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Speaker 1: Hey or hey. Do you think the universe is a

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Speaker 1: friendly place? Yeah? You know, the Earth is pretty cozy here,

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Speaker 1: weather size, not too many erupting volcanoes everywhere. Yeah, but

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Speaker 1: sometimes I feel like everywhere else in the universe is

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Speaker 1: a bit crazy. You know. We got stars exploding, we

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Speaker 1: got galaxies crashing into each other. Black holes seem to

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Speaker 1: be gobbling everything up. Oh man, I am so glad

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Speaker 1: I picked this neighborhood to live in. No black holes

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Speaker 1: in the neighborhood, that was your Yeah, we do. I

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Speaker 1: talked it over with my agent, But no, Yeah, you're right.

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Speaker 1: Especially black holes. I feel like they are this incredible

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Speaker 1: destruction source in the universe. You know, They're just these

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Speaker 1: machines eat everything up. Is there anything we can do

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Speaker 1: about it? I'm not sure. Maybe we could nuke them.

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Speaker 1: Hi am for Hammache cartoonists and the creator of PhD comics. Hi.

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Speaker 1: I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist, and I don't live

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Speaker 1: anywhere near a black hole. I have one in my backyard.

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Speaker 1: I hope it's a cute little baby. Yeah. I feed

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Speaker 1: it light and mass and energy. Does it have preferences

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Speaker 1: or does it care what you feed it? Yeah? It

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Speaker 1: does like the you know, the high protein, organic light

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Speaker 1: and matter. I don't think black holes are discriminated to her.

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Speaker 1: I think they will eat anything you feed them. Well,

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Speaker 1: Welcome to our podcast. Daniel and Jorge explain the universe

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Speaker 1: not pet black holes. Daniel and Jorge explain how to

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Speaker 1: take care of your black hole, and there you go,

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Speaker 1: a guide for the everyday black hole owner. Black Holes

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Speaker 1: for Dummies by Daniel and Jorge oh Man. Is that taken?

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Speaker 1: I'm writing that book right now as we podcast. Qui clackically, clickery, clackery.

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Speaker 1: That's a sound of me writing it. Well, Welcome to

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Speaker 1: our podcast, which is a production of I Heart Radio,

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Speaker 1: in which we talk about all the fun, crazy, amazing,

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Speaker 1: bonkers things in the universe, how long they will last,

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Speaker 1: what we can do about them, Can we understand them

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Speaker 1: and try to explain them all to you. That's right,

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Speaker 1: all the amazing and beautiful things that produce light and

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Speaker 1: illuminate this incredible universe that we live in, and also

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Speaker 1: the really destructive and powerful things to stread things and

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Speaker 1: gobble them up forever. Possibly. I feel like one big

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Speaker 1: lesson of astronomy is that things on Earth are calm

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Speaker 1: and friendly, and cozy, like sitting on the beach in Florida.

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Speaker 1: But that out there in the universe is like a

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Speaker 1: lot of cosmic violence. Obviously you've never been to Cleveland, Ohio, Florida. Man,

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Speaker 1: there's that whole there's that whole meme. No, but I

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Speaker 1: feel like, you know, the sun is a huge exploding

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Speaker 1: nuclear bomb, and galaxies are crashing into each other and

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Speaker 1: black holes are gobbling stuff. I feel like it's less

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Speaker 1: friendly out there. You know, we're lucky to live here

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Speaker 1: on the nice, cozy earth. Yeah, yeah, it could be

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Speaker 1: a lot wars, is what you're saying. Just lower your

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Speaker 1: expectations and you're in paradise. Welcome to paradise. Well, it's

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Speaker 1: both awe inspiring because you have these incredible forces on

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Speaker 1: cosmic scales smashing into each other, and also a little terrifying.

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Speaker 1: You know. It's sort of like sitting ringside at a

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Speaker 1: heavyweight match, you know, or I guess it's more like

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Speaker 1: sitting ringside like a wrestling match. You never know if

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Speaker 1: some three pound dude is gonna get tossed over the

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Speaker 1: ropes and right onto you, right onto you, Yeah, have

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Speaker 1: some black hole's gonna split over and and then in

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Speaker 1: our lap. Yeah. I read this wonderful science fiction novel recently.

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Speaker 1: It's called Paraheli in Summer by Greg Egan, one of

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Speaker 1: my favorite authors, and the premise of the book, it's

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Speaker 1: not a spoiler, is that a small black hole enters

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Speaker 1: our solar system and basically just screws everything up. It's

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Speaker 1: really fascinating. Do we have enough pet food for it?

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Speaker 1: We feed it? You basically you're the first. You're like,

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Speaker 1: maybe if he eats this guy, it'll go away. It'll

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Speaker 1: be like, yuh, it came here to liberate the black

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Speaker 1: hole that you are keeping, you know, in uh, you're

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Speaker 1: keeping in your backyard unjustly. So it called it, Oh man,

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Speaker 1: that's the sequel Winter. No, it's a great book, and

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Speaker 1: you know, it just brings to mind that out there

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Speaker 1: in the universe are really powerful forces, things that if

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Speaker 1: they entered our neighborhood could do some serious damage. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: and so one of those, maybe the most powerful, you know,

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Speaker 1: destructive force in the universe is a black hole. You know,

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Speaker 1: black holes are kind of scary, right, they are kind

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Speaker 1: of scary, and it's amazing that they're both super destructive, right,

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Speaker 1: super powerful. Nothing can avoid their pull and on the

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Speaker 1: other hand, they're the product of the weakest force in

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Speaker 1: the universe. You know, gravity we've talked about on the

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Speaker 1: show of the fundamental forces is the weakest by like

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Speaker 1: a factor of ten to So it's amazing that the

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Speaker 1: most destructive thing in the universe comes from the weakest force. Wow,

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Speaker 1: that would be that the subtitle be like black holes

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Speaker 1: colon Gravity's revenge, Revenge of gravitons. Gravity is back and

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Speaker 1: it's piste off. It's coming back for your pet. It's

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Speaker 1: amazing to me that gravity in the end winds and

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Speaker 1: it's because it's just patient. You know, everybody else has

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Speaker 1: done with the party and gravity is still there. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: And so I think it makes people wonder like, are

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Speaker 1: we at the whim of these incredible forces in the universe?

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Speaker 1: Are we powerless to do anything about it? Could we

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Speaker 1: if a black hole came into our solar system, could

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Speaker 1: we do something about it? Yeah? This is a question

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Speaker 1: that a listener wrote in And I hope it wasn't

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Speaker 1: a listener that was like worried about their existence, you know,

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Speaker 1: it wasn't worried like, oh, scientists, can you cook up

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Speaker 1: some super fancy black hole killing gun? But roy Stone

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Speaker 1: wrote into us and asked us this question. Hello, Daniel Horray,

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Speaker 1: I'm roy from Florence, South Carolina. I really enjoyed your

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Speaker 1: podcast and hope you have many more in the future.

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Speaker 1: My question is this, is there anything that can destroy

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Speaker 1: a black hole? Or how much energy would it take

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Speaker 1: to before it is completely removed from our universe? Thanks?

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Speaker 1: I look forward from hearing your answer. Yeah. I love

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Speaker 1: this question because it sort of like pays homage to

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Speaker 1: the powerful forces out there in the university, but also

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Speaker 1: has some hope, like, hey, humans, scientists, can you come

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Speaker 1: up with something to protect us from the bully of

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Speaker 1: the cosmic neighborhood? Yeah? My question is why does he

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Speaker 1: want to know? I mean, maybe he's got a black

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Speaker 1: hole in his black he is worried that's getting out

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Speaker 1: of hand and meet some tips here. Maybe this wasn't

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Speaker 1: such a great idea, or maybe he knows something we

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Speaker 1: don't know. I don't know for right to listen, or wait,

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Speaker 1: maybe he's got a black hole is going to use

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Speaker 1: it to destroy the earth, and he first he wants

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Speaker 1: to figure out if it has any defenses. Scoping out

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Speaker 1: the defenses. None of these answers make me feel comfortable

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Speaker 1: roy Stone, cosmic dulling, or or you know, just pure

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Speaker 1: intellect wondering about this question from an academic point of view,

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Speaker 1: let's go with that. That's right, all right, let's let's

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Speaker 1: curiosity is his intent? Curiosity is his intent exactly, And

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Speaker 1: it's a wonderful It's been a super fun question. So

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Speaker 1: to be on the podcast, we will be tackling the

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Speaker 1: question can we destroy a black hole? Done? Done? Done?

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Speaker 1: Great question? Right, Like we think, I guess it's well,

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Speaker 1: it's a weird question because how can you destroy a hole?

