Speaker 1: School of Humans doab Booby. Oh don't you love this
Speaker 1: song Morning by Greeg. Doesn't this little ditty just soothe
Speaker 1: your soul? I like to imagine when I hear this song,
Speaker 1: that I'm frolicking through a field.
Speaker 2: Perhaps even riding a horse.
Speaker 1: I've never ridden a horse before, but I can see
Speaker 1: us galloping through a field.
Speaker 2: And it's not hurting my vagina one bit.
Speaker 1: Horses, aren't they lovely, majestic, beautiful creatures. But wait, imagine
Speaker 1: one horse. Then imagine another horse, and then another, and
Speaker 1: then another, and then there are so many horses. They're
Speaker 1: all crammed together on a busy street, I'd say a
Speaker 1: street in New York City. They're everywhere you can't escape.
Speaker 1: Oh God, I don't think I like horses anymore so.
Speaker 1: At the end of the nineteenth century, horses were one
Speaker 1: of the biggest problems in metropolitan areas all over the world.
Speaker 1: They were all over the place. They were used for
Speaker 1: all sorts of things like transportation. Horses powered the trolley system.
Speaker 1: They were the locomotive engine for carriages and buggies, and
Speaker 1: these buggies could be dangerous. Two hundred New Yorkers got
Speaker 1: run over by carriages every year. Yeah, those horses were drunk,
Speaker 1: but most of the horses were used for hauling goods
Speaker 1: and building buildings. And no, they wouldn't build with their
Speaker 1: little hoofs. They were used to power the machineanery that
Speaker 1: would build the buildings, you know, literal horse power. And
Speaker 1: the reason there are so many horses is because there
Speaker 1: was so many people in New York City. In eighteen hundred,
Speaker 1: there were like thirty thousand people, but then by eighteen
Speaker 1: ninety there's like two point six million, and it wasn't
Speaker 1: built to hold that many. Luckily, very few people live
Speaker 1: there today. And then there's like two hundred thousand horses.
Speaker 1: That's like one horse per ten people. And do you
Speaker 1: guys know what horses do? Unlike me, they poo and
Speaker 1: they pee.
Speaker 2: That's right. I don't have a body. I'm just a
Speaker 2: disembodied voice.
Speaker 1: And the thing is the pee and the pooh. Mostly
Speaker 1: the pooh builds up. It's estimated that one individual war
Speaker 1: horse would expel somewhere between fifteen and thirty pounds of
Speaker 1: manure a day, so in total, that's like three to
Speaker 1: four million pounds a day from all the horses just
Speaker 1: in the streets of New York.
Speaker 2: And let's also not.
Speaker 1: Forget how each horse would also expel courts and quarts
Speaker 1: of piss. And if you can believe it, all this
Speaker 1: horse he dung was a problem. No one wanted to
Speaker 1: be clomping upon miles of horse excrement. And so that's
Speaker 1: what we're talking about in today's episode. How did they
Speaker 1: solve this horseshit problem?
Speaker 2: Well, let's stop.
Speaker 1: Horsing around and get into it. Cue the theme song,
Speaker 1: This is American Filth Gabby Watts. Every week I tell
Speaker 1: you a filthy story from American history. This week's episode
Speaker 1: a sea of manure. So yeah, New York. Lots of
Speaker 1: cities at the end of the nineteenth century were covered
Speaker 1: in horse dookie. One person in the late nineteenth century
Speaker 1: called New York a sea of manure. The shit was
Speaker 1: quote lining city streets like banks of snow. And the
Speaker 1: thing is, even when it snowed or when it rained,
Speaker 1: that didn't help the problem at all.
Speaker 2: The peo would just get caked.
Speaker 1: Into the sidewalk, into the streets, into the buildings, and
Speaker 1: the horse shit. That's not the only problem. There's also
Speaker 1: a lot of trash and garbage. People were producing a
Speaker 1: lot of ash in their house because of fires and shit.
Speaker 1: But there wasn't a functional public garbage collection service. Like
Speaker 1: if you wanted your street to be cleaned up, you
Speaker 1: personally had to pay someone to do it or just
Speaker 1: do it yourself.
Speaker 2: And the thing is, every time that New.
