WEBVTT - Part One: The Origins of Terror in Palestine 0:00:01.680 --> 0:00:05.760 Al Zone Media. 0:00:05.920 --> 0:00:09.240 Welcome back to Behind the Bastards, a podcast about the 0:00:09.360 --> 0:00:11.640 very worst everything you don't know about the worst people 0:00:11.680 --> 0:00:14.120 in all history. It's kind of the initial point, but 0:00:14.560 --> 0:00:16.880 we also go back to our name when looking at 0:00:16.920 --> 0:00:18.560 kind of the remit of this show, and one of 0:00:18.560 --> 0:00:20.360 the things we try to do is get like behind 0:00:21.400 --> 0:00:23.520 the bastards, including like the very worst people in the 0:00:23.560 --> 0:00:26.520 world today. And we've already done an episode on Benjamin 0:00:26.560 --> 0:00:30.200 nettan Yahoo prior to October seventh and kind of this 0:00:30.280 --> 0:00:35.800 most recent escalation into genocide and Gaza, and I didn't 0:00:35.800 --> 0:00:38.760 really feel like, you know, returning to net Yahoo well, 0:00:39.040 --> 0:00:41.159 was kind of think this show does best covering like 0:00:41.200 --> 0:00:44.000 things that are currently happening and like breaking news. That's 0:00:44.080 --> 0:00:47.200 kind of why we've started. It could happen here. Yeah, yeah, 0:00:47.240 --> 0:00:49.560 and I'm among other things in the last year. So 0:00:49.640 --> 0:00:51.240 one of the best things we've done there is bring 0:00:51.240 --> 0:00:54.160 on doctor Donna al Kurd to help us report on 0:00:54.400 --> 0:00:57.720 and you know, not just stuff in Palestine, but you've 0:00:57.720 --> 0:00:59.520 done a lot of really good work for us data 0:00:59.520 --> 0:01:01.040 and so I want to bring you on as a 0:01:01.080 --> 0:01:03.400 guest and talk about a subject that I think is 0:01:03.480 --> 0:01:06.920 in your wheelhouse and also really important today. But thank 0:01:06.959 --> 0:01:07.640 you for coming back. 0:01:08.680 --> 0:01:11.880 You should recall you doctor Elker the whole episode. 0:01:12.720 --> 0:01:15.440 No, doctor, please don't do that. It's super awkward. 0:01:15.880 --> 0:01:19.000 It is cool, I mean, yeah, but first off, have 0:01:19.080 --> 0:01:21.360 you been and yeah, pluggables and stuff. 0:01:22.640 --> 0:01:28.320 Yeah, no, I'm I'm doing. I'm existing. You know, many 0:01:28.360 --> 0:01:33.600 Bostonians are right now. But I'm happy that I edited 0:01:33.640 --> 0:01:37.160 this handbook called the Handbook on Arab Authoritarianism that just 0:01:37.240 --> 0:01:40.200 came out and it's open access, and so that has 0:01:40.240 --> 0:01:43.080 been a shining thing for me right now. So yeah, 0:01:43.120 --> 0:01:43.759 thanks for asking. 0:01:44.000 --> 0:01:45.440 Oh that sounds great. I can't wait to read that. 0:01:46.400 --> 0:01:48.640 I've been I've been doing some. I for one of 0:01:48.680 --> 0:01:50.080 the things I read for this book, which is kind 0:01:50.080 --> 0:01:52.920 of about like the birth of terrorism in Palestine in 0:01:52.920 --> 0:01:55.160 the Holy Land prior to the knock, but prior to 0:01:55.160 --> 0:01:58.840 the establishment of the state of Israel. This episode, if 0:01:58.840 --> 0:02:00.880 you had like an education like me, because I remember 0:02:00.880 --> 0:02:03.720 as a kid, most of what I was told about 0:02:03.960 --> 0:02:06.560 the series of conflicts there was that like number one, 0:02:06.640 --> 0:02:08.840 it's been going on for thousands of years, that's always 0:02:08.880 --> 0:02:12.120 been happening. And number two that it's like primarily religious 0:02:12.160 --> 0:02:16.200 and always has been primarily religious. In dimension that like, 0:02:16.240 --> 0:02:18.280 those are the two truths about it, and kind of 0:02:18.639 --> 0:02:20.680 when people are saying that, one thing they're kind of 0:02:20.720 --> 0:02:23.080 tacitly saying, I think is that like Muslims and Jews 0:02:23.080 --> 0:02:25.600 can't live together, right, Like that is they don't tend 0:02:25.600 --> 0:02:27.800 to directly say that, But that's what you're meant to believe. 