1: were plenty of valuable commodities though with in sarah Wak,

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Speaker 1: but through financial incompetence, James Brooke repeatedly failed to capitalize

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Speaker 1: on them. When he took power in like he kind

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Speaker 1: of estimated the revenue of his country at about five

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Speaker 1: thousand pounds per year um and although even this sum

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Speaker 1: was inflated, but as time went on, Like he would

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Speaker 1: never make a profit out of this. He would eventually

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Speaker 1: go broke running sarah Wak um because he just like

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Speaker 1: had no head for actual business. It would not be

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Speaker 1: fair to say that his motive in sarah Wak was pure,

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Speaker 1: pure venal profit seeking, but neither was he particularly pure hearted.

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Speaker 1: For James, ruling was about stature. He didn't want to

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Speaker 1: get rich off of the wealth of sarah Wak. He

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Speaker 1: wanted to be a big man who had to be

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Speaker 1: respected because he was the governor of like he was

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Speaker 1: the king basically of an entire country. Right to that end,

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Speaker 1: he started sending home excerpts from his diary and inflated

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Speaker 1: stories about the rebellion and his campaign's fighting pirates in

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Speaker 1: the area. These started to pick up a leadership, in

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Speaker 1: part because he had an agent back and like he

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Speaker 1: has like a like a press agent who he sends

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Speaker 1: back his diaries to and who pumped him up in

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Speaker 1: the imagination of the local people in England. We'll just

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Speaker 1: not done. He started to pick up a readership. But

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Speaker 1: James was incensed because, like, while his stories were popular,

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Speaker 1: the Queen didn't automatically knight him, and he wrote back

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Speaker 1: to the British government, who still had not acknowledged his reign,

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Speaker 1: asking for an eight barrel. So he gets frustrated, like

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Speaker 1: he does all the time, this like work to puff

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Speaker 1: himself up, and the British Government's like, I don't think

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Speaker 1: we should recognize this guy. This seems like this might

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Speaker 1: go bad, Like let's let's just let's just kind of

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Speaker 1: keep quiet for now. Um. This makes him angry and

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Speaker 1: he writes back to Britain being like, you guys have

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Speaker 1: to support me. I'm doing the right thing in this country.

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Speaker 1: I'm trying to civilize them. And by the way, would

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Speaker 1: you send me an eight barreled cannon, because I I

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Speaker 1: think I'm gonna have to kill more of these people

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Speaker 1: to civilize them properly, so I need a beggar gun.

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Speaker 1: He's sad he's not immediately knighted, so he's like, can't

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Speaker 1: have a cannon? And I have a cannon. Yeah, an

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Speaker 1: eight barreled cannon. I mean that makes sense. One barrel

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Speaker 1: is not enough to clip Clinton mother. So James's letters

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Speaker 1: home this period evince a distinct sense of insecurity. After

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Speaker 1: taking power, he took actions against pirates, often with the

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Speaker 1: late aid of a local British naval captain and his ship,

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Speaker 1: but the lack of formal recognition of his own government

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Speaker 1: rankled alongside the fact that his status as governor had

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Speaker 1: only been confirmed by the words of the Rajah. There

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00:15:20,080 --> 00:15:22,400
Speaker 1: was nothing written by the Sultan of Brunei that made

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Speaker 1: his position clear. As the new, unchecked ruler of sarah Wak,

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Speaker 1: James inherited a number of things, most notably a five

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Speaker 1: year old Diak boy named Stu. This kid was a

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Speaker 1: prisoner of the war that he had just fought, and

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Speaker 1: in his writings, James's care for Settu comes across as

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Speaker 1: genuine and frankly somewhat heroic. He wrote, quote, the gift

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Speaker 1: causes me vexation because I know not what to do

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Speaker 1: with the poor innocent, and yet I shrink from the

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Speaker 1: responsibility of adopting him. My first wish is to return

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Speaker 1: him to his parents and his tribe, and I find

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Speaker 1: I cannot do that, and if I fight, I cannot

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Speaker 1: do this. I believe it will be better to carry

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Speaker 1: him with me than leave him to become a slave

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Speaker 1: of a slave, for should I send him back, such

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Speaker 1: will probably be his fate. So for a time he

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Speaker 1: keeps this five year old boy. Uh. And James later

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Speaker 1: wrote that he was able to make Situ content and

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Speaker 1: happy um by giving him a bunch of tobacco. So

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Speaker 1: that's like his to give him cigarettes. Kids love cigarettes.

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Speaker 1: This will make him happy. Um. Now, Brooke did write

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Speaker 1: regularly about wanting to find and return this boy to

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Speaker 1: his parents, but as Nigel Barley writes, it's not easy

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Speaker 1: to tell how honest he was about wanting this quote.

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Speaker 1: His relations with Stu are cast in exactly the same

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Speaker 1: terms of chest beating morality as his relations with the

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Speaker 1: whole of poor suffering sarah Wak. He will take in

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Speaker 1: the devastated orphan province, protect it, train it up, give

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Speaker 1: it the means to earn a living, if only as

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Speaker 1: a servant, and give it back at self respect, regardless

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Speaker 1: of the cost to himself. Above all, he will give

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Speaker 1: it love, And the greatest of these is love. No

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Speaker 1: wonder then that it becomes a matter of deep concern

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Speaker 1: whether Settu and other boys were, as claimed objects of

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Speaker 1: selfless love or active lust. To James Brooke, to debauch

340
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Speaker 1: Situ would be to metaphorically debauch innocent sarah Wak. In general,

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Speaker 1: he would no longer be the founder and protector of

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Speaker 1: a model state, but the abuser of innocent trust Sarawak. Indeed,

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Speaker 1: is like a foundling at which you first protect with

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Speaker 1: hesitation and doubt, but which foundling afterwards repays you your

345
00:17:16,000 --> 00:17:19,119
Speaker 1: cost and your trouble. We will never know whether, as Rasha,

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Speaker 1: James boyled daily and the clammy sheets of unrequited lust,

347
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Speaker 1: engaged in a little vague scout masterly fumbling, sublimate a

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Speaker 1: desire under a stiff rictus of a buncular benevolence, or

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Speaker 1: reached a sensible standing arrangement with wondering more of his

350
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Speaker 1: young men. So again, we don't know if he was

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Speaker 1: sexually abusing this young child or if he was just

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Speaker 1: like because of kind of the way things are written,

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Speaker 1: it's possible that he was. He was possible that he

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Speaker 1: was like engaged in perfectly consensual sexual relationships with other

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Speaker 1: adult men and men that were considered adult at the time.

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Speaker 1: It's also possible he's abusing this kid. And we don't

357
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Speaker 1: really know which is going on, but Nigel Barley considers

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Speaker 1: the idea that he may have been male sting this child.

359
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Speaker 1: It's kind of symbolic of his relationship with Sarah Wak

360
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Speaker 1: in general. So he's both portraying himself as honestly and

361
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Speaker 1: kind of heroically taking this this boy and this province

362
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Speaker 1: under his wing, trying to help it, trying to raise

363
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Speaker 1: it up, and the possible reality lurking under the surfaces

364
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Speaker 1: that he's abusing both of them like that that might

365
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Speaker 1: be what's happening. It's definitely what's happening with Sarah walk

366
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Speaker 1: We don't know if it's what's happening with the boy

367
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Speaker 1: or not, but it's kind of hard I get why

368
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Speaker 1: Barley kind of draws a comparison between the two. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: that's tough. I mean, actually, this guy in general is

370
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Speaker 1: not the most bastardly bastard you've covered. It's not so

371
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Speaker 1: I kind of want to give him the benefit of

372
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Speaker 1: the doubt. But I don't feel like that's the smart

373
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Speaker 1: play I feel. I don't think it is something very bad,

374
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Speaker 1: and it may not have been with Situ. It may

375
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Speaker 1: have been that his sexual relationships were all with people.

376
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Speaker 1: We would call it pedophilia still, but fifteen year olds

377
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Speaker 1: are kind of legally adults at this point, right, which

378
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Speaker 1: I'm not saying makes it right, But if they like

379
00:18:58,200 --> 00:19:01,640
Speaker 1: it's they're like lieutenants the military and stuff. That might

380
00:19:01,680 --> 00:19:04,159
Speaker 1: be what he can find. We don't really know. Or

381
00:19:04,200 --> 00:19:06,120
Speaker 1: he may have been molesting this five year old boy.

382
00:19:06,280 --> 00:19:09,159
Speaker 1: We don't know. I do like the phrase vague scout,

383
00:19:09,240 --> 00:19:19,040
Speaker 1: masterly fumboy. Yeah. So, as ruler, James took responsibility for

384
00:19:19,160 --> 00:19:21,679
Speaker 1: enforcing the law on himself. He had a house constructed

385
00:19:21,680 --> 00:19:24,000
Speaker 1: to his own specifications, and he used it as both

386
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Speaker 1: his home and the only law court in sarah Wak.

387
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Speaker 1: His subjects would attend mainly to gamble on the results

388
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Speaker 1: of the proceedings. A fact James seemed largely unaware of.

389
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Speaker 1: So like he starts he becomes like I am the law,

390
00:19:35,040 --> 00:19:37,960
Speaker 1: I'll rule on all cases, and like an industry, starts

391
00:19:38,000 --> 00:19:40,480
Speaker 1: up gambling on how he's going to decide. Is it

392
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Speaker 1: because he's just so haphazard that like, yeah, because I

393
00:19:44,160 --> 00:19:46,359
Speaker 1: imagine if he really was a good ruler, there wouldn't

394
00:19:46,400 --> 00:19:49,640
Speaker 1: be much, you know, much don't much gambling in there.

395
00:19:49,720 --> 00:19:51,520
Speaker 1: If if he was a good ruler, there might be

396
00:19:51,560 --> 00:19:57,880
Speaker 1: actual professional judges. James also attempted to broke your peace

397
00:19:57,920 --> 00:20:00,000
Speaker 1: with the local pirates. To this end, he held us

398
00:20:00,000 --> 00:20:02,320
Speaker 1: summit with several of their leaders. He seems to have

399
00:20:02,359 --> 00:20:04,920
Speaker 1: fallen in love with them, describing one pirate chief as

400
00:20:05,080 --> 00:20:07,120
Speaker 1: as fine a young man as the eye would really

401
00:20:07,200 --> 00:20:10,920
Speaker 1: wish to rest upon, straight elegantly, let's yet strongly made,

402
00:20:10,960 --> 00:20:12,280
Speaker 1: with a chest in a neck and a head and

403
00:20:12,320 --> 00:20:15,680
Speaker 1: set upon them which might serve Apollo legs far better

404
00:20:15,720 --> 00:20:19,000
Speaker 1: than that of his belvidere, and a countenance mild and intelligence.

405
00:20:21,080 --> 00:20:23,479
Speaker 1: He meets with these pirates because there's a pirate problem

406
00:20:23,560 --> 00:20:26,479
Speaker 1: in his domain, and he's just like his thirsty as

407
00:20:26,680 --> 00:20:29,679
Speaker 1: buck over these young great I don't know everyone's complaining

408
00:20:29,680 --> 00:20:38,399
Speaker 1: about these guys are snacks, what's going on there? He

409
00:20:38,440 --> 00:20:41,200
Speaker 1: writes repeatedly about the fact that these young pirate kings

410
00:20:41,240 --> 00:20:45,920
Speaker 1: didn't cover their thighs or their torsos, which again profoundly thirsty.

411
00:20:47,000 --> 00:20:49,600
Speaker 1: The pirates realized that the white Rajah was kind of

412
00:20:49,640 --> 00:20:52,080
Speaker 1: hot for them, and they tried to use his attraction

413
00:20:52,119 --> 00:20:54,320
Speaker 1: to them to push him to allow them to go

414
00:20:54,440 --> 00:20:57,960
Speaker 1: head hunting in his domain. Brooks own writings relate to

415
00:20:58,080 --> 00:21:00,399
Speaker 1: how one of these conversations went between him and a

416
00:21:00,480 --> 00:21:04,959
Speaker 1: sexy young pirate named Matari. Quote, and this is Matari speaking,

417
00:21:05,080 --> 00:21:07,159
Speaker 1: You will give me, your friend leave to steal a

418
00:21:07,160 --> 00:21:10,520
Speaker 1: few heads occasionally, No, I replied, you cannot take a

419
00:21:10,560 --> 00:21:12,840
Speaker 1: single head, you cannot enter the country. And if you

420
00:21:12,880 --> 00:21:15,639
Speaker 1: were your countrymen, do I have a hundred scrying, I

421
00:21:15,640 --> 00:21:17,280
Speaker 1: will have a hundred scring that's the name of these

422
00:21:17,280 --> 00:21:20,399
Speaker 1: pirate people heads for everyone you take here. He recurred

423
00:21:20,440 --> 00:21:23,000
Speaker 1: to this request several times, just to steal one or

424
00:21:23,040 --> 00:21:28,879
Speaker 1: two as a schoolboy asks for apples. That's how James

425
00:21:28,880 --> 00:21:31,879
Speaker 1: describes as pirate asking to the head people. At what

426
00:21:32,040 --> 00:21:34,240
Speaker 1: point do you think like his mother was reading these

427
00:21:34,320 --> 00:21:37,760
Speaker 1: letters and was like, he's really focusing on the thighs

428
00:21:38,160 --> 00:21:43,080
Speaker 1: of pirates. I mean, I'm not gonna get grandkids, Yeah,

429
00:21:43,119 --> 00:21:45,160
Speaker 1: I don't. I don't think I'm gonna have grandkids out

430
00:21:45,200 --> 00:21:50,000
Speaker 1: of this one. Talking a lot about the thighs of

431
00:21:50,040 --> 00:21:55,480
Speaker 1: these sexy pirate boys. Paragraphs on his quads. Something's really

432
00:21:55,520 --> 00:22:01,920
Speaker 1: a quad man definitely a quad man. Um. And this

433
00:22:02,000 --> 00:22:03,960
Speaker 1: is part of why I think it might be less

434
00:22:04,000 --> 00:22:06,160
Speaker 1: likely that he was molesting that little kid, because most

435
00:22:06,240 --> 00:22:09,479
Speaker 1: of his obsession is with like his he. I mean,

436
00:22:09,520 --> 00:22:12,520
Speaker 1: there's a lot of them are teenagers, but older teenagers.

437
00:22:12,600 --> 00:22:15,399
Speaker 1: I don't know, you can decide how you what, like

438
00:22:15,440 --> 00:22:18,840
Speaker 1: what you think about James Brooke. Clearly something sketchy is

439
00:22:18,880 --> 00:22:23,320
Speaker 1: going on. Um, just because a lot of these relationships

440
00:22:23,359 --> 00:22:25,560
Speaker 1: are there's a huge power in balance. Like outside of

441
00:22:25,600 --> 00:22:28,160
Speaker 1: the fact that some of these people are teenagers, he's

442
00:22:28,200 --> 00:22:31,520
Speaker 1: also like now the governor king of the province and

443
00:22:32,080 --> 00:22:34,600
Speaker 1: not just a bunch of these young local teenagers. But

444
00:22:34,720 --> 00:22:37,560
Speaker 1: later on he starts bringing in young young British boys

445
00:22:37,880 --> 00:22:41,440
Speaker 1: who are legally again legally adults, but are also he's

446
00:22:41,480 --> 00:22:43,560
Speaker 1: taking like these fifteen and sixteen year olds into the

447
00:22:43,600 --> 00:22:48,080
Speaker 1: country and like giving them positions and highly problematic problematic,

448
00:22:48,440 --> 00:22:53,200
Speaker 1: you would say, yeah, but you know who won't try

449
00:22:53,240 --> 00:22:57,520
Speaker 1: to molest young pirate chieftains. I really don't like where

450
00:22:57,520 --> 00:23:00,359
Speaker 1: you're going here, but continue the products and services that

451
00:23:00,440 --> 00:23:04,680
Speaker 1: support this podcast. I did not like that one. Well

452
00:23:04,720 --> 00:23:09,639
Speaker 1: they won't, Sophie. Yeah, I think we can safely say

453
00:23:09,680 --> 00:23:13,760
Speaker 1: that Audible has never thirsted angrily over a pirate attempting

454
00:23:13,800 --> 00:23:18,040
Speaker 1: to take heads in their domain. Never doubt Bezos, man,

455
00:23:18,840 --> 00:23:21,800
Speaker 1: I you are right, No, I don't know. We know

456
00:23:21,840 --> 00:23:25,159
Speaker 1: what Jeff. We've seen Jeff Bezos's sects. We know what

457
00:23:25,200 --> 00:23:31,760
Speaker 1: he's into, and it's weirder than liking a pirate kings squads. Yeah,

458
00:23:31,760 --> 00:23:34,800
Speaker 1: have you not run into this? Oh my god, Google

459
00:23:35,240 --> 00:23:37,159
Speaker 1: Jeff and all you at home who don't know what

460
00:23:37,200 --> 00:23:42,359
Speaker 1: I'm talking about. Google Jeff Bezos alive girl? Oh boy, yeah,

461
00:23:43,320 --> 00:23:45,679
Speaker 1: go go check into that. Will you listen to these ads?