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Speaker 1: Like how do how do you how do you like

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Speaker 1: you have a hole? How do you destroy it? Do

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Speaker 1: you just feel it? Fill it with something? But yeah,

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Speaker 1: the whole technically, the whole still there, it's just full.

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Speaker 1: Mm hmm. That's interesting. Yeah, Like sometimes I have a

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Speaker 1: hole in my schedule and I fill it with a meeting.

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Speaker 1: Does the whole still exist? Is there a philosopher of

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Speaker 1: time that can answer that question for us? Yeah? There

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Speaker 1: you go. But I think he means like, how did

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Speaker 1: not not be this? Like you have this black hole

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Speaker 1: that's sucking things in and destroying them. Can you like

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Speaker 1: do something about it? Make it go away? Yeah? But

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Speaker 1: you know, your point goes to my my criticism of

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Speaker 1: the name black hole, which I never really thought was

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Speaker 1: a good name, because it implies that it's the absence

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Speaker 1: of things, right when in fact the black holes a

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Speaker 1: super dense blob, should be called like a black mass

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Speaker 1: or a black rock or something, because there's a lot

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Speaker 1: of stuff in there. It's not empty at all. You

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Speaker 1: wanted to name the whites and blob the whites and whatever.

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Speaker 1: That's the whites one, Oh my god, it's the Whites

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Speaker 1: and whatever. Coming towards it winning the Nobel Prize for

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Speaker 1: discovering the Whites and whatever. I wonder, Daniel, if you

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Speaker 1: do discover something worthy of a Nobel prize, or I

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Speaker 1: guess when you discover something that, could you name it

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Speaker 1: whatever you want? Could you name it the Whites and whatever?

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Speaker 1: And people would have to use this name? That is

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Speaker 1: a great question. First of all, I want to make

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Speaker 1: a pledge that if I ever do discover something nobel worthy,

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Speaker 1: I will call you and you will get you will

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Speaker 1: get to chime in the cam whatever. No. I think

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Speaker 1: that that basically whoever names it gets to call it that.

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Speaker 1: But there are some experiences in history where they've been overruled,

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Speaker 1: you know, like the first disc particle. Yeah, the guy

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Speaker 1: who discovered particles, he called it Corpus skules. Nobody calls

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Speaker 1: it Corpus scules now because it's a terrible name. And

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Speaker 1: so maybe just sticks around for a few years and

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Speaker 1: then eventually if it wasn't good enough, it just sort

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Speaker 1: of falls out of favor. Measured society got to chime

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Speaker 1: in on your your kids names. I don't like that one.

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Speaker 1: We'll go with whatever whites then, well, you know, eventually

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Speaker 1: your kids gets to chime in and they can change

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Speaker 1: their particles. Don't get to do that. But there's there's

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Speaker 1: another famous story in history about two different groups discovering

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Speaker 1: the same particle the same moment, giving it different names,

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Speaker 1: and how did they decide or do they We didn't

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Speaker 1: we call it we hyphen exactly. We'll tell that story

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Speaker 1: on another podcast. That story has so many fun wrinkles.

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Speaker 1: Will tell it on another podcast. We'll say it for

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Speaker 1: later dash another time, precisely. But I was curious how

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Speaker 1: many people out there have plans to destroy black hole,

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Speaker 1: have ideas for how to destroy black hole, or worried

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Speaker 1: about destroying black hole. So I walked around and I

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Speaker 1: asked people what they knew about whether black holes could

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Speaker 1: be destroyed. Yeah, so think about it for a second

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Speaker 1: before you listen to these answers. If you were approached

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Speaker 1: and you were asked, do you think it's possible to

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Speaker 1: destroy a black hole? What would you answer? Here's what

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Speaker 1: you've had to say. I can't, but thanks to Hawking radiation,

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Speaker 1: black holes would just do the job themselves, none so

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Speaker 1: much manually destroy it. As far as I know, we

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Speaker 1: can just wait as long as we can for all

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Speaker 1: of it to be admitted as Hawking radiation sort of

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Speaker 1: watch it fall apart exactly. We can watch a fall apart,

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Speaker 1: But I don't know if on command we can accelerate

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Speaker 1: that process. I guess I don't know. Um, if I

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Speaker 1: had to destroy it, bow it up? Yes? How how

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Speaker 1: much you destroy black hole? I think? Do you not

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Speaker 1: consisting about it? But I don't know. No, no, why

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Speaker 1: of um? I don't know, because I think because block

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Speaker 1: holes are so ends um in matter, I feel like

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Speaker 1: we just don't know that much about it yet. But

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Speaker 1: I mean, I don't know for sure of it. I

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Speaker 1: think it's now, I don't know. I think it'd be cool. Um,

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Speaker 1: I don't know. A lot of black holes, but from

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Speaker 1: what I do know, they're like endless, So just I

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Speaker 1: don't it just seems cool. I can't explain why, but

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Speaker 1: it just seems very cool. It's okay if I record

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Speaker 1: your answers. Yeah, it's just kind of like account counts

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Speaker 1: forward to my thesis. Stuff depends on your answers, that's right.

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Speaker 1: First question is do you think it's possible to destroy

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Speaker 1: a black hole? I think maybe how would you go bad?

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Speaker 1: If you had to? Is a black hole coming towards Earth,

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Speaker 1: you can save the planet, how would you destroy the

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Speaker 1: black hole? I mean in a way like the black

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Speaker 1: holes is like a gravitation whole field, right, So if

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Speaker 1: you have something that can counter that singularity, then maybe

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Speaker 1: you can destroy a black hole. Black Holes are, like

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Speaker 1: I know, they're like inescapable, So then you can't really

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Speaker 1: do anything to a black hole, all right. A lot

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Speaker 1: of great answers, a lot of great answers. And here

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Speaker 1: I went and asked some experts. I asked some particle

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Speaker 1: physics graduate students what they thought, and I like the

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Speaker 1: one who said, does this count towards my thesis? That

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Speaker 1: was my grad students judging me? Right now? Is this

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Speaker 1: a new chapter you want me to add, don't you

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Speaker 1: know I'm already stressed out. I know they have enough

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Speaker 1: to do. Grad students can't really say no to their advisor.

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Speaker 1: But my favorite part about these answers is that everybody

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Speaker 1: had something to say. You know, everybody's like, oh, fascinating.

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Speaker 1: Everybody wanted that power. They wanted to know how you

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Speaker 1: could destroy a black hole. Yeah. I think the overall

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Speaker 1: reaction I got is that people were surprised a little

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Speaker 1: surprised by this question, you know, and they're like, oh, what,

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Speaker 1: like the the idea of destroying a black hole and

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Speaker 1: never even occurred to them or heard of it. But

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Speaker 1: as soon as they heard the idea, they wanted to

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Speaker 1: know how. I think, how do you kill a vampire? Oh?

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Speaker 1: I never thought, Oh, but it would be useful to know,

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Speaker 1: wouldn't it. Here I got ten ideas. Yeah, I should

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Speaker 1: have asked people for money. You were collecting a hundred

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Speaker 1: dollars towards the black hole gun. The fund is a

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Speaker 1: black hole. Any money you give to particle physics, the

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Speaker 1: whole field is a black hole. Might escape. Yeah, but

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Speaker 1: you know, I was surprised to by this question, you know,

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Speaker 1: I opened my Amona, and I saw that what you

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Speaker 1: wanted to talk and I was like, oh wow, that's

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Speaker 1: a great question. I never even thought about, like wanting

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Speaker 1: to destroy a black hole, but it does seem kind

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Speaker 1: of like a useful thing. There you go, folks, this

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Speaker 1: is an episode of the podcast. Even Jorge would listen to. Well,

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Speaker 1: let's not get too ahead of ourselves here. I am

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Speaker 1: listening to it right now. Technically I listened to it,

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Speaker 1: all of it, even the parts we cut out. Even

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Speaker 1: cartoonists want to know how to defend the Earth from

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Speaker 1: black hole? I even, I mean here all the behind

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Speaker 1: the scenes, all the deleted delete it takes. That's right,

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Speaker 1: that's right. All right, So let's get into this question,

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Speaker 1: and it's super interesting. How do you destroy or a

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Speaker 1: black hole? And so we'll get into we'll recap what

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Speaker 1: a black hole is and can they think about whether

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Speaker 1: they can last forever? And we've read the story one.

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Speaker 1: But first let's take a quick break. All right, Daniel,

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Speaker 1: what is the formula for destroying a black hole? Do

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Speaker 1: they have an auto destruck button? Yeah, you just announced

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Speaker 1: self destruct in one minute, you know. Um, Now you

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Speaker 1: send one tiny X wing into the flaw the black

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Speaker 1: hole and that, and you can blow it up that

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Speaker 1: one and then use the force that's right to stay

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Speaker 1: on target. Yeah. The key to destroying something as a

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Speaker 1: physicist is to understand how it's made, understand it's life cycle,

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Speaker 1: what holds it together, what it wants in life, and

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Speaker 1: then try to use that against it somehow. I guess

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Speaker 1: that's sort of the formula for destroying anything. Yeah, it's

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Speaker 1: isn't that one of the rules of war? Of war?

