1 00:00:01,560 --> 00:00:04,760 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff from the Science Lab from how stuff 2 00:00:04,760 --> 00:00:16,200 Speaker 1: works dot com. Hey guys, welcome to the podcast. This 3 00:00:16,320 --> 00:00:18,480 Speaker 1: is Alson Adama, like the science editor at how stuff 4 00:00:18,480 --> 00:00:21,239 Speaker 1: works dot com. And this is Robert Lamb, science rider 5 00:00:21,239 --> 00:00:24,760 Speaker 1: at how stuff works dot com. Yeah. Have you ever 6 00:00:24,800 --> 00:00:28,600 Speaker 1: thrown a party? I have certainly helped throw some parties. Yeah. 7 00:00:29,080 --> 00:00:32,160 Speaker 1: Used to. When I first moved to Atlanta, I lived 8 00:00:32,159 --> 00:00:34,600 Speaker 1: in this house with the two other people, and it 9 00:00:34,720 --> 00:00:38,760 Speaker 1: was it was kind of a party house. Tell me 10 00:00:38,800 --> 00:00:42,199 Speaker 1: about it, Well, it was. It's interesting because it's like 11 00:00:42,200 --> 00:00:46,080 Speaker 1: in a really nice neighborhood in Atlanta. Um. And but 12 00:00:46,159 --> 00:00:49,560 Speaker 1: it was like the one house on the street that 13 00:00:49,560 --> 00:00:51,640 Speaker 1: it wasn't really that well kept up and didn't have 14 00:00:51,720 --> 00:00:53,920 Speaker 1: like a you know, a nice family living in it. 15 00:00:54,000 --> 00:00:55,960 Speaker 1: You know, the neighbors would cross the street when they 16 00:00:55,960 --> 00:00:58,160 Speaker 1: were walking their dogs. Yeah, it was like the it 17 00:00:58,280 --> 00:00:59,880 Speaker 1: was you know, every street has that one house, and 18 00:01:00,000 --> 00:01:02,600 Speaker 1: this was that one house. Um. And it's just because 19 00:01:02,600 --> 00:01:04,440 Speaker 1: like some dude, don't you know, the dud who owned 20 00:01:04,480 --> 00:01:05,920 Speaker 1: it was like too lazy to fix it up and 21 00:01:05,920 --> 00:01:07,560 Speaker 1: sell it. So it's like I can just rent it out, 22 00:01:07,640 --> 00:01:11,000 Speaker 1: like you know, by the month to these people. So 23 00:01:11,240 --> 00:01:14,039 Speaker 1: for for you. For years, it was like everybody who 24 00:01:14,080 --> 00:01:15,720 Speaker 1: lived in it, like new people who had lived in 25 00:01:15,760 --> 00:01:19,080 Speaker 1: it before, and it just continually amassed more and more 26 00:01:19,480 --> 00:01:23,319 Speaker 1: used tup aware and kitchen items in the pantry um 27 00:01:23,360 --> 00:01:26,080 Speaker 1: and none of the type of head tops. Well there 28 00:01:26,120 --> 00:01:28,720 Speaker 1: were tops in there, but you know, God bless anybody 29 00:01:28,720 --> 00:01:31,160 Speaker 1: who could actually line everything up and you know, reuse it. 30 00:01:31,440 --> 00:01:36,160 Speaker 1: But yeah, we'd have have parties um and and yeah, 31 00:01:36,200 --> 00:01:38,319 Speaker 1: like like we're saying, it's like parties tend to start 32 00:01:38,360 --> 00:01:41,039 Speaker 1: off with, you know, versus the people getting ready for 33 00:01:41,080 --> 00:01:43,600 Speaker 1: the party, right, and then the people who annoyingly show 34 00:01:43,680 --> 00:01:46,560 Speaker 1: up early to attend the party but don't want to 35 00:01:46,560 --> 00:01:48,640 Speaker 1: actually help you set up, so they're like they're like 36 00:01:48,680 --> 00:01:51,280 Speaker 1: one of them. Yeah, they're like asking for a drink, 37 00:01:51,360 --> 00:01:53,120 Speaker 1: or they're eating snacks while you're still setting up the 38 00:01:53,120 --> 00:01:55,080 Speaker 1: snacks and you're like, what are you doing? You know, 39 00:01:55,440 --> 00:01:57,400 Speaker 1: So then more people show up, and then you maybe 40 00:01:57,440 --> 00:01:59,480 Speaker 1: you start cranking the music a little right, the party 41 00:01:59,520 --> 00:02:02,040 Speaker 1: builds momentum, but it's like you know, when that first 42 00:02:02,040 --> 00:02:04,720 Speaker 1: sky or gal comes, you don't want to put everything 43 00:02:04,720 --> 00:02:06,400 Speaker 1: out right away. You don't want to put your best 44 00:02:06,480 --> 00:02:08,280 Speaker 1: or dirbs that you slaved over you don't want to 45 00:02:08,280 --> 00:02:10,919 Speaker 1: put maybe the micro brew that you're kind of keeping 46 00:02:11,040 --> 00:02:13,160 Speaker 1: for a little bit later, yeah, or be like, all right, 47 00:02:13,240 --> 00:02:16,160 Speaker 1: let's dance, you know, the three of us here. No, yeah, 48 00:02:16,200 --> 00:02:18,040 Speaker 1: you gotta save the good music for a little later. 49 00:02:18,040 --> 00:02:21,320 Speaker 1: When the party achieves that tipping point, yeah, that point 50 00:02:21,400 --> 00:02:24,959 Speaker 1: at which the person starts doing the worm on the floor, 51 00:02:25,560 --> 00:02:28,200 Speaker 1: you know, somebody you know retires to a corner, maybe 52 00:02:28,240 --> 00:02:30,639 Speaker 1: to to do a little closing up to one another 53 00:02:30,880 --> 00:02:35,280 Speaker 1: hook up. The guy falls off the roof. No, no, no, no, no, 54 00:02:35,360 --> 00:02:37,760 Speaker 1: that happened at this house. Yeah, are you serious? Some 55 00:02:37,840 --> 00:02:39,480 Speaker 1: dude like climb up on the roof and fell off 56 00:02:39,919 --> 00:02:42,799 Speaker 1: in the He was fine, because the kind of person 57 00:02:42,840 --> 00:02:44,360 Speaker 1: who crawls up on the top of the roof and 58 00:02:44,360 --> 00:02:46,760 Speaker 1: falls off during the course of a party tends to 59 00:02:46,800 --> 00:02:50,880 Speaker 1: be fine afterwards because he's probably done it before. But yeah, 60 00:02:51,080 --> 00:02:53,239 Speaker 1: that kind of thing happens, right, So today we're talking 61 00:02:53,280 --> 00:02:56,320 Speaker 1: about that seems sort of thing only in bacteria bacteria 62 00:02:56,400 --> 00:02:59,880 Speaker 1: party if you will party, which which sounds like, you know, 63 00:03:00,160 --> 00:03:02,520 Speaker 1: some sort of slanderous term you throw it like, you know, 64 00:03:02,560 --> 00:03:08,920 Speaker 1: your least favorite restaurant. It's a bacteria part right, So specifically, 65 00:03:08,960 --> 00:03:12,120 Speaker 1: we're talking about quorum sensing, which is how a bacteria communicate. 