462
00:23:51,280 --> 00:23:55,160
Speaker 1: We're back talking about talking about James brook By eighty three,

463
00:23:55,280 --> 00:23:57,720
Speaker 1: it had become clear that negotiation was not going to

464
00:23:57,760 --> 00:24:00,920
Speaker 1: bring a conclusion to Sarah Wak's piracy pro them. James

465
00:24:00,920 --> 00:24:03,040
Speaker 1: Brooke decided he had no choice but to go to war.

466
00:24:03,440 --> 00:24:06,360
Speaker 1: Lucky for him, an East India Company warship that Diana

467
00:24:06,520 --> 00:24:08,920
Speaker 1: had just sailed into the area at the time. Again,

468
00:24:08,920 --> 00:24:11,560
Speaker 1: this is like the second one of these coincidences that happens.

469
00:24:12,240 --> 00:24:14,800
Speaker 1: James had attempted to enlist the company's warships in his

470
00:24:14,840 --> 00:24:18,400
Speaker 1: military campaigns before, with mixed success. But the captain this

471
00:24:18,440 --> 00:24:20,800
Speaker 1: time was a fellow named Henry Keppel, who was a

472
00:24:20,920 --> 00:24:23,520
Speaker 1: very similar sort of person like James, he had been

473
00:24:23,600 --> 00:24:26,719
Speaker 1: raised on a steady diet of imperialist popular fiction, and

474
00:24:26,800 --> 00:24:30,040
Speaker 1: he too dreamed of fighting pirates in the Far East. Now,

475
00:24:30,119 --> 00:24:32,480
Speaker 1: Keppel's actual job in the area was to fight against

476
00:24:32,520 --> 00:24:35,640
Speaker 1: a group of raiders who are harassing company shipping nearby.

477
00:24:36,000 --> 00:24:38,399
Speaker 1: He was not there to travel around the waters in

478
00:24:38,440 --> 00:24:41,480
Speaker 1: Sarawak and fight pirates. But James made a series of

479
00:24:41,600 --> 00:24:44,800
Speaker 1: very effective arguments. First, he pointed out that since water

480
00:24:44,960 --> 00:24:50,040
Speaker 1: was the primary means of transport around uh Borneo, any

481
00:24:50,119 --> 00:24:53,800
Speaker 1: criminals who were sailing on the water were by definition pirates.

482
00:24:54,160 --> 00:24:56,320
Speaker 1: So if the company had been sent here to fight

483
00:24:56,440 --> 00:24:59,680
Speaker 1: raiders who were using waters nearby, pirates are the same

484
00:24:59,680 --> 00:25:02,560
Speaker 1: thing as raiders. That means that your job is also

485
00:25:02,600 --> 00:25:04,760
Speaker 1: to fight the pirates and sarah Wak you could justify

486
00:25:04,800 --> 00:25:07,639
Speaker 1: it this way. Now, he also pointed out that it

487
00:25:07,680 --> 00:25:10,200
Speaker 1: would be profitable for the company because at the time

488
00:25:10,240 --> 00:25:13,239
Speaker 1: the British Parliament offered generous bounties to officers and men

489
00:25:13,280 --> 00:25:16,560
Speaker 1: who killed or captured pirates. This law was a holdover

490
00:25:16,600 --> 00:25:19,000
Speaker 1: from the eighteen twenties, when the British government had declared

491
00:25:19,040 --> 00:25:22,439
Speaker 1: a crusade against slavery and human trafficking. Pirates were a

492
00:25:22,440 --> 00:25:24,960
Speaker 1: big part of the slave trade, and by monetizing the

493
00:25:25,040 --> 00:25:28,800
Speaker 1: murder of pirates, Parliament created an underground economy based around

494
00:25:28,880 --> 00:25:32,320
Speaker 1: liberating slaves. Now, of course, those freed slaves were left

495
00:25:32,320 --> 00:25:36,280
Speaker 1: destitute without any kind of restitation, restitution or compensation UM

496
00:25:36,320 --> 00:25:38,719
Speaker 1: and the people who killed the pirates got rich. So

497
00:25:38,800 --> 00:25:41,680
Speaker 1: it was again kind of a fucked up situation, but hey,

498
00:25:41,680 --> 00:25:44,359
Speaker 1: what are you gonna do? So James Brooke basically argued

499
00:25:44,400 --> 00:25:46,880
Speaker 1: that the the raiders Kepple had been tasked to fight

500
00:25:46,920 --> 00:25:50,000
Speaker 1: by the company UM and the rebels and pirates threatening

501
00:25:50,240 --> 00:25:52,600
Speaker 1: James's rule in sarah Wak were one and the same.

502
00:25:52,960 --> 00:25:55,680
Speaker 1: And again James frames, all of this is fighting pirates.

503
00:25:55,800 --> 00:25:58,120
Speaker 1: Some of them are actual pirates, some of them are

504
00:25:58,119 --> 00:26:00,720
Speaker 1: rebels who were fighting for other Brunei and princes in

505
00:26:00,720 --> 00:26:02,399
Speaker 1: the area, Like He just kind of lumps them all

506
00:26:02,400 --> 00:26:04,920
Speaker 1: because they're all on boats. They're all pirates to him,

507
00:26:05,119 --> 00:26:07,439
Speaker 1: even though some of them are political dissidents who were

508
00:26:07,440 --> 00:26:12,720
Speaker 1: fighting against his regime. For you could argue justified reasons. Um.

509
00:26:12,760 --> 00:26:14,719
Speaker 1: He also points out to Keppel that if the company

510
00:26:14,760 --> 00:26:17,960
Speaker 1: lets these pirate havens and sarah Wak exist, the rating

511
00:26:18,000 --> 00:26:21,280
Speaker 1: of company ships will continue. Eventually, he had made like

512
00:26:21,320 --> 00:26:25,080
Speaker 1: a good enough argument that this guy Keppel was like, yeah, okay,

513
00:26:25,280 --> 00:26:27,480
Speaker 1: I'll come fight pirates with you. And this gives James

514
00:26:27,480 --> 00:26:30,720
Speaker 1: Brook access to an army of Company soldiers, one he

515
00:26:30,720 --> 00:26:34,480
Speaker 1: would repeatedly used to butcher pirates and rebels. Now, best

516
00:26:34,520 --> 00:26:37,080
Speaker 1: of all, the company helped him avoid maintaining a standing

517
00:26:37,160 --> 00:26:39,919
Speaker 1: army or navy. This was very fortunate too, because it

518
00:26:40,000 --> 00:26:43,000
Speaker 1: let him save money. Sarah Wak didn't have a formal

519
00:26:43,040 --> 00:26:46,320
Speaker 1: military force. He would occasionally like raise up militaries. But

520
00:26:46,400 --> 00:26:49,479
Speaker 1: that ship's expensive. If the company's coming in and fighting

521
00:26:49,480 --> 00:26:51,679
Speaker 1: pirates on his behalf, and they're being paid by the

522
00:26:51,720 --> 00:26:54,959
Speaker 1: British government, and he's maybe being able to argue these

523
00:26:54,960 --> 00:26:58,399
Speaker 1: political dissidents are pirates, that means the British government is

524
00:26:58,440 --> 00:27:01,720
Speaker 1: paying for the army. That's helping him cement his rule. Right,

525
00:27:01,840 --> 00:27:04,440
Speaker 1: that kind of makes sense what he's doing here. So

526
00:27:04,880 --> 00:27:07,600
Speaker 1: after working out this arrangement, James Brooke had the Company

527
00:27:07,720 --> 00:27:09,520
Speaker 1: land men at his capital, where he was able to

528
00:27:09,560 --> 00:27:11,119
Speaker 1: show them off to his people as a sort of

529
00:27:11,200 --> 00:27:14,720
Speaker 1: veiled threat. Now in actuality, the Company soldiers spent more

530
00:27:14,720 --> 00:27:17,400
Speaker 1: time traveling around Brooks new domain and showing off their

531
00:27:17,400 --> 00:27:20,920
Speaker 1: guns than they did actually fighting. There were several encounters

532
00:27:20,920 --> 00:27:23,440
Speaker 1: with pirates, but since any locals and boats who had

533
00:27:23,440 --> 00:27:26,200
Speaker 1: weapons were to find as pirates, we don't know if most,

534
00:27:26,320 --> 00:27:28,760
Speaker 1: or even any of the people killed by Company soldiers

535
00:27:28,800 --> 00:27:32,280
Speaker 1: in this period were pirates. The violence quickly escalated, though

536
00:27:32,359 --> 00:27:35,360
Speaker 1: largely because Brooke wanted it to escalate. Though their initial

537
00:27:35,400 --> 00:27:38,160
Speaker 1: raids had led to a marked drop in pirate activity,

538
00:27:38,200 --> 00:27:41,280
Speaker 1: Brooke had Pence, Prince Bodredine, and other local leaders sent

539
00:27:41,400 --> 00:27:44,000
Speaker 1: him letters begging for British help with the pirate menace.

540
00:27:44,400 --> 00:27:47,439
Speaker 1: This paper trail helped brook And and Kepple justify their

541
00:27:47,560 --> 00:27:50,360
Speaker 1: escalating use of force. Soon he had gathered a force

542
00:27:50,400 --> 00:27:53,000
Speaker 1: of more than a thousand local troops and Company soldiers.

543
00:27:53,240 --> 00:27:56,080
Speaker 1: He marched them deep into the jungle, burning villages as

544
00:27:56,080 --> 00:27:59,040
Speaker 1: they went. What had started as an anti pirate campaign

545
00:27:59,119 --> 00:28:02,640
Speaker 1: quickly became something akin to a light ethnic cleansing. James

546
00:28:02,680 --> 00:28:04,960
Speaker 1: promised his local Malay fighters the right to loot the

547
00:28:05,040 --> 00:28:07,760
Speaker 1: villages of their enemies. He promised his diet soldiers the

548
00:28:07,880 --> 00:28:09,960
Speaker 1: right right the right to take heads, which they stole

549
00:28:10,000 --> 00:28:12,800
Speaker 1: both from corpses of the slain and from ransacked graves.

550
00:28:13,600 --> 00:28:15,320
Speaker 1: We'll never know how many people were killed in this

551
00:28:15,400 --> 00:28:19,040
Speaker 1: anti pirate crusade, or how many of them were actually pirates,

552
00:28:19,800 --> 00:28:21,920
Speaker 1: but it did serve to kind of wipe out any

553
00:28:22,000 --> 00:28:24,640
Speaker 1: resistance to him, because, among other things, first he's killing

554
00:28:24,640 --> 00:28:26,159
Speaker 1: a bunch of the people who don't want him to

555
00:28:26,200 --> 00:28:29,800
Speaker 1: be Raja. And second, everyone who might resist him sees, oh,

556
00:28:29,840 --> 00:28:33,040
Speaker 1: this guy can command a company military anytime he wants.

557
00:28:33,280 --> 00:28:35,520
Speaker 1: I don't want to fight funk with that. I guess

558
00:28:35,560 --> 00:28:37,920
Speaker 1: I'm a little surprised that he even needed a paper trail.

559
00:28:37,960 --> 00:28:40,840
Speaker 1: I feel like no one would care if he did

560
00:28:40,840 --> 00:28:44,760
Speaker 1: it from the you know, the English side. That's actually

561
00:28:44,800 --> 00:28:46,360
Speaker 1: not true, And this is one of the things that

562
00:28:46,400 --> 00:28:49,680
Speaker 1: I think when we talk about anti imperialism is not

563
00:28:50,120 --> 00:28:53,000
Speaker 1: mentioned enough. It's often kind of I think people tend

564
00:28:53,000 --> 00:28:55,080
Speaker 1: to think like everyone in England was okay with this

565
00:28:55,120 --> 00:28:57,640
Speaker 1: sort of stuff. They were not a lot of people

566
00:28:57,880 --> 00:29:00,760
Speaker 1: recognized at the time how immoral this was, um, how

567
00:29:00,800 --> 00:29:02,520
Speaker 1: fucked up all of it was. And there was there

568
00:29:02,560 --> 00:29:05,720
Speaker 1: were even within Parliament there was a significant anti imperial

569
00:29:05,760 --> 00:29:08,440
Speaker 1: parliamentary faction and we'll talk about that later. Here he

570
00:29:08,480 --> 00:29:10,840
Speaker 1: goes on trial for some of this stuff. So there

571
00:29:10,880 --> 00:29:13,080
Speaker 1: was actually a reason for him to make a paper trail,

572
00:29:13,120 --> 00:29:15,720
Speaker 1: and it's because he knows there are people back whom

573
00:29:15,720 --> 00:29:19,040
Speaker 1: we don't support of the imperialism happening. Yeah, this is

574
00:29:19,080 --> 00:29:21,000
Speaker 1: it's a little reassuring. Actually, that makes me feel a

575
00:29:21,040 --> 00:29:25,520
Speaker 1: little bit better. It's this and they're never successful. Really.

576
00:29:25,960 --> 00:29:27,640
Speaker 1: It's the same thing with like when we talked about

577
00:29:28,120 --> 00:29:31,320
Speaker 1: King Leopold in Belgium, right, there was an anti imperial

578
00:29:31,360 --> 00:29:34,040
Speaker 1: movement that four years was fighting against what he was doing.

579
00:29:34,240 --> 00:29:37,200
Speaker 1: They didn't succeed in stopping the genocide until it had

580
00:29:37,280 --> 00:29:40,160
Speaker 1: killed thirteen million people. But I think it is important

581
00:29:40,160 --> 00:29:42,160
Speaker 1: to note that they exist in part because it means

582
00:29:42,320 --> 00:29:44,360
Speaker 1: this is not a everyone at the time thought it

583
00:29:44,400 --> 00:29:46,720
Speaker 1: was fine. No, a lot of a lot of elected

584
00:29:46,800 --> 00:29:48,560
Speaker 1: leaders in England at the time, we're like, it's bad

585
00:29:48,680 --> 00:29:52,880
Speaker 1: what we're doing, right, we're committing crimes against humanity. We

586
00:29:52,880 --> 00:29:56,600
Speaker 1: ought to stop um and that's important. It's the same

587
00:29:56,600 --> 00:29:59,280
Speaker 1: thing as like there were Founding fathers who were abolitionists

588
00:29:59,280 --> 00:30:02,400
Speaker 1: and record nice that slavery was a tremendous evil, and

589
00:30:02,600 --> 00:30:05,840
Speaker 1: unlike Thomas Jefferson didn't own slaves while talking about slavery,

590
00:30:05,840 --> 00:30:08,600
Speaker 1: as guys like Thomas Paine, and I think you you

591
00:30:08,640 --> 00:30:11,040
Speaker 1: need to highlight those folks because it makes it clear

592
00:30:11,040 --> 00:30:15,760
Speaker 1: how immoral everyone else was. Yeah, good to know, good

593
00:30:15,800 --> 00:30:18,480
Speaker 1: to know. So after this quick brutal little war, Kepple

594
00:30:18,560 --> 00:30:21,520
Speaker 1: sailed on Um and another company vessel entered into the

595
00:30:21,560 --> 00:30:24,959
Speaker 1: area soon after his departure, and in a very another

596
00:30:25,480 --> 00:30:29,720
Speaker 1: wildly lucky like strike for Um, uh for James Brooke,

597
00:30:30,080 --> 00:30:33,120
Speaker 1: this next company ship that sails into Sarah Wax strikes

598
00:30:33,120 --> 00:30:36,280
Speaker 1: a rock and capsizes. Now the crew and captain are

599
00:30:36,360 --> 00:30:38,720
Speaker 1: rescued and James gets to take them into his care

600
00:30:38,760 --> 00:30:41,720
Speaker 1: in his capital while he waits for company reinforcements. And

601
00:30:41,760 --> 00:30:44,240
Speaker 1: the company sends an entire fleet of ships to pick

602
00:30:44,320 --> 00:30:47,280
Speaker 1: up these guys. And this is really lucky for James

603
00:30:47,480 --> 00:30:50,520
Speaker 1: because for all of the locals know for massive warships

604
00:30:50,520 --> 00:30:53,480
Speaker 1: sail into Borneo and as far as they know he

605
00:30:53,760 --> 00:30:56,040
Speaker 1: has some power over these ships. They're not like he

606
00:30:56,080 --> 00:30:58,120
Speaker 1: doesn't make it clear to his the locals, like they're

607
00:30:58,160 --> 00:30:59,760
Speaker 1: just here to pick up a crew of a boat.

608
00:30:59,800 --> 00:31:02,480
Speaker 1: That's something like. It looks like, oh look, now there's

609
00:31:02,520 --> 00:31:05,240
Speaker 1: a whole fleet of military ships at his beck and call.