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Speaker 1: Like know thy enemy? Where does it know thyself? I'm

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Speaker 1: not sure that's philosophy or war. Both know thy cosmic

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Speaker 1: singularity that might destroy everything. Just in case that was Socrates.

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Speaker 1: You just plagiarize that from Socrates. Yeah, so let's let's

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Speaker 1: make do a quick recap of what a black hole is. So, um,

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Speaker 1: you're saying it's not a hole or black it's not

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Speaker 1: a hole. No black holes essentially run away gravity. Remember,

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Speaker 1: gravity is a force and it pulls everything together. Anything

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Speaker 1: that has mass or energy gets attracted to other things

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Speaker 1: that have mass or energy. And that's what gravity is,

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Speaker 1: and that's what holds us onto the Earth, and that's

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Speaker 1: what keeps the Earth going around the Sun. And that's

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Speaker 1: what squeezes the sun, so that fusion starts. It's the

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Speaker 1: weakest force in the universe, but you get enough stuff

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Speaker 1: together and it can be quite powerful. Right. It's kind

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Speaker 1: of like love, right, It's it's the underdog in this

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Speaker 1: crazy universe, but at the end it's everything together. I

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Speaker 1: thought that the lesson there is that love is the

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Speaker 1: most powerful force in the universe. You can overcome everything,

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Speaker 1: just like gravity. There you go, So can love just

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Speaker 1: wear a black holes? That? I think that was the answer.

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Speaker 1: And Interstellar, wasn't it? Oh? Well, I think this podcast

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Speaker 1: and just ask people go remember Interstellar not a documentary people,

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Speaker 1: okay fiction That that was the answer, wasn't it. Yes,

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Speaker 1: that's the answer to In every Hollywood movie, love is

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Speaker 1: the most powerful force. Yeah, even in adventures. I think

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Speaker 1: in a rival also, love wins out in the end.

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Speaker 1: It's basically all about love. Basically, love is what screenwriter

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Speaker 1: is good too when they don't know how to get

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Speaker 1: out of the physics in a plot. That's right, because

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Speaker 1: physics has not yet discovered a fundamental force that aligns

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Speaker 1: with love. We got gravity, we've got electromagnetism, we've got

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Speaker 1: the weak force, the strong force love. We don't really

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Speaker 1: understand it. Yet, what would you call the quantum particle

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Speaker 1: for love? The cupon? I guess the cup. I see

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Speaker 1: what you did there. But anyway, so that's what a

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Speaker 1: black hole is. It's gravity, just like the gravity that

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Speaker 1: keeps this planet together on us on it. But if

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Speaker 1: you take that gravity to an extreme and like crammed

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Speaker 1: a lot of stuff held together by gravity in a

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Speaker 1: small amount of space. That's right because gravity never gives up.

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Speaker 1: It just keeps pulling and pulling and pulling, and if

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Speaker 1: you have enough stuff, you have your big enough blob.

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Speaker 1: Eventually gravity gets so crazy that it pulls it into

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Speaker 1: a dense enough object that there's so much gravity that

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Speaker 1: it basically bends space. Because remember, gravity is not just

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Speaker 1: this force that pulls stuff together. Gravity bends the shape

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Speaker 1: of space, which is why it changes the direction that

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Speaker 1: things move. So black hole is when spaces bend so

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Speaker 1: much that it basically pops off from the universe and

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Speaker 1: becomes self contained. Nothing can go out of it. All

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Speaker 1: the paths inside their lead closer to the center or

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Speaker 1: the black hole. There's no way out of it anymore. Right,

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Speaker 1: But it doesn't close up itself off completely because you

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Speaker 1: can still get into it right, You can still go

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Speaker 1: into a black hole, can you. Yeah, it's like a trap. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: maybe you should be called a black trap instead of

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Speaker 1: black hole black trap. Yeah, but this is funny discontinuity

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Speaker 1: because it's like a one way wall in space now,

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Speaker 1: and it's not like if you ran really fast or

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Speaker 1: if you pushed really really hard, you can get out.

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Speaker 1: There is no path out no matter how fast you go.

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Speaker 1: Like photons inside a black hole, they're still moving at

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Speaker 1: the speed of light. They're just moving towards the center.

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Speaker 1: There's no direction they can go in to get out. Right,

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Speaker 1: What if I have a really strong rope and I

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Speaker 1: lower you in, like it's the strongest rope in the universe,

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Speaker 1: and I lower you and can I still pull you out? No,

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Speaker 1: you can't. And actually people have done all these sort

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Speaker 1: of crazy thought experiments like super strong ropes lowering people in.

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Speaker 1: What would it look like, Um, once you cross the

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Speaker 1: event horizon, essentially that rope is broken broken. Oh because

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Speaker 1: not even like the attraction between the molecules of the

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Speaker 1: precisely of the rope can keep it together. Yeah, a

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Speaker 1: lot of these thought experiments try to cheat, like you

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Speaker 1: have these rules, nothing can come outside of the event horizon.

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Speaker 1: But then you add like, oh, a super strong rope

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Speaker 1: that can't be broken, that basically breaks that rule, and

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Speaker 1: nothing can come out of the event horizon because the

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Speaker 1: super strong rope implies that you could pull on the

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Speaker 1: molecules that are inside the event horizon from the ones

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Speaker 1: that are on the outside of the event horizon, and

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Speaker 1: you can't. Right, what if I use ononder woman's lawsuit again,

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Speaker 1: fictional university, you can do anything. In our actual universe,

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Speaker 1: none of that works. But the cool thing about black

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Speaker 1: holes is that they just keep going. They gobble stuff,

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Speaker 1: and they gobble stuff, and the size of the black

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Speaker 1: hole depends on the amount of stuff inside it. So

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Speaker 1: as it eats stuff, it gets bigger, and then as

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Speaker 1: it gets bigger, it can eat more stuff. And you

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Speaker 1: see where this goes. Yeah, let's talk about like the

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Speaker 1: life cycle over a black hole, right, Like, when a

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Speaker 1: black holes form, it's really small, it's a little blob.

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Speaker 1: But then as it eats more things, it just grows

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Speaker 1: and it doesn't peak. I guess it's just it's one directional.

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Speaker 1: It just keeps going bigger and bigger and bigger. It's

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Speaker 1: kind of like your career, right, never peaks, It just

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Speaker 1: keeps going, Yeah, precisely. And black holes form when stars

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Speaker 1: are that are really big, when they collapse, when they're

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Speaker 1: done burning their fuel and they can't resist gravitational pressure.

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Speaker 1: They form sometimes at the centers of galaxies, and those

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Speaker 1: were the biggest ones are. And black holes just eat

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Speaker 1: the stuff around them and just get bigger and bigger.

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Speaker 1: They can even eat other black holes. We've seen that happen. Wow,

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Speaker 1: And and they can get really big, like there are

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Speaker 1: some black holes that are like millions of times bigger

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Speaker 1: than the mass of like our sun for example. That's right.

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Speaker 1: The ones that the centers of galaxies are enormous. They're

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Speaker 1: millions of solar masses, and nobody knows how they got

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Speaker 1: that big. Like if you just take a bunch of

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Speaker 1: stars and form a galaxy, then you get a black

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Speaker 1: hole the center, and the black hole grows and grows,

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Speaker 1: but doesn't grow that much. So we're still trying to understand,

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Speaker 1: like how black holes are the centers of galaxies got

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Speaker 1: so darn big. Our models don't explain it. But you know,

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Speaker 1: we have these ideas of like, well galaxies combine, you know,

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Speaker 1: sometimes galaxies banging into each other, and then the black

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Speaker 1: holes at the center eat each other and become one

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Speaker 1: mega black hole. And so there's some fun ideas there

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Speaker 1: about how you can make super big black holes by

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Speaker 1: having them eat other super big black holes. Wow. I

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Speaker 1: mean basically, there's no limit to their size, right, Like,

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Speaker 1: as far as we know, it's not like a like

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Speaker 1: a star that grows and gets brighter, but at some

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Speaker 1: point it starts to run out of fuel and dams

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Speaker 1: and becomes something else. Black hole, as far as we know,

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Speaker 1: it just keeps on going forever. That's right. If you

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Speaker 1: keep feeding on a black hole, it will keep growing.