66 00:03:12,200 --> 00:03:15,040 Speaker 1: But first a little background. So bacteria, you guys are 67 00:03:15,040 --> 00:03:18,560 Speaker 1: going to remember just a simple, single celled organism doesn't 68 00:03:18,600 --> 00:03:22,000 Speaker 1: have a nucleus, lacks organ elles, you know, those tiny 69 00:03:22,040 --> 00:03:25,280 Speaker 1: specialized organs within the cellule membrane, like a mitochondria or 70 00:03:25,320 --> 00:03:27,800 Speaker 1: something like that, and your bacteria is going to be 71 00:03:27,919 --> 00:03:31,919 Speaker 1: probably round, spiral or road shaped, maybe Gram positive, maybe 72 00:03:31,960 --> 00:03:36,520 Speaker 1: Graham negative, and they're gonna fall under the domain bacteria. Yeah, 73 00:03:36,920 --> 00:03:39,080 Speaker 1: So that's kind of an overview of factoria, just in 74 00:03:39,120 --> 00:03:41,120 Speaker 1: case you needed to jog your memory a bit. And 75 00:03:41,120 --> 00:03:43,240 Speaker 1: it's easy to fall into the trap though thinking of 76 00:03:43,320 --> 00:03:47,200 Speaker 1: these as simple, like simple organisms in the sense that 77 00:03:47,240 --> 00:03:49,200 Speaker 1: it's kind of like they evolve to a point and 78 00:03:49,240 --> 00:03:51,840 Speaker 1: just stopped where they you know, where they kind of 79 00:03:51,840 --> 00:03:53,200 Speaker 1: like they never got out of the first grade or 80 00:03:53,240 --> 00:03:56,760 Speaker 1: second grade, but it's more like they reached the second 81 00:03:56,760 --> 00:03:59,400 Speaker 1: grade and just became like really awesome that being a 82 00:03:59,480 --> 00:04:03,000 Speaker 1: second grade like in ways that we typically don't give 83 00:04:03,040 --> 00:04:06,000 Speaker 1: them credit for, right, So they're pretty complex organisms and 84 00:04:06,240 --> 00:04:10,400 Speaker 1: clever organisms. Consider this story. Back in the nineteen sixties, 85 00:04:10,920 --> 00:04:13,960 Speaker 1: a couple of researchers noticed that bacteria known as Vibrio 86 00:04:14,200 --> 00:04:18,760 Speaker 1: fishery uh displayed more luminescence as the bacterial population group. 87 00:04:19,320 --> 00:04:20,840 Speaker 1: As you can imagine, it's kind of hard to glow. 88 00:04:20,880 --> 00:04:23,400 Speaker 1: It takes a lot of energy. So scientists determined that 89 00:04:23,400 --> 00:04:26,719 Speaker 1: the bacteria were able to preserve their energy until they realize, hey, 90 00:04:26,760 --> 00:04:29,160 Speaker 1: this is the right moment, let's make a really good glow. 91 00:04:29,200 --> 00:04:31,560 Speaker 1: There are enough of us here to really make an impression. 92 00:04:32,160 --> 00:04:33,680 Speaker 1: So a lot of times you could see that good 93 00:04:33,720 --> 00:04:35,880 Speaker 1: glow in the liquid organ of a deep sea creature, 94 00:04:35,960 --> 00:04:39,919 Speaker 1: like you know, a squid, and it was really fascinating 95 00:04:39,920 --> 00:04:43,440 Speaker 1: stuff because these bacteria were living symbiotically um with the 96 00:04:43,480 --> 00:04:47,240 Speaker 1: squid or whatever creature they happened to inhabit, and the 97 00:04:47,400 --> 00:04:51,640 Speaker 1: light the bioluminescent bacteria would become the light structure for 98 00:04:51,680 --> 00:04:53,840 Speaker 1: the eye. It was so interesting. So it's like if 99 00:04:53,880 --> 00:04:56,479 Speaker 1: you had like a giant monster that coded itself with 100 00:04:56,560 --> 00:04:59,320 Speaker 1: like rab kids with like little blow sticks, and then 101 00:05:00,080 --> 00:05:01,920 Speaker 1: like you get enough of them together, like one ravor 102 00:05:02,000 --> 00:05:03,800 Speaker 1: kid with a glow sticks, and that can really produce 103 00:05:03,800 --> 00:05:05,200 Speaker 1: a lot. But it gets a lot of them together, 104 00:05:05,320 --> 00:05:09,320 Speaker 1: except yeah, except they they get these things end up 105 00:05:09,320 --> 00:05:12,080 Speaker 1: gathering together and then they produce glow more glowing right 106 00:05:12,960 --> 00:05:15,640 Speaker 1: right right, like the Ravor kids, no doubt, Yeah, and 107 00:05:15,680 --> 00:05:18,520 Speaker 1: the giant squid um. So the point of this is 108 00:05:18,560 --> 00:05:21,760 Speaker 1: that the population reaches has to reach a sufficient size 109 00:05:21,800 --> 00:05:25,040 Speaker 1: to emanate that killer glow. Again, like the party, you 110 00:05:25,080 --> 00:05:26,800 Speaker 1: have to get a certain number of people together before 111 00:05:26,839 --> 00:05:29,800 Speaker 1: the party really starts kicking, as they say. Yeah, And 112 00:05:29,839 --> 00:05:32,960 Speaker 1: that's an example of quorum sensing. It's it's really just 113 00:05:32,960 --> 00:05:36,280 Speaker 1: how bacteria communicate. It's used. It's usually used to tell 114 00:05:36,320 --> 00:05:38,480 Speaker 1: other bacteria, Hey, there are enough of us here out. 115 00:05:38,560 --> 00:05:41,159 Speaker 1: Let's let's get down to the bacterial business. And there's 116 00:05:41,200 --> 00:05:44,200 Speaker 1: some other organisms capable of mimicking quorum sensing, like I 117 00:05:44,240 --> 00:05:48,080 Speaker 1: saw some research on plants and algae and insects, possibly 118 00:05:48,080 --> 00:05:50,919 Speaker 1: to like honey bees. I guess insects might use it 119 00:05:50,960 --> 00:05:53,080 Speaker 1: to figure out where they're going to plant their next colony. 