0:02:28.040 --> 0:02:31.560 If those two first things are true, right, and that 0:02:31.560 --> 0:02:33.320 they're both this is news to you, and that they're 0:02:33.320 --> 0:02:34.120 both they can't live. 0:02:34.040 --> 0:02:36.160 Together, but they're also both crazy exactly. 0:02:35.880 --> 0:02:38.399 Right, right, And none of that's true to the conflict. 0:02:38.480 --> 0:02:40.880 Right for one thing this you could I mean, yeah, 0:02:40.880 --> 0:02:44.519 obviously stuff that happened in ancient times is relevant for 0:02:44.560 --> 0:02:47.760 a variety of reasons, just because history is never you know, 0:02:47.960 --> 0:02:51.080 discreete right, But if you go back to like eighteen eighty, 0:02:51.120 --> 0:02:53.240 you can get a really good grounding and everything that's 0:02:53.280 --> 0:02:56.959 really relevant to the conflict today. Right. I mean, maybe 0:02:57.200 --> 0:02:59.560 you disagree with that. If so, I yield to your experience, 0:02:59.600 --> 0:03:02.000 But that's kind have been sort of what I've come 0:03:02.040 --> 0:03:04.440 to feel like kind of reading into it that that's 0:03:04.560 --> 0:03:07.440 you really that's a really good grounding and kind of 0:03:07.440 --> 0:03:09.639 everything relevant to the to the day starts in the 0:03:09.720 --> 0:03:12.200 late eighteen hundreds, Like it's not that ancient. 0:03:11.960 --> 0:03:15.320 Right, No, No, absolutely, Like if I'm always anytime I 0:03:15.320 --> 0:03:16.920 talk about this or any time I teach about this, 0:03:17.040 --> 0:03:19.799 Like my main takeaway is like, this is a very 0:03:19.840 --> 0:03:24.280 recent conflict and recent in the grand scheme of human history, 0:03:24.480 --> 0:03:25.880 and it's about nationalism. 0:03:26.080 --> 0:03:27.839 It's about it really boils. 0:03:27.560 --> 0:03:31.120 Down, it's about nationalism. And yeah, and one of the 0:03:31.120 --> 0:03:33.920 important things to understand is that prior to the outbreak, 0:03:33.919 --> 0:03:35.400 I mean, prior to a lot of things, I mean, 0:03:35.480 --> 0:03:37.960 Zion isn't being one of them, but nationalism because it's 0:03:38.000 --> 0:03:41.000 I mean, Arab nationalism and also European nationalism are deeply 0:03:41.160 --> 0:03:45.040 tied to all of this. Among other things, Jews and 0:03:45.280 --> 0:03:48.680 Muslims and Christians got along reasonably well in Palestine for not, 0:03:48.840 --> 0:03:52.680 you know, never, Like no multicultural society is ever completely 0:03:53.120 --> 0:03:55.800 devoid of conflict, right, but there's a lot of I mean, 0:03:55.800 --> 0:03:57.120 one of our sources for this is a book called 0:03:57.120 --> 0:04:00.120 Lives in Common that really goes into how different things 0:04:00.200 --> 0:04:02.280 used to be there and how the fundamental conflict has 0:04:02.320 --> 0:04:05.680 nothing to do with faith. Right, So I wanted to 0:04:05.680 --> 0:04:08.400 talk about like that, how how we got to kind 0:04:08.440 --> 0:04:11.600 of the point of no return, before the estab before 0:04:11.680 --> 0:04:14.160 you know, nineteen forty eight, and before the Nakama, right, Like, 0:04:14.200 --> 0:04:16.320 how did things and how did the Ottoman Empire and 0:04:16.360 --> 0:04:20.680 the British Mandate kind of help push things along to 0:04:21.480 --> 0:04:22.440 the point of no return? 0:04:22.600 --> 0:04:22.720 Right? 0:04:22.760 --> 0:04:24.400 So that's I think what we're going to talk about 0:04:24.560 --> 0:04:28.320 this week, because yeah, that's just I was initially planning 0:04:28.320 --> 0:04:30.679 to do episodes a little bit different, probably on Monocam 0:04:30.720 --> 0:04:34.919 Bigan or on Vladimir Yebatinski, But it just it seemed 0:04:34.960 --> 0:04:37.279 to make more sense to cover it this way, in 0:04:37.360 --> 0:04:39.880 part because I actually didn't feel like just focusing on 0:04:40.000 --> 0:04:43.599 like one guy and trying to like sort out like 0:04:43.680 --> 0:04:45.760 how things went so wrong through a single It just 0:04:45.760 --> 0:04:47.240 didn't seem like the right way to do this. 0:04:47.520 --> 0:04:49.560 Now, this is more comprehensive, I would say, yeah. 0:04:50.000 --> 0:04:59.400 Yeah, we'll see. So the story that I'm going