Speaker 1: York City did hire people to clean they never seemed
Speaker 1: to do their jobs. The garbage collectors and street cleaners
Speaker 1: had a really bad reputation, you know, as lazy and
Speaker 1: as slackers, and then they would only work if they
Speaker 1: were bribed. The thing that's interesting, though, is that New
Speaker 1: York City used to actually have great trash collection. This
Speaker 1: was earlier in the nineteenth century because then they didn't
Speaker 1: have that many horses, but they did have a lot
Speaker 1: of pigs, that's right. It used to be that pigs
Speaker 1: were just running them up throughout the town. And you
Speaker 1: know what pigs like to do. They liked to eat
Speaker 1: trash and then for a dessert, they liked to eat
Speaker 1: their own shit. Perfect sustainable. So the reason there are
Speaker 1: these pigs in the city was that, like in the
Speaker 1: eighteen twenties, a lot of people started moving to New
Speaker 1: York in part because of the Erie Canal opening up.
Speaker 2: But some of the people who already lived.
Speaker 1: In New York City before this great influx of people.
Speaker 1: They were homesteaders and these were their pigs. And so
Speaker 1: the city was being built up, and the pigs were
Speaker 1: just there, just free roman doing whatever they wanted to do,
Speaker 1: which was mostly eat trash. The city was their brunch buffet.
Speaker 1: In fact, there were actually so many pigs, like there's
Speaker 1: twenty thousand pigs was running around that they became part
Speaker 1: of New York's early identity. Like travelers would come from
Speaker 1: all over and they always had something to say about
Speaker 1: the pigs. Like Charles Dickens, he came to New York
Speaker 1: City in eighteen forty two. He wasn't really a big
Speaker 1: fan of Americans, and so he was delighted when he
Speaker 1: saw that America's big city was littered with swine. He wrote,
Speaker 1: two portly sALS are trotting up behind a carriage, and
Speaker 1: a select party of a half a dozen gentlemen hogs
Speaker 1: have just now turned the corner.
Speaker 2: Wow piggy courtship.
Speaker 1: But the politicians and the rich people in the city
Speaker 1: didn't like that pigs were associated with New York. They
Speaker 1: didn't want visitors to keep thinking that their city was
Speaker 1: no better than a barnyard. So they launched a smear
Speaker 1: campaign against the pigs through the eighteen fifties and sixties
Speaker 1: so that they could get.
Speaker 2: Rid of them.
Speaker 1: They're like, oh, pigs, they attack children, they pooh on you,
Speaker 1: They cause carriage accidents because they don't obey the traffic rules.
Speaker 2: They're in the way. They also accused.
Speaker 1: Pigs of carrying diseases, which they didn't really like. If
Speaker 1: any rich person in New York would get a headache, they'd.
Speaker 2: Be like, oh, it's because of the pigs. The pigs
Speaker 2: did this to be.
Speaker 1: And then they said the biggest sin of all that
Speaker 1: the swine had been committing. Sometimes ladies, that's right, ladies
Speaker 1: would see swine copulating in public view.
Speaker 2: That's right.
Speaker 1: That's something ladies should not be seeing. And so they
Speaker 1: got rid of the pigs. And by getting rid of
Speaker 1: the pigs, they actually gave themselves a much bigger problem
Speaker 1: because the horse shit, unlike the pigs, the horse shit
Speaker 1: actually does lead to disease, because what comes with shit mosquitoes, bugs, rats,
Speaker 1: other vermin that transmit disease. So New York City they
Speaker 1: had all the hits, they had cholera, they had typhoid,
Speaker 1: they had typhus, they had yellow fever, malaria. Adults were sick,
Speaker 1: children were dying death indirectly by dung. So yeah, a
Speaker 1: lot was at stake. So we're at this point in
Speaker 1: time where people are seriously considering how to improve sanitation,
Speaker 1: and city officials, you know, they tried to do some
Speaker 1: things about it. One plan that worked briefly was that
Speaker 1: the city had farmers come in and take as much
Speaker 1: of the manure as they could, because they're like, hey,
Speaker 1: you could use it as fertilizer, and wow, look at
Speaker 1: this symbiotic relationship. You provide the labor to remove the dung,
Speaker 1: and whilah, free fertilizer. But the thing is, there was
Speaker 1: just too much poo and the farmers didn't need that
Speaker 1: much fertilizer.
Speaker 2: They realized that they were.
Speaker 1: At the end of a bad deal, so they're like, hey,
Speaker 1: we'll remove the manure as long as you pay us. Damn,
Speaker 1: the city couldn't get free labor boo. And the thing
Speaker 1: that might be even more disturbing than the fact that
Speaker 1: there was trash whether there was horse manure.
Speaker 2: Another big issue that they had was.