610
00:31:05,800 --> 00:31:09,320
Speaker 1: So James takes advantage of the opportunity and he convinces

611
00:31:09,360 --> 00:31:12,760
Speaker 1: all of these company warships to sail with him to Brunei,

612
00:31:12,840 --> 00:31:15,360
Speaker 1: which is the capital of the region where the Sultan lives.

613
00:31:15,760 --> 00:31:18,160
Speaker 1: And he goes ashore to meet again with the Sultan

614
00:31:18,240 --> 00:31:21,480
Speaker 1: and asked him for an official declaration confirming his appointment

615
00:31:21,480 --> 00:31:24,920
Speaker 1: as governor of sarah Wak and now granting him the

616
00:31:24,920 --> 00:31:27,680
Speaker 1: powers of governor. Uh, not just to him, but to

617
00:31:27,840 --> 00:31:32,120
Speaker 1: his peirs, his heirs on into perpetuity. Right. So this

618
00:31:32,520 --> 00:31:35,760
Speaker 1: declaration also guaranteed in writing that the Sultan could not

619
00:31:35,840 --> 00:31:38,760
Speaker 1: dismiss him from his throne for any reason. This is

620
00:31:38,800 --> 00:31:41,600
Speaker 1: a bad deal for the Sultan, But the Sultan signs.

621
00:31:41,920 --> 00:31:44,560
Speaker 1: When I guess why he signs because there's massive warships

622
00:31:44,560 --> 00:31:47,680
Speaker 1: pointing in the capital. Yeah, and he literally James has

623
00:31:47,760 --> 00:31:51,440
Speaker 1: these four warships trained dozens of cannons on the Sultan's home.

624
00:31:52,880 --> 00:31:56,440
Speaker 1: It is not settled. This guy like, well, he's presented

625
00:31:56,480 --> 00:31:58,520
Speaker 1: with this offer and he looks out of his window

626
00:31:58,840 --> 00:32:02,320
Speaker 1: and there are dozens of massive artillery guns pointed at

627
00:32:02,360 --> 00:32:06,320
Speaker 1: his house. Yeah, sultan had Nope, there you go again,

628
00:32:06,440 --> 00:32:08,600
Speaker 1: blitzing and every play this is this is by this

629
00:32:08,640 --> 00:32:11,440
Speaker 1: time it's working. Yeah, I am not again. The Sultan

630
00:32:11,520 --> 00:32:13,920
Speaker 1: is a bad person too, as pretty much all sultans

631
00:32:13,920 --> 00:32:17,440
Speaker 1: in history have been. But you can't consent when someone's

632
00:32:17,480 --> 00:32:19,920
Speaker 1: pointing dozens of cannons at your home. I think it's

633
00:32:19,920 --> 00:32:25,400
Speaker 1: fair to say that is not like free consent, you know. Um,

634
00:32:25,760 --> 00:32:28,520
Speaker 1: this is basically armed robbery. That's how he gets Sarah walks.

635
00:32:28,600 --> 00:32:33,960
Speaker 1: This is a mugging, you know. Yeah, yeah, very fortunate.

636
00:32:34,640 --> 00:32:39,720
Speaker 1: Um yeah, so uh the Sultan signs this declaration, um

637
00:32:39,800 --> 00:32:43,400
Speaker 1: and yeah. One historian Stephen Luscomb states that Brooke quote

638
00:32:43,400 --> 00:32:46,000
Speaker 1: gave the distinct impression that he could seize the entire

639
00:32:46,120 --> 00:32:48,720
Speaker 1: kingdom for himself if he was so disposed to do so,

640
00:32:49,120 --> 00:32:52,000
Speaker 1: and that's why the Sultan like gives him Sarah wak

641
00:32:52,080 --> 00:32:56,760
Speaker 1: basically so most people. Again, we had talked about there's

642
00:32:56,800 --> 00:32:58,920
Speaker 1: resistance to this, there's people who who see what James

643
00:32:59,000 --> 00:33:01,160
Speaker 1: is doing is immoral. It is also important to note

644
00:33:01,360 --> 00:33:03,200
Speaker 1: most people back in England see him as a hero

645
00:33:03,360 --> 00:33:05,960
Speaker 1: for this right he like. He's continuing to send his

646
00:33:06,000 --> 00:33:08,480
Speaker 1: diaries and dispatches back, his agent is putting them into

647
00:33:08,480 --> 00:33:11,800
Speaker 1: the popular press, and he becomes wildly popular for what

648
00:33:11,840 --> 00:33:15,320
Speaker 1: he's done, and most people credulously accept his version of

649
00:33:15,360 --> 00:33:18,320
Speaker 1: events that the people of sarah Wak had basically demanded

650
00:33:18,360 --> 00:33:21,480
Speaker 1: he take rules and uses enlightened white wisdom to fix

651
00:33:21,520 --> 00:33:25,280
Speaker 1: their country. And for the next several years, Brooks settled

652
00:33:25,280 --> 00:33:28,480
Speaker 1: into a pattern engaging in intermittent battle with local princes.

653
00:33:28,520 --> 00:33:31,080
Speaker 1: He always described them as pirates, but their local leaders

654
00:33:31,240 --> 00:33:34,120
Speaker 1: who don't like his him being in charge. Right again,

655
00:33:34,240 --> 00:33:37,360
Speaker 1: these antipo He does also fight pirates, but a lot

656
00:33:37,360 --> 00:33:40,040
Speaker 1: of the people he calls pirates are just local leaders

657
00:33:40,320 --> 00:33:44,040
Speaker 1: that don't want him to be in charge. Yeah, um yeah.

658
00:33:44,080 --> 00:33:46,400
Speaker 1: The East India Company took his words at face value.

659
00:33:46,400 --> 00:33:48,480
Speaker 1: Whenever he said someone was a pirate, they assumed he

660
00:33:48,560 --> 00:33:51,160
Speaker 1: was telling the truth. Uh. In eighteen forty four, they

661
00:33:51,160 --> 00:33:54,000
Speaker 1: helped him depose a local Bruneian prince and annexed that

662
00:33:54,040 --> 00:33:58,120
Speaker 1: prince's former territory so the the agreement he'd signed with

663
00:33:58,160 --> 00:34:00,360
Speaker 1: the Sultan had included a promise that he would not

664
00:34:00,440 --> 00:34:02,840
Speaker 1: act outside the borders of sarah Wak. And like a

665
00:34:02,920 --> 00:34:05,280
Speaker 1: year later he conquers a bunch of land outside of

666
00:34:05,280 --> 00:34:07,880
Speaker 1: Sarah Walk and annexes him. Because he doesn't like he

667
00:34:07,920 --> 00:34:09,840
Speaker 1: doesn't feel like he has to actually abide by this.

668
00:34:10,360 --> 00:34:14,480
Speaker 1: He sees this this agreement as like limiting the Sultan's power,

669
00:34:14,800 --> 00:34:16,960
Speaker 1: but he doesn't see any of the limitations he agreed

670
00:34:17,000 --> 00:34:19,960
Speaker 1: to his binding in any way. Um Now, whenever he

671
00:34:19,960 --> 00:34:21,839
Speaker 1: would conquer that he does it a few times where

672
00:34:21,840 --> 00:34:24,279
Speaker 1: he'll fight a war against some local leader, calling them

673
00:34:24,280 --> 00:34:27,160
Speaker 1: a pirate. He'll conquer their land, and in order to

674
00:34:27,239 --> 00:34:29,719
Speaker 1: make it seem legitimate, he'll arrange what he calls a

675
00:34:29,760 --> 00:34:32,239
Speaker 1: conference where local leaders will come out in view of

676
00:34:32,280 --> 00:34:35,279
Speaker 1: company representatives. So he has witnesses who are white and

677
00:34:35,480 --> 00:34:38,600
Speaker 1: ask him to take control of the territory. His friend,

678
00:34:39,080 --> 00:34:42,480
Speaker 1: it's a whole show, it's a whole thing. Yeah, he

679
00:34:42,480 --> 00:34:45,040
Speaker 1: knows what he's doing, and his friend, Captain Keppel, wrote

680
00:34:45,040 --> 00:34:47,840
Speaker 1: about one such encounter. On this occasion, I had the

681
00:34:47,840 --> 00:34:50,400
Speaker 1: satisfaction of witnessing what must have been from the effect

682
00:34:50,440 --> 00:34:52,520
Speaker 1: I observed it to have produced on the hearers a

683
00:34:52,600 --> 00:34:55,560
Speaker 1: splendid piece of oratory delivered by Mr Brooke in the

684
00:34:55,640 --> 00:34:57,759
Speaker 1: native tongue with a degree of fluency I had never

685
00:34:57,840 --> 00:35:01,000
Speaker 1: witnessed before, even in a Malay. Again, he's saying, oh,

686
00:35:01,239 --> 00:35:04,879
Speaker 1: he speaks better than the natives. That's what this guy,

687
00:35:05,000 --> 00:35:09,480
Speaker 1: who doesn't speak the local language thinks. He hears this

688
00:35:09,560 --> 00:35:11,879
Speaker 1: guy saying words he doesn't understand. Was like, this guy

689
00:35:11,920 --> 00:35:13,880
Speaker 1: is better at speaking their language than they are. Of

690
00:35:13,960 --> 00:35:17,280
Speaker 1: course I don't speak their language. But was he actually

691
00:35:17,480 --> 00:35:19,720
Speaker 1: was there any evidence that he actually spoke the language

692
00:35:19,800 --> 00:35:21,400
Speaker 1: or was this just like I think he did. I mean,

693
00:35:21,400 --> 00:35:23,919
Speaker 1: he ruled the country, who lived there for most he should.

694
00:35:23,920 --> 00:35:26,680
Speaker 1: I believe he didn't gain a fluency, but I don't

695
00:35:26,680 --> 00:35:29,719
Speaker 1: know if it's more fluent like neither and neither does

696
00:35:29,760 --> 00:35:32,279
Speaker 1: this guy right, because he doesn't know that it's a

697
00:35:32,320 --> 00:35:34,719
Speaker 1: splendid piece of oratory. He says that he thinks it

698
00:35:34,840 --> 00:35:36,879
Speaker 1: is because of the effect it has on the people hearing,

699
00:35:36,920 --> 00:35:40,920
Speaker 1: but he doesn't know what they're saying. It's just this

700
00:35:41,000 --> 00:35:43,480
Speaker 1: is like this this guy is Captain Keppel's speech here

701
00:35:43,520 --> 00:35:47,319
Speaker 1: is like unbel like the peakest white man ever of like, well,

702
00:35:47,480 --> 00:35:49,799
Speaker 1: he I can tell by the way they're reacting that

703
00:35:49,840 --> 00:35:52,120
Speaker 1: he must be better at speaking their language than they are.

704
00:35:53,280 --> 00:35:59,280
Speaker 1: It's amazing um from these people. Many assurances were received

705
00:35:59,320 --> 00:36:01,719
Speaker 1: of their anxiety and willingness to cooperate with us and

706
00:36:01,760 --> 00:36:05,040
Speaker 1: our laudable undertaking, and one and all where like urgent

707
00:36:05,080 --> 00:36:07,440
Speaker 1: that the government of their river should be transferred to

708
00:36:07,480 --> 00:36:11,400
Speaker 1: the English. So again he doesn't speak the language, but

709
00:36:11,480 --> 00:36:13,680
Speaker 1: he assumes like, oh, they all really are, they are

710
00:36:13,719 --> 00:36:16,160
Speaker 1: all on lockstep that we should take over this area.

711
00:36:16,360 --> 00:36:20,200
Speaker 1: How can we not They all clearly assume I'm being

712
00:36:20,239 --> 00:36:22,120
Speaker 1: told by other white men that this is what they're

713
00:36:22,120 --> 00:36:28,600
Speaker 1: saying to speak a little bit of another a little bit.

714
00:36:28,680 --> 00:36:30,279
Speaker 1: This is all you need is a little bit, a

715
00:36:30,320 --> 00:36:34,279
Speaker 1: little bit. Yeah. Now. In this manner, James Brooke was

716
00:36:34,320 --> 00:36:36,839
Speaker 1: able to portray his gradual conquest of more and more

717
00:36:36,840 --> 00:36:40,360
Speaker 1: Bruneian territory is entirely legal, and not just legal, but

718
00:36:40,480 --> 00:36:43,919
Speaker 1: driven by the demand of the locals. In eighteen forty five,

719
00:36:44,040 --> 00:36:47,000
Speaker 1: James executed a plan that, if successful, would have given

720
00:36:47,080 --> 00:36:50,200
Speaker 1: him command of the Sultan of Brunei himself. He started

721
00:36:50,239 --> 00:36:52,799
Speaker 1: by sending Prince Hashim away from sarah Wak and back

722
00:36:52,800 --> 00:36:56,000
Speaker 1: to the capital along with his beloved Prince Badrudine. The

723
00:36:56,080 --> 00:36:58,880
Speaker 1: idea was that Badrudine would keep an eye on Hashim

724
00:36:58,920 --> 00:37:00,520
Speaker 1: and that they would back each other her up because

725
00:37:00,520 --> 00:37:03,040
Speaker 1: Hashim was now second in lyne to the throne of

726
00:37:03,080 --> 00:37:06,280
Speaker 1: Brunei and the Sultan was an old man, so basically

727
00:37:06,719 --> 00:37:09,359
Speaker 1: he was his men in the capital. So that when

728
00:37:09,360 --> 00:37:12,200
Speaker 1: the Sultan diet, Hashim can take power and James can

729
00:37:12,239 --> 00:37:14,240
Speaker 1: kind of carry out a soft coup because he sees

730
00:37:14,280 --> 00:37:17,319
Speaker 1: Hashim and bad Rudin is basically they'll do anything I say.

731
00:37:17,360 --> 00:37:19,000
Speaker 1: So if I can put this guy on the throne

732
00:37:19,040 --> 00:37:21,360
Speaker 1: and this guy next to him, all be in control

733
00:37:21,360 --> 00:37:23,839
Speaker 1: of all of Malaysia basically, like that's it or all

734
00:37:23,880 --> 00:37:25,880
Speaker 1: of at this point it's brune I. But that's his

735
00:37:25,920 --> 00:37:28,880
Speaker 1: plan here, and this also would have been legal, right

736
00:37:28,920 --> 00:37:31,520
Speaker 1: because Hashim is the legal heir. So if I can

737
00:37:31,560 --> 00:37:33,640
Speaker 1: get this guy on the throne who will do everything

738
00:37:33,680 --> 00:37:36,400
Speaker 1: I say, I'll be I'll be writing pretty you know.

739
00:37:36,640 --> 00:37:39,160
Speaker 1: That's his that's his idea. I should note here that

740
00:37:39,239 --> 00:37:42,240
Speaker 1: James sending bad Rudine away was practical because he trusted

741
00:37:42,239 --> 00:37:43,920
Speaker 1: the prince and he wanted him to help him, like

742
00:37:44,000 --> 00:37:46,719
Speaker 1: take over this country. But it also fit part of

743
00:37:46,719 --> 00:37:48,799
Speaker 1: a pattern that Brooke had with the young men he

744
00:37:48,880 --> 00:37:51,720
Speaker 1: fell in love with. The Brook The book White Braja

745
00:37:51,800 --> 00:37:55,279
Speaker 1: describes this pattern quote the flattering attention, the seeking out

746
00:37:55,280 --> 00:37:58,000
Speaker 1: of the company of the new young find, the selfless,

747
00:37:58,040 --> 00:38:01,880
Speaker 1: selfless bestowal of patronage, a concern with his education and development,

748
00:38:02,120 --> 00:38:04,840
Speaker 1: the breathy descriptions of his qualities and letters to others,

749
00:38:04,880 --> 00:38:08,319
Speaker 1: and usually finally, the emotional retirement of the loved one

750
00:38:08,360 --> 00:38:11,000
Speaker 1: to become a sarah Wak official. So this is kind

751
00:38:11,000 --> 00:38:13,600
Speaker 1: of his pattern that when he gets over a crush,

752
00:38:13,800 --> 00:38:16,839
Speaker 1: he sends them off to like control, some to take

753
00:38:16,920 --> 00:38:20,440
Speaker 1: up a little would with them, and then he sends

754
00:38:20,480 --> 00:38:23,839
Speaker 1: them off. Yeah, and several of these guys die doing

755
00:38:23,840 --> 00:38:27,200
Speaker 1: the jobs he gives them after he sends them off. Spoilers.