to 0:04:59.440 --> 0:05:01.560 tell this week starts in the eighteen eighties and ends 0:05:01.560 --> 0:05:04.840 around nineteen forty with a major terrorist bombing that kind 0:05:04.839 --> 0:05:07.760 of sets the stage for a lot of stuff going 0:05:07.760 --> 0:05:10.520 on today. But to start, we need to go back 0:05:10.520 --> 0:05:13.360 to Palestine during the Ottoman era, and when we talk 0:05:13.440 --> 0:05:15.520 about this period, the first thing I need to get 0:05:15.520 --> 0:05:18.080 across is that people living in Palestine during like the 0:05:18.120 --> 0:05:20.839 eighteen hundreds and even the early nineteen hundreds would not 0:05:20.880 --> 0:05:24.000 have considered Palestinian a useful identity within the territory, because 0:05:24.040 --> 0:05:26.480 if you're like Muslim or Christian or Jewish, you're still 0:05:26.480 --> 0:05:29.560 a Palaestin. Like no one, like someone identifying themselves a 0:05:29.600 --> 0:05:33.200 Palestinian would not tell you what they believed, what community 0:05:33.200 --> 0:05:36.080 they were a part of, necessarily, right in like eighteen 0:05:36.240 --> 0:05:38.320 seventy you know, yeah. 0:05:38.160 --> 0:05:41.320 I mean these were Ottoman provinces. They happened to be there. Yeah, 0:05:41.400 --> 0:05:42.680 different communities happened to be. 0:05:42.680 --> 0:05:46.360 There, Yeah, exactly. And you know, in eighteen eighty or so, 0:05:46.560 --> 0:05:49.560 the majority of residents in any city in Palestine would 0:05:49.560 --> 0:05:53.080 have identified as Arab, including most Jews. And this is 0:05:53.160 --> 0:05:55.440 not a category that you see a lot of people 0:05:55.520 --> 0:05:58.479 claim today Arab Jew, right, But for a very long 0:05:58.520 --> 0:06:01.320 time there were large community of Arab Jews spread throughout 0:06:01.360 --> 0:06:03.960 the Middle East and North Africa, And in some ways, 0:06:04.000 --> 0:06:06.400 these episodes are the story of why many of those 0:06:06.400 --> 0:06:09.880 communities ceased to exist, right, Because that's also very tied 0:06:10.000 --> 0:06:12.200 up in the State of Israel and the wars that 0:06:12.560 --> 0:06:14.479 happened as a result of that all that stuff. Right, 0:06:14.760 --> 0:06:16.919 this is one of the communities that kind of, in 0:06:16.960 --> 0:06:21.120 a number of reasons not purely ceases to exist, but 0:06:21.160 --> 0:06:25.000 it also gets transmuted. People stop identifying that way, right. 0:06:25.040 --> 0:06:27.200 And there's when we talk about Arab Jews, there's a 0:06:27.279 --> 0:06:30.440 really it seems to be kind of muddled distinction between 0:06:30.480 --> 0:06:33.640 that and like Sephardic Jews, where a lot of Sephardic 0:06:33.680 --> 0:06:37.400 Jews would have considered themselves Arab Jews and spoken Arabic primarily, 0:06:38.839 --> 0:06:41.200 but it kind of varied, right, that was more common, 0:06:41.200 --> 0:06:43.280 as I understand, And like Hebron where the majority of 0:06:43.279 --> 0:06:45.839 the Jewish community and Hebron in this period was extremely 0:06:45.880 --> 0:06:48.359 Arabic and would have very rarely spoken kind of the 0:06:48.440 --> 0:06:51.680 language that most Sephardics spoke, which is Spanish derived. We'll 0:06:51.680 --> 0:06:55.840 talk about that, yes, Ladino, right, it was noted like 0:06:55.839 --> 0:06:58.000 in Hebron, they would only use Ladino and songs that 0:06:58.080 --> 0:07:01.240 like occasionally, right if there was like people in who 0:07:01.400 --> 0:07:03.560 might have been from like another city or something during 0:07:03.560 --> 0:07:07.320 like a religious celebration, right, Whereas in Jerusalem Ladino was 0:07:07.320 --> 0:07:09.720 a lot more common. Right, So you know, stuff like that, 0:07:09.800 --> 0:07:12.800 It is kind of a blurry distinction between Sephardic and 0:07:12.880 --> 0:07:14.400 Arab Jews, and there's this. 0:07:14.360 --> 0:07:20.520 Category also ms Rahim that kind of slumps Arab and 0:07:20.600 --> 0:07:24.480 Middle Eastern Jews from Iran and in Arab countries kind 0:07:24.480 --> 0:07:28.400 of all together, that becomes kind of a catch all term, 0:07:28.440 --> 0:07:30.520 I think, especially after the creation of the State of Israel. 