120 00:05:54,040 --> 00:05:57,760 Speaker 1: Interesting anyway, So the name, as you guys can imagine, 121 00:05:57,839 --> 00:06:00,719 Speaker 1: comes from quorum or just them and already of people 122 00:06:00,880 --> 00:06:03,240 Speaker 1: from some particular group that you need to achieve for 123 00:06:03,360 --> 00:06:05,680 Speaker 1: like a vote or a political action to occur. Yeah, 124 00:06:05,839 --> 00:06:07,400 Speaker 1: Like you're always hearing it down the news, like, oh, 125 00:06:07,440 --> 00:06:08,839 Speaker 1: they have to get a quorum, and they have to 126 00:06:08,839 --> 00:06:11,800 Speaker 1: form a quorum on a particular talk topic before you know, 127 00:06:12,240 --> 00:06:15,320 Speaker 1: this legislation can pass or this rule can you know, 128 00:06:15,560 --> 00:06:19,400 Speaker 1: be passed up in accompanying, etcetera. Yeah, example, how stuff 129 00:06:19,400 --> 00:06:22,080 Speaker 1: works dot Com couldn't pass that sweet new motion for 130 00:06:22,640 --> 00:06:25,680 Speaker 1: a four day work week because a quorum wasn't achieved. 131 00:06:26,400 --> 00:06:28,400 Speaker 1: I miss, I didn't get the email on that. Neither 132 00:06:28,440 --> 00:06:30,520 Speaker 1: did I if only it had gone out. I don't 133 00:06:30,520 --> 00:06:33,200 Speaker 1: know a four day work because then then you're just 134 00:06:33,200 --> 00:06:37,200 Speaker 1: gonna have like ten day workdays, right, work? Yeah, ten 135 00:06:37,279 --> 00:06:40,839 Speaker 1: day workdays? Whatever? What am I talking? Ten hour workdays? Right? Gotcha? Um? 136 00:06:41,040 --> 00:06:42,640 Speaker 1: I guess, I guess you could bump it up. What 137 00:06:42,640 --> 00:06:45,440 Speaker 1: did the French people do? Oh? Well, that's a whole 138 00:06:45,440 --> 00:06:49,800 Speaker 1: another issue. But so let's talk about coreum sensing. Let's 139 00:06:49,800 --> 00:06:53,400 Speaker 1: talk about how bacteria reached that critical capacity to communicate. 140 00:06:54,240 --> 00:06:56,640 Speaker 1: So the mechanism here that you're really going to want 141 00:06:56,680 --> 00:07:00,560 Speaker 1: to concentrate on is auto inducers. Bacteria produced, they give 142 00:07:00,600 --> 00:07:04,440 Speaker 1: off these auto inducers and there they function is signaling molecules, 143 00:07:04,560 --> 00:07:08,800 Speaker 1: kind of like pheromones. So the concentration of autoinducers in 144 00:07:08,839 --> 00:07:11,480 Speaker 1: any given area is going to correspond with the size 145 00:07:11,480 --> 00:07:13,800 Speaker 1: of the bacterial population, like to bring this to a party. 146 00:07:13,840 --> 00:07:15,400 Speaker 1: You know how when people come to a party, they 147 00:07:15,400 --> 00:07:18,280 Speaker 1: never stick with this one cup for their beverage. They 148 00:07:18,320 --> 00:07:20,360 Speaker 1: end up with like leaving several around, like laying on 149 00:07:20,360 --> 00:07:23,880 Speaker 1: coffee tables and bookshelves. I see so number of cups 150 00:07:23,960 --> 00:07:28,360 Speaker 1: laying around as a indicator of how good the party is, right, 151 00:07:28,440 --> 00:07:30,760 Speaker 1: Like if you have two cups lying around, that means 152 00:07:30,760 --> 00:07:33,640 Speaker 1: you have fifty people there, right. So similarly, of course, 153 00:07:33,840 --> 00:07:36,080 Speaker 1: a high concentration of auto inducers is going to tell 154 00:07:36,080 --> 00:07:39,000 Speaker 1: you that a lot of bacteria present. So once you 155 00:07:39,040 --> 00:07:40,880 Speaker 1: get enough bacteria coming to the party, they're going to 156 00:07:40,920 --> 00:07:43,800 Speaker 1: start producing the molecules that are so toxic to their hosts. 157 00:07:44,280 --> 00:07:46,920 Speaker 1: They may even form a biofilm, which is just a 158 00:07:46,960 --> 00:07:49,480 Speaker 1: massive group of bacteria that may form a coating like 159 00:07:49,520 --> 00:07:51,840 Speaker 1: on a mossy rock you were talking about in a 160 00:07:51,920 --> 00:07:54,200 Speaker 1: dog bowl. Yeah, more if you feel like a film 161 00:07:54,200 --> 00:07:57,000 Speaker 1: on your teeth, uh yeah, or a medical device. They're 162 00:07:57,000 --> 00:08:00,880 Speaker 1: pretty common on medical devices like a catheter, prosthetic device, 163 00:08:01,040 --> 00:08:05,360 Speaker 1: or heart implant valve. So this is the tipping point, right, 164 00:08:05,400 --> 00:08:08,160 Speaker 1: This is kind of like when the party gets off 165 00:08:08,200 --> 00:08:10,320 Speaker 1: the chain as they say, you know when the guy 166 00:08:10,360 --> 00:08:14,040 Speaker 1: falls off that you're so full of these party expressions. Um, 167 00:08:14,080 --> 00:08:15,960 Speaker 1: but yeah, that this is when, this is when things 168 00:08:16,160 --> 00:08:19,680 Speaker 1: start happening and and and that's the issue here, right, 169 00:08:19,880 --> 00:08:21,960 Speaker 1: is is what happens when the when the bacteria actually 170 00:08:22,000 --> 00:08:25,040 Speaker 1: form a quorum and start doing the sometimes dangerous things 171 00:08:25,400 --> 00:08:28,040 Speaker 1: that bacteria do. Right, So this would be when they 172 00:08:28,320 --> 00:08:32,319 Speaker 1: they mobile us they decided to start infecting the host 173 00:08:33,320 --> 00:08:36,120 Speaker 1: generally speaking, right, Yeah, that that being the prime thing 174 00:08:36,200 --> 00:08:39,840 Speaker 1: that we're interested in, like the dangerous stuff. So just 175 00:08:39,880 --> 00:08:42,800 Speaker 1: to remind you, a quorum seuching drug would stop the communication, 176 00:08:42,840 --> 00:08:46,520 Speaker 1: whereas a regular antibiotic kills bacteria, it stops the targeted 177 00:08:46,559 --> 00:08:50,120 Speaker 1: bacteria from growing and then of course allowing the development 178 00:08:50,160 --> 00:08:53,800 Speaker 1: of resistant mutan bacteria. Yeah. It basically we're talking about 179 00:08:53,800 --> 00:08:58,120 Speaker 1: cutting off the communication, like they'll be however many bacteria. 