Speaker 1: That sometimes people would just leave their horses in the street.
Speaker 2: After they died. That's right.
Speaker 1: They would just leave their dead horses in the street
Speaker 1: to rot. Don't we love to hear that? And now,
Speaker 1: horse gurlies, you might want to tune out for the
Speaker 1: next couple of minutes because I'm going to talk about
Speaker 1: the horses and you're not going to like what I'm
Speaker 1: gonna say. Because the horses, they were not treated well.
Speaker 1: Most of them were being used for horse power, so
Speaker 1: they were worked to the brink. They also lived in
Speaker 1: terrible conditions. The horses were stabled in these big garages
Speaker 1: within New York's horse districts. They were just crowded in there,
Speaker 1: and they were fed from these large grainaries, which attracted
Speaker 1: rats and other rodents. And the craziest thing is that
Speaker 1: the grain sometimes would rot and because of like fermentation
Speaker 1: and whatnot, the garages would then explode. They were like
Speaker 1: burned down, and then all the buildings in the surrounding
Speaker 1: area would also burn down. What that's crazy. So, yeah,
Speaker 1: the horses weren't having a good time. The average lifespan
Speaker 1: of a horse is twenty five to thirty years, but
Speaker 1: in the eighteen nineties, the average lifespan of the workhorses
Speaker 1: was two and a half years.
Speaker 2: They were literally worked to death.
Speaker 1: I would at this point make a beating a dead
Speaker 1: horse joke, but that feels very inappropriate and a viable
Speaker 1: reason for cancelation.
Speaker 2: So let's move on.
Speaker 1: One thing city officials did with these dead horses starting
Speaker 1: in the eighteen fifties was send them to this little island,
Speaker 1: Barren Island, off near Jamaica Bay. Because this island had
Speaker 1: several processing mills. That's right, they would turn the dead
Speaker 1: horses into glue. And that's how it got the name
Speaker 1: dead Horse Bay. And you might be thinking, an island
Speaker 1: filled with glue factories. That sounds terrible. And what's worse,
Speaker 1: people actually lived on the island.
Speaker 2: Yeah, all the.
Speaker 1: People who operated the glue factories and whatnot they lived there.
Speaker 1: Most of the residents were immigrants, and they lived in
Speaker 1: very toxic conditions. And then even off the island they
Speaker 1: were treated appallingly. Like in eighteen seventy nine, there was
Speaker 1: this Brooklyn Railroad company that got the court to rule
Speaker 1: that they could legally turn away the people who lived
Speaker 1: on the island because their clothes smelled so bad.
Speaker 2: Yawnkes.
Speaker 1: But even dead Horse Bay couldn't save New York City.
Speaker 1: There are still a lot of dead horses and even
Speaker 1: more horse shit. And yet the city's politicians had done
Speaker 1: some things here and there trying to relieve the problem
Speaker 1: of filth. But the problem was the administration in the
Speaker 1: early eighteen nineties was.
Speaker 2: A little bit corrupt. You know, there was fraud.
Speaker 1: There's this organization, just greedy men doing greedy men stuff.
Speaker 1: And part of the reason they didn't have an effective
Speaker 1: sanitation department was because some of them were pocketing the
Speaker 1: money that was supposed to be for cleaning up the city.
Speaker 2: Whoopsies.
Speaker 1: But it was getting bad. There's so many people, so
Speaker 1: much worseshit. Everyone was like, something's got to change. People
Speaker 1: are sick and it smells. So there was an election
Speaker 1: and a new mayor, and this mayor was very much
Speaker 1: into reform and he knew who he needed to get
Speaker 1: to make everything change in the sanitation department.
Speaker 2: He called on George E. Waring Junior.
Speaker 1: God, what a cliffhanger be right back after these soothing advertisements.
Speaker 1: So while the politicians in New York were not investing
Speaker 1: in their sanitation department, aka taking away the money for
Speaker 1: the sanitation department around the country and around the world.
Speaker 1: There had been some innovation in sanitary tech sandy tech,
Speaker 1: and one of the men at the forefront was George E.