0:07:31.040 --> 0:07:33.400 Yes, yes, and I'm not the best. I'm trying to 0:07:33.440 --> 0:07:35.400 kind of hopefully not screw this up too much. These 0:07:35.400 --> 0:07:38.720 are very complicated, you know when we kind of talk 0:07:38.760 --> 0:07:42.160 about how these the terms and how identity has shifted 0:07:42.280 --> 0:07:44.679 in these communities over this period of time, Like it's 0:07:44.760 --> 0:07:46.600 more than we'll totally get into today. But you need 0:07:46.600 --> 0:07:50.200 to understand that, like, among other things, when you're talking 0:07:50.200 --> 0:07:54.200 about the eighteen eighties in Palestine, when most Palestinians were 0:07:54.360 --> 0:07:56.720 be they Arab, you know, or Muslim or Christian or 0:07:56.760 --> 0:07:59.240 Jewish or whatever, if they were getting angry at a 0:07:59.240 --> 0:08:02.600 foreign power in those days, that power was the Ottomans, right, 0:08:02.640 --> 0:08:05.800 Like that was the enemy for a lot of basically everybody, 0:08:05.960 --> 0:08:09.480 right or it was like the ruler that you just 0:08:09.560 --> 0:08:12.360 kind of like assumed, well, you probably can't do any 0:08:12.360 --> 0:08:13.960 better than this, right, this is just life. 0:08:14.000 --> 0:08:16.560 You know, you are upset about taxes, you're upset about. 0:08:16.360 --> 0:08:20.200 The drugs, right, right, exactly exactly. And also the Ottomans 0:08:20.200 --> 0:08:22.800 are Turks, right, the rulers are foreigners, They're not Arab, 0:08:23.080 --> 0:08:25.840 and you know, the empire is a foreign one that's 0:08:25.880 --> 0:08:28.320 holding a lot of arabsy it's holding Arabs in some 0:08:28.360 --> 0:08:31.360 form of bondage, right, And obviously a lot of you know, 0:08:31.640 --> 0:08:33.960 Jewish people are not like the Jewish religion is not 0:08:34.480 --> 0:08:37.200 is also especially in parts of the you know, it 0:08:37.320 --> 0:08:40.360 varies treatment in different parts of the Ottoman Empire, but 0:08:40.360 --> 0:08:43.040 they're not considered equal under the law, so they and 0:08:43.080 --> 0:08:45.280 also Christians have a lot of issues with the Ottomans. 0:08:45.559 --> 0:08:48.839 But Arab nationalists, which are increasingly becoming a thing in 0:08:48.880 --> 0:08:51.520 the late eighteen hundreds, are also really angry at the Ottomans. 0:08:51.520 --> 0:08:54.080 Everybody's pretty pissed at the Ottomans. They're not a good empire, 0:08:54.240 --> 0:08:57.199 especially by this point in time, right, Like things aren't 0:08:57.200 --> 0:08:59.079 going They're the sick man of Europe is kind of 0:08:59.120 --> 0:09:02.360 the term people use. So in addition to being foreigners 0:09:02.360 --> 0:09:05.520 who are drafting people and taxing them, they're also just 0:09:05.559 --> 0:09:08.800 not holding up super well, right, And it's kind of 0:09:08.840 --> 0:09:12.600 increasingly obvious to everybody. But one of the things the 0:09:12.600 --> 0:09:15.200 existence of the Ottomans does is like a ruler over 0:09:15.240 --> 0:09:18.240 all the different religious groups and ethnic groups, is that 0:09:18.280 --> 0:09:21.360 it mitigates a degree of internal conflict because everybody kind 0:09:21.360 --> 0:09:24.080 of has this foreign power that they all see as 0:09:24.120 --> 0:09:27.160 like the asshole, right, and it does kind of make 0:09:27.200 --> 0:09:29.880 people fight less with each other. I do think that's 0:09:29.920 --> 0:09:31.800 a little bit of what's going on in this period. 