180 00:08:58,360 --> 00:09:00,640 Speaker 1: However many bacteria get in a room, but they don't 181 00:09:00,640 --> 00:09:02,200 Speaker 1: know all the other guys are really there. There's not 182 00:09:02,280 --> 00:09:05,080 Speaker 1: enough communication to get the party started. You know. It's 183 00:09:05,120 --> 00:09:06,440 Speaker 1: kind of like if you feel he's trying to have 184 00:09:06,440 --> 00:09:08,240 Speaker 1: a party with a bunch of lane people, you know, 185 00:09:08,440 --> 00:09:10,880 Speaker 1: and they're just they're not they're gonna understanding around. My 186 00:09:10,960 --> 00:09:12,439 Speaker 1: husband has a name for this. He calls it a 187 00:09:12,559 --> 00:09:15,160 Speaker 1: lights on sit down party, lights on sit down part, 188 00:09:15,240 --> 00:09:17,840 Speaker 1: which I think is pretty apropos Well, if they're board games, 189 00:09:17,880 --> 00:09:21,280 Speaker 1: you know sometimes that you know, sometimes just you know, 190 00:09:21,320 --> 00:09:26,640 Speaker 1: scrabble is a good level of off the chain, you know, yeah, indeed, right, 191 00:09:26,920 --> 00:09:29,280 Speaker 1: especially if you allow like creative spelling, you know, then 192 00:09:29,280 --> 00:09:34,040 Speaker 1: it's whoa, and here's something else. Bacteria don't just communicate 193 00:09:34,080 --> 00:09:36,280 Speaker 1: with their own kind, right, They don't just communicate with 194 00:09:36,280 --> 00:09:38,680 Speaker 1: the people at the party. They may have receptors for 195 00:09:38,800 --> 00:09:42,320 Speaker 1: species specific auto inducers as well as receptors for signals 196 00:09:42,320 --> 00:09:46,160 Speaker 1: and up by all other kinds of bacteria. So there, 197 00:09:46,280 --> 00:09:48,440 Speaker 1: so there could be like party crashers and the bacteria 198 00:09:48,480 --> 00:09:53,040 Speaker 1: community indeed, indeed, right, So this would indicate, you know, 199 00:09:53,040 --> 00:09:55,120 Speaker 1: in the case of our bioluminescent ones, that not just 200 00:09:55,160 --> 00:09:58,320 Speaker 1: the bioluminescent ones are are communicating, but you know, they 201 00:09:58,360 --> 00:10:01,720 Speaker 1: may be communicating with other bacteria that are just floating 202 00:10:01,720 --> 00:10:06,080 Speaker 1: in the sea water chatting it up. So why does 203 00:10:06,080 --> 00:10:10,240 Speaker 1: it matter? Why do we care if bacteria are communicating? Well, 204 00:10:10,280 --> 00:10:12,400 Speaker 1: it really never hurts to have new tricks up our 205 00:10:12,440 --> 00:10:16,280 Speaker 1: sleep when we're dealing with bacteria, and and and again 206 00:10:16,280 --> 00:10:18,640 Speaker 1: that's the key thing here is that when bacteria form 207 00:10:18,679 --> 00:10:21,000 Speaker 1: a quorum, a lot of times you're gonna do something 208 00:10:21,080 --> 00:10:27,040 Speaker 1: deadly or at least unhealthy to the host. Right, So 209 00:10:27,120 --> 00:10:30,080 Speaker 1: let's take it in the hospital. Um, there's a there's 210 00:10:30,080 --> 00:10:36,000 Speaker 1: a pretty common bacteria called Pseudomonas aruginosa. You're smiling because 211 00:10:36,000 --> 00:10:37,680 Speaker 1: you want to make a food joke about how that's 212 00:10:38,080 --> 00:10:41,240 Speaker 1: now I did that, lad, I did that last week. Uh. 213 00:10:41,280 --> 00:10:44,880 Speaker 1: Simon is a gram negative bacteria behind an infection that 214 00:10:45,000 --> 00:10:48,960 Speaker 1: strikes and often kills people with cystic fibrosis and other 215 00:10:48,960 --> 00:10:53,360 Speaker 1: immunocompromised people. This is going to be like people AIDS patients, 216 00:10:53,520 --> 00:10:56,760 Speaker 1: or maybe people are seeming chemotherapy or people with burns, 217 00:10:57,520 --> 00:11:00,160 Speaker 1: and it's again it's really common in hospitals, but it 218 00:11:00,160 --> 00:11:03,920 Speaker 1: doesn't affect healthy people. So a couple of scientists from 219 00:11:03,920 --> 00:11:08,160 Speaker 1: the University at Buffalo were able to inhibit the master 220 00:11:08,280 --> 00:11:11,400 Speaker 1: regulatory gene behind coreum sensing. So that's effectively how we 221 00:11:11,440 --> 00:11:14,800 Speaker 1: are stopping bacteria from communicating, by the way, is by 222 00:11:14,840 --> 00:11:18,640 Speaker 1: regulating gene expression to get into the actual mechanics of it. 223 00:11:19,080 --> 00:11:21,000 Speaker 1: And so these these scientists were able to do that, 224 00:11:21,040 --> 00:11:24,839 Speaker 1: and it's pretty cool when you consider that a lot 225 00:11:24,840 --> 00:11:28,800 Speaker 1: of strains of P. Aruginosa are resistant to antibiotics. So again, 226 00:11:28,840 --> 00:11:30,240 Speaker 1: it kind of comes back to having more than one 227 00:11:30,240 --> 00:11:32,320 Speaker 1: way to skin the cat, or stop the bacteria from 228 00:11:32,400 --> 00:11:35,800 Speaker 1: chatting with one another in this case and mobilize. Yeah, 229 00:11:35,840 --> 00:11:37,439 Speaker 1: and another thing that this is the thing that I 230 00:11:37,520 --> 00:11:40,079 Speaker 1: thought was really cool is um as an idea that's 231 00:11:40,080 --> 00:11:42,520 Speaker 1: been put forth by the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 232 00:11:43,320 --> 00:11:47,719 Speaker 1: and that's that these could be basically quote everlasting antibiotics. 233 00:11:48,920 --> 00:11:51,640 Speaker 1: And basically the principle here is, you know, we've all 234 00:11:51,640 --> 00:11:56,800 Speaker 1: heard of like antibiotic resistant drugs and like antibotic resistant bacteria, illnesses, 235 00:11:56,840 --> 00:11:59,600 Speaker 1: et cetera. You know, the idea is that by creating 236 00:11:59,760 --> 00:12:03,120 Speaker 1: like pulling out antibiotics, were pushing against them, and then 237 00:12:03,120 --> 00:12:05,320 Speaker 1: they're gonna push back, they're gonna, you know, they're gonna 238 00:12:06,080 --> 00:12:08,880 Speaker 1: evolve a resistance to something and suddenly you have to 239 00:12:09,000 --> 00:12:11,000 Speaker 1: change your you know, it's you have to change your 240 00:12:11,040 --> 00:12:14,400 Speaker 1: offense to meet their defense. But if you're if you 241 00:12:14,679 --> 00:12:18,120 Speaker 1: by creating like a quorum sensing drug according sensing drum 242 00:12:18,400 --> 00:12:22,160 Speaker 1: draw antiquorum sensing drug. You are You're you're messing with 243 00:12:22,200 --> 00:12:26,440 Speaker 1: their communication. You know, you're you're not um, you're not 244 00:12:26,480 --> 00:12:29,080 Speaker 1: really pushing them, You're just sort of breaking them up, right, 245 00:12:29,080 --> 00:12:31,840 Speaker 1: You're not sparking resistance. Yeah, and so they found that 246 00:12:31,880 --> 00:12:37,160 Speaker 1: like in like twenty six successive generations of different bacterial species, uh, 247 00:12:37,679 --> 00:12:41,120 Speaker 1: that generation was still as sensitive as the first one was. Yeah, 248 00:12:41,200 --> 00:12:44,240 Speaker 1: they're not like learning to the fight back against it, 249 00:12:44,280 --> 00:12:47,800 Speaker 1: which is awesome because then it could conceivably last forever. 