756
00:38:27,719 --> 00:38:30,200
Speaker 1: But before we get into that, you know who never

757
00:38:30,880 --> 00:38:35,400
Speaker 1: sends off their former lovers to die in Malaysia the

758
00:38:35,440 --> 00:38:43,319
Speaker 1: products or services that support this podcast. All right, we

759
00:38:43,400 --> 00:38:45,920
Speaker 1: are we are in fact back. So unfortunately for Prince

760
00:38:45,920 --> 00:38:48,720
Speaker 1: Badru Deine, playing a part in the scheme of James

761
00:38:48,719 --> 00:38:51,400
Speaker 1: Brooke to take power would cost him his life. The

762
00:38:51,440 --> 00:38:54,000
Speaker 1: Sultan of Brunei was not a dumb man, and he

763
00:38:54,040 --> 00:38:56,840
Speaker 1: was fully sick of English adventurers taking over larger and

764
00:38:56,920 --> 00:39:00,000
Speaker 1: larger portions of his territory. He was also quite understand

765
00:39:00,000 --> 00:39:02,719
Speaker 1: Annibalie still erked about the time Brooke aimed dozens of

766
00:39:02,760 --> 00:39:06,239
Speaker 1: cannons at his house, so he started to plot alongside

767
00:39:06,239 --> 00:39:08,880
Speaker 1: one of his younger sons about how to rid themselves

768
00:39:08,880 --> 00:39:12,000
Speaker 1: of the Brook supporters in their own court, Princess Hashim

769
00:39:12,120 --> 00:39:16,040
Speaker 1: and Bodredine. Now they did this in the bloodiest way possible.

770
00:39:16,400 --> 00:39:18,759
Speaker 1: One night, when Boderdine and Hashim were apart from each

771
00:39:18,800 --> 00:39:21,880
Speaker 1: other in their own separate apartments, the sultan dispatched several

772
00:39:21,920 --> 00:39:25,600
Speaker 1: bands of armed men who attacked both brothers simultaneously. Now,

773
00:39:25,719 --> 00:39:28,520
Speaker 1: Buderdine was a fucking badass. And this guy like he's

774
00:39:28,520 --> 00:39:31,560
Speaker 1: got like four different retainers slash bodyguards with him, and

775
00:39:31,600 --> 00:39:34,000
Speaker 1: they get attacked by like fifty men and all of

776
00:39:34,040 --> 00:39:36,280
Speaker 1: his friends get killed, and bad Renine is like fighting

777
00:39:36,440 --> 00:39:39,360
Speaker 1: standing in his doorway with a dagger alone, stabs a

778
00:39:39,400 --> 00:39:41,520
Speaker 1: bunch of people, fights them off for quite a while

779
00:39:41,840 --> 00:39:43,680
Speaker 1: until one of them shoots him in the hand and

780
00:39:43,719 --> 00:39:46,719
Speaker 1: he has to flee and retreat um and he like

781
00:39:46,840 --> 00:39:49,799
Speaker 1: runs back into his inner apartments and locks himself in

782
00:39:49,960 --> 00:39:54,919
Speaker 1: with his um, his sister, and his favorite concubine UM

783
00:39:55,040 --> 00:39:57,640
Speaker 1: and a favorite slave boy UM and they're all kind

784
00:39:57,640 --> 00:40:01,399
Speaker 1: of sheltering together from this attack, and bodreu Deine tells

785
00:40:01,440 --> 00:40:03,320
Speaker 1: the slave boy to go run down and grab a

786
00:40:03,360 --> 00:40:05,960
Speaker 1: barrel of gunpowder, and he then tells the boy to

787
00:40:06,040 --> 00:40:08,760
Speaker 1: like like save yourself basically, and he gathers his Bodrian

788
00:40:08,840 --> 00:40:11,760
Speaker 1: gathers his sister and his concubine to him. He spreads

789
00:40:11,760 --> 00:40:14,600
Speaker 1: gunpowder around them, and then he blows them all up.

790
00:40:14,719 --> 00:40:17,120
Speaker 1: As these guys are like banging down, he's like suicide

791
00:40:17,120 --> 00:40:21,000
Speaker 1: bombs his house basically. And that's yeah, I mean it's

792
00:40:21,000 --> 00:40:23,000
Speaker 1: a it's a it's a flex like he's a he

793
00:40:23,160 --> 00:40:25,120
Speaker 1: very much goes down as kind of the like and

794
00:40:25,120 --> 00:40:28,719
Speaker 1: I guess, you know, have questionably moral to take your

795
00:40:28,800 --> 00:40:31,760
Speaker 1: your girlfriend and wife or your sister with you whatever,

796
00:40:31,800 --> 00:40:33,560
Speaker 1: but like, right, I don't know if they were so

797
00:40:33,600 --> 00:40:37,319
Speaker 1: into that plan, but it's a storybook death though, right,

798
00:40:37,360 --> 00:40:39,239
Speaker 1: it's like one of those like like he he goes

799
00:40:39,320 --> 00:40:41,719
Speaker 1: out kind of like the way you're supposed to go

800
00:40:41,760 --> 00:40:44,319
Speaker 1: in the legends or whatever, you know, fighting until you're

801
00:40:44,360 --> 00:40:47,359
Speaker 1: two wounded too, and then blowing yourself up with gunpowder. Um.

802
00:40:47,440 --> 00:40:50,000
Speaker 1: Prince Hashim tries to do the same thing, but fox

803
00:40:50,080 --> 00:40:52,279
Speaker 1: up and kills everyone in the room but himself, so

804
00:40:52,320 --> 00:40:54,560
Speaker 1: he has to shoot himself in the head um in

805
00:40:54,640 --> 00:40:56,759
Speaker 1: order to once it becomes clear that he's going to

806
00:40:56,840 --> 00:41:00,080
Speaker 1: be captured. So these guys get killed a lot with

807
00:41:00,120 --> 00:41:02,680
Speaker 1: a couple of other Brook supporters in the capital um,

808
00:41:02,800 --> 00:41:05,680
Speaker 1: and the news eventually reaches Sarah Wak and James Brooke

809
00:41:05,760 --> 00:41:08,239
Speaker 1: is said to have gone nearly insane with grief when

810
00:41:08,239 --> 00:41:11,200
Speaker 1: he realizes what's happened. He writes at the time quote,

811
00:41:11,680 --> 00:41:14,239
Speaker 1: violent passions and sleepless nights are hard to bear. I

812
00:41:14,320 --> 00:41:16,640
Speaker 1: lay no blame on anyone. I look forward as much

813
00:41:16,680 --> 00:41:18,479
Speaker 1: as I can, and backward as little. But I ought

814
00:41:18,520 --> 00:41:20,719
Speaker 1: not and cannot forget my poor friends who lie in

815
00:41:20,719 --> 00:41:23,840
Speaker 1: their bloody graves. Oh how great is my grief and rage.

816
00:41:24,040 --> 00:41:26,120
Speaker 1: But the British government will surely act, And if not,

817
00:41:26,360 --> 00:41:28,279
Speaker 1: then let me remember I am still at war with

818
00:41:28,320 --> 00:41:31,279
Speaker 1: this traitor and murderer. One more determined struggle, one last

819
00:41:31,280 --> 00:41:33,880
Speaker 1: conclusive effort, and if it fail, borneo and all for

820
00:41:33,920 --> 00:41:36,960
Speaker 1: which I have so long earnestly labored must be abandoned.

821
00:41:37,600 --> 00:41:41,160
Speaker 1: It's very dramatic about this um, and he desperately wants

822
00:41:41,160 --> 00:41:44,120
Speaker 1: the British government to intervene and punish the Sultan. But

823
00:41:44,200 --> 00:41:47,000
Speaker 1: the British government this is for them a step too far,

824
00:41:47,400 --> 00:41:50,080
Speaker 1: because again there is a veneer of legality to this.

825
00:41:50,160 --> 00:41:52,080
Speaker 1: And as long as it's like, I want you to

826
00:41:52,120 --> 00:41:54,480
Speaker 1: fight pirates, this guy wants us to fight pirates. He's

827
00:41:54,480 --> 00:41:56,560
Speaker 1: got letters from the local leaders asking us to help

828
00:41:56,600 --> 00:41:59,800
Speaker 1: fight pirates. We have this whole crusade against slaving pirates.

829
00:42:00,080 --> 00:42:02,800
Speaker 1: We can justify that. But when he's like, the Sultan

830
00:42:02,920 --> 00:42:06,440
Speaker 1: has under his legal powers executed two men, I want

831
00:42:06,480 --> 00:42:09,160
Speaker 1: you to murder him, the British government is like, that's

832
00:42:09,200 --> 00:42:12,120
Speaker 1: that's a little bit much for us, right, like where

833
00:42:11,880 --> 00:42:14,719
Speaker 1: you might draw us into a war in Brunei and

834
00:42:14,760 --> 00:42:18,840
Speaker 1: we really don't necessarily want to do that. So it

835
00:42:18,880 --> 00:42:21,279
Speaker 1: takes him about six months of pleading to get the

836
00:42:21,280 --> 00:42:23,080
Speaker 1: British to send a fleet, and they do send a

837
00:42:23,080 --> 00:42:25,480
Speaker 1: fleet eventually, which sails up to the capital and demands

838
00:42:25,640 --> 00:42:28,799
Speaker 1: entrant entrance to talk about what had happened, and in

839
00:42:28,840 --> 00:42:31,239
Speaker 1: a very and another stroke of luck for Brooke, the

840
00:42:31,280 --> 00:42:33,759
Speaker 1: Sultan's men get kind of trigger happy and fire on

841
00:42:33,800 --> 00:42:36,560
Speaker 1: the British fleet, which gives them the legal justification to

842
00:42:37,520 --> 00:42:41,040
Speaker 1: burn down all of the defenses and sail into Brunei.

843
00:42:41,160 --> 00:42:44,080
Speaker 1: So the Sultan flees during the fighting, and the British

844
00:42:44,120 --> 00:42:46,719
Speaker 1: are able to put a puppet, Hashim's brother Mohammed, on

845
00:42:46,760 --> 00:42:49,360
Speaker 1: the throne, and this is the start of the of

846
00:42:49,440 --> 00:42:52,480
Speaker 1: Brunei becoming a protectorate of the British Empire. Right. That's

847
00:42:52,480 --> 00:42:55,520
Speaker 1: how this happens is because there's this failed coup that

848
00:42:55,560 --> 00:42:58,440
Speaker 1: the Sultan cracks down, the British senden ships to talk

849
00:42:58,440 --> 00:43:00,760
Speaker 1: about the fact that he's murdered, James books his friends,

850
00:43:01,040 --> 00:43:03,680
Speaker 1: and then the Sultan's men fire on the British and

851
00:43:03,680 --> 00:43:06,839
Speaker 1: that lets them depose the Sultan. They had considered just

852
00:43:07,000 --> 00:43:09,720
Speaker 1: making James Brooke the Sultan of Brunei, but they decided

853
00:43:09,760 --> 00:43:11,560
Speaker 1: that would be a step too far even for the

854
00:43:11,560 --> 00:43:14,520
Speaker 1: British Empire, and the fact that they've got a puppet

855
00:43:14,560 --> 00:43:16,720
Speaker 1: sultan on the throne works out better for them because

856
00:43:16,719 --> 00:43:19,680
Speaker 1: it seems more legitimate. But they're able to convince this

857
00:43:19,719 --> 00:43:21,960
Speaker 1: guy to give the British Empire an island full of

858
00:43:22,000 --> 00:43:24,440
Speaker 1: coal nearby that they can use as a refueling station,

859
00:43:24,840 --> 00:43:27,760
Speaker 1: and the whole situation makes James Brooke and national hero again.

860
00:43:27,920 --> 00:43:30,800
Speaker 1: His rule over sarah Wak was now absolutely written in stone,

861
00:43:30,800 --> 00:43:33,359
Speaker 1: and all local resistance had been broken. There's no more

862
00:43:34,080 --> 00:43:36,960
Speaker 1: authorities in the area who have any sort of resistance

863
00:43:37,000 --> 00:43:39,640
Speaker 1: to him being in power. And so now that he's

864
00:43:39,680 --> 00:43:41,919
Speaker 1: got his kind of rule settled for the first time

865
00:43:42,200 --> 00:43:45,319
Speaker 1: in eighteen forty seven, he decides to travel back home

866
00:43:45,360 --> 00:43:46,920
Speaker 1: to the land of his birth to bask in the

867
00:43:46,920 --> 00:43:50,239
Speaker 1: glory of his fame. The Times of London, working with

868
00:43:50,320 --> 00:43:52,520
Speaker 1: his agent, published a fawning piece on him just as

869
00:43:52,560 --> 00:43:56,000
Speaker 1: he arrived in town. Quote much as we go, oh

870
00:43:56,080 --> 00:43:58,399
Speaker 1: to guns and grape shot, we are indebted still more

871
00:43:58,440 --> 00:44:01,560
Speaker 1: to the peaceful and meritorious exertions of one man for

872
00:44:01,600 --> 00:44:04,400
Speaker 1: the advances which have happily been made towards civilization in

873
00:44:04,480 --> 00:44:07,360
Speaker 1: peace amongst the Malay people of whom we speak. England

874
00:44:07,360 --> 00:44:09,960
Speaker 1: owes a debt of obligation to Mr Brooke, Rajah of

875
00:44:10,040 --> 00:44:13,719
Speaker 1: sarah Wak, which she will not easily repay. Wow. Journalism

876
00:44:13,800 --> 00:44:17,040
Speaker 1: was not not fantastic at the time. They were really

877
00:44:17,120 --> 00:44:19,360
Speaker 1: impressed with how peacefully he had burned down all of

878
00:44:19,400 --> 00:44:24,520
Speaker 1: those diligious in the interior. What a peaceful series of wars.

879
00:44:26,239 --> 00:44:30,520
Speaker 1: He's delightful. Look at him. This guy is hailed as

880
00:44:30,520 --> 00:44:32,799
Speaker 1: a hero. When he arrives back home, Oxford gives him

881
00:44:32,800 --> 00:44:35,640
Speaker 1: an honorary doctorate. The school he'd run away from as

882
00:44:35,640 --> 00:44:37,720
Speaker 1: a boy, which had refused to take him back, announced

883
00:44:37,719 --> 00:44:39,879
Speaker 1: as a dinner in his honor. He was even given

884
00:44:39,880 --> 00:44:42,959
Speaker 1: a personal meeting with the Queen herself. After six months

885
00:44:43,040 --> 00:44:44,680
Speaker 1: or so, though, he'd had phil his fill of the

886
00:44:44,719 --> 00:44:46,919
Speaker 1: home country, and he booked passage home on a ship

887
00:44:46,960 --> 00:44:49,920
Speaker 1: commanded by his friend Kepple and stalked with a significant

888
00:44:50,000 --> 00:44:55,880
Speaker 1: number of teenage boys new officers. I have one request, couple,

889
00:44:56,600 --> 00:44:59,319
Speaker 1: let me look at one request. How many boys will

890
00:44:59,400 --> 00:45:05,239
Speaker 1: there be? Uh? And again? These these boys are all

891
00:45:05,280 --> 00:45:08,719
Speaker 1: simultaneously old enough to command troops in battle and young

892
00:45:08,840 --> 00:45:11,520
Speaker 1: enough that I think we should continue to call them boys. Right.

893
00:45:11,840 --> 00:45:16,200
Speaker 1: These are children that said their children who are given

894
00:45:16,280 --> 00:45:20,440
Speaker 1: command of army. Sometimes it's a weird time. So James

895
00:45:20,560 --> 00:45:23,759
Speaker 1: is got to s this. This, this voyage back to

896
00:45:23,800 --> 00:45:26,279
Speaker 1: the East, is a blissful period of his life. He

897
00:45:26,280 --> 00:45:28,319
Speaker 1: gets to spend months locked on a boat with a

898
00:45:28,320 --> 00:45:30,759
Speaker 1: bunch of young boys. One of his friends, who was

899
00:45:30,800 --> 00:45:33,480
Speaker 1: present on the voyage, later wrote he had a nephew

900
00:45:33,520 --> 00:45:36,680
Speaker 1: on board, Charles Johnson, a staid sub lieutenant who endeavored

901
00:45:36,719 --> 00:45:39,239
Speaker 1: to preserve order, but it was of little avail. The

902
00:45:39,320 --> 00:45:41,720
Speaker 1: noisy ones were in the ascendant, led by a laughing,

903
00:45:41,760 --> 00:45:43,840
Speaker 1: bright faced lad who, when he was a midshipman on

904
00:45:43,840 --> 00:45:47,920
Speaker 1: the Agincourt in eighty seven, had become acquainted with Mr Brooke,

905
00:45:48,280 --> 00:45:51,000
Speaker 1: and whose fondness for cherry brandy was only equalled by

906
00:45:51,040 --> 00:45:53,759
Speaker 1: his love of fun. No place in the cabin was respected.

907
00:45:53,960 --> 00:45:56,520
Speaker 1: Six or seven would throw themselves on the bed, careless

908
00:45:56,560 --> 00:45:59,160
Speaker 1: of whether Mr Brooke was there or not, and skylock

909
00:45:59,280 --> 00:46:01,400
Speaker 1: over his body as if he were one of themselves.