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Speaker 1: It's like that book. I don't know if you know

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Speaker 1: I've ever read that book to your kids where they

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Speaker 1: get a little pet fish and the guy the fish

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Speaker 1: store says, don't feed it too much, and I keep don't,

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Speaker 1: you know, why not? And he feeds it too much,

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Speaker 1: and it gets bigger and bigger and bigger, and it

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Speaker 1: never stops growing. You know. Um, black holes are like that.

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Speaker 1: If you keep feeding them, they will keep growing. There's

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Speaker 1: no theoretical limit. Nothing said, as you can't have a

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Speaker 1: black hole the size of the galaxy or the size

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Speaker 1: of the cluster of galaxies. The only reason why not

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Speaker 1: at some point it doesn't like collapse space, you know,

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Speaker 1: I'm just thinking into a bigger blacker hole. I don't know,

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Speaker 1: like it just detaches from our universe and goes off

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Speaker 1: into another universe or something. I don't know, Like it

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Speaker 1: doesn't it at some point just collapse or it becomes

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Speaker 1: a theoretical impossibility. No, there's no limit there. Black holes

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Speaker 1: can grow and grow and grow. If you keep feeding them,

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Speaker 1: it will keep growing. I guess the question is, why

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Speaker 1: isn't the whole universe then just a black hole right now?

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Speaker 1: Like why haven't hasn't at all just come together into

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00:22:37,960 --> 00:22:41,080
Speaker 1: a big giant black hole. Yeah, that's a great question.

425
00:22:41,440 --> 00:22:45,480
Speaker 1: There's two answers to that. One is things might turn

426
00:22:45,520 --> 00:22:51,000
Speaker 1: into a black hole eventually and just um, the reason

427
00:22:51,080 --> 00:22:54,080
Speaker 1: that we're not in a black hole yet is basically rotation.

428
00:22:54,160 --> 00:22:56,439
Speaker 1: Like the same reason that the Earth goes around the

429
00:22:56,480 --> 00:22:59,960
Speaker 1: Sun instead of plummeting into it, our stars going around

430
00:23:00,000 --> 00:23:02,120
Speaker 1: down the black hole in the center. It's not plummeting

431
00:23:02,160 --> 00:23:04,919
Speaker 1: into it because we're orbiting, and that rotation keeps us

432
00:23:04,960 --> 00:23:07,800
Speaker 1: from falling in. I see, we're in the flush part

433
00:23:07,840 --> 00:23:12,119
Speaker 1: of the giant toilet. Flush universe. That's right. I like

434
00:23:12,200 --> 00:23:15,320
Speaker 1: to think that it's the cosmic suburbs instead of the

435
00:23:15,359 --> 00:23:22,000
Speaker 1: gritty urban center toilet flushing suburbs. We're flushing the toilets

436
00:23:22,000 --> 00:23:24,520
Speaker 1: in the suburbs. And the other reason is that galaxies

437
00:23:24,520 --> 00:23:27,800
Speaker 1: are super far apart, Like why doesn't our galaxy just

438
00:23:27,840 --> 00:23:30,920
Speaker 1: get gobbled up by black holes and other galaxies? Galaxies

439
00:23:30,920 --> 00:23:33,920
Speaker 1: are crazy far apart, and dark energy is pushing them

440
00:23:33,920 --> 00:23:37,280
Speaker 1: further and further apart. The deep future of the universe

441
00:23:37,400 --> 00:23:39,919
Speaker 1: might be that all these galaxies eventually collapse into their

442
00:23:39,960 --> 00:23:43,440
Speaker 1: own individual supermmmoth black hole. But then those black holes

443
00:23:43,480 --> 00:23:47,080
Speaker 1: won't merge if dark energy is keeping them apart. Yeah,

444
00:23:47,119 --> 00:23:48,960
Speaker 1: that's interesting. I guess I hadn't thought about it before,

445
00:23:49,040 --> 00:23:50,919
Speaker 1: because you know, our Sun is kind of like a

446
00:23:50,960 --> 00:23:53,960
Speaker 1: black hole. It is like a giant source of gravity,

447
00:23:54,040 --> 00:23:56,040
Speaker 1: and if you think about it, we we don't get

448
00:23:56,040 --> 00:23:58,320
Speaker 1: sucked right into it. We we are like in an

449
00:23:58,320 --> 00:24:02,000
Speaker 1: equilibrium with our son and the rest of the Solar System. Yeah,

450
00:24:02,000 --> 00:24:03,800
Speaker 1: and we did a whole podcast episode about like what

451
00:24:03,840 --> 00:24:06,720
Speaker 1: would happen if you replaced the Sun with the black

452
00:24:06,760 --> 00:24:08,720
Speaker 1: hole of the same mass, And the answer is it

453
00:24:08,760 --> 00:24:11,800
Speaker 1: would get darker, but we would keep orbiting because you

454
00:24:12,000 --> 00:24:14,240
Speaker 1: still just have the gravity of the black hole pulling

455
00:24:14,240 --> 00:24:15,760
Speaker 1: on the Earth, and it pulls on the Earth the

456
00:24:15,800 --> 00:24:18,680
Speaker 1: same way any other object of that mass does. Black

457
00:24:18,680 --> 00:24:20,679
Speaker 1: Holes don't have a special power to suck you in.

458
00:24:21,040 --> 00:24:24,359
Speaker 1: They just have gravity, and you can resist gravity by rotating,

459
00:24:24,680 --> 00:24:28,919
Speaker 1: running really fast, basically in the sideways direction. Yeah. So,

460
00:24:28,920 --> 00:24:31,199
Speaker 1: so the Earth is, you know, getting pulled on by

461
00:24:31,240 --> 00:24:33,480
Speaker 1: the Sun, but it keeps missing right, and it misses

462
00:24:33,520 --> 00:24:36,119
Speaker 1: again and mrs again. It's like constantly falling towards the

463
00:24:36,160 --> 00:24:38,720
Speaker 1: Sun and missing right right. It's like a lasso like

464
00:24:38,760 --> 00:24:41,440
Speaker 1: the Wonder Woman. Lesso. Alright, let's have a mini podcast

465
00:24:41,440 --> 00:24:44,040
Speaker 1: episode inside this one about Wonder Woman. Get that out

466
00:24:44,040 --> 00:24:49,280
Speaker 1: of your system. Let's move on. Alright. Well, so I

467
00:24:49,280 --> 00:24:51,080
Speaker 1: guess the question is, does that mean that the black

468
00:24:51,080 --> 00:24:55,080
Speaker 1: holes last forever? You know? Can they just keep going

469
00:24:55,240 --> 00:24:59,040
Speaker 1: and technically they'll outlast everything else in the universe with

470
00:24:59,200 --> 00:25:01,760
Speaker 1: the universe of actually just be black holes. That's a

471
00:25:01,760 --> 00:25:04,440
Speaker 1: great question. And you know, as I said before, if

472
00:25:04,440 --> 00:25:07,040
Speaker 1: you keep feeding a black hole, it will keep growing

473
00:25:07,040 --> 00:25:10,200
Speaker 1: and growing and growing. But another question is what happens

474
00:25:10,280 --> 00:25:12,639
Speaker 1: if a black hole stops being fed? So you have

475
00:25:12,680 --> 00:25:14,639
Speaker 1: like a black hole in the middle of space and

476
00:25:14,680 --> 00:25:17,280
Speaker 1: nobody feeds it anymore. You know, you go on vacation

477
00:25:17,280 --> 00:25:19,120
Speaker 1: and you don't feed that black hole in your backyard.

478
00:25:19,520 --> 00:25:23,040
Speaker 1: Will it last forever or will it eventually fall apart?

479
00:25:23,480 --> 00:25:26,720
Speaker 1: I see, if you starve the black hole, does it

480
00:25:26,840 --> 00:25:30,440
Speaker 1: eventually with or die? Yeah? And it turns out that

481
00:25:30,480 --> 00:25:34,560
Speaker 1: black holes not actually black. There's they give off the

482
00:25:34,600 --> 00:25:39,359
Speaker 1: tiniest little glow and that glow means they're giving away energy.

483
00:25:39,680 --> 00:25:42,880
Speaker 1: So if you don't feed it, eventually that glow will

484
00:25:42,960 --> 00:25:44,920
Speaker 1: leak out all the energy the black hole and it

485
00:25:44,960 --> 00:25:48,680
Speaker 1: will evaporate. Yeah, this is a this Stephen, it's called

486
00:25:48,760 --> 00:25:51,240
Speaker 1: Hawking radiation, right, it's it's it's he came up with

487
00:25:51,240 --> 00:25:55,120
Speaker 1: this idea that black holes are actually leaking like they're

488
00:25:55,160 --> 00:25:57,480
Speaker 1: not air tight. He was the first one to think

489
00:25:57,520 --> 00:26:00,600
Speaker 1: about black holes from a thermodynamic point of view, because

490
00:26:01,000 --> 00:26:03,520
Speaker 1: from a point of view of like thermodynamics, everything in

491
00:26:03,520 --> 00:26:06,600
Speaker 1: the universe has a temperature, and everything that has a

492
00:26:06,640 --> 00:26:10,600
Speaker 1: temperature glows and it gives off radiation depending on that temperature.