250 00:12:47,880 --> 00:12:51,920 Speaker 1: It could be like a permanent cure. I mean, I 251 00:12:51,960 --> 00:12:54,600 Speaker 1: feel like everlasting is a little optimistic when it comes 252 00:12:54,640 --> 00:12:57,920 Speaker 1: to an organisms as long lasting and as adaptable as 253 00:12:57,960 --> 00:13:00,320 Speaker 1: a bacteria have have proven to be. But still it's 254 00:13:00,360 --> 00:13:03,000 Speaker 1: an intriguing concept. It's a little boastful. But then again, 255 00:13:03,000 --> 00:13:04,400 Speaker 1: if you want, you know, you want to get picked 256 00:13:04,440 --> 00:13:06,000 Speaker 1: up by the media, and you want to you know, 257 00:13:06,280 --> 00:13:09,920 Speaker 1: if you study funded to say everlasting treatment for this, 258 00:13:09,960 --> 00:13:14,600 Speaker 1: and like whoa, I'll fund that. There are doctors using 259 00:13:14,640 --> 00:13:17,440 Speaker 1: quorum sensing or rather anti worm sensing drugs to fight 260 00:13:17,440 --> 00:13:20,960 Speaker 1: bacterial infections. Now that's probably what you guys are wondering. Yeah, 261 00:13:21,040 --> 00:13:24,440 Speaker 1: not really, You're right, not so much, except possibly in 262 00:13:25,160 --> 00:13:31,840 Speaker 1: some like traditional medicine practices. Um, there's an interesting article. Um, 263 00:13:32,000 --> 00:13:35,560 Speaker 1: what publication was that in, Well, it wasn't in a publication. 264 00:13:35,600 --> 00:13:38,079 Speaker 1: It was a clinical trial. The clinical trial website you 265 00:13:38,120 --> 00:13:40,320 Speaker 1: can check out all the clinical trials they've got going 266 00:13:40,360 --> 00:13:43,240 Speaker 1: on for for different things in the United States. And 267 00:13:43,280 --> 00:13:47,440 Speaker 1: there's a two thousand eight study that was investigating a 268 00:13:47,559 --> 00:13:52,160 Speaker 1: zithromycin as a potential drug and they were using it 269 00:13:52,559 --> 00:13:57,839 Speaker 1: to battle again Pseudomonas arugonosa ventilator associated pneumonia. And the 270 00:13:58,120 --> 00:14:00,240 Speaker 1: study did, in fact me to phase tube. It was 271 00:14:00,320 --> 00:14:02,480 Speaker 1: terminated because of financial issues, so we never got a 272 00:14:02,559 --> 00:14:04,680 Speaker 1: chance to see how this was going to turn out. Yeah, 273 00:14:04,720 --> 00:14:07,439 Speaker 1: the article I was thinking of was actually in Gizmodo, 274 00:14:08,000 --> 00:14:14,240 Speaker 1: and it was about John mccafee, he of the Security computer. Yeah, 275 00:14:14,240 --> 00:14:17,079 Speaker 1: so apparently he was like, I've learned how to tackle um, 276 00:14:17,120 --> 00:14:19,080 Speaker 1: you know, computer viruses, I'm going to go after the 277 00:14:19,120 --> 00:14:23,000 Speaker 1: real thing. And he's down in Belize, like checking in 278 00:14:23,040 --> 00:14:28,040 Speaker 1: with like like traditional um like herbal practices and seeing 279 00:14:28,080 --> 00:14:30,360 Speaker 1: and U and looking into the possibility of like quorm 280 00:14:30,440 --> 00:14:35,480 Speaker 1: sensing um antiquorm sensing drug potential in those uh you know, 281 00:14:35,520 --> 00:14:40,280 Speaker 1: those those herbal remedies. So it's pretty cool. Yeah, pretty interesting. Yeah, 282 00:14:40,400 --> 00:14:43,280 Speaker 1: interesting to read that. I thought that the author Juel 283 00:14:43,360 --> 00:14:46,640 Speaker 1: Johnson had to had a good take on in It's 284 00:14:46,640 --> 00:14:48,960 Speaker 1: all there to bring a little bit of skepticism to 285 00:14:48,960 --> 00:14:53,560 Speaker 1: to this, especially since Bailes doesn't necessarily have the vetting 286 00:14:53,600 --> 00:14:58,520 Speaker 1: system that we do for do drugs. Yeah, so they 287 00:14:58,560 --> 00:15:01,440 Speaker 1: were looking to uh in us the help of quorum 288 00:15:01,480 --> 00:15:04,880 Speaker 1: sensing for um all sorts of stuff like ear infections 289 00:15:04,920 --> 00:15:08,360 Speaker 1: and ulcers, biofilms on your teeth. I think they're looking 290 00:15:08,360 --> 00:15:11,240 Speaker 1: into a health wash, which would be handy. I don't 291 00:15:11,240 --> 00:15:13,040 Speaker 1: know what the dental Headgennis would you. I don't know 292 00:15:13,040 --> 00:15:14,480 Speaker 1: how they would feel about that, because what would they 293 00:15:14,520 --> 00:15:17,040 Speaker 1: do if we didn't have biofilms on our teeth anymore? Oh, 294 00:15:17,080 --> 00:15:19,040 Speaker 1: I think we'd still figure out a way to mess 295 00:15:19,080 --> 00:15:22,040 Speaker 1: up our teeth pretty bad. Have confidence in our junk 296 00:15:22,040 --> 00:15:26,000 Speaker 1: food eating ability. Okay, Well, so, apart from what they're 297 00:15:26,040 --> 00:15:30,480 Speaker 1: doing in Bailie's, there are some issues with developing these 298 00:15:30,520 --> 00:15:33,400 Speaker 1: kind of drugs elsewhere, and some of the issues have 299 00:15:33,480 --> 00:15:37,520 Speaker 1: concerned the molecules being toxic to humans. According to a 300 00:15:37,560 --> 00:15:42,040 Speaker 1: related Scientific American article I was reading. In addition, they've 301 