910
00:46:01,600 --> 00:46:03,560
Speaker 1: In fact, he was as full of play as any

911
00:46:03,560 --> 00:46:07,160
Speaker 1: of them. This is, of course, in reality, what's happening

912
00:46:07,239 --> 00:46:09,440
Speaker 1: is there's probably a bunch of these guys there that

913
00:46:10,239 --> 00:46:13,560
Speaker 1: just have no choice, but the fond over him because

914
00:46:13,680 --> 00:46:16,399
Speaker 1: he has so much power over them. And this guy

915
00:46:16,520 --> 00:46:21,160
Speaker 1: is this quote this he's quomoing it at this point,

916
00:46:21,160 --> 00:46:24,399
Speaker 1: you know, yeah, it is. Also there are references made

917
00:46:24,400 --> 00:46:26,279
Speaker 1: in his biography and other books at the time of

918
00:46:26,320 --> 00:46:29,760
Speaker 1: like if you were a young British boy on a boat,

919
00:46:29,840 --> 00:46:32,400
Speaker 1: like a naval aid or one of these things. You

920
00:46:32,560 --> 00:46:35,560
Speaker 1: got molested, that was and in some cases it would

921
00:46:35,560 --> 00:46:38,240
Speaker 1: be like because obviously some portion of these these folks

922
00:46:38,280 --> 00:46:40,319
Speaker 1: like that that they wind up being into it, which

923
00:46:40,320 --> 00:46:43,440
Speaker 1: doesn't mean it's not abusive, it's complicated. The navy is

924
00:46:43,520 --> 00:46:46,520
Speaker 1: kind of one of those few places where people who

925
00:46:46,560 --> 00:46:49,160
Speaker 1: are homosexual, like you can have gay relationships in the

926
00:46:49,280 --> 00:46:51,799
Speaker 1: navy and they're kind of there. No one considers it

927
00:46:51,840 --> 00:46:53,920
Speaker 1: gay because you're on a boat, you know, Like that

928
00:46:54,040 --> 00:46:56,040
Speaker 1: is that is a factor in all this. That said,

929
00:46:56,480 --> 00:46:59,520
Speaker 1: James is also clearly he is the powerful young he

930
00:46:59,520 --> 00:47:01,880
Speaker 1: has the power for king, like a rich king, and

931
00:47:01,920 --> 00:47:05,160
Speaker 1: he like these are not you can't really be consensual relationship.

932
00:47:05,200 --> 00:47:07,879
Speaker 1: There's a lot going on here. These are the complicated

933
00:47:07,920 --> 00:47:10,719
Speaker 1: relationships that Herman Melville left out of Billy Bud in

934
00:47:10,760 --> 00:47:14,320
Speaker 1: Moby Dick. You know. Yeah, and this is like again

935
00:47:16,000 --> 00:47:18,839
Speaker 1: like the cabin boy gets buggered, right, that's the that's

936
00:47:18,880 --> 00:47:21,080
Speaker 1: the fact of naval life in this period of time.

937
00:47:21,600 --> 00:47:24,240
Speaker 1: And it does kind of seem though, like what goes

938
00:47:24,320 --> 00:47:27,560
Speaker 1: on in this voyage is beyond what naval men are

939
00:47:27,600 --> 00:47:30,080
Speaker 1: familiar with, and naval men have a lot of tolerance

940
00:47:30,120 --> 00:47:32,120
Speaker 1: for this kind of thing, because again it's that's how

941
00:47:32,120 --> 00:47:36,520
Speaker 1: the Navy works at the time. But they like other officers,

942
00:47:36,560 --> 00:47:38,960
Speaker 1: like people who are on board. Note that there's a

943
00:47:39,000 --> 00:47:42,200
Speaker 1: lot of coolness from the older officers to James Brooke

944
00:47:42,360 --> 00:47:45,200
Speaker 1: because of his relationship with these boys, because it's so

945
00:47:45,400 --> 00:47:50,240
Speaker 1: scandalous and so shameless, right, there's an expectation of some buggery.

946
00:47:50,560 --> 00:47:53,120
Speaker 1: He's like cavorting with a half dozen young men in

947
00:47:53,160 --> 00:47:55,120
Speaker 1: his room loudly at all hours of the night, and

948
00:47:55,200 --> 00:47:59,040
Speaker 1: that's not considered to be okay. Um. And James was

949
00:47:59,080 --> 00:48:02,040
Speaker 1: noted as being particul reularly friendly with Charles Grant, a

950
00:48:02,120 --> 00:48:04,920
Speaker 1: boy he had met at age fourteen and immediately showered

951
00:48:04,920 --> 00:48:09,240
Speaker 1: with expensive weapons, clothing, and jewelry. James wrote an erotic

952
00:48:09,280 --> 00:48:12,040
Speaker 1: poem for this boy, which he framed as it's it's

953
00:48:12,080 --> 00:48:14,640
Speaker 1: about sex, but literally the poem is about a bunch

954
00:48:14,640 --> 00:48:18,200
Speaker 1: of young boys eating a plum pudding. Um, I'm gonna

955
00:48:18,239 --> 00:48:20,880
Speaker 1: read you. I'm gonna read you. An excerpt from this

956
00:48:21,200 --> 00:48:28,680
Speaker 1: rotic pudding poem. So stands Doe Citadel, a virgin post

957
00:48:28,800 --> 00:48:31,879
Speaker 1: and captured, though begirt with many a host like other

958
00:48:32,080 --> 00:48:35,480
Speaker 1: virgin places that I want and captured. Yet because a

959
00:48:35,600 --> 00:48:38,960
Speaker 1: sailed not smoking, it stands and seems to dare the

960
00:48:39,000 --> 00:48:42,360
Speaker 1: worst the storm of strife, not Cara when it burst.

961
00:48:42,640 --> 00:48:45,600
Speaker 1: And youthful Dottie Dotty is his nickname for this boy

962
00:48:45,600 --> 00:48:50,080
Speaker 1: fairly firmly stands his ground, unflinching. Still he's swallowed full

963
00:48:50,080 --> 00:48:53,640
Speaker 1: of pound. What I like about this poem is how subtle.

964
00:48:53,680 --> 00:48:59,359
Speaker 1: It is, very subtle, very subtle, No, not at all.

965
00:49:02,120 --> 00:49:04,200
Speaker 1: One of the things that's tough here is it's very

966
00:49:04,200 --> 00:49:07,560
Speaker 1: hard to define when you're talking about a lot of

967
00:49:07,560 --> 00:49:09,799
Speaker 1: the relationships in this period. A lot of them are

968
00:49:09,840 --> 00:49:12,400
Speaker 1: profoundly abuse of A lot of them would be considered

969
00:49:12,440 --> 00:49:15,919
Speaker 1: pedophilia today. There's also a lot of these young men

970
00:49:16,960 --> 00:49:18,759
Speaker 1: for whom like they consider this to be like kind

971
00:49:18,760 --> 00:49:20,719
Speaker 1: of their homosexual and this is like the only kind

972
00:49:20,719 --> 00:49:22,960
Speaker 1: of relationship they get they get to have that is

973
00:49:23,120 --> 00:49:25,239
Speaker 1: that is not going to get them in trouble. So

974
00:49:25,280 --> 00:49:30,360
Speaker 1: it's really fucking complex, Like the dynamics of sexuality in

975
00:49:30,400 --> 00:49:33,000
Speaker 1: the British Navy in this period is a complex story

976
00:49:33,080 --> 00:49:35,040
Speaker 1: that we're not doing enough justice too. I think it

977
00:49:35,120 --> 00:49:38,680
Speaker 1: is fair to say that it definitely seems James Brooke

978
00:49:38,920 --> 00:49:42,000
Speaker 1: is more on the pedophile end of things, right, he is.

979
00:49:42,040 --> 00:49:44,799
Speaker 1: He has a marked preference for fourteen to seventeen year

980
00:49:44,840 --> 00:49:47,759
Speaker 1: old boys, and while they may be considered adults at

981
00:49:47,760 --> 00:49:50,319
Speaker 1: the time, there's a massive power and balance and what

982
00:49:50,360 --> 00:49:52,640
Speaker 1: he's doing is very sketchy and I would heart you abusive,

983
00:49:52,840 --> 00:49:56,080
Speaker 1: although a number of these boys right very positively about him,

984
00:49:56,080 --> 00:49:58,719
Speaker 1: which is not unheard of an abusive situations, especially given

985
00:49:58,719 --> 00:50:00,920
Speaker 1: the socio dynamics at the time, and he's grooming all

986
00:50:00,960 --> 00:50:05,520
Speaker 1: these kids, you know, he's grooming exactly very complicated situations.

987
00:50:05,560 --> 00:50:08,080
Speaker 1: But I do think it's fair to say it seems

988
00:50:08,120 --> 00:50:11,279
Speaker 1: likely he was sexually and emotionally abusing these kids, even

989
00:50:11,320 --> 00:50:13,520
Speaker 1: if some of them went on to think fondly of

990
00:50:13,600 --> 00:50:15,480
Speaker 1: him because he showered them with gifts. You know, I'm

991
00:50:15,480 --> 00:50:18,120
Speaker 1: starting to think he's not a great guy. Yeah, scout,

992
00:50:18,200 --> 00:50:21,080
Speaker 1: masterly fumbling, you know that that's what's going on here.

993
00:50:22,120 --> 00:50:26,000
Speaker 1: James dedicated another poem entirely to Charlie's pimple's um and

994
00:50:26,080 --> 00:50:36,359
Speaker 1: actively it's pretty bad. I'm wanna put this to a song.

995
00:50:36,400 --> 00:50:37,759
Speaker 1: I want to I want to hear the lyrics. I'm

996
00:50:37,760 --> 00:50:39,440
Speaker 1: gonna I wanna make a song out of it. I

997
00:50:39,920 --> 00:50:42,359
Speaker 1: did not come across that poem, and I don't really

998
00:50:42,440 --> 00:50:46,799
Speaker 1: want to. The pudding one was uncomfortable enough. Um. He

999
00:50:46,960 --> 00:50:49,359
Speaker 1: encouraged the boy to join him in Sarah Wakin serve

1000
00:50:49,400 --> 00:50:52,080
Speaker 1: in the colonial government, and Charlie did eventually do this.

1001
00:50:52,440 --> 00:50:55,000
Speaker 1: To try and win over Charlie's parents, James Brooke gave

1002
00:50:55,040 --> 00:50:57,560
Speaker 1: his mother a golden bracelet and his father promises that

1003
00:50:57,600 --> 00:50:59,840
Speaker 1: he would put away five thousand pounds in a trust

1004
00:50:59,880 --> 00:51:02,400
Speaker 1: for the boy. He never actually did this, but Charlie

1005
00:51:02,440 --> 00:51:04,480
Speaker 1: went to join him in the administration of Sarah Wak

1006
00:51:04,520 --> 00:51:07,239
Speaker 1: Corneyway didn't do it. He's such a fucking piece of ship.

1007
00:51:08,400 --> 00:51:11,479
Speaker 1: Is a giant piece of ship. For the next twenty years,

1008
00:51:11,560 --> 00:51:14,400
Speaker 1: James Brook faced few threats to his sovereignty. One of

1009
00:51:14,440 --> 00:51:17,560
Speaker 1: the most serious was a parliamentary inquiry and a trial

1010
00:51:17,640 --> 00:51:21,440
Speaker 1: conducted in Singapore over the massacre of pirates during his

1011
00:51:21,440 --> 00:51:24,640
Speaker 1: his his rule. And the story here is complex because

1012
00:51:24,680 --> 00:51:28,720
Speaker 1: the specific series of events, the specific massacre of pirates

1013
00:51:28,760 --> 00:51:31,520
Speaker 1: that James has tried for, is actually one of the

1014
00:51:31,520 --> 00:51:34,200
Speaker 1: cases which he was probably justified. He and he and

1015
00:51:34,239 --> 00:51:36,480
Speaker 1: his men are attacked by pirates. They killed like a

1016
00:51:36,520 --> 00:51:38,319
Speaker 1: hundred of them, but they let the rest go and

1017
00:51:38,400 --> 00:51:40,760
Speaker 1: choose not to capture or massacre them because he doesn't

1018
00:51:40,760 --> 00:51:43,680
Speaker 1: want to. He knows that that will like incite more

1019
00:51:43,719 --> 00:51:46,520
Speaker 1: of an insurgency against him, which is in the broad

1020
00:51:46,560 --> 00:51:49,160
Speaker 1: strokes of his time ruling Sarah Wak one of the

1021
00:51:49,320 --> 00:51:53,360
Speaker 1: less unethical things he did. Um. But a group of

1022
00:51:53,440 --> 00:51:57,560
Speaker 1: kind of anti colonial activists in the Parliament decided to

1023
00:51:57,560 --> 00:52:00,520
Speaker 1: try him for this and basically claim that he was

1024
00:52:00,600 --> 00:52:03,640
Speaker 1: massacurring civilians and in the guys of fighting piracy, which

1025
00:52:03,640 --> 00:52:06,680
Speaker 1: he absolutely did in his career, but probably not in

1026
00:52:06,680 --> 00:52:08,840
Speaker 1: the specific case they tried him over. Right. It's a

1027
00:52:08,920 --> 00:52:11,360
Speaker 1: very it's a frustrating situation of like, you're right about

1028
00:52:11,400 --> 00:52:14,600
Speaker 1: this man, you picked the wrong specific incident to get

1029
00:52:14,640 --> 00:52:19,560
Speaker 1: angry about him over you know, um, And yeah, uh

1030
00:52:19,600 --> 00:52:21,600
Speaker 1: it was, And a lot of it's mixed up also

1031
00:52:21,680 --> 00:52:26,560
Speaker 1: in there's genuine anti colonialists who rightly see James Brooke

1032
00:52:26,680 --> 00:52:28,839
Speaker 1: as immoral and what he's doing as immoral and want

1033
00:52:28,880 --> 00:52:32,080
Speaker 1: to fight him. There's also a lot of selfish people involved,

1034
00:52:32,120 --> 00:52:34,440
Speaker 1: like he he fires his agent at some point and

1035
00:52:34,480 --> 00:52:36,600
Speaker 1: his agent gets involved in the campaign against him to

1036
00:52:36,640 --> 00:52:39,560
Speaker 1: like get revenge against him. So it's there's a lot

1037
00:52:39,600 --> 00:52:42,439
Speaker 1: going on here and his his fired agent creates something

1038
00:52:42,440 --> 00:52:46,000
Speaker 1: called the Aborigines Protection Society to drum up public outrage

1039
00:52:46,000 --> 00:52:48,759
Speaker 1: about James Brooks crimes and a lot of what this

1040
00:52:48,960 --> 00:52:51,399
Speaker 1: says our lies, but their lies that are like, he's

1041
00:52:51,480 --> 00:52:53,920
Speaker 1: making up things that James Brooke did for real and

1042
00:52:53,960 --> 00:52:56,520
Speaker 1: they just didn't get evidence of over there. So it's again,

1043
00:52:56,560 --> 00:53:01,080
Speaker 1: it's very messy. It's like the Project Lincoln of the time. Yeah, exactly,

1044
00:53:01,320 --> 00:53:04,239
Speaker 1: it's yeah, it's that's exactly the the Lincoln project of

1045
00:53:04,239 --> 00:53:08,720
Speaker 1: colonialism that you guys aren't wrong. You're also not doing

1046
00:53:08,760 --> 00:53:11,360
Speaker 1: this for the right reason. Yeah, and one of you

1047
00:53:11,520 --> 00:53:13,640
Speaker 1: was probably also a pedophile, as was the case with

1048
00:53:13,640 --> 00:53:17,759
Speaker 1: the Project Lincoln guy. So James survived the trial and

1049
00:53:17,840 --> 00:53:21,080
Speaker 1: was eventually acquitted, but the process was brutal and savaged

1050
00:53:21,120 --> 00:53:23,680
Speaker 1: his reputation back home. It seems fair to say that

1051
00:53:23,680 --> 00:53:25,799
Speaker 1: both the specifics of the outrages he was accused of

1052
00:53:25,800 --> 00:53:28,480
Speaker 1: in Parliament were often inaccurate and unfair, and that the

1053
00:53:28,520 --> 00:53:31,879
Speaker 1: actual terrible things he did and wasn't tried for more

1054
00:53:31,920 --> 00:53:35,279
Speaker 1: than justified the public outrage he he finally received. So

1055
00:53:35,600 --> 00:53:38,040
Speaker 1: I guess that's good. I don't know, I don't know

1056
00:53:38,080 --> 00:53:42,040
Speaker 1: how to classify that public turns against him for a while. Yeah,

1057
00:53:42,280 --> 00:53:45,400
Speaker 1: yes they do, um so, But this doesn't he he

1058
00:53:45,440 --> 00:53:48,000
Speaker 1: doesn't get convicted and the last great challenge to Brooke

1059
00:53:48,040 --> 00:53:51,200
Speaker 1: rule in sarah Wak would finally turn the public back

1060
00:53:51,200 --> 00:53:54,520
Speaker 1: on his side. Unfortunately it came in eighteen fifty six.