0:09:31.800 --> 0:09:33.680 I think there's some solid area that comes from everyone 0:09:33.760 --> 0:09:41.040 being angry at the same foreign power. Right. So Yakav Yahoshua, 0:09:41.160 --> 0:09:44.320 a Jewish resident of Jerusalem in this time and a 0:09:44.360 --> 0:09:48.199 future Israeli, wrote of this period quote, the residential courtyards 0:09:48.200 --> 0:09:50.440 of the Jews and Muslims were common. We were like 0:09:50.480 --> 0:09:52.960 one family. We were all friends. Our mothers poured out 0:09:53.000 --> 0:09:54.880 their hearts to Muslim women, and they poured out their 0:09:54.880 --> 0:09:57.680 hearts to our mothers. The Muslim women accustomed themselves to 0:09:57.679 --> 0:10:01.200 speaking the Ladino language. This is his recollection of what 0:10:01.280 --> 0:10:03.640 life was like in this period of time, and he's 0:10:03.640 --> 0:10:07.800 not recalling any kind of religious conflict really, Like that 0:10:08.240 --> 0:10:11.680 doesn't seem to be certainly his primary memory of this time. 0:10:11.720 --> 0:10:14.920 It was a lot of solidarity and it's accurate to 0:10:15.000 --> 0:10:17.720 note that. And you run across a couple quotes like 0:10:17.760 --> 0:10:21.040 this in Lives in Common that some Arab Muslims would 0:10:21.040 --> 0:10:23.800 see Arab Jews or Sephardic Jews as one of the 0:10:23.840 --> 0:10:25.920 terms I've heard is like inferior locals. And they don't 0:10:25.920 --> 0:10:27.880 mean that in they racial or religious sense. They mean that, 0:10:27.920 --> 0:10:30.280 and then they have not been here as long. They're locals, 0:10:30.320 --> 0:10:32.520 but they haven't been here as long. And that's true 0:10:32.520 --> 0:10:35.160 for a lot of these, especially like Sephardic Jewish communities, 0:10:35.200 --> 0:10:37.280 because you can tell this by the fact that they 0:10:37.280 --> 0:10:40.839 speak Ladino, right, which is derived from Old Spanish. Because 0:10:40.840 --> 0:10:43.800 many Sephardics were the remnants of the Iberian Jewish community 0:10:43.800 --> 0:10:46.439 who'd been exiled. And one of the things this actually 0:10:46.480 --> 0:10:49.280 does is there's a lot of solidarity between some of 0:10:49.320 --> 0:10:53.720 these Sephardic Jewish communities and some Arab Muslim communities who 0:10:53.800 --> 0:10:56.679 are descendants themselves of the Arabs that were kicked out 0:10:56.720 --> 0:10:59.720 of Iberia. And there's this kind of belief pretty wide 0:10:59.720 --> 0:11:02.520 spread that some of these Sephardic communities have done a 0:11:02.520 --> 0:11:05.360 better job or the best job of maintaining some of 0:11:05.440 --> 0:11:08.800 like the musical and artistic culture of that you know, 0:11:09.640 --> 0:11:13.559 community that was largely driven entirely driven out by the Christians. Right, 0:11:14.040 --> 0:11:16.959 So there's this really deep and we I don't think 0:11:16.960 --> 0:11:20.440 these relationships exist very much anymore, but this very deep 0:11:20.559 --> 0:11:23.280 relationship between these two different religious groups who are both 0:11:23.320 --> 0:11:25.880 exiles from the same place and wound up in Palestine, 0:11:25.920 --> 0:11:28.280 which I actually just wasn't aware that that was a 0:11:28.280 --> 0:11:31.520 dimension of life in that period of time. I find 0:11:31.520 --> 0:11:34.920 it really interesting, especially when you think of how far back, 0:11:35.200 --> 0:11:38.160 you know, the expulsion of Muslims and Jews from Iberia 0:11:38.400 --> 0:11:40.839 is from this point in time. We're talking hundreds of years, 0:11:40.840 --> 0:11:44.400 and these are still really meaningful community relationships. I just 0:11:44.440 --> 0:11:49.360 find that fascinating. Now, depending on the city and community, 0:11:49.440 --> 0:11:53.080 the difference between like how these communities saw themselves and 0:11:53.320 --> 0:11:56.600 conflicts between them would would vary and be blurry. But again, 0:11:56.600 --> 0:11:59.199 in places like Hebrawn, the Jewish community spoke Arabic as 0:11:59.200 --> 0:12:02.440 the first language and only occasionally included Lidno songs and 0:12:02.480 --> 0:12:06.000 worship celebrations, right, So it did change depending on where 0:12:06.040 --> 0:12:09.280 you were a Jewish resident of the Old City in 0:12:09.360 --> 0:12:13.360 Jerusalem or Al Kuds during this time. Alaihu Ali Yashar 0:12:13.600 --> 0:12:16.200 wrote that during his youth quote, we heard Arabic and 0:12:16.280 --> 0:12:20.200 spoke it utterly, freely with our neighbors. Yakov Alazar, another resident, 0:12:20.240 --> 0:12:22.800 recalled Muslim women and mixed religion housing in a mixed 0:12:22.800 --> 0:12:25.839 religion housing development, volunteering to draw extra water the day 0:12:25.880 --> 0:12:28.600 before the Sabbath so as not to disturb their Jewish neighbors. 