00:15:42,040 --> 00:15:44,600 Speaker 1: been having some troubles developing disruptors that work against many 302 00:15:44,600 --> 00:15:48,200 Speaker 1: different species of bacteria. Yeah, like they'll only it'll only 303 00:15:48,240 --> 00:15:51,520 Speaker 1: be good to cut off like one type of bacterious communication, 304 00:15:51,680 --> 00:15:54,160 Speaker 1: right right, Yeah, which might be good in the case 305 00:15:54,240 --> 00:15:59,520 Speaker 1: of a bacteria that's a prevalent, like the aforementioned Pseudomonis organosa, 306 00:16:00,640 --> 00:16:02,800 Speaker 1: but it prevents you from having like a general sort 307 00:16:02,840 --> 00:16:06,880 Speaker 1: of antiquorum cure all right. Also, some of these have 308 00:16:07,200 --> 00:16:09,240 Speaker 1: like there's some issues with the shelf life, like getting 309 00:16:09,240 --> 00:16:11,080 Speaker 1: it to where you could actually like get it out 310 00:16:11,120 --> 00:16:13,040 Speaker 1: there and stores and have it like be an ode 311 00:16:13,080 --> 00:16:15,600 Speaker 1: for the counter thing and not a you know, harvested 312 00:16:15,640 --> 00:16:17,600 Speaker 1: on the site type of deal. And there's also a 313 00:16:17,640 --> 00:16:20,480 Speaker 1: really interesting study that came out of the University of Edinburgh, 314 00:16:20,520 --> 00:16:22,840 Speaker 1: and a couple of biologists there were saying, we'll hold 315 00:16:22,840 --> 00:16:26,560 Speaker 1: on a second here, like we were saying before, bacteria 316 00:16:26,720 --> 00:16:30,040 Speaker 1: that's simple. In fact, they may not even communicate in 317 00:16:30,080 --> 00:16:33,720 Speaker 1: the same way within a particular population. Yeah. And another 318 00:16:34,480 --> 00:16:39,040 Speaker 1: interesting fact comes from some research from the University of Edinburgh, 319 00:16:39,240 --> 00:16:43,000 Speaker 1: and that's that bacteria, like humans. As with humans, some 320 00:16:43,040 --> 00:16:45,920 Speaker 1: of them are better communicators than others. So if you 321 00:16:46,320 --> 00:16:48,600 Speaker 1: end up if you were able to encourage more of 322 00:16:48,640 --> 00:16:53,120 Speaker 1: the poor communicating um bacteria. This is actually beneficial. Yeah, 323 00:16:53,120 --> 00:16:54,880 Speaker 1: this is beneficial because then the other guys can't get 324 00:16:54,880 --> 00:16:56,920 Speaker 1: a word in edgewise and really get going with their 325 00:16:57,120 --> 00:16:59,480 Speaker 1: with their quorum. It's kind of like if you didn't 326 00:16:59,480 --> 00:17:01,240 Speaker 1: want your part need to get off the hook. So 327 00:17:01,320 --> 00:17:06,000 Speaker 1: you like you invited mostly agoraphobic. Uh, you know people 328 00:17:06,000 --> 00:17:07,960 Speaker 1: that are just going to stand there, you know, looking 329 00:17:07,960 --> 00:17:10,679 Speaker 1: into their drinks. A lot of social anxiety. Yeah, so 330 00:17:10,720 --> 00:17:12,639 Speaker 1: that's so that's that's pretty cool in another way that 331 00:17:12,680 --> 00:17:15,240 Speaker 1: you could sort of you know, use this for your 332 00:17:15,280 --> 00:17:19,200 Speaker 1: to your benefit. Yeah. So that about it wraps it 333 00:17:19,320 --> 00:17:23,280 Speaker 1: up on talking to bacteria or bacteria talking with each other. Yeah. 334 00:17:23,320 --> 00:17:26,040 Speaker 1: I was really surprised by it, um, because you just 335 00:17:26,040 --> 00:17:28,200 Speaker 1: don't think of all, right, I don't think of bacteria 336 00:17:28,600 --> 00:17:31,520 Speaker 1: speaking to each other, you know, or in any way communicating. 337 00:17:31,520 --> 00:17:33,560 Speaker 1: It just I tend to without thinking about it, you know, 338 00:17:34,320 --> 00:17:37,239 Speaker 1: view them as this very simple organism that kind of 339 00:17:37,240 --> 00:17:40,600 Speaker 1: works like like a very simple machine, you know. Yeah, 340 00:17:40,680 --> 00:17:42,600 Speaker 1: not the case. They have proved us wrong once again. 341 00:17:43,080 --> 00:17:44,359 Speaker 1: So if you guys want to send us any of 342 00:17:44,359 --> 00:17:47,960 Speaker 1: your thoughts on bacteria or bacteria communicating or just tell 343 00:17:48,040 --> 00:17:49,880 Speaker 1: us how much of a good communicator you are. Send 344 00:17:49,920 --> 00:17:52,120 Speaker 1: us an email science stuff at how Separate dot com. 345 00:17:52,320 --> 00:17:54,560 Speaker 1: I have to admit when you first mentioned quorum sensing 346 00:17:54,600 --> 00:17:56,200 Speaker 1: drugs to me, I thought it was something like out 347 00:17:56,200 --> 00:17:58,560 Speaker 1: of Dune or like some sci fi novel where there's 348 00:17:58,560 --> 00:18:03,280 Speaker 1: like a crazy sci fi drug. No. No, not like 349 00:18:03,359 --> 00:18:09,960 Speaker 1: the case. Um, hey, do you want to do listener mail? Yeah? 350 00:18:10,119 --> 00:18:13,439 Speaker 1: We actually got some awesome listener mail in just today, 351 00:18:13,720 --> 00:18:16,320 Speaker 1: not only male but package Yes, our very first factor, 352 00:18:16,400 --> 00:18:20,040 Speaker 1: which is super exciting from Australia. Yeah. I was worried 353 00:18:20,040 --> 00:18:23,000 Speaker 1: at first because one of the reasons we received some 354 00:18:23,160 --> 00:18:26,000 Speaker 1: of our fan mail from Australia is because we made 355 00:18:26,000 --> 00:18:28,520 Speaker 1: some comments about there being a lot of venomous creatures there, 356 00:18:28,800 --> 00:18:30,879 Speaker 1: and then people were some people were like, it's not 357 00:18:30,920 --> 00:18:33,359 Speaker 1: really that bad. It's like, you know, so there's kind 358 00:18:33,359 --> 00:18:34,920 Speaker 1: of a dialogue back and forth, and then there's a 359 00:18:34,960 --> 00:18:37,320 Speaker 1: comment on a comment. Do you remember that? That's very exciting? 