1061
00:53:54,560 --> 00:53:58,120
Speaker 1: As I noted last episode, James had always hated Chinese people,

1062
00:53:58,560 --> 00:54:01,600
Speaker 1: but he had recognized at they had a lot like

1063
00:54:01,840 --> 00:54:05,200
Speaker 1: they He brought them in. He encouraged their immigration into

1064
00:54:05,320 --> 00:54:09,160
Speaker 1: sarah Walk, which fundamentally changed the ethnic dynamics of the country.

1065
00:54:09,520 --> 00:54:11,920
Speaker 1: Because he wanted them to improve the local economy, he

1066
00:54:11,960 --> 00:54:13,719
Speaker 1: wanted to tax them, and he knew that they would

1067
00:54:13,800 --> 00:54:16,320
Speaker 1: like if he invited these Chinese people who owned businesses

1068
00:54:16,320 --> 00:54:18,640
Speaker 1: and wanted to set up trading businesses in his country,

1069
00:54:18,880 --> 00:54:22,319
Speaker 1: it would improve his tax base. Um And, because he

1070
00:54:22,400 --> 00:54:24,680
Speaker 1: was so constantly short on money, even though he was

1071
00:54:24,800 --> 00:54:27,200
Speaker 1: very racist against the Chinese, James came to rely on

1072
00:54:27,280 --> 00:54:30,640
Speaker 1: them entirely for his like the taxing that funded his reign.

1073
00:54:31,160 --> 00:54:34,000
Speaker 1: He mainly did this by taxing opium heavily, which led

1074
00:54:34,000 --> 00:54:36,680
Speaker 1: to the smuggling of opium into sarah Walk, which led

1075
00:54:36,719 --> 00:54:39,600
Speaker 1: to a thriving population of the Triads and sarah Wak,

1076
00:54:39,960 --> 00:54:43,320
Speaker 1: so he creates the space for organized crime by bringing

1077
00:54:43,360 --> 00:54:46,160
Speaker 1: all these people in and then taxing opium heavily, which

1078
00:54:46,200 --> 00:54:49,320
Speaker 1: creates a market for untaxed i legal opium, which brings

1079
00:54:49,560 --> 00:54:51,600
Speaker 1: gangs in, you know, like that. Like that, that's the

1080
00:54:51,640 --> 00:54:55,839
Speaker 1: process that occurs here. Unrest built and built, and since

1081
00:54:55,920 --> 00:54:58,120
Speaker 1: by the geopolitical situation at the time, there's a bunch

1082
00:54:58,120 --> 00:55:00,600
Speaker 1: of conflicts between the British and Chinese government rents and

1083
00:55:00,640 --> 00:55:02,920
Speaker 1: the fact that a British man is governing and sarah

1084
00:55:02,920 --> 00:55:05,239
Speaker 1: Wak makes a lot of these particularly these Chinese folks

1085
00:55:05,239 --> 00:55:08,920
Speaker 1: who connected the Triads angry, and eventually a plan starts

1086
00:55:08,960 --> 00:55:11,600
Speaker 1: to form within a segment of the Chinese community to

1087
00:55:11,800 --> 00:55:14,480
Speaker 1: murder the Rajah and his officers and to take control

1088
00:55:14,480 --> 00:55:16,880
Speaker 1: of sarah Wak for themselves. And part of why they

1089
00:55:16,880 --> 00:55:19,080
Speaker 1: think they can do this is they watch James do it,

1090
00:55:19,160 --> 00:55:21,200
Speaker 1: you know, like it doesn't seem like give me that

1091
00:55:21,200 --> 00:55:22,719
Speaker 1: hard to kill you, like you don't have a standing mill.

1092
00:55:22,760 --> 00:55:25,959
Speaker 1: They we can just kill you take power like you did. Uh. Now,

1093
00:55:26,120 --> 00:55:29,719
Speaker 1: Brooks had an intelligence agency basically had like people keeping

1094
00:55:29,760 --> 00:55:31,719
Speaker 1: an ear to the ground, and they hear about this

1095
00:55:31,760 --> 00:55:34,680
Speaker 1: plan to coop him before it could be executed. He's

1096
00:55:34,680 --> 00:55:38,160
Speaker 1: actually away um in in a Brunei at the time

1097
00:55:38,239 --> 00:55:40,640
Speaker 1: when they find evidence of this plot, and one of

1098
00:55:40,680 --> 00:55:43,560
Speaker 1: his officers orders the garrison called up, gets like a

1099
00:55:43,560 --> 00:55:46,399
Speaker 1: bunch of soldiers called into action, hands out guns to them,

1100
00:55:46,600 --> 00:55:49,239
Speaker 1: and man's a bunch of forts around the capital and

1101
00:55:49,320 --> 00:55:51,520
Speaker 1: for a little while, this forces the plotters to delay

1102
00:55:51,560 --> 00:55:53,439
Speaker 1: taking action because they don't want to attack a bunch

1103
00:55:53,440 --> 00:55:56,760
Speaker 1: of fully armed forts and stuff. So James comes back

1104
00:55:56,880 --> 00:55:59,520
Speaker 1: from Brunei in eighteen fifty seven and he finds all

1105
00:55:59,520 --> 00:56:01,760
Speaker 1: of these four manned and his soldiers on high alert,

1106
00:56:01,960 --> 00:56:04,520
Speaker 1: and this makes him furious because it's expensive to keep

1107
00:56:04,520 --> 00:56:07,120
Speaker 1: a garrison active, and he basically yells at his officer,

1108
00:56:07,200 --> 00:56:09,719
Speaker 1: what the funk are you doing? This Chinese threats thing

1109
00:56:09,760 --> 00:56:12,319
Speaker 1: sounds like bullshit. Send these guys home and lock their

1110
00:56:12,320 --> 00:56:15,480
Speaker 1: guns back up. As soon as this happens, six hundred

1111
00:56:15,680 --> 00:56:21,919
Speaker 1: armed Chinese rebels attack, so his luck finally ran out.

1112
00:56:22,560 --> 00:56:25,680
Speaker 1: H Yeah, and this makes it clear that it had

1113
00:56:25,719 --> 00:56:28,520
Speaker 1: been more luck than brilliance, because this is a bad call.

1114
00:56:29,400 --> 00:56:32,440
Speaker 1: So the rebels came in the night, and when the

1115
00:56:32,480 --> 00:56:35,600
Speaker 1: attack started, James panicked and hid in his room. A

1116
00:56:35,680 --> 00:56:38,719
Speaker 1: servant who realized that like they were under attack, tried

1117
00:56:38,760 --> 00:56:44,640
Speaker 1: to rescue him, and James strangled the man. Then he

1118
00:56:44,680 --> 00:56:47,000
Speaker 1: watched through the window while one of the eighteen year

1119
00:56:47,040 --> 00:56:49,840
Speaker 1: old boys he'd collected and made an officer. This is

1120
00:56:49,880 --> 00:56:51,520
Speaker 1: an English boy that he liked, you know, one of

1121
00:56:51,560 --> 00:56:54,200
Speaker 1: his boys who he brought to Sarah with him. They

1122
00:56:54,600 --> 00:56:57,760
Speaker 1: the Chinese catch this kid and mistake him for James,

1123
00:56:58,040 --> 00:57:00,600
Speaker 1: and he watches from his room while this kid beheaded

1124
00:57:00,600 --> 00:57:02,400
Speaker 1: and has his head shoved on a pike in the

1125
00:57:02,440 --> 00:57:06,320
Speaker 1: front yard of his of his capital. So James abandons

1126
00:57:06,360 --> 00:57:08,800
Speaker 1: his servant and everyone else and escapes through his bathroom

1127
00:57:08,840 --> 00:57:10,880
Speaker 1: window and runs away to go hide in the jungle.

1128
00:57:11,440 --> 00:57:14,840
Speaker 1: The insurrection was initially successful. Chinese fighters took over the

1129
00:57:14,880 --> 00:57:17,360
Speaker 1: courthouse and most of the capital. They butchered many of

1130
00:57:17,400 --> 00:57:21,480
Speaker 1: Brooks officers and local loyal leaders. James Brooke hid terrified, well,

1131
00:57:21,520 --> 00:57:24,360
Speaker 1: a brave gup group of his Malay followers fought back,

1132
00:57:24,680 --> 00:57:29,160
Speaker 1: launching an insurgent campaign against the Chinese occupiers. European writers

1133
00:57:29,200 --> 00:57:31,920
Speaker 1: would later give James Brooke credit for this, saying he

1134
00:57:32,000 --> 00:57:34,600
Speaker 1: inspired the resistance even though he was again hiding in

1135
00:57:34,640 --> 00:57:37,000
Speaker 1: the jungle. At this point of time. The truth is

1136
00:57:37,040 --> 00:57:39,240
Speaker 1: that he did nothing. Were an alliance of Malays Di

1137
00:57:39,600 --> 00:57:42,480
Speaker 1: x and some European evangelists. There's like a church leader

1138
00:57:42,480 --> 00:57:44,120
Speaker 1: who picks up a bunch of guns and goes to

1139
00:57:44,160 --> 00:57:48,520
Speaker 1: fight against this. Uh insurrection actually fought back and forced

1140
00:57:48,520 --> 00:57:52,480
Speaker 1: the Chinese forces out of the capital. A general massacre followed,

1141
00:57:52,520 --> 00:57:54,920
Speaker 1: and this was probably incensed by a lot of the

1142
00:57:55,000 --> 00:57:57,720
Speaker 1: racism that James Brooke had inculcated against the Chinese during

1143
00:57:57,760 --> 00:58:00,760
Speaker 1: his reign, and about fifteen hundred of sarah four thousand

1144
00:58:00,800 --> 00:58:03,640
Speaker 1: Chinese citizens were massacred in an orgy of blood letting

1145
00:58:03,680 --> 00:58:09,120
Speaker 1: in thievery. So that's cool. Yeah, Well I don't cool.

1146
00:58:09,360 --> 00:58:13,680
Speaker 1: I mean it's not great. It's not great. Not great. Um. So,

1147
00:58:13,880 --> 00:58:18,040
Speaker 1: this insurrection didn't succeed in destroying Brooke ragin over Sarah Walk,

1148
00:58:18,120 --> 00:58:21,600
Speaker 1: but it did break James. The experience aged him rapidly,

1149
00:58:21,840 --> 00:58:23,920
Speaker 1: and within a few years he was all but unable

1150
00:58:23,960 --> 00:58:27,600
Speaker 1: to handle the demands of Raja hood. In eighteen sixty three,

1151
00:58:27,680 --> 00:58:30,120
Speaker 1: James handed over formal control of Sarah Walk, who his

1152
00:58:30,120 --> 00:58:33,360
Speaker 1: adopted heir, a guy named Charles Brooke. Now Charles was

1153
00:58:33,400 --> 00:58:36,720
Speaker 1: not actually James's son, as James had little interest in breeding,

1154
00:58:37,280 --> 00:58:39,520
Speaker 1: but he this is the young boy basically starts as

1155
00:58:39,520 --> 00:58:42,040
Speaker 1: a young boy who he gives control over two and

1156
00:58:42,040 --> 00:58:45,480
Speaker 1: and James or Charles adopts the name Brooke and becomes

1157
00:58:45,480 --> 00:58:49,040
Speaker 1: like his adopted son. Um. James would technically remain the

1158
00:58:49,040 --> 00:58:51,160
Speaker 1: White Raja for the last five years of his life,

1159
00:58:51,160 --> 00:58:53,840
Speaker 1: but in reality he fled sarah Wak for England, where

1160
00:58:53,840 --> 00:58:56,240
Speaker 1: he lived out his last days doing the thing he

1161
00:58:56,280 --> 00:59:00,520
Speaker 1: did best, obsessing over young boys. Nigel bar Early writes

1162
00:59:00,640 --> 00:59:03,600
Speaker 1: quote in eighteen sixty six, he read in the newspaper

1163
00:59:03,640 --> 00:59:05,960
Speaker 1: of a thirteen year old youth, Samuel Bray, who had

1164
00:59:06,000 --> 00:59:08,680
Speaker 1: saved a friend from drowning in Devonport, and he became

1165
00:59:08,800 --> 00:59:12,040
Speaker 1: unhealthily excited. He traced the lad sent him half a

1166
00:59:12,080 --> 00:59:15,760
Speaker 1: sovereign and tried to open a correspondence with him. Oh man,

1167
00:59:15,960 --> 00:59:19,360
Speaker 1: he never never gives up. God, this guy he just

1168
00:59:19,680 --> 00:59:21,520
Speaker 1: you know what it does. He does the stuff that like,

1169
00:59:22,200 --> 00:59:25,439
Speaker 1: you know, that cramping feeling you get in your gut

1170
00:59:25,520 --> 00:59:28,360
Speaker 1: when you hear or see something so douchey, like these

1171
00:59:28,400 --> 00:59:31,360
Speaker 1: douche cramps. Like that's like what I get from a

1172
00:59:31,400 --> 00:59:33,800
Speaker 1: lot of this guy's actions. It's just like he's just

1173
00:59:34,040 --> 00:59:36,680
Speaker 1: goes a little extra and he's just such a creep

1174
00:59:36,760 --> 00:59:39,880
Speaker 1: with these young guys. He's a he's real creep. It's

1175
00:59:39,880 --> 00:59:44,440
Speaker 1: not good. It is what happens. Um on Christmas Eve,

1176
00:59:44,520 --> 00:59:46,240
Speaker 1: this is the best part. In Christmas Eve of eighteen

1177
00:59:46,280 --> 00:59:49,000
Speaker 1: sixty seven, James Brooke has a stroke. Uh. This leads

1178
00:59:49,040 --> 00:59:51,840
Speaker 1: to a series of strokes which ends his life in

1179
00:59:51,960 --> 00:59:55,200
Speaker 1: June of eighteen sixty eight. So that's good. That's the

1180
00:59:55,240 --> 00:59:58,800
Speaker 1: first thing he's done that I fully approved of. I'm

1181
00:59:58,840 --> 01:00:02,120
Speaker 1: torn is a radical doctor. I never approve of strokes,

1182
01:00:02,400 --> 01:00:04,400
Speaker 1: but I mean, if you're you know this in this case,

1183
01:00:04,440 --> 01:00:07,160
Speaker 1: and it's not the worst stroke, that the worst stroke.

1184
01:00:07,280 --> 01:00:10,480
Speaker 1: How old was he? Jesus, he would have been like

1185
01:00:10,520 --> 01:00:16,000
Speaker 1: sixty's for the age just a long time. And especially

1186
01:00:16,040 --> 01:00:18,160
Speaker 1: considering the ship. This guy gets wounded a bunch of times,

1187
01:00:18,200 --> 01:00:19,800
Speaker 1: he said, the tropics. You know, he gets a bunch

1188
01:00:19,800 --> 01:00:24,320
Speaker 1: of illnesses. Um. So this is the end of James Brooke,

1189
01:00:24,400 --> 01:00:26,680
Speaker 1: but not, of course, the end of the Brook dynasty.

1190
01:00:27,200 --> 01:00:30,480
Speaker 1: Charlie Brooke, otherwise known as Raja Charles, lost no time

1191
01:00:30,520 --> 01:00:33,440
Speaker 1: in going to war to expand brooke control of brune I.

1192
01:00:33,960 --> 01:00:36,720
Speaker 1: He justified his conquests as a crusade to end the

1193
01:00:36,760 --> 01:00:40,600
Speaker 1: barbaric practice of head hunting. Now, if you remember, James Brooke,

1194
01:00:40,680 --> 01:00:43,800
Speaker 1: his predecessor, had encouraged head hunting and had used like

1195
01:00:44,120 --> 01:00:46,040
Speaker 1: he had paid his diet soldier by being like, you

1196
01:00:46,040 --> 01:00:48,240
Speaker 1: guys can take as many heads as you want, because

1197
01:00:48,280 --> 01:00:49,960
Speaker 1: like having access to a bunch of heads like you

1198
01:00:49,960 --> 01:00:51,880
Speaker 1: would like give them off in marriages and stuff. They're

1199
01:00:51,880 --> 01:00:54,560
Speaker 1: a symbol of your virility in this culture. So James

1200
01:00:54,560 --> 01:00:56,320
Speaker 1: takes advantage of that so he doesn't have to pay

1201
01:00:56,360 --> 01:00:58,960
Speaker 1: them in money. And Charlie then uses like, there's all

1202
01:00:59,000 --> 01:01:00,920
Speaker 1: these head hunters here for some reason, we have to

1203
01:01:00,920 --> 01:01:02,280
Speaker 1: fight a bunch of wars to get rid of the

1204
01:01:02,280 --> 01:01:04,880
Speaker 1: head on Dinga and that's how he expands his domain.