Speaker 1: Waring Junior, so Hoopsta's George. George was the son of
Speaker 1: a wealthy stove manufacturer, born in Palmdbridge, New York, and
Speaker 1: when he was younger, George studied agriculture science. He was
Speaker 1: a farmer basically, but then in eighteen fifty seven he
Speaker 1: joined a very big project in New York City. He
Speaker 1: was going to help with draining the wetlands so they
Speaker 1: could construct Central Park. He was like, yes, I will
Speaker 1: be an agricultural and drainage engineer now. And also what
Speaker 1: we need to I know about George is that he
Speaker 1: loved horses. And I know I was talking about all
Speaker 1: sorts of nasty things related to horses. So I thought
Speaker 1: we might have a nice tangent talking about how much
Speaker 1: this guy loved horses. And no, I don't mean he
Speaker 1: loved horses in like a brony or a furry sort
Speaker 1: of way. Nothing nasty, just a pure tender love for
Speaker 1: a horse. Don't be nasty. He loved horses so much
Speaker 1: that in eighteen seventy five he published a book about
Speaker 1: all of his horses and the adventures that they had
Speaker 1: had together called Whip and Spur, and it seems the
Speaker 1: horse he loved the most was his beloved Mayor Vixen.
Speaker 1: Vixen came into his life when he was working on
Speaker 1: the drainage system in Central Park. He realized to do
Speaker 1: his job that he needed a saddle horse to transport
Speaker 1: him around and do his duties. He went to various auctions,
Speaker 1: tracked down leads, but couldn't find a horse. It wasn't
Speaker 1: until a stable boy was like, hey, sir, I got
Speaker 1: a man who can get you a horse. And so
Speaker 1: George walked to the edge of town and met a
Speaker 1: dude who peddled not just clams but also potatoes. Wow,
Speaker 1: diversified inventory. And that dude was like, yeah, I got
Speaker 1: a horse you can have. So they went to the
Speaker 1: barn and that's where George met Vixen. She was scrawny
Speaker 1: from all the hard labor she had done, but he
Speaker 1: knew he wanted this horse because of her quote wonderful head.
Speaker 2: This was the perfection of a horse's.
Speaker 1: Head, small bony and of perfect shape, with keen, deer
Speaker 1: like eyes and thin, active ears. Her royal blood shone
Speaker 1: out from her face and kept it beautiful. End quote
Speaker 1: and George and Vixen they had a great time together.
Speaker 1: He helped him go about his duties, and then sometimes
Speaker 1: they would have some fun while working on the drainage system.
Speaker 1: He wrote, the park afforded good leaping in those days.
Speaker 1: Some of the fences were still standing around the abandoned gardens,
Speaker 1: and new ditches and old brooks were plenty. She cleared
Speaker 1: the brook with apparent ease, and once, in a moment
Speaker 1: of excitement, she carried me over a brook with a
Speaker 1: clear leap of twenty six feet. Jeorge really loved Vixen.
Speaker 1: She was a great companion, whether he was riding her
Speaker 1: or they were just walking next to each other. He
Speaker 1: said she was as good company as a dog, better,
Speaker 1: perhaps because she seemed more really a part of one's self.
Speaker 1: Vixen followed George into the Civil War, but unfortunately that's
Speaker 1: when she died. In his book, he spent many pages
Speaker 1: describing how he tried to save her, how he tried
Speaker 1: to keep her alive. At one point, she had gotten
Speaker 1: a fever, and he asked the veterinarian to stay back
Speaker 1: and heal her.
Speaker 2: He said the thought of leaving her was very bitter.
Speaker 1: And with the work of the vet, she did recover
Speaker 1: and was returned to George at their camp. George said
Speaker 1: there was now hope that she would recover sufficiently to
Speaker 1: be sent to Saint Louis to be nursed. But then
Speaker 1: that night another horse broke into her enclosure and broke
Speaker 1: her leg. George was beside himself. He said, I could
Speaker 1: not let her die now when she was just restored
Speaker 1: to me. He was basically like, I don't care if
Speaker 1: her leg is broken. He knew that she could never
Speaker 1: carry him again, but he was like, she could be
Speaker 1: my pet, and I could send her home and make
Speaker 1: her happy for many a long year.
Speaker 2: Yet meanwhile he's literally at war.
Speaker 1: But eventually, on a lovely Sunday morning in November eighteen
Speaker 1: sixty two, he saw Vixen sitting on her haunches like
Speaker 1: a dog, and she sat like that all day and
Speaker 1: refused any food, and George finally knew there was no hope.