360 00:18:37,440 --> 00:18:39,240 Speaker 1: So I went first, I'm like, oh my goodness, like 361 00:18:39,240 --> 00:18:42,439 Speaker 1: somebody's like mailed as a snake or a scorpion or something, 362 00:18:42,440 --> 00:18:45,080 Speaker 1: you know. Um, But as it turned out not, it's 363 00:18:45,320 --> 00:18:50,080 Speaker 1: actually two adorable little pretreated creatures. I got a Rodicent 364 00:18:50,080 --> 00:18:53,560 Speaker 1: bridge back with a bandanna, which is so cute. Dogs 365 00:18:53,600 --> 00:18:56,800 Speaker 1: your favorite animal. And I received a Lambergeyer, which is uh, 366 00:18:57,160 --> 00:19:00,280 Speaker 1: you know, the big majestic looking bird that's in the 367 00:19:00,320 --> 00:19:03,920 Speaker 1: Life series that drops bones from a great height and 368 00:19:03,960 --> 00:19:06,880 Speaker 1: then goes down and each the shattered remains. So they're 369 00:19:06,920 --> 00:19:08,959 Speaker 1: really cute. And they came with a letter. Yeah they 370 00:19:09,040 --> 00:19:14,320 Speaker 1: do the letter. Hi, Allison and Robert, good day from Australia. 371 00:19:14,880 --> 00:19:17,840 Speaker 1: UM for hosting such an awesome podcast that makes my 372 00:19:18,160 --> 00:19:21,160 Speaker 1: commute so much more bearable. I need to do some presents. 373 00:19:21,800 --> 00:19:24,000 Speaker 1: Here's a Rhodesian ridge back for Allison and a lambur 374 00:19:24,040 --> 00:19:26,560 Speaker 1: guy for Robert. If they behave perhaps they might you 375 00:19:26,600 --> 00:19:29,840 Speaker 1: might allow them to play with Katie's narwhale and Sarah's 376 00:19:29,840 --> 00:19:35,920 Speaker 1: awful lot that those guys. Thank you for a great 377 00:19:35,960 --> 00:19:40,760 Speaker 1: show and keep up the fantastic work. Best CC, Melbourne, Australia. PS. 378 00:19:40,800 --> 00:19:43,920 Speaker 1: How about a podcast on the Higgs Boson We might 379 00:19:44,000 --> 00:19:49,640 Speaker 1: find it soon? Excellent, Thank you very much. These are 380 00:19:49,680 --> 00:19:52,160 Speaker 1: really super cute. Yeah, we took up took a photograph 381 00:19:52,200 --> 00:19:53,760 Speaker 1: of and I'll see if I can't throw that up 382 00:19:53,760 --> 00:19:55,920 Speaker 1: on the Facebook and the lamber guy is going to 383 00:19:56,000 --> 00:19:58,800 Speaker 1: go up on the shelf next to Gamera. Hey. So yeah, 384 00:19:58,840 --> 00:20:01,000 Speaker 1: we've received a lot of of a really good listener 385 00:20:01,040 --> 00:20:02,920 Speaker 1: email lately, so we're going to go through some of 386 00:20:02,960 --> 00:20:04,679 Speaker 1: them today and we're pretty psyched that you guys are 387 00:20:04,720 --> 00:20:07,560 Speaker 1: written in. First up is Abdullah s and he wrote 388 00:20:07,600 --> 00:20:10,240 Speaker 1: in with his very first email to an HSW podcast, 389 00:20:10,280 --> 00:20:13,560 Speaker 1: and we are honored. So here's what he had to say. 390 00:20:13,640 --> 00:20:15,359 Speaker 1: He wanted to give us a little info on how 391 00:20:15,400 --> 00:20:18,399 Speaker 1: to pronounce the Burgh Khalifa, the tallest tower that we 392 00:20:18,440 --> 00:20:21,280 Speaker 1: mentioned in our Space Elevator podcast. Remember talking about that, Yeah, yeah, 393 00:20:21,320 --> 00:20:26,679 Speaker 1: this is the one in Space Elevators. Yes, yes, this 394 00:20:26,720 --> 00:20:30,320 Speaker 1: was the one in Space Elevators. Indeed, Robert Um. So 395 00:20:30,520 --> 00:20:33,040 Speaker 1: he told us the correct pronunciation and he then he 396 00:20:33,119 --> 00:20:35,960 Speaker 1: was talking about how the tower was named and burge 397 00:20:36,000 --> 00:20:39,000 Speaker 1: actually means tower and Khalifa is the name of the 398 00:20:39,000 --> 00:20:43,160 Speaker 1: current president and it literally translates to tower of Khalifa. 399 00:20:43,280 --> 00:20:47,960 Speaker 1: So thanks, Abdullah, appreciate the info. We have a ton 400 00:20:48,359 --> 00:20:51,960 Speaker 1: of emails from lefties or lefty wanna bees, shall I say? 401 00:20:52,119 --> 00:20:54,040 Speaker 1: A lot of people wrote in to talk about this 402 00:20:54,080 --> 00:20:56,240 Speaker 1: whole left handed guitarist thing that we got to in 403 00:20:56,280 --> 00:21:00,400 Speaker 1: our podcast, we received some I think they're some left 404 00:21:00,400 --> 00:21:02,000 Speaker 1: you want to be. I'm just going to put that 405 00:21:02,000 --> 00:21:04,600 Speaker 1: out there. That's because you're righty. Yeah, but I don't 406 00:21:04,600 --> 00:21:07,840 Speaker 1: want to be a lefty. Well you should, because we're awesome. 407 00:21:08,480 --> 00:21:11,520 Speaker 1: So after our podcast on lefties, a couple of guys 408 00:21:11,520 --> 00:21:13,360 Speaker 1: wrote in to tell us that lefties are the only 409 00:21:13,359 --> 00:21:16,040 Speaker 1: ones in the right minds. Yes, indeed we are, and 410 00:21:16,119 --> 00:21:18,400 Speaker 1: to tell us to your take on left hand guitarists. 411 00:21:18,440 --> 00:21:21,680 Speaker 1: So here's what listener Jake had to say. Although right handed, 412 00:21:21,720 --> 00:21:23,520 Speaker 1: I do know that if you're lefty guitarist, you have 413 00:21:23,560 --> 00:21:25,960 Speaker 1: to use your left hand to strump and right hand 414 00:21:25,960 --> 00:21:28,720 Speaker 1: to hold down the courts. So lefties hold the guitar 415 00:21:29,000 --> 00:21:32,639 Speaker 1: upside down. Jake also told us that Paul McCartney, the 416 00:21:32,640 --> 00:21:35,200 Speaker 1: famous Beetles star, is a lefty and he had trouble 417 00:21:35,280 --> 00:21:38,479 Speaker 1: learning guitar until he looked at another lefty guitarist and 418 00:21:38,520 --> 00:21:43,440 Speaker 1: saw the strings strong upside down. That's pretty interesting. So 419 00:21:43,760 --> 00:21:47,080 Speaker 1: even more, this turned out to help Paul McCartney when 420 00:21:47,080 --> 00:21:48,640 Speaker 1: he met John Lennon, because it meant that they could 421 00:21:48,680 --> 00:21:51,119 Speaker 1: sit across from each other and see a mirror image 422 00:21:51,160 --> 00:21:55,440 Speaker 1: and learned songs that way. It's pretty