0:12:28.640 --> 0:12:30.559 Like you, hear a lot of stories of this, of 0:12:31.200 --> 0:12:34.960 religion and faith that's like lived in common and like 0:12:35.000 --> 0:12:39.720 this really kind of deeply emotionally affecting degree of religious 0:12:39.720 --> 0:12:42.959 solidarity and even co celebration of a lot of different 0:12:43.000 --> 0:12:48.000 religious holidays, as we'll talk about now. Before we get 0:12:48.000 --> 0:12:49.959 into some of those more positive stories, there is another 0:12:49.960 --> 0:12:52.400 fact of life in Palestine in like this period of time, 0:12:52.440 --> 0:12:54.840 the eighteen eighties eighteen nineties, that we need to address, 0:12:54.840 --> 0:12:58.000 which is that for a shockingly long time, slavery still 0:12:58.040 --> 0:13:00.720 existed there. Right, People bought and saw old and slaved 0:13:00.720 --> 0:13:03.800 Africans for longer than you'd expect. And this is not 0:13:04.120 --> 0:13:06.160 just in Palestine. This is a decent chunk of the 0:13:06.200 --> 0:13:09.520 Middle East and in North Africa. In bits in his 0:13:09.600 --> 0:13:14.160 book Trade Yeah, yeah, And this is by the way, 0:13:14.640 --> 0:13:17.720 slavery is practiced and utilized by Jews and Muslims and 0:13:17.760 --> 0:13:19.760 Christians in this period of time. There's not seemed to 0:13:19.760 --> 0:13:22.360 be a major religious difference between who is buying slaves. 0:13:22.400 --> 0:13:24.079 It's a wealth thing if you can afford it, and 0:13:24.120 --> 0:13:25.960 you don't have a moral issue with it. You have 0:13:26.080 --> 0:13:28.400 slaves in this period of time, some people do, It's 0:13:28.440 --> 0:13:32.120 not super common. Klein notes that the Old City had 0:13:32.120 --> 0:13:34.720 a market where African girls specifically were bought and sold 0:13:34.760 --> 0:13:37.240 that operated until eighteen eighty nine, even though the Sultan 0:13:37.240 --> 0:13:40.480 had outlawed the trade in eighteen forty six. Per lives 0:13:40.480 --> 0:13:44.439 in common quote, In about eighteen eighty him Aharon Valero 0:13:44.520 --> 0:13:47.000 bought an Ethiopian girl who was around ten years old 0:13:47.080 --> 0:13:50.160 when the central government enforced the emancipation of slaves in Jerusalem. 0:13:50.280 --> 0:13:52.680 The girl chose to stay with Valero's family and converted 0:13:52.720 --> 0:13:55.360 to Judaism. A few hundred descendants of these slaves still 0:13:55.360 --> 0:13:56.920 live in the Old City, and what is called the 0:13:56.920 --> 0:14:01.200 black or slave compound not an aspect of history that 0:14:01.240 --> 0:14:03.439 we talk about a lot, but uh, and. 0:14:03.360 --> 0:14:05.120 They consider themselves Palestinian today. 0:14:05.720 --> 0:14:09.960 Yeah, absolutely, yea, and it's it is I have heard 0:14:09.960 --> 0:14:13.640 this occasionally brought up in order to slander like Palestinians today, 0:14:13.679 --> 0:14:16.760 as if it was something that only one religion did. 0:14:16.800 --> 0:14:18.719 And as that quote makes clear, there were plenty of 0:14:18.760 --> 0:14:22.000 Jewish slaveholders in old Palestine. It was a money and 0:14:22.040 --> 0:14:23.880 a morals thing. If you were okay with it, you 0:14:23.920 --> 0:14:28.600 did it, you know. Coming into the eighteen eighties, the 0:14:28.680 --> 0:14:32.600 Jewish population in Palestine numbered around twenty five thousand, and 0:14:32.720 --> 0:14:35.640 Zionism as a political movement is not really There is 0:14:35.680 --> 0:14:39.120 some immigration from Europe, but it's not really a major 0:14:39.160 --> 0:14:42.800 political movement until like eighteen eighty two. And this is 0:14:42.840 --> 0:14:45.600 when you see a bunch of smaller Jewish organizations in Europe, 0:14:45.600 --> 0:14:48.240 some which had been sending migrants to establish farms or 0:14:48.480 --> 0:14:50.840 might move to cities in Palestine for a period of 0:14:50.840 --> 0:14:53.480 time