493
00:26:10,600 --> 00:26:12,880
Speaker 1: It's called black body radiation. We can do a whole

494
00:26:12,880 --> 00:26:15,639
Speaker 1: other podcast about it. So his question was, like, what

495
00:26:15,840 --> 00:26:18,760
Speaker 1: is the temperature of a black hole. If it's not zero,

496
00:26:19,160 --> 00:26:22,320
Speaker 1: it must be radiating. And if it's radiating, where is

497
00:26:22,359 --> 00:26:24,600
Speaker 1: that coming from? And that was the you know, a

498
00:26:24,680 --> 00:26:26,680
Speaker 1: year of his life figuring that out. Wow, can you

499
00:26:26,720 --> 00:26:29,080
Speaker 1: imagine the moment he thought of that question, like, I

500
00:26:29,080 --> 00:26:32,600
Speaker 1: wonder what the temperature of a black hole is. It's

501
00:26:32,600 --> 00:26:36,159
Speaker 1: actually pretty well documented. He was on a trip, I

502
00:26:36,200 --> 00:26:38,960
Speaker 1: think in Moscow, and a couple of Soviet scientists asked

503
00:26:39,000 --> 00:26:41,120
Speaker 1: him that question. They're like, hey, what do you think

504
00:26:41,240 --> 00:26:43,359
Speaker 1: is the temperature of a black hole? We think it

505
00:26:43,440 --> 00:26:45,639
Speaker 1: might not be zero. And they had this moment and

506
00:26:45,640 --> 00:26:47,159
Speaker 1: he's like, oh my gosh. And they went off and

507
00:26:47,200 --> 00:26:49,520
Speaker 1: scribbled his notebooks for a year and figured it out. Well,

508
00:26:49,600 --> 00:26:52,119
Speaker 1: this is something I never quite understood about Hawking radiation.

509
00:26:52,200 --> 00:26:54,280
Speaker 1: So the idea is that at the very border of

510
00:26:54,320 --> 00:26:56,840
Speaker 1: a black hole, like the border of the event horizon

511
00:26:57,240 --> 00:26:59,360
Speaker 1: or like the you know, the point where nothing can

512
00:26:59,480 --> 00:27:03,320
Speaker 1: escape in the idea is that the universe creates a

513
00:27:03,359 --> 00:27:07,000
Speaker 1: particle there out of nothingness and it splits off, right,

514
00:27:07,440 --> 00:27:09,480
Speaker 1: that's the idea, Like one half goes out, one half

515
00:27:09,520 --> 00:27:13,199
Speaker 1: goes in, and somehow we call that evaporation. Can you

516
00:27:13,680 --> 00:27:16,680
Speaker 1: explain that a little bit for me. Yeah, So this

517
00:27:16,760 --> 00:27:21,360
Speaker 1: is a tricky concept, and formally it comes from requiring

518
00:27:21,480 --> 00:27:23,840
Speaker 1: that black holes have a temperature and then trying to

519
00:27:23,840 --> 00:27:25,760
Speaker 1: figure out what that temperature is and and finding a

520
00:27:25,760 --> 00:27:28,720
Speaker 1: way to make that consistent for different observers moving at

521
00:27:28,760 --> 00:27:32,400
Speaker 1: different speeds. It's very complicated. And then there's the sort

522
00:27:32,400 --> 00:27:36,720
Speaker 1: of pseudo science hand wavy explanation that you often hear

523
00:27:36,760 --> 00:27:40,240
Speaker 1: about Hawking radiation and that's that. That's what I just said.

524
00:27:40,760 --> 00:27:44,359
Speaker 1: That's the way you just said, and it doesn't quite

525
00:27:44,560 --> 00:27:47,600
Speaker 1: perfectly make sense, but it's a fine way to think

526
00:27:47,600 --> 00:27:50,119
Speaker 1: about it. So there's an introduction to the topic, alright,

527
00:27:50,200 --> 00:27:52,439
Speaker 1: and the idea is you have a little blob of

528
00:27:52,480 --> 00:27:55,960
Speaker 1: space just outside the event horizon, not inside, right, anything

529
00:27:55,960 --> 00:27:58,679
Speaker 1: that's inside the event horizon will never leave. You have

530
00:27:58,760 --> 00:28:01,119
Speaker 1: this lava space just out side, and then you have

531
00:28:01,200 --> 00:28:05,600
Speaker 1: this gravitational force from the black hole. It's incredible gravitational power,

532
00:28:06,160 --> 00:28:08,280
Speaker 1: and then blob of space borrows a little bit of

533
00:28:08,320 --> 00:28:11,200
Speaker 1: that energy and it gives it a fluctuation and turns

534
00:28:11,240 --> 00:28:14,119
Speaker 1: it into a particle. Okay, so you're you're getting like

535
00:28:14,119 --> 00:28:17,760
Speaker 1: a boost of energy from this gravitational field. That boost

536
00:28:17,880 --> 00:28:20,680
Speaker 1: turns you into a particle, and that particle splits into

537
00:28:20,720 --> 00:28:23,399
Speaker 1: you know, two other particles, matter and antimatter. One of

538
00:28:23,440 --> 00:28:27,000
Speaker 1: them falls into the black hole, and by conservation momentum,

539
00:28:27,040 --> 00:28:28,639
Speaker 1: the other one has to go the other direction, so

540
00:28:28,680 --> 00:28:31,560
Speaker 1: it goes away from the black hole, and so it escapes.

541
00:28:31,960 --> 00:28:33,760
Speaker 1: And so what you have is basically a blob of

542
00:28:33,840 --> 00:28:36,560
Speaker 1: energy that originally was inside the black hole because it

543
00:28:36,600 --> 00:28:40,239
Speaker 1: came from the gravitational field of the black hole, and

544
00:28:40,280 --> 00:28:44,400
Speaker 1: that energy is now leaving with this particle that's gone, right,

545
00:28:44,600 --> 00:28:47,320
Speaker 1: And so the mass of the black hole essentially comes

546
00:28:47,360 --> 00:28:49,080
Speaker 1: from its energy. And so if it has to give

547
00:28:49,160 --> 00:28:52,440
Speaker 1: up some energy to boost away this other new particle,

548
00:28:52,720 --> 00:28:55,240
Speaker 1: then it's lost some of its mass. Oh I see,

549
00:28:55,320 --> 00:28:58,400
Speaker 1: it loses the energy when it creates this particle. Yeah,

550
00:28:58,480 --> 00:29:01,440
Speaker 1: it's energy gets used to create this particle and then

551
00:29:01,480 --> 00:29:04,040
Speaker 1: it loses one of it and and doesn't come back.

552
00:29:04,520 --> 00:29:07,160
Speaker 1: And remember that the mass of an object equals mc square.

553
00:29:07,240 --> 00:29:09,440
Speaker 1: That tells you that the mass of an object comes

554
00:29:09,440 --> 00:29:12,360
Speaker 1: from its stored internal energy, and so if it gives

555
00:29:12,440 --> 00:29:15,280
Speaker 1: up some of its energy, then it loses some mass.

556
00:29:15,360 --> 00:29:17,800
Speaker 1: And so it's not like something that was inside the

557
00:29:17,800 --> 00:29:20,600
Speaker 1: event horizon actually escaped, but some of that you stolen

558
00:29:20,640 --> 00:29:22,760
Speaker 1: some of the energy from the black hole. Oh, I see,

559
00:29:22,800 --> 00:29:25,160
Speaker 1: it's about the one that got away, not not about

560
00:29:25,200 --> 00:29:27,120
Speaker 1: the one that went into the black hole. It's like

561
00:29:27,120 --> 00:29:33,360
Speaker 1: the story again, No, it's a heartbreaking story here because

562
00:29:33,400 --> 00:29:37,480
Speaker 1: they broke they broke up, and they never got back together.

563
00:29:37,640 --> 00:29:39,320
Speaker 1: That's sort of a way to think about how a

564
00:29:39,320 --> 00:29:42,200
Speaker 1: black hole could lose some of its energy, which is

565
00:29:42,200 --> 00:29:45,480
Speaker 1: another way to think about you know, warm objects radiating

566
00:29:45,800 --> 00:29:49,040
Speaker 1: like black body radiation shouldn't be something weird and particle physics.