1205
01:01:05,840 --> 01:01:10,560
Speaker 1: So weird, this thing happens over and over in the

1206
01:01:10,560 --> 01:01:12,840
Speaker 1: British and you'll find people today who will kind of

1207
01:01:12,880 --> 01:01:16,480
Speaker 1: whitewash British crimes of imperialism with stuff like, well, but

1208
01:01:16,520 --> 01:01:19,600
Speaker 1: they stopped the barbaric practice of women throwing themselves on

1209
01:01:19,640 --> 01:01:22,000
Speaker 1: the funeral pyres of their husbands in India, which is

1210
01:01:22,040 --> 01:01:24,280
Speaker 1: a horrible thing. It's bad for it to be the

1211
01:01:24,320 --> 01:01:26,880
Speaker 1: norm for women to commit suicide when their husbands die.

1212
01:01:27,000 --> 01:01:29,840
Speaker 1: I would agree. The British weren't fighting that because it

1213
01:01:29,880 --> 01:01:31,520
Speaker 1: was the right thing to do. It was used as

1214
01:01:31,520 --> 01:01:34,080
Speaker 1: a justification for power graps, just like head hunting is

1215
01:01:34,200 --> 01:01:37,560
Speaker 1: used by Charles, and just like the anti slavery crusades,

1216
01:01:37,560 --> 01:01:42,680
Speaker 1: where uses the justification for a bunch of fucked up shit. Um. So,

1217
01:01:43,360 --> 01:01:45,800
Speaker 1: Charles blamed head hunting on the local women because it

1218
01:01:45,840 --> 01:01:47,520
Speaker 1: was kind of a sign of your virility if you

1219
01:01:47,600 --> 01:01:50,200
Speaker 1: captured heads. So he uses that to blame the women

1220
01:01:50,280 --> 01:01:53,800
Speaker 1: for basically what he he He not only conquers a

1221
01:01:53,800 --> 01:01:56,840
Speaker 1: bunch of land to stop headhunting, he orders sexual violence

1222
01:01:56,880 --> 01:02:00,200
Speaker 1: against Dyak women in order to punish them for like

1223
01:02:00,440 --> 01:02:06,240
Speaker 1: supporting head hunting. Yeah, he's He's worse. He's much worse.

1224
01:02:06,280 --> 01:02:09,560
Speaker 1: He's very bad. In his last years of ruling, after

1225
01:02:09,600 --> 01:02:13,200
Speaker 1: the Chinese Insurrection, Rasha James had repeatedly attempted to convince

1226
01:02:13,200 --> 01:02:16,040
Speaker 1: the British government to annex sarah Wak and incorporated into

1227
01:02:16,040 --> 01:02:19,040
Speaker 1: the Empire. Officially, the government had never quite bitten on

1228
01:02:19,080 --> 01:02:21,720
Speaker 1: this offer, and once Rossa Charles took power, he made

1229
01:02:21,720 --> 01:02:24,160
Speaker 1: it clear that the Brook dynasty had no further desire

1230
01:02:24,200 --> 01:02:29,000
Speaker 1: to sell out to the Motherland. Instead, Charles pursued expansion

1231
01:02:29,080 --> 01:02:31,880
Speaker 1: at the expense of the Sultan of Brunei, which is

1232
01:02:31,880 --> 01:02:35,000
Speaker 1: again now a British protectorate. This led to a conflict

1233
01:02:35,040 --> 01:02:38,560
Speaker 1: with the newly established British North Borneo Company, which was

1234
01:02:38,640 --> 01:02:41,760
Speaker 1: kind of running Brunei and was not interested in letting

1235
01:02:41,760 --> 01:02:45,480
Speaker 1: the Brooks take over. Now through a series of military campaigns,

1236
01:02:45,640 --> 01:02:48,080
Speaker 1: Raja Charles took over a region called the Limbang in

1237
01:02:48,160 --> 01:02:51,440
Speaker 1: eighteen ninety, but he failed to conquer Brunei itself because

1238
01:02:51,480 --> 01:02:55,080
Speaker 1: of the British, like the north Borneo Company um. And

1239
01:02:55,120 --> 01:02:57,960
Speaker 1: this really frustrated Charles because he wanted to control Brunei.

1240
01:02:58,040 --> 01:03:01,240
Speaker 1: He wanted to conquer everything, but he can't because of

1241
01:03:01,240 --> 01:03:03,800
Speaker 1: this British company and the fact that the British north

1242
01:03:03,800 --> 01:03:07,320
Speaker 1: Borneo Company had stopped him from taking Brunei leads Charles,

1243
01:03:07,360 --> 01:03:10,200
Speaker 1: who was an imperialist Raja of a conquered land, to

1244
01:03:10,280 --> 01:03:17,720
Speaker 1: become an anti imperialism crusader. Rebranding Yeah, he publishes well

1245
01:03:17,760 --> 01:03:21,560
Speaker 1: he is again the White Raja of Sarah. He publishes

1246
01:03:21,640 --> 01:03:26,480
Speaker 1: a pamphlet um titled Queries Past, Present in Future, in

1247
01:03:26,480 --> 01:03:29,400
Speaker 1: which he critiques the specific sort of imperialism that ran

1248
01:03:29,480 --> 01:03:32,200
Speaker 1: counter to the kind of imperialism he supported. It's a

1249
01:03:32,240 --> 01:03:36,120
Speaker 1: remarkable document because in eighteen ninety this guy, who literally

1250
01:03:36,240 --> 01:03:38,680
Speaker 1: ruled a conquered Asian nation based on the power of

1251
01:03:38,760 --> 01:03:44,880
Speaker 1: Western guns, accurately diagnoses the problems of imperialism. Quote. It

1252
01:03:45,000 --> 01:03:48,120
Speaker 1: is something dreadful to contemplate, and yet too true that nearly,

1253
01:03:48,160 --> 01:03:51,240
Speaker 1: if not all, of our magnificently built colonial towns and

1254
01:03:51,320 --> 01:03:55,080
Speaker 1: colonial developments of every description have their foundations upon the

1255
01:03:55,120 --> 01:03:58,280
Speaker 1: bones of the aborigines of the soil. One asks if

1256
01:03:58,280 --> 01:04:01,560
Speaker 1: the benefits bestowed upon their success are sufficient to justify

1257
01:04:01,640 --> 01:04:04,439
Speaker 1: such sacrifices. I am fully aware that there are many

1258
01:04:04,440 --> 01:04:07,440
Speaker 1: occasions when bloodshed cannot be avoided, and that a certain

1259
01:04:07,480 --> 01:04:10,919
Speaker 1: amount of severity is necessary in governing all races, white

1260
01:04:11,040 --> 01:04:13,640
Speaker 1: or dark. But as we rule at present, I fail

1261
01:04:13,720 --> 01:04:16,520
Speaker 1: to see any hope of improvement respecting the real elevation

1262
01:04:16,560 --> 01:04:19,360
Speaker 1: of the natives by intellectual culture. If we look upon

1263
01:04:19,440 --> 01:04:21,520
Speaker 1: the sad side of the picture of the making of

1264
01:04:21,520 --> 01:04:24,280
Speaker 1: our immense empire, we should pause a moment and ask

1265
01:04:24,360 --> 01:04:26,200
Speaker 1: if there will not be a day of reckoning in

1266
01:04:26,240 --> 01:04:28,600
Speaker 1: the near far and the not far off future. Do

1267
01:04:28,720 --> 01:04:32,040
Speaker 1: all them yet so like that, that's not unreasoned, that's

1268
01:04:32,280 --> 01:04:35,400
Speaker 1: very accurate. Actually he doesn't see that, you're just as

1269
01:04:35,480 --> 01:04:38,040
Speaker 1: much a part of this as the British North Thornio Company.

1270
01:04:38,080 --> 01:04:41,280
Speaker 1: But it's accurate. Russia. Charles goes on to list British

1271
01:04:41,320 --> 01:04:44,640
Speaker 1: imperial possessions that had been won by conquest and aptly

1272
01:04:44,680 --> 01:04:50,000
Speaker 1: diagnosed the evils perpetuated, perpetuated in those places, quote New Zealand,

1273
01:04:50,240 --> 01:04:52,760
Speaker 1: years of warfare to subdue as finer races ever on

1274
01:04:52,880 --> 01:04:56,840
Speaker 1: trod God's Earth. What are they now? Australia Mostly he's

1275
01:04:56,840 --> 01:04:59,560
Speaker 1: talking about the Aboriginals here Australia mostly killed off by

1276
01:04:59,640 --> 01:05:03,360
Speaker 1: native police raised for this purpose, the Aborigines being found

1277
01:05:03,360 --> 01:05:07,600
Speaker 1: somewhat dangerous to Europeans gold workers and farmers. India, frequent

1278
01:05:07,640 --> 01:05:10,640
Speaker 1: collisions and battles occur, the interior still being much unsubdued,

1279
01:05:10,680 --> 01:05:14,360
Speaker 1: and its inhabitants very strong, Burma fighting occasional battles, and

1280
01:05:14,360 --> 01:05:16,720
Speaker 1: the natives put to the sword when the country was annexed.

1281
01:05:16,760 --> 01:05:20,520
Speaker 1: So he's again very accurately calling out the genocides of

1282
01:05:20,560 --> 01:05:24,439
Speaker 1: Aboriginal people, thing about this, that's weird. Yeah, while order

1283
01:05:24,600 --> 01:05:27,480
Speaker 1: ordering campaigns of sexual violence against the women of the

1284
01:05:27,520 --> 01:05:30,400
Speaker 1: country in order to stop a cultural practice that his

1285
01:05:30,520 --> 01:05:34,160
Speaker 1: direct successor had. Man, I want this to have I

1286
01:05:34,160 --> 01:05:35,800
Speaker 1: shouldn't say this as a doctor, but I want him

1287
01:05:35,840 --> 01:05:38,720
Speaker 1: to stroke too. Yeah, yeah, you do, you do? You

1288
01:05:38,720 --> 01:05:41,360
Speaker 1: want them all kind of a couple of more Strokes

1289
01:05:41,360 --> 01:05:44,240
Speaker 1: could have really handled things well from Malaysia here. So,

1290
01:05:45,000 --> 01:05:48,680
Speaker 1: after again very accurately describing the evils of imperialism Russia,

1291
01:05:48,800 --> 01:05:51,680
Speaker 1: Charles botched the diagnosis of their cause in a profoundly

1292
01:05:51,720 --> 01:05:55,440
Speaker 1: self lagrandizing way. The problem, he said, was not imperialism,

1293
01:05:55,480 --> 01:05:57,760
Speaker 1: it was the fact that quote, the right men to

1294
01:05:57,800 --> 01:06:00,120
Speaker 1: deal with the natives are not chosen, and such men

1295
01:06:00,160 --> 01:06:03,360
Speaker 1: should be very carefully picked. So Charles Brooke was not

1296
01:06:03,480 --> 01:06:05,920
Speaker 1: against white men ruling foreign lands for profit, but they

1297
01:06:05,920 --> 01:06:08,960
Speaker 1: had to be the right white men him. He got

1298
01:06:08,960 --> 01:06:14,240
Speaker 1: that from James. From James, Yeah, yeah, he did. Now.

1299
01:06:14,400 --> 01:06:17,520
Speaker 1: Raja Charles replaced the courtroom chairs his adopted father had

1300
01:06:17,560 --> 01:06:19,720
Speaker 1: set up with an iron bench, which he considered a

1301
01:06:19,800 --> 01:06:22,400
Speaker 1: symbol of the immutable power of his law. And he was,

1302
01:06:22,440 --> 01:06:25,200
Speaker 1: in general a more toxic version of everything his adopted

1303
01:06:25,240 --> 01:06:27,560
Speaker 1: father had been. And while Raja James had failed to

1304
01:06:27,560 --> 01:06:31,280
Speaker 1: actually spawn, and he recognized descendants Russia. Charles took seriously

1305
01:06:31,320 --> 01:06:34,040
Speaker 1: his royal imperative to make heirs to the throne. Three

1306
01:06:34,040 --> 01:06:36,680
Speaker 1: of his children survived to adulthood, including a man who

1307
01:06:36,720 --> 01:06:40,440
Speaker 1: would succeed him as the third Brook, Raja Charles Viner

1308
01:06:40,480 --> 01:06:42,560
Speaker 1: Brook and I'm gonna quote from the Daily Beast here.

1309
01:06:43,400 --> 01:06:47,560
Speaker 1: In nineteen eleven, Charles's son Viner married Sylvia Brett, who

1310
01:06:47,520 --> 01:06:50,400
Speaker 1: would eventually embraced the crude title. One headline writer gave

1311
01:06:50,400 --> 01:06:53,360
Speaker 1: her the Queen of the head Hunters. When Sylvia first

1312
01:06:53,440 --> 01:06:55,600
Speaker 1: arrived in sarah Walk with her brother, he found the

1313
01:06:55,600 --> 01:06:58,520
Speaker 1: place very different from what I had anticipated. Far safer,

1314
01:06:58,560 --> 01:07:01,520
Speaker 1: far more advanced, far happier, far more civilized, a very

1315
01:07:01,560 --> 01:07:06,560
Speaker 1: happy country, guided by European brained, but untouched by European vulgarity.

1316
01:07:06,760 --> 01:07:09,240
Speaker 1: The magic of it all possessed me. Sylvia would recall

1317
01:07:09,480 --> 01:07:12,520
Speaker 1: sites sounded sense there was in this abundant land everything

1318
01:07:12,560 --> 01:07:16,280
Speaker 1: which my heart had yearned for. Now. Eventually, Sylvia's self

1319
01:07:16,400 --> 01:07:19,680
Speaker 1: dramatizing streak eclipsed her aesthetic sense, playing up in eleven

1320
01:07:19,720 --> 01:07:22,480
Speaker 1: books and countless headlines. The exotic anomaly of these British

1321
01:07:22,480 --> 01:07:25,680
Speaker 1: blokes running a jungle kingdom, The rainy Sylvia ended up

1322
01:07:25,720 --> 01:07:28,560
Speaker 1: downplaying the progress that Rasha's in their country made. She

1323
01:07:28,680 --> 01:07:31,520
Speaker 1: and her husband had also had numerous affairs and encouraged

1324
01:07:31,520 --> 01:07:34,840
Speaker 1: their daughters to be equally libertine. The three princesses, Leonora,

1325
01:07:34,880 --> 01:07:38,160
Speaker 1: Elizabeth and Nancy, nicknamed Gold Pearl and Baba by reporters,

1326
01:07:38,400 --> 01:07:42,200
Speaker 1: dressed like quote tarts, had flamboyant escapades with numerous men

1327
01:07:42,240 --> 01:07:44,680
Speaker 1: and married eight times, including to a band leader and

1328
01:07:44,720 --> 01:07:48,560
Speaker 1: a boxer. Thank God I haven't had four daughters, Byner claimed,

1329
01:07:48,640 --> 01:07:53,400
Speaker 1: what a family? So yeah. One of his daughters, Mary's

1330
01:07:53,400 --> 01:07:56,080
Speaker 1: a jazz musician, the other Mary's a wrestler, um and

1331
01:07:56,160 --> 01:07:58,680
Speaker 1: the daughter who marries a wrestler. Princess Baba travels to

1332
01:07:58,720 --> 01:08:01,520
Speaker 1: Hollywood to try and sell screenplay based on the life

1333
01:08:01,560 --> 01:08:04,919
Speaker 1: of James Brooke. Princess Baba also repeatedly floated a plan

1334
01:08:05,000 --> 01:08:07,000
Speaker 1: to buy land next to the Sarah Walk and turn

1335
01:08:07,040 --> 01:08:15,080
Speaker 1: it into a rival kingdom called Baba Land. Fun people. Yeah.

1336
01:08:15,200 --> 01:08:17,800
Speaker 1: The Brooks of the twentieth century enjoyed little of the

1337
01:08:17,840 --> 01:08:20,520
Speaker 1: positive pr that had turned James Brooke into a celebrity.

1338
01:08:20,800 --> 01:08:22,719
Speaker 1: Much of this had to do with their libertine natures.

1339
01:08:22,720 --> 01:08:25,800
Speaker 1: They're kind of sucking around and getting wasted constantly. At

1340
01:08:25,840 --> 01:08:28,800
Speaker 1: one point, Rainey Sylvia was found dancing with two prostitutes

1341
01:08:28,800 --> 01:08:30,680
Speaker 1: in a nightclub and then taking them back to her

1342
01:08:30,720 --> 01:08:33,840
Speaker 1: palace to have their portraits painted. A visiting MP from

1343
01:08:33,840 --> 01:08:37,639
Speaker 1: Westminster wrote that, quote a more undignified woman, it would

1344
01:08:37,680 --> 01:08:40,280
Speaker 1: be hard to find. It was obvious to even casual

1345
01:08:40,280 --> 01:08:42,400
Speaker 1: observers that the Brooks had turned sarah Wak, a land

1346
01:08:42,479 --> 01:08:45,400
Speaker 1: with more than half a million citizens, into their private playground.