Speaker 1: She wasn't going to get better. So one of the
Speaker 1: officers led him to his tent, and George said, I
Speaker 1: turned to look back at poor Vixen, and she gave
Speaker 1: me a little nay a farewell. He talked with the
Speaker 1: officer about all the good days he had had with
Speaker 1: Vixen until they heard a single shot. That evening, the
Speaker 1: band played a funeral song, and George said, the sun
Speaker 1: went down on one of the very sad days of
Speaker 1: my life. But anyway, enough of that horse story. After
Speaker 1: the war, George continued to work at the intersection of
Speaker 1: farming and engineering. He wrote a bunch of books about
Speaker 1: scientific agriculture along with his stories about horses, and he
Speaker 1: got a lot of good money for this. He went
Speaker 1: to Europe, where he wrote traveling stories and probably learned
Speaker 1: about what European engineers were doing to help their cities
Speaker 1: not fall to trash and rot. And along the way
Speaker 1: he developed a deep interest in public health. He wrote
Speaker 1: a bunch of stuff about sanitation. He would make the
Speaker 1: case that things need to be more sanitary because it's
Speaker 1: right for the public's health. But also he was like,
Speaker 1: if we invest in sanitation, maybe we can.
Speaker 2: Find a way to make money off of our trash.
Speaker 2: HM very idealistic.
Speaker 1: Now a lot of people think that George wasn't actually
Speaker 1: that innovative. What he was good at was taking other
Speaker 1: people's ideas and making them seem really compelling. He had
Speaker 1: a big personality and wrote with quote infinite gusto. People
Speaker 1: were like, Wow, this guy is bold. You know, he's
Speaker 1: like in the papers writing about the Privy that's very impolite,
Speaker 1: but also very interesting. So he was becoming a bit
Speaker 1: of a celebrity and also a hot shot in the
Speaker 1: sanitary engineering world.
Speaker 2: So in eighteen seventy.
Speaker 1: Eight, George was the person that the newly established National
Speaker 1: Board of Health called on to.
Speaker 2: Go fix Memphis.
Speaker 1: What was happening in Memphis was they kept having these
Speaker 1: cholera and yellow fever epidemics, and a big part of
Speaker 1: the reason the diseases were so bad there was because
Speaker 1: a lot of their water wells were right next to
Speaker 1: the places where they shat and pissed, and there was
Speaker 1: other various strangage issues. So they called on George to
Speaker 1: fix it, and he came up with a whole new
Speaker 1: sewer system for the city that would separate all the
Speaker 1: bad stuff from the water, and after.
Speaker 2: It was put in place, there were no more epidemics.
Speaker 1: So in eighteen ninety five, William Lafayette Strong became the
Speaker 1: mayor of New York City. Strong was big on reform,
Speaker 1: and he came into office looking to squash the corruption
Speaker 1: of the previous administration. One newspaper wrote that Strong's election
Speaker 1: was a revolution that closes a dark and opens a
Speaker 1: bright era in the municipal affairs of New York. And
Speaker 1: so almost immediately after he took office on January first,
Speaker 1: eighteen ninety five, William Strong appointed George Waring as the
Speaker 1: Commissioner of street cleaning for New York City.
Speaker 2: He was like, George, help us.
Speaker 1: We're drowning and shit and trash and dead animal carcasses
Speaker 1: the set. So George got to work. He wrote some memos.
Speaker 1: He said, there is much need for radical improvement. And
Speaker 1: one of the first things he did was a symbol
Speaker 1: a sanitation army. He hired a bunch of civically minded
Speaker 1: dudes to become street cleaners and trash collectors. He made
Speaker 1: them dress in white suits, you know, the perfect color
Speaker 1: when you're cleaning trash, shit, piss and oh also, you know, ash.
Speaker 2: Was a big problem. And he did this for a
Speaker 2: variety of reasons. You know.
Speaker 1: One, the public was skeptical about street cleaners because, as
Speaker 1: I said earlier, usually they were nefarious dudes who would
Speaker 1: only work if they were bribed, but George was trying
Speaker 1: to be like, no, look, these are professional men.
Speaker 2: Look at their suits.
Speaker 1: And George's approach to cleaning was very systematic. He was like, Okay,
Speaker 1: go clean this part of the city from this exact
Speaker 1: block to this one at this time, with this equipment,
Speaker 1: and make sure it looks good before you move on.
Speaker 1: And he told his men to start cleaning in the
Speaker 1: poorer areas of the city because the rich people would
Speaker 1: already hire people to clean their streets.
Speaker 2: And initially the people who lived in the poorer areas.
Speaker 1: Threw rocks at them because they saw a bunch of
Speaker 1: dudes in matching suits, and they were like, what the hell,
Speaker 1: they're trying to steal our homes. But eventually the residents realized, oh,
Speaker 1: they're just cleaning the streets. Nice cool, and after two
Speaker 1: weeks their streets looked just as clean as the peoples.