before this, start to coordinate on like a large 0:14:53.480 --> 0:14:56.600 scale right. And that's part of the story, but not everything, 0:14:56.640 --> 0:14:59.280 because why is eighteen eighty one eighteen eighty two when 0:14:59.320 --> 0:15:01.680 this really gets going. Well, there's a lot of shit 0:15:01.720 --> 0:15:04.000 going on in Europe that makes it seem like a 0:15:04.040 --> 0:15:06.280 really good idea for a lot of Jewish people to 0:15:06.280 --> 0:15:09.000 get the fuck out of places like Russia. A big 0:15:09.080 --> 0:15:11.120 fuel for this wave of migration comes in the wake 0:15:11.200 --> 0:15:14.120 of the assassination of Tsar Alexander the Second by anarchists, 0:15:14.560 --> 0:15:16.920 Russia blamed the Jews, as they usually did, and a 0:15:16.960 --> 0:15:20.800 program followed in the city of Kirovorad. And this is like, 0:15:21.520 --> 0:15:24.960 this isn't basically modern day Azerbaijan, if I'm understanding it, 0:15:25.480 --> 0:15:29.800 I think it's generally a ZERI is like the region 0:15:29.880 --> 0:15:32.240 that this is like attributed to. I'm not sure specifically 0:15:32.240 --> 0:15:34.920 what country now, but like that's kind of the area 0:15:34.960 --> 0:15:37.440 this is occurring in. But it spreads out of kind 0:15:37.440 --> 0:15:40.120 of that community to the entire pale of settlement. And 0:15:40.160 --> 0:15:42.360 there's like a year and a half or two of 0:15:42.480 --> 0:15:46.680 horrific violence against Jews in a large portion, yeah, massive, 0:15:48.280 --> 0:15:50.680 And this kind of it leads to the Tsar passing 0:15:50.760 --> 0:15:52.920 what are called the May Laws in eighteen eighty two, 0:15:53.040 --> 0:15:55.600 which further restrict where Jews could go and what jobs 0:15:55.640 --> 0:15:58.000 they can have. And it makes a lot of people 0:15:58.080 --> 0:16:01.880 want to leave. But the Oxford Encyclopedia of the History 0:16:01.920 --> 0:16:05.560 of Terrorism it does something else too. This also expedited 0:16:05.560 --> 0:16:08.920 the consolidation of Jewish nationalism. The most significant essay of 0:16:08.920 --> 0:16:11.960 the time was Auto Emancipation by Leon Pinsker, in which 0:16:11.960 --> 0:16:14.840 he advocated the idea of self determination for the Jewish 0:16:14.840 --> 0:16:18.560 people in their ancient homeland. Now it's worth talking about 0:16:18.560 --> 0:16:20.680 all this and talking about what's happening in Russia as 0:16:21.040 --> 0:16:23.600 how it helps to fuel Zionism. But it's also worth 0:16:23.640 --> 0:16:26.880 noting very few of the people who are fleeing Russia 0:16:27.000 --> 0:16:29.360 and other Jews who are fleeing Russia and other Eastern 0:16:29.400 --> 0:16:32.760 European countries in this period choose to go to Palestine. 0:16:32.800 --> 0:16:35.720 That's about of the huge number of refugees. By the way, 0:16:35.760 --> 0:16:38.920 a lot of Jews leave Russia in the period immediately 0:16:38.960 --> 0:16:41.480 after eighteen eighty one ety two, about three percent of 0:16:41.520 --> 0:16:46.040 them immigrate to Palestine, right, And this first wave, by 0:16:46.080 --> 0:16:48.640 the way, it's both not big and also a lot 0:16:48.680 --> 0:16:50.840 of them don't stay. Right. Of that three percent of 0:16:50.880 --> 0:16:54.400 refugees who come into Palestine as significant, some people say most. 0:16:54.480 --> 0:16:57.280 Some sources say most leave pretty soon after because it's 0:16:57.320 --> 0:17:00.680 like a pretty different climate than Russia. You know, lot 0:17:00.720 --> 0:17:02.960 of people who are used to growing up there maybe 0:17:03.000 --> 0:17:06.720 move to Palestine. They're like, oh, I can't handle this 0:17:06.760 --> 0:17:10.280 is just yeah, it's not right. New York's way easier, right, 0:17:10.760 --> 0:17:13.600 or somewhere else, you know, because it's hard, and it's 0:17:13.640 --> 0:17:15.919 hard to farm in the desert, right, Like it's not 0:17:16.080 --> 0:17:18.399 the easiest place in the world, and there's not a 0:17:18.480 --> 0:17:20.440 massive amount that's going to because one of the things 0:17:20.440 --> 0:17:23.080 that