1347
01:08:45,720 --> 01:08:48,680
Speaker 1: One critic noted with disgusted that quote everything in this

1348
01:08:48,760 --> 01:08:52,559
Speaker 1: obscure little country bears the stamp of slackness and hopeless disorder.

1349
01:08:53,320 --> 01:08:56,280
Speaker 1: The brook dynasty's end began with World War Two. One

1350
01:08:56,320 --> 01:08:58,200
Speaker 1: of the benefits of being ruled over by the Brooks

1351
01:08:58,240 --> 01:09:00,000
Speaker 1: was supposed to be the fact that sarah walk would

1352
01:09:00,000 --> 01:09:03,040
Speaker 1: received the protection of the English Crown. British ships and

1353
01:09:03,080 --> 01:09:05,519
Speaker 1: soldiers had regularly fought in sarah Wak to put down

1354
01:09:05,520 --> 01:09:08,639
Speaker 1: internal rebellions and fight pirates, after all, but as soon

1355
01:09:08,680 --> 01:09:11,160
Speaker 1: as the country was menaced by a real foreign threat

1356
01:09:11,280 --> 01:09:14,160
Speaker 1: the Japanese Empire, British guns were nowhere to be seen.

1357
01:09:14,680 --> 01:09:17,000
Speaker 1: When sarah Wak was liberated at the start of the war.

1358
01:09:17,080 --> 01:09:19,360
Speaker 1: The destruction it had suffered was too extensive for the

1359
01:09:19,360 --> 01:09:22,360
Speaker 1: Brook family to afford to rebuild. They finally handed over

1360
01:09:22,360 --> 01:09:24,600
Speaker 1: control of their domain to Great Britain, who paid the

1361
01:09:24,840 --> 01:09:27,720
Speaker 1: family two hundred thousand pounds for the Kingdom Sarah Wak

1362
01:09:27,760 --> 01:09:30,839
Speaker 1: would mark the very last colonial acquisition of the British Empire.

1363
01:09:31,080 --> 01:09:34,200
Speaker 1: The country finally received its independence in nineteen sixty three

1364
01:09:34,400 --> 01:09:37,760
Speaker 1: and joined a federation with Malaya, North Borneo and Singapore.

1365
01:09:38,320 --> 01:09:41,560
Speaker 1: The last white Rajah and Rainey had an uncomfortable retirement

1366
01:09:41,600 --> 01:09:45,240
Speaker 1: in England. Sylvia hated being quote short of our glory

1367
01:09:45,280 --> 01:09:47,519
Speaker 1: and faced with the necessity of adjusting to a world

1368
01:09:47,520 --> 01:09:50,880
Speaker 1: in which we were no longer emperors but merely two ordinary,

1369
01:09:50,960 --> 01:09:55,120
Speaker 1: aging people, two misfits in the changing pattern of modern times.

1370
01:09:55,760 --> 01:09:59,320
Speaker 1: Oh my god, this family sucks. They suck, and they

1371
01:09:59,360 --> 01:10:02,719
Speaker 1: would rule from more than a century god well into

1372
01:10:03,680 --> 01:10:08,479
Speaker 1: based on dumb luck. So annoying. Yeah, all this stuff

1373
01:10:08,479 --> 01:10:12,240
Speaker 1: with this family, I mean, has this has this guy

1374
01:10:12,479 --> 01:10:16,440
Speaker 1: been popularized? The original James Brooke? Was he ever popularized

1375
01:10:16,479 --> 01:10:19,040
Speaker 1: in like popular culture? Was there movies made of him

1376
01:10:19,120 --> 01:10:22,400
Speaker 1: or anything? I'm assuming still to this day people probably

1377
01:10:22,920 --> 01:10:27,679
Speaker 1: only the more common popular cultures speaks of him. Well right, yeah,

1378
01:10:27,840 --> 01:10:29,960
Speaker 1: I think so. I mean, even like the stuff you'll

1379
01:10:29,960 --> 01:10:32,240
Speaker 1: find written recently, articles will point out that like he

1380
01:10:32,280 --> 01:10:34,559
Speaker 1: was a relatively benevolent ruler and he did this and

1381
01:10:34,560 --> 01:10:37,479
Speaker 1: he did that, um, which I don't think is fair.

1382
01:10:37,560 --> 01:10:40,160
Speaker 1: You could argue more benevolent than the East India Trading Company,

1383
01:10:40,160 --> 01:10:47,479
Speaker 1: which perpetuated a genocide that killed thirty million people. Yes, yeah,

1384
01:10:47,520 --> 01:10:50,600
Speaker 1: a very low bar. Oh there is um. Edge of

1385
01:10:50,640 --> 01:10:54,040
Speaker 1: the World stars Hollywood actor John Rice Myers as Brooke,

1386
01:10:54,320 --> 01:10:57,960
Speaker 1: Dominic Monahan as Colonel Arthur Crookshank and Hong Kong actress

1387
01:10:58,040 --> 01:11:02,760
Speaker 1: Josie Hoe as Brooks, former of Madeline Limb. So yeah,

1388
01:11:02,840 --> 01:11:05,240
Speaker 1: the movie Raja. Oh I guess Raj is the movie?

1389
01:11:05,479 --> 01:11:10,200
Speaker 1: Um god? Oh it was retitled The Edge of the World. Okay,

1390
01:11:10,680 --> 01:11:14,000
Speaker 1: oh this is being made in Oh my god, this

1391
01:11:14,040 --> 01:11:16,679
Speaker 1: is yeah, that that February. This is not Oh my god,

1392
01:11:16,720 --> 01:11:20,479
Speaker 1: what are you people doing? Stop? They've given they made

1393
01:11:20,520 --> 01:11:23,479
Speaker 1: a Hong Kong actress his his love interest, the love

1394
01:11:23,520 --> 01:11:28,400
Speaker 1: interest of a man who was almost undeniably at least

1395
01:11:28,439 --> 01:11:32,160
Speaker 1: engaged in questionable sexual relationships with teenagers. And it worst

1396
01:11:32,240 --> 01:11:39,000
Speaker 1: a a straight up pedophile predator, like desperate for they

1397
01:11:39,000 --> 01:11:42,439
Speaker 1: had to go to this, I mean the hot God

1398
01:11:42,520 --> 01:11:45,120
Speaker 1: damn it. Wait wait, god damn who who's starring? Is him?

1399
01:11:45,560 --> 01:11:51,639
Speaker 1: What's his name? Dominic Monahan, John Rice Myers, John Rice Meyers. Yeah, yeah, yeah,

1400
01:11:51,680 --> 01:11:56,400
Speaker 1: he's yeah, I mean they made him hot. God damn it.

1401
01:11:56,439 --> 01:11:59,479
Speaker 1: I'll put I'll put a picture in here. Fucking hell.

1402
01:11:59,520 --> 01:12:03,120
Speaker 1: Why did they they did this? I mean, it was

1403
01:12:03,200 --> 01:12:06,800
Speaker 1: okay when they did this for um, for um David

1404
01:12:06,880 --> 01:12:10,200
Speaker 1: Koresh because he was hot. But this is just No

1405
01:12:10,240 --> 01:12:12,960
Speaker 1: one questions that, No one questions, No one questions how

1406
01:12:13,080 --> 01:12:17,320
Speaker 1: hot David Koresh was. But I guarantee you fucking James

1407
01:12:17,400 --> 01:12:19,000
Speaker 1: Brooke was not this hot. Look at it, look at

1408
01:12:19,520 --> 01:12:23,920
Speaker 1: and they get hired an Irish actor when in reality, yeah, yeah,

1409
01:12:24,720 --> 01:12:30,800
Speaker 1: that's not fair. Oh no, God damn it. They okay.

1410
01:12:30,840 --> 01:12:33,439
Speaker 1: The synopsis on IMDb is at the epic tale of

1411
01:12:33,479 --> 01:12:36,080
Speaker 1: Sir James Brooke, the British adventurer who became King of

1412
01:12:36,160 --> 01:12:38,680
Speaker 1: sarah Look in the eighteen forties and embarked on a

1413
01:12:38,760 --> 01:12:43,800
Speaker 1: lifelong crusade to in piracy and head hunting. This is

1414
01:12:43,800 --> 01:12:48,439
Speaker 1: going to be awesome. Can we just get together, Let's

1415
01:12:48,560 --> 01:12:52,639
Speaker 1: let's do that. Fuck this movie and fuck James Brooke

1416
01:12:53,840 --> 01:12:57,880
Speaker 1: the British Empire. Yeah, agreed. Also check out the song

1417
01:12:58,000 --> 01:13:01,160
Speaker 1: Fuck the British Army if you're if you're feeling feeling

1418
01:13:01,240 --> 01:13:04,760
Speaker 1: more of those vibes. Um, oh, there's some good news.

1419
01:13:04,800 --> 01:13:06,880
Speaker 1: The family of George Floyd reached a twenty seven million

1420
01:13:06,920 --> 01:13:09,200
Speaker 1: dollar settlement with the City of Minneapolis in a wrongful

1421
01:13:09,240 --> 01:13:12,720
Speaker 1: death suit. All right, that does kind of speak well

1422
01:13:12,840 --> 01:13:15,360
Speaker 1: for what I hope will happen to Derek Chauvin in

1423
01:13:15,400 --> 01:13:19,639
Speaker 1: the trial. Um, well, got it. You've got some plug

1424
01:13:19,680 --> 01:13:22,240
Speaker 1: doubles to plug before we write out. Yeah, I should

1425
01:13:22,360 --> 01:13:24,760
Speaker 1: promote our show a little bit better than I did

1426
01:13:24,880 --> 01:13:27,960
Speaker 1: last time, or my co host will hurt me. So

1427
01:13:28,560 --> 01:13:30,720
Speaker 1: we have a podcast called The House of Pod. It's

1428
01:13:30,760 --> 01:13:33,439
Speaker 1: like a medical podcast, but it's like pretty relatable and

1429
01:13:33,520 --> 01:13:36,120
Speaker 1: it's not just for doctors. So, um, we talk we

1430
01:13:36,240 --> 01:13:39,680
Speaker 1: cover medical topics, but we also talk about things, um

1431
01:13:40,000 --> 01:13:44,000
Speaker 1: like you know, systemic racism and medicine, sexual harassment in medicine.

1432
01:13:44,040 --> 01:13:46,240
Speaker 1: We try to cover a lot of different topics that

1433
01:13:46,320 --> 01:13:48,760
Speaker 1: we think are important, and we have guests ranging from

1434
01:13:48,840 --> 01:13:51,519
Speaker 1: like the world expert physicians, like the best doctors in

1435
01:13:51,560 --> 01:13:55,559
Speaker 1: the world, to you know, Robert Evans so you should

1436
01:13:55,600 --> 01:13:57,960
Speaker 1: check it out. I think you'll like it. Um find

1437
01:13:58,000 --> 01:14:00,759
Speaker 1: this at the House of Pod, at Twitter and anywhere

1438
01:14:00,840 --> 01:14:05,840
Speaker 1: you do your podcasting. Yeah, check it out. Um Uh,

1439
01:14:06,120 --> 01:14:09,160
Speaker 1: yell at the people making the movie about James Brooke, um,

1440
01:14:09,800 --> 01:14:12,360
Speaker 1: because it seems like a bad idea. What the world

1441
01:14:12,479 --> 01:14:16,080
Speaker 1: needs now is for us all to idolize a man

1442
01:14:16,360 --> 01:14:20,840
Speaker 1: who conquered an entire country for his own self aggrandizement,

1443
01:14:21,560 --> 01:14:25,599
Speaker 1: paid his mercenary local soldiers in the heads of their enemies,

1444
01:14:25,720 --> 01:14:29,680
Speaker 1: and then gained a reputation as fighting head hunting. Um

1445
01:14:30,320 --> 01:14:32,360
Speaker 1: that's great. I mean he did, like he had a

1446
01:14:32,400 --> 01:14:35,160
Speaker 1: couple of anti head hunting like crusades and stuff throughout

1447
01:14:35,240 --> 01:14:38,360
Speaker 1: his career, But when he needed the people who were

1448
01:14:38,360 --> 01:14:40,519
Speaker 1: head hunting to fight for him, he paid them in heads.

1449
01:14:40,600 --> 01:14:43,439
Speaker 1: So I don't I'm not gonna call him an opponent

1450
01:14:43,560 --> 01:14:46,200
Speaker 1: of head hunting. Um. I just I just don't see

1451
01:14:46,240 --> 01:14:48,360
Speaker 1: how in this day and age, people are still buying

1452
01:14:48,439 --> 01:14:53,400
Speaker 1: the story. You know, Yeah, you know it's because, like

1453
01:14:53,560 --> 01:14:55,720
Speaker 1: funck Man, I I it's hard. Not like I was

1454
01:14:55,840 --> 01:14:57,720
Speaker 1: raised on a lot of impre like I read a

1455
01:14:57,760 --> 01:15:00,240
Speaker 1: lot like King Solomon's minds and stuff. I've talked about

1456
01:15:00,240 --> 01:15:02,760
Speaker 1: this someone episode, these books about like the the age

1457
01:15:02,800 --> 01:15:05,920
Speaker 1: of exploration and adventure, and like there's always been like

1458
01:15:06,080 --> 01:15:07,760
Speaker 1: I've made some of the decisions I've made in my

1459
01:15:07,840 --> 01:15:11,000
Speaker 1: life because I wanted to have, you know, adventures in

1460
01:15:11,760 --> 01:15:15,120
Speaker 1: places that that seemed exotic and strange and unfamiliar to me.

1461
01:15:15,400 --> 01:15:19,280
Speaker 1: It's a powerful impulse, particularly within our culture. So you

1462
01:15:19,760 --> 01:15:22,160
Speaker 1: there's a lot of desire for these guys to have

1463
01:15:22,240 --> 01:15:25,519
Speaker 1: actually been heroes for what they did do have been heroic. Um.

1464
01:15:25,920 --> 01:15:29,840
Speaker 1: And in part because it justifies further colonial adventures, and

1465
01:15:29,920 --> 01:15:33,080
Speaker 1: in part because just people like a good adventure story.

1466
01:15:33,560 --> 01:15:36,760
Speaker 1: But I think it's pretty harmful. I think it's pretty harmful. Yeah.

1467
01:15:37,200 --> 01:15:41,960
Speaker 1: You know, I'm not mad at everyone who contributes in

1468
01:15:42,040 --> 01:15:45,200
Speaker 1: a tiny ways to Orientalism, you know. I mean sometimes

1469
01:15:45,280 --> 01:15:47,479
Speaker 1: it leads to people learning more about these cultures and

1470
01:15:47,720 --> 01:15:50,240
Speaker 1: you know, more about like you know, Iron for example.

1471
01:15:50,680 --> 01:15:53,880
Speaker 1: So it's not always bad, um, but it kind of

1472
01:15:54,000 --> 01:15:57,559
Speaker 1: gets it does get so easy for it to go bad. Yeah,

1473
01:15:57,680 --> 01:16:00,080
Speaker 1: I mean, it can in some cases be so of

1474
01:16:00,200 --> 01:16:03,160
Speaker 1: the seed that leads someone to an actual nuanced understanding

1475
01:16:03,360 --> 01:16:06,439
Speaker 1: of both like a different culture and and that can

1476
01:16:06,520 --> 01:16:09,679
Speaker 1: be positive. Um. But more often I think it leads

1477
01:16:09,760 --> 01:16:15,519
Speaker 1: to James brook You know James Brooke. Um, yeah, it's

1478
01:16:15,560 --> 01:16:21,120
Speaker 1: not great. He's not great, but yeah he's not hot,

1479
01:16:21,200 --> 01:16:22,880
Speaker 1: not as hot as they're making him, not nearly as

1480
01:16:22,920 --> 01:16:25,960
Speaker 1: hot as David Karrett. Um. So yeah, I guess if

1481
01:16:26,000 --> 01:16:28,360
Speaker 1: I'm going to ask my listeners to do anything, it's

1482
01:16:28,840 --> 01:16:34,040
Speaker 1: think about David Koresh's unbelievably cut abs, just shredded abs.

1483
01:16:34,840 --> 01:16:38,360
Speaker 1: Then check out the House of hod Um, or do

1484
01:16:38,479 --> 01:16:39,880
Speaker 1: both at the same time. You can do both at

1485
01:16:39,880 --> 01:16:41,560
Speaker 1: the same time. We may talk about his abs on

1486
01:16:41,600 --> 01:16:43,439
Speaker 1: the show. We may talk about his abs. Abs are

1487
01:16:43,439 --> 01:16:47,200
Speaker 1: an important part of health um And here's at the

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01:16:47,320 --> 01:16:47,760
Speaker 1: end of the show.