interesting. Andrew wrote 423 00:21:55,440 --> 00:21:57,719 Speaker 1: in something along the same lens. He also brought up 424 00:21:57,760 --> 00:22:00,720 Speaker 1: Phil Collins, and he was saying that there are no 425 00:22:00,800 --> 00:22:04,160 Speaker 1: other left handed instruments that he could think of other 426 00:22:04,240 --> 00:22:07,119 Speaker 1: than the southpaw guitars. And I really do think you 427 00:22:07,200 --> 00:22:08,920 Speaker 1: might have just wanted to bring up Phil Collins. Wait, 428 00:22:08,960 --> 00:22:11,040 Speaker 1: I thought Phil Collins played the drums. Well, so Phil 429 00:22:11,040 --> 00:22:13,800 Speaker 1: Collins plays the drums. But he was saying that drummers 430 00:22:13,960 --> 00:22:16,320 Speaker 1: um set up their drump kit in a mirror image 431 00:22:16,320 --> 00:22:19,679 Speaker 1: of the usual way, so a special lefty way if 432 00:22:19,680 --> 00:22:23,359 Speaker 1: you will. Yeah. William wrote in to tell us that 433 00:22:23,400 --> 00:22:26,560 Speaker 1: aside from left handed guitars, um firearms are something that 434 00:22:26,600 --> 00:22:29,280 Speaker 1: are left handed designed. And this is pretty critical because 435 00:22:29,320 --> 00:22:31,800 Speaker 1: when you consider a firearm, if you have a lefty 436 00:22:31,960 --> 00:22:34,800 Speaker 1: using a firearm designed for righty, then you can wind 437 00:22:34,880 --> 00:22:38,720 Speaker 1: up with shells being ejected. Oh yeah, man, I never 438 00:22:38,720 --> 00:22:41,840 Speaker 1: thought of that. Yeah, you don't want to have shells 439 00:22:41,840 --> 00:22:43,720 Speaker 1: ejecting in your face every time you fire the gun. 440 00:22:43,800 --> 00:22:47,160 Speaker 1: That's design for Yeah, William tells us you definitely don't 441 00:22:47,160 --> 00:22:49,320 Speaker 1: want this in a firefight. So I totally trust William 442 00:22:49,359 --> 00:22:52,760 Speaker 1: on that. Garrett is now frightened of his left handed 443 00:22:52,800 --> 00:22:57,200 Speaker 1: girlfriend should she ever decide to fight him. Yeah, she's 444 00:22:57,240 --> 00:23:00,560 Speaker 1: got the advantage. And Jim from New Jersey's fledged fencing 445 00:23:00,600 --> 00:23:02,879 Speaker 1: career may have been cut short due to some tricky 446 00:23:02,960 --> 00:23:08,119 Speaker 1: lefties in his college phizzed class. Yeah, you know, I 447 00:23:08,160 --> 00:23:12,120 Speaker 1: took a fencing in college and yeah, were you any good? 448 00:23:12,359 --> 00:23:14,159 Speaker 1: I don't think I went up against Jim because I 449 00:23:14,160 --> 00:23:18,040 Speaker 1: went to an old girls school, but I might have 450 00:23:18,080 --> 00:23:22,960 Speaker 1: been okay. Yeah, And Val, our friendly neighborhood maker of 451 00:23:23,359 --> 00:23:26,200 Speaker 1: prosthetic devices, brot in again to talk about her left handedness, 452 00:23:26,320 --> 00:23:28,880 Speaker 1: and she was mentioning um the whole care car thing 453 00:23:29,040 --> 00:23:34,440 Speaker 1: from Scottish history. Apparently there's a clan called the care 454 00:23:34,520 --> 00:23:36,280 Speaker 1: Clan or car Clan, depending on how you want to 455 00:23:36,280 --> 00:23:38,480 Speaker 1: spell it k E R R R c A R 456 00:23:38,800 --> 00:23:40,800 Speaker 1: and they're known for being left handed, so much so 457 00:23:40,880 --> 00:23:45,320 Speaker 1: that the care castle Um built its spiral staircases backwards 458 00:23:45,359 --> 00:23:47,479 Speaker 1: so that they could have that fighting advantage that we 459 00:23:47,480 --> 00:23:50,000 Speaker 1: were talking about the robber and I we're mentioning and 460 00:23:50,080 --> 00:23:52,320 Speaker 1: Val asked where some of my family was from, and yeah, 461 00:23:52,320 --> 00:23:54,119 Speaker 1: we do have a little Scottish in them, so I 462 00:23:54,160 --> 00:23:57,439 Speaker 1: don't know whether it's care car, but so wow, some 463 00:23:57,520 --> 00:24:00,479 Speaker 1: of your ancestors may have built a crazy staircase designed 464 00:24:00,520 --> 00:24:03,560 Speaker 1: to fight on. Maybe that explains when my dad always 465 00:24:03,560 --> 00:24:07,640 Speaker 1: wears a kilt, does he? Oh yeah, yeah, sorry dad. 466 00:24:09,240 --> 00:24:11,879 Speaker 1: And on an unrelated note, Richard wrote in to tell 467 00:24:11,960 --> 00:24:15,600 Speaker 1: us that he's fit, he's small, and the mosquitoes love him, 468 00:24:15,640 --> 00:24:17,639 Speaker 1: but he wasn't sure why. I think it may be 469 00:24:17,680 --> 00:24:21,680 Speaker 1: because you're irresistible, Richard, So thanks for that. You guys 470 00:24:21,680 --> 00:24:23,639 Speaker 1: have any what we're gonna say? I was gonna say 471 00:24:23,640 --> 00:24:25,680 Speaker 1: at the point, we received a lot of comments about 472 00:24:25,720 --> 00:24:27,960 Speaker 1: left lefties and guitars and all, but but nobody was 473 00:24:28,000 --> 00:24:29,800 Speaker 1: able to really answer the like, how do how do 474 00:24:29,960 --> 00:24:34,800 Speaker 1: lefties use guitar teaching as a seduction tool? You know? Yeah, 475 00:24:34,880 --> 00:24:36,879 Speaker 1: We're gonna leave that one outstanding for you guys, So 476 00:24:37,000 --> 00:24:39,080 Speaker 1: sind us the answer. We're looking for it. Science stuff 477 00:24:39,080 --> 00:24:42,640 Speaker 1: at hustak dot com or hook up with us on Facebook. Yeah. 478 00:24:42,680 --> 00:24:44,600 Speaker 1: On Facebook we're stuff in the science lab and on 479 00:24:44,600 --> 00:24:49,119 Speaker 1: Twitter we're lab stuff. So check us out. All right, 480 00:24:49,200 --> 00:24:59,160 Speaker 1: that's all I got, Thanks for listening, guys for more 481 00:24:59,240 --> 00:25:01,320 Speaker 1: on this and thou sins of other topics because it 482 00:25:01,400 --> 00:25:04,760 Speaker 1: how stuff works dot com? Want more how stuff Works. 483 00:25:05,040 --> 00:25:07,159 Speaker 1: Check out our blogs on the house stuff works dot 484 00:25:07,240 --> 00:25:07,960 Speaker 1: com home page.