567
00:29:49,080 --> 00:29:51,880
Speaker 1: He's just like if you have something hot on your stovetop,

568
00:29:51,960 --> 00:29:54,960
Speaker 1: it glows, right, it gives off energy. So anything that

569
00:29:55,000 --> 00:29:57,560
Speaker 1: has a temperature it is glowing is diffusing energy out.

570
00:29:57,560 --> 00:29:59,280
Speaker 1: So the idea is, well, black holes have a lot

571
00:29:59,320 --> 00:30:01,840
Speaker 1: of energy, so why don't they lose some of that

572
00:30:01,880 --> 00:30:04,120
Speaker 1: also into the outside universe. And this is like a

573
00:30:04,200 --> 00:30:07,520
Speaker 1: little picture of how microscopically that might happen, right, And

574
00:30:07,520 --> 00:30:09,400
Speaker 1: so the ideas of the black hole is at the

575
00:30:09,480 --> 00:30:13,280
Speaker 1: very surface kind of emitting light or photons, and that

576
00:30:13,640 --> 00:30:17,240
Speaker 1: energy that's going away from the black hole, which means

577
00:30:17,240 --> 00:30:21,840
Speaker 1: that eventually it's like a candle will eventually maybe burn out. Yeah,

578
00:30:21,920 --> 00:30:23,680
Speaker 1: and it's not just light. It can give off any

579
00:30:23,720 --> 00:30:27,840
Speaker 1: kind of particle. Hawking radiation can produce positrons and electrons

580
00:30:27,920 --> 00:30:30,440
Speaker 1: or muans and anti muans. And that's actually one of

581
00:30:30,440 --> 00:30:32,520
Speaker 1: the cool things about black holes that we might be

582
00:30:32,680 --> 00:30:34,920
Speaker 1: making it cern is that if you make a tiny

583
00:30:34,960 --> 00:30:37,560
Speaker 1: little black hole at CERN, it will evaporates super quickly

584
00:30:37,760 --> 00:30:40,640
Speaker 1: and will evaporate into every kind of particle that's out

585
00:30:40,640 --> 00:30:43,680
Speaker 1: there through hawking radiation. So the signature of a black

586
00:30:43,680 --> 00:30:46,840
Speaker 1: hole in a collider is this like crazy spray of

587
00:30:46,880 --> 00:30:49,560
Speaker 1: a huge variety of particles. Nothing else makes that, which

588
00:30:49,600 --> 00:30:52,160
Speaker 1: is why black holes and colliders are so fascinating to

589
00:30:52,200 --> 00:30:55,600
Speaker 1: look for. Al Right, well, I guess the main lesson

590
00:30:55,680 --> 00:30:59,360
Speaker 1: is that black holes don't live forever. That's right. But

591
00:30:59,520 --> 00:31:03,280
Speaker 1: it's a very very slow process. You have some enormous

592
00:31:03,320 --> 00:31:06,320
Speaker 1: black hole. This is a it's pretty black, so it's

593
00:31:06,400 --> 00:31:09,520
Speaker 1: leaking a tiny tiny bit of energy. All right, Let's

594
00:31:09,520 --> 00:31:13,680
Speaker 1: get into how slow are black holes dying on their own?

595
00:31:13,760 --> 00:31:16,800
Speaker 1: How how slow they're getting snuffed out? And also if

596
00:31:16,800 --> 00:31:19,360
Speaker 1: we needed to accelerate the process, could we actually do

597
00:31:19,520 --> 00:31:22,560
Speaker 1: something to destroy a black hole? But first, let's take

598
00:31:22,600 --> 00:31:39,320
Speaker 1: a quick break, all right, Daniel. So black holes evaporate slowly,

599
00:31:39,600 --> 00:31:41,960
Speaker 1: meaning they give up a little bit of light and

600
00:31:42,080 --> 00:31:44,680
Speaker 1: energy just sitting there if you don't feed them, which

601
00:31:44,720 --> 00:31:47,640
Speaker 1: means that eventually a black hole sort of shrink down

602
00:31:47,800 --> 00:31:51,600
Speaker 1: into nothingness basically, right, that's right. If you have a

603
00:31:51,640 --> 00:31:54,520
Speaker 1: black hole, pet and you're going on a long vacation,

604
00:31:54,840 --> 00:31:58,640
Speaker 1: you do need to arrange somebody to feed it, otherwise

605
00:31:58,640 --> 00:32:01,040
Speaker 1: it will not be a runaways and this threde Earth

606
00:32:01,280 --> 00:32:04,520
Speaker 1: is what they're saying. Yeah, so depending on your motivations,

607
00:32:04,520 --> 00:32:07,640
Speaker 1: their evil villain or savior, make your decisions. But it

608
00:32:07,680 --> 00:32:10,280
Speaker 1: takes a very long time if you had a black

609
00:32:10,280 --> 00:32:12,760
Speaker 1: hole like the mass of the sun. And we've never

610
00:32:12,760 --> 00:32:15,040
Speaker 1: seen a black hole as small as the sun. The

611
00:32:15,040 --> 00:32:17,840
Speaker 1: smallest black hole we've ever seen is many times the

612
00:32:17,920 --> 00:32:20,680
Speaker 1: size of the sun. But even the black hole with

613
00:32:20,720 --> 00:32:23,160
Speaker 1: the mass of the sun would take ten to the

614
00:32:23,240 --> 00:32:28,600
Speaker 1: sixties seven years to evaporate. Oh what ten to the

615
00:32:29,280 --> 00:32:30,840
Speaker 1: is there even a name for a number of that

616
00:32:30,880 --> 00:32:33,720
Speaker 1: big ten? Because like the age of the universe is

617
00:32:33,760 --> 00:32:36,120
Speaker 1: not that long, or the size of the universe is

618
00:32:36,120 --> 00:32:39,960
Speaker 1: not that big. No, the universe, remember, age is in billions,

619
00:32:40,680 --> 00:32:43,959
Speaker 1: which the tens billions, so it's like ten to the ten, right,

620
00:32:44,000 --> 00:32:46,080
Speaker 1: because a billion is ten to the nine and the

621
00:32:46,160 --> 00:32:49,160
Speaker 1: universe is thirteen point eight billion years old, so we're like,

622
00:32:49,280 --> 00:32:51,480
Speaker 1: you know, ten to the ten years into the universe,

623
00:32:51,800 --> 00:32:54,600
Speaker 1: this is ten to the fifty seven times as long.

624
00:32:55,640 --> 00:32:59,880
Speaker 1: So basically they live forever because there, I mean, that's

625
00:33:00,000 --> 00:33:04,240
Speaker 1: sounds crazy to me. And think about being still alive

626
00:33:04,320 --> 00:33:07,280
Speaker 1: then or you know the universe what the universe might

627
00:33:07,320 --> 00:33:09,800
Speaker 1: look like at that point. Yeah, but remember we have

628
00:33:09,920 --> 00:33:12,680
Speaker 1: no idea what the time scale for the universe is. Like,

629
00:33:12,800 --> 00:33:16,480
Speaker 1: you know, a hundred thousand years into the universe, um,

630
00:33:16,640 --> 00:33:20,120
Speaker 1: lasting billions of years might have seemed crazy. Um. And

631
00:33:20,280 --> 00:33:23,320
Speaker 1: so you know, only if ten billion years into the universe,

632
00:33:23,360 --> 00:33:25,760
Speaker 1: maybe this is still basically the first flash and the

633
00:33:25,800 --> 00:33:28,040
Speaker 1: universe will last for ten to the one hundred years.

634
00:33:28,040 --> 00:33:30,080
Speaker 1: We just don't know. Can you imagine some aliens at

635
00:33:30,120 --> 00:33:32,840
Speaker 1: ten a year ten to the one quick? Hey, remember

636
00:33:32,840 --> 00:33:36,040
Speaker 1: back then when there were all these black holes everywhere? Yeah,

637
00:33:36,040 --> 00:33:37,960
Speaker 1: I used to listen to this great podcast back then.

638
00:33:38,040 --> 00:33:43,200
Speaker 1: What happened to those guys? They evaporated like everything else.

639
00:33:43,240 --> 00:33:48,680
Speaker 1: It's called hawking cancelation of your podcast. But the more

640
00:33:48,840 --> 00:33:51,920
Speaker 1: mass of the black hole the longer it takes. So

641
00:33:52,200 --> 00:33:55,000
Speaker 1: if you have a smaller black hole or evaporates more quickly,

642
00:33:55,000 --> 00:33:56,760
Speaker 1: which is why, for example, black holes we make it

643
00:33:56,840 --> 00:33:59,440
Speaker 1: cern if we do make them, which super tiny like

644
00:33:59,440 --> 00:34:02,760
Speaker 1: the mass or proton, would evaporate super quickly. Even like

645
00:34:02,800 --> 00:34:06,040
Speaker 1: a black hole that's like two hundred tons of stuff,

646
00:34:06,280 --> 00:34:09,640
Speaker 1: we'd only take about one second to evaporated. Wow, that's amazing.