Speaker 1: And this literal street cleaning wasn't the only thing George
Speaker 1: Wearing was doing. Oh no, he made new and improved
Speaker 1: street cleaning and garbage collecting equipment. He also came up
Speaker 1: with this system where he was making residents separate the
Speaker 1: things they were trying to throw away he made them
Speaker 1: separate them into four categories, and in a short period
Speaker 1: of time George had really triumphed.
Speaker 2: The New York Times reported, clean streets.
Speaker 1: At last, marvels have been done. There was a parade
Speaker 1: for the sanitation workers, who were called white wings or
Speaker 1: white angels. But to be clear, George is actually the
Speaker 1: one who threw the parade. But whatever, it wasn't like
Speaker 1: the people got together and we're like, we're gonna have
Speaker 1: a parade.
Speaker 2: He was like, I'm making a parade for myself.
Speaker 1: But unfortunately, after the next election, that corrupt government from
Speaker 1: before was voted back in. George was out of a job.
Speaker 1: He was not invited back as Commissioner of street cleaning.
Speaker 1: They didn't want someone appointed under reformist mayor Strong gross
Speaker 1: But George Waring was not done with his career. It
Speaker 1: was eighteen ninety eight, the year of the Spanish American War,
Speaker 1: you know, the one with the embalmed beef scandal. George
Speaker 1: got a job to go down to Havana and make
Speaker 1: an assessment about their sanitation so that they could figure
Speaker 1: out how to stop all these yellow fever outbreaks. His
Speaker 1: results were the sanitation is very bad. Low score there's
Speaker 1: no sewers. Trash and feces are just thrown into the streets.
Speaker 1: The market smells very bad, and the privies are overflowing,
Speaker 1: and the street cleaners they have no money. On his
Speaker 1: way back, he wrote the first draft of his findings,
Speaker 1: and he was like, yeah, if you give me ten
Speaker 1: million dollars, I can fix it. But the day he
Speaker 1: got back to New York, he started feeling a bit sick,
Speaker 1: and then four days later he died of yellow fever.
Speaker 2: A lot of people were sad.
Speaker 1: One person wrote about his death quote, his death at
Speaker 1: the hands of the King of dirt diseases gives a
Speaker 1: mournful but most impressive emphasis to the lesson which he
Speaker 1: taught so earnestly, of the kinship of dirt and disease.
Speaker 1: George's sanitation plans were enacted in Havana, and Havanah was
Speaker 1: cleaned up. People are like, damn, it looks good, but
Speaker 1: unfortunately there's still a lot of yellow fever. And New York, well,
Speaker 1: it was cleaner than it had ever been in the
Speaker 1: nineteenth century. But you know, the horseship problem did not
Speaker 1: fully resolve. It was still around. There's still a lot
Speaker 1: of horses it was still a little gross. Just maybe less,
Speaker 1: but still kind of gross. And the new administration wasn't
Speaker 1: really giving resources to the sanitation department, and technically the
Speaker 1: poop problem wasn't actually fixed until we started driving cars.
Speaker 2: It took the rise of automobiles.
Speaker 1: To really eliminate horseshit from the streets because they're like,
Speaker 1: we don't need as many horses as we used to.
Speaker 1: You know, that's how you solve your problem. Go to
Speaker 1: this horse, just get rid of the horses. And yeah,
Speaker 1: the time, technically cars were the cleaner, greener option, and
Speaker 1: look how that's worked out perfectly.
Speaker 2: Nothing is wrong.
Speaker 1: So thank you Henry Ford for everything you did. Just kidding,
Speaker 1: I don't want to thank Henry Ford, but you know,
Speaker 1: cars anyway, Guys, I think every week we learn a
Speaker 1: lesson from American Felt, and I think the lesson here
Speaker 1: is that, uh don't have two hundred thousand horses. American
Speaker 1: Field is a production of School of Humans and iHeart Podcast.
Speaker 1: This episode was written and hosted by me Gabby Watts.
Speaker 1: Our senior producer is Amelia Brock. Our executive producers are
Speaker 1: Virginia Prescott, Elsie Crowley, and Brandon barr If you guys
Speaker 1: liked the show, please leave a five star review and
Speaker 1: a comment, and you can also follow along with the
Speaker 1: pod on Instagram at American Field Pod.
Speaker 2: Okay, guys, Bye School of Humans.