causes problems is that some of these refugees who 0:17:23.080 --> 0:17:25.800 do stay, these early Zionists, a lot most of them 0:17:25.840 --> 0:17:28.919 settle in cities, and a lot become very integrated, but 0:17:28.960 --> 0:17:31.360 many settle in the country and start farms, or small 0:17:31.400 --> 0:17:33.600 numbers settle in the country and start farms. But even 0:17:33.640 --> 0:17:36.600 though it's not a lot of them, because resources are scarce, 0:17:36.640 --> 0:17:39.520 and because you know, at this point, by the time 0:17:39.560 --> 0:17:42.760 you've had an area that's been farmed and you know, 0:17:43.160 --> 0:17:45.639 peopled as long as Palestine has, there's not just a 0:17:45.680 --> 0:17:48.919 bunch of like good land that nobody is using, right. 0:17:48.800 --> 0:17:51.719 And they don't understand like indigenous farming. Like they're not 0:17:51.800 --> 0:17:54.400 talking to the locals. They're really not adjusting well. 0:17:54.480 --> 0:17:58.080 Yeah, they're not adjusting well. And there are conflicts, there's 0:17:58.200 --> 0:18:01.000 you know, and in this period, theolence, I don't see 0:18:01.000 --> 0:18:02.840 a lot of reports about it being like hugely generally 0:18:02.920 --> 0:18:07.840 hugely serious. It's mostly like petty theft and property damage, right, 0:18:08.440 --> 0:18:10.240 and you know, there's some complaints from some of these 0:18:10.320 --> 0:18:12.840 Jewish farmers to the Automan authorities, but obviously the Automan 0:18:12.880 --> 0:18:15.480 authorities aren't going to take their complaints seriously, not that 0:18:15.520 --> 0:18:17.879 they take a lot of complaint. The Ottoman Empire not 0:18:17.920 --> 0:18:20.960 great at addressing the complaints of its people, right, They 0:18:21.000 --> 0:18:24.120 certainly don't care about these these like Zionist immigrants, right, 0:18:24.359 --> 0:18:29.640 they're the Ottomans in eighteen eighty. Yeah, So from these 0:18:29.680 --> 0:18:33.679 initial concerns over security arose the first organized Jewish defense 0:18:33.720 --> 0:18:38.440 group in Palestine, which is called bar Giora and Bargiora initial. Ultimately, 0:18:38.640 --> 0:18:40.800 I don't know if it becomes the hashimor or it's 0:18:40.800 --> 0:18:42.480 more accurate to say the Hashimer is kind of a 0:18:42.520 --> 0:18:45.679 spin off of bar Giora, and then the Hashimer obviously 0:18:45.760 --> 0:18:48.280 gives way to the Haganah. The Haganah becomes the IDF. 0:18:48.760 --> 0:18:51.560 You know, it's you see kind of how things go there. 0:18:51.800 --> 0:18:54.919 But initially bar Giora and the Hashimer they are like 0:18:55.000 --> 0:18:59.720 left wing organizations because the primary organizing kind of impetus 0:18:59.720 --> 0:19:02.560 behind them are these Jewish labor foot federations, and a 0:19:02.560 --> 0:19:04.960 lot of these had started with people kind of organizing 0:19:04.960 --> 0:19:08.120 their communities back in the old countries and sometimes organizing 0:19:08.160 --> 0:19:10.480 like self defense in those communities from the Bagram back 0:19:10.520 --> 0:19:12.440 in the Old country. And so some of those people 0:19:12.440 --> 0:19:14.560 who make it over to Palestine, and these are generally 0:19:14.600 --> 0:19:19.280 like leftists, initially start forming these like self defense groups 0:19:19.359 --> 0:19:22.000 right this very first one. And it's not gonna there's 0:19:22.040 --> 0:19:24.199 going to be like a right wing, a major right 0:19:24.240 --> 0:19:25.919 wing swing that comes in after this. And some of 0:19:25.920 --> 0:19:27.840 it is a reaction to the fact that a lot 0:19:27.840 --> 0:19:29.600 of people, a lot of Zionists who are right wing, 0:19:29.640 --> 0:19:31.280 are really fed up with a lot of these very 0:19:31.359 --> 0:19:35.160 left wing like Zionist organizations, and there are conflicts between 0:19:35.160 --> 0:19:37.680 them too. There's a left and a right wing. Zionism 0:19:37.720 --> 0:19:40.120 is not like a single thing in terms of what 0:19:40.200 --> 0:19:42.760 people mean when they say it in this period of time, 0:19:42.880 --> 0:19:44.800