647
00:34:10,080 --> 00:34:12,560
Speaker 1: So if you take two and thirty tons and make

648
00:34:12,680 --> 00:34:16,040
Speaker 1: up a black hole, that would be massive, but it

649
00:34:16,080 --> 00:34:19,439
Speaker 1: would only last one second. Yeah, it would evaporate away

650
00:34:19,480 --> 00:34:22,040
Speaker 1: in just a second. So the thing that black holes

651
00:34:22,040 --> 00:34:24,040
Speaker 1: need to do to survive is to eat, right, the

652
00:34:24,040 --> 00:34:26,160
Speaker 1: bigger they get, the longer they will last, because the

653
00:34:26,200 --> 00:34:29,600
Speaker 1: slower they will evaporate. All right, So the black holes

654
00:34:30,040 --> 00:34:34,520
Speaker 1: don't last forever, but they last a very long time,

655
00:34:34,600 --> 00:34:38,359
Speaker 1: practically forever. And so the question now is Daniel, if

656
00:34:38,400 --> 00:34:41,960
Speaker 1: a black hole came towards us and threaten the existence

657
00:34:42,000 --> 00:34:46,080
Speaker 1: of our solar system and our way of life, could

658
00:34:46,080 --> 00:34:48,120
Speaker 1: we destroy a black hole? Then? What can we do

659
00:34:48,520 --> 00:34:52,239
Speaker 1: to accelerate the destorction of a black hole? It's pretty tough. Um,

660
00:34:52,360 --> 00:34:54,920
Speaker 1: I got three ideas. I'm not sure any of them

661
00:34:54,920 --> 00:34:57,800
Speaker 1: are going to work though. Wait, these are your ideas

662
00:34:57,880 --> 00:35:00,720
Speaker 1: or like the scientific community or I are you saying

663
00:35:00,800 --> 00:35:03,800
Speaker 1: I don't speak for the sign of the community. Is

664
00:35:04,600 --> 00:35:08,040
Speaker 1: this the Royal wheel or is this the Daniel Daniel

665
00:35:08,040 --> 00:35:11,719
Speaker 1: and his basement ideas. I have gathered together all the

666
00:35:11,760 --> 00:35:14,560
Speaker 1: ideas that are out there, and I speak for the scientists.

667
00:35:14,880 --> 00:35:16,680
Speaker 1: You know, I'm wearing a white lab coat. I'm on

668
00:35:16,719 --> 00:35:21,479
Speaker 1: the news. Here are the best ideas from all the songs. Good, Okay,

669
00:35:21,520 --> 00:35:22,960
Speaker 1: I just want to I just want to make sure

670
00:35:24,160 --> 00:35:26,680
Speaker 1: first idea is a bad idea. It's sort of the

671
00:35:26,680 --> 00:35:30,640
Speaker 1: Bruce Willis of ideas, and that's um let's nuke it, right,

672
00:35:30,960 --> 00:35:33,400
Speaker 1: We've got these powerful weapons. Every time something comes to

673
00:35:33,480 --> 00:35:35,520
Speaker 1: endanger the Earth in movies at least, they just like

674
00:35:35,600 --> 00:35:37,680
Speaker 1: shoot up a nuke and try to blow it up, right,

675
00:35:37,719 --> 00:35:40,560
Speaker 1: like break it up like this disrupted. Yeah, Because the

676
00:35:40,600 --> 00:35:43,080
Speaker 1: idea is the black hole comes from its density, So

677
00:35:43,080 --> 00:35:45,439
Speaker 1: if you could somehow like crack it in half, then

678
00:35:45,760 --> 00:35:48,600
Speaker 1: maybe you could weaken its power, right you well, I

679
00:35:48,600 --> 00:35:50,520
Speaker 1: guess technically, right, like if you take a black hole

680
00:35:50,760 --> 00:35:54,520
Speaker 1: and split it in the middle and separated the two

681
00:35:55,760 --> 00:35:59,239
Speaker 1: um hows, it would sort of dissipate the black hole

682
00:35:59,320 --> 00:36:02,160
Speaker 1: right with like because the density would go down eventually.

683
00:36:02,160 --> 00:36:04,640
Speaker 1: And also it depends exactly on the structure of the

684
00:36:04,680 --> 00:36:08,120
Speaker 1: matter inside the black hole. If it's if general relativity

685
00:36:08,200 --> 00:36:10,839
Speaker 1: is correct and black holes have a singularity inside them,

686
00:36:11,440 --> 00:36:13,839
Speaker 1: then you know, splitting them in half just makes two

687
00:36:13,880 --> 00:36:17,480
Speaker 1: smaller black holes. You can't actually get rid of the

688
00:36:17,520 --> 00:36:20,880
Speaker 1: black holiness. But if there's some distribution of stuff and

689
00:36:20,960 --> 00:36:22,680
Speaker 1: you can break in half, then you can lower the

690
00:36:22,719 --> 00:36:25,440
Speaker 1: density enough. If quantum mechanics is right, then it has

691
00:36:25,480 --> 00:36:27,760
Speaker 1: to be distributed a bit. You could lower the density

692
00:36:27,840 --> 00:36:29,799
Speaker 1: enough and maybe you could stop it from being a

693
00:36:29,840 --> 00:36:31,880
Speaker 1: black hole. All right, So then is it possible to

694
00:36:31,960 --> 00:36:35,680
Speaker 1: break one up and blow it up? No, it's totally

695
00:36:35,680 --> 00:36:39,200
Speaker 1: not possible, and it would backfire dramatically in act three

696
00:36:39,200 --> 00:36:42,640
Speaker 1: of this screenplay, because you're basically just throwing fuel on

697
00:36:42,680 --> 00:36:45,960
Speaker 1: the fire. A black hole is not just a collection

698
00:36:46,000 --> 00:36:48,640
Speaker 1: of mass, it's energy. At the math the mass and

699
00:36:48,680 --> 00:36:51,080
Speaker 1: the black hole comes from its energy. So if you

700
00:36:51,160 --> 00:36:53,760
Speaker 1: just pour more energy into it, like a nuclear bomb

701
00:36:53,800 --> 00:36:56,440
Speaker 1: has a lot of energy, it just makes it stronger.

702
00:36:56,719 --> 00:37:00,840
Speaker 1: Oh man, it's like um, It's like at Supervillain that

703
00:37:00,960 --> 00:37:04,160
Speaker 1: takes all your punches and transforms them into energy that

704
00:37:04,320 --> 00:37:08,000
Speaker 1: the shoot you back with. It's exactly like that. It's

705
00:37:08,040 --> 00:37:09,680
Speaker 1: like you know, you've got a pile of glue and

706
00:37:09,680 --> 00:37:13,239
Speaker 1: you're pouring more glue onto it, right, it doesn't help.

707
00:37:13,360 --> 00:37:15,600
Speaker 1: So like even if I throw a giant bomb and

708
00:37:15,640 --> 00:37:18,799
Speaker 1: it explodes inside of the event horizon, it wouldn't help

709
00:37:18,840 --> 00:37:22,000
Speaker 1: break things apart, No, it would just make it more dense.

710
00:37:22,160 --> 00:37:24,719
Speaker 1: And remember, nothing can leave the event horizon. So even

711
00:37:24,719 --> 00:37:27,680
Speaker 1: if it blows up inside the event horizon, it's still

712
00:37:27,719 --> 00:37:30,239
Speaker 1: just going to be an exploding nuclear weapon inside the

713
00:37:30,239 --> 00:37:33,680
Speaker 1: event horizon, making the mass of the black hole larger. Right,

714
00:37:33,680 --> 00:37:36,520
Speaker 1: it won't blow it up. Nothing can leave, and so

715
00:37:36,560 --> 00:37:38,279
Speaker 1: it makes it more intense. Even if you threw a

716
00:37:38,360 --> 00:37:41,360
Speaker 1: star into a black hole, right, which is basically a

717
00:37:41,440 --> 00:37:45,040
Speaker 1: huge bomb. Oh wow, okay, hold on, yeah, somebody tell

718
00:37:45,040 --> 00:37:51,200
Speaker 1: prison Billiss too that we're canceling the plan where all right, yeah, yeah,

719
00:37:51,200 --> 00:37:53,560
Speaker 1: you're you're saying his agent is not gonna be happy

720
00:37:53,560 --> 00:37:58,080
Speaker 1: with that. It's basically nothing, no matter or energy can

721
00:37:58,160 --> 00:38:01,640
Speaker 1: break it up because it's alreadio dense collection of matter

722
00:38:01,680 --> 00:38:03,600
Speaker 1: and energy. And even thought, you know, what if you

723
00:38:03,640 --> 00:38:06,279
Speaker 1: threw like another black hole into it. But this time

724
00:38:06,560 --> 00:38:10,520
Speaker 1: it's an antimatter black hole. What it was like an

725
00:38:10,520 --> 00:38:14,839
Speaker 1: anti black hole mate out of entire where you fed

726
00:38:15,040 --> 00:38:18,840
Speaker 1: as a little kid with antimatter. That's right, yeah, because

727
00:38:18,920 --> 00:38:21,520
Speaker 1: matter antimatter and matter and both matter, and so in

728
00:38:21,600 --> 00:38:24,920
Speaker 1: principle you could make a black hole out of pure antimatter.

729
00:38:25,360 --> 00:38:28,120
Speaker 1: But again, it's just more energy. So you throw an

730
00:38:28,120 --> 00:38:31,279
Speaker 1: antimatter black hole into a matter black hole, and you're

731
00:38:31,320 --> 00:38:33,640
Speaker 1: just gonna pour more energy into It's gonna make a

732
00:38:33,680 --> 00:38:36,640
Speaker 1: stronger black hole. It doesn't matter what kind of matter

733
00:38:36,680 --> 00:38:38,799
Speaker 1: you put into it. Oh man, this is giving me

734
00:38:38,920 --> 00:38:42,440
Speaker 1: nightmares here. Let's um, it's making me really uncomfortable for

735
00:38:42,440 --> 00:38:46,640
Speaker 1: some reason, like the but like um, like some villain.

736
00:38:46,680 --> 00:38:50,200
Speaker 1: You can't stop um. But so that's a bad idea

737
00:38:50,280 --> 00:38:52,560
Speaker 1: to try to blow it up to give it more energy.

738
00:38:52,840 --> 00:38:54,560
Speaker 1: What are some of the other ideas? All right, So

739
00:38:54,600 --> 00:38:57,120
Speaker 1: there's some other ideas that involved trying to make the

740
00:38:57,120 --> 00:39:02,239
Speaker 1: black hole spin. Black Holes are dense blobs of stuff, right,

741
00:39:02,280 --> 00:39:05,319
Speaker 1: but some of them we think are spinning, not necessarily,

742
00:39:05,320 --> 00:39:07,040
Speaker 1: and they don't all have to spin, but some of

743
00:39:07,040 --> 00:39:10,400
Speaker 1: them can spin. You mean inside whatever is happening inside

744
00:39:10,719 --> 00:39:13,520
Speaker 1: it has some sort of rotation of the momentum to

745
00:39:13,560 --> 00:39:17,480
Speaker 1: it precisely, because angular momentum can't go away. And so

746
00:39:17,640 --> 00:39:19,800
Speaker 1: something falls into a black hole and it was originally

747
00:39:19,840 --> 00:39:22,759
Speaker 1: spinning around it. It's still spinning around the center of

748
00:39:22,840 --> 00:39:25,360
Speaker 1: mass when it goes inside the event horizon. So the

749
00:39:25,480 --> 00:39:29,000
Speaker 1: overall rotation of the black hole reflects the overall rotation

750
00:39:29,040 --> 00:39:31,240
Speaker 1: of the stuff originally. That's why, like the Solar system

751
00:39:31,280 --> 00:39:34,160
Speaker 1: is still spinning because angular momentum from the initial gas

752
00:39:34,160 --> 00:39:37,040
Speaker 1: cloud is still here. So if our solar system eventually

753
00:39:37,040 --> 00:39:40,440
Speaker 1: becomes a black hole, it will be spinning. Wow. But

754
00:39:40,640 --> 00:39:43,000
Speaker 1: we don't know what's going on inside the event horizon though.

755
00:39:43,080 --> 00:39:45,239
Speaker 1: Do we know for sure that they can still keep,

756
00:39:45,640 --> 00:39:48,200
Speaker 1: you know, spinning energy. We don't know for sure, but

757
00:39:48,239 --> 00:39:51,680
Speaker 1: we're pretty sure that angular momentum is conserved in our universe,

758
00:39:52,080 --> 00:39:54,919
Speaker 1: so it's a pretty fair assumption. And the fascinating thing

759
00:39:55,040 --> 00:39:57,120
Speaker 1: is that the size of the black hole depends not

760
00:39:57,280 --> 00:39:59,400
Speaker 1: just on the mass of the stuff inside of it,

761
00:39:59,440 --> 00:40:02,560
Speaker 1: but also on this rate of spin, And the faster

762
00:40:02,719 --> 00:40:07,080
Speaker 1: the black hole spinning, the smaller the event horizon. Yeah,

763
00:40:07,360 --> 00:40:10,560
Speaker 1: so the idea is maybe you could like shrink the

764
00:40:10,600 --> 00:40:13,800
Speaker 1: event horizon by making the black hole over spin. You

765
00:40:13,840 --> 00:40:16,839
Speaker 1: could like drop stuff into it that has a really

766
00:40:16,960 --> 00:40:20,759
Speaker 1: high spin rate, like going really fast, almost tangent to

767
00:40:20,760 --> 00:40:23,359
Speaker 1: the event horizon. Right, Like if you want, if you're

768
00:40:23,360 --> 00:40:24,920
Speaker 1: pushing someone on the merriga around, you want to make

769
00:40:24,920 --> 00:40:26,799
Speaker 1: them go faster, or you give them a little push

770
00:40:26,840 --> 00:40:30,280
Speaker 1: on the edge and you can you could overspin it. Maybe.

771
00:40:30,680 --> 00:40:33,080
Speaker 1: So if we take all those spinning toys that kids

772
00:40:33,080 --> 00:40:35,080
Speaker 1: were playing with a couple of years ago, you know,

773
00:40:35,120 --> 00:40:38,320
Speaker 1: the ones that would with the ball bearings, fidget spinners

774
00:40:38,320 --> 00:40:41,040
Speaker 1: save if you take all those fidget spinners that were

775
00:40:41,080 --> 00:40:44,480
Speaker 1: a huge fat and you talk about give it to

776
00:40:44,520 --> 00:40:47,120
Speaker 1: Bruce Willis to deliver, let's get back on the ship.

777
00:40:47,160 --> 00:40:56,239
Speaker 1: We have a new idea. Fidget spinners. You're saying, but

778
00:40:56,520 --> 00:40:58,960
Speaker 1: that's basically is right. I mean you're saying, if you

779
00:40:59,000 --> 00:41:01,000
Speaker 1: give throw up to stuff in there that has a

780
00:41:01,040 --> 00:41:05,200
Speaker 1: lot of spin, and it might shrink the black hole. Yeah,

781
00:41:05,400 --> 00:41:07,960
Speaker 1: and this is crazy, This is a theoretical idea nobody

782
00:41:08,000 --> 00:41:10,520
Speaker 1: knows who would actually work. But if you did that,

783
00:41:10,560 --> 00:41:12,920
Speaker 1: you might be thinking, but the mass is still there, right,

784
00:41:12,960 --> 00:41:15,480
Speaker 1: wouldn't you still have a singularity even if it's spinning.

785
00:41:15,760 --> 00:41:18,640
Speaker 1: The answer is yes, potentially you could take a black

786
00:41:18,640 --> 00:41:22,040
Speaker 1: hole and turn it into what we call a naked singularity,

787
00:41:22,120 --> 00:41:25,359
Speaker 1: which is a singularity without basically an event horizon around it.

788
00:41:25,640 --> 00:41:27,920
Speaker 1: Nobody knows what that would look like, what it would

789
00:41:27,920 --> 00:41:30,040
Speaker 1: be like, and if it would be any better or

790
00:41:30,120 --> 00:41:34,040
Speaker 1: worse than having a black hole nearby. Well, having him

791
00:41:34,120 --> 00:41:39,879
Speaker 1: naked anything, um, you know, makes things that screenplay. Yeah, yeah,

792
00:41:40,280 --> 00:41:42,399
Speaker 1: that's why you know. That's that's what got paramount interest

793
00:41:42,400 --> 00:41:44,160
Speaker 1: did in our screenplay. I feel like that's a spoof

794
00:41:44,280 --> 00:41:53,719
Speaker 1: version of the Bruce Willis movie Singularity. Nobody knows if

795
00:41:53,719 --> 00:41:55,520
Speaker 1: it would work, and nobody knows it would be better

796
00:41:55,640 --> 00:41:58,400
Speaker 1: or worse, you know, than just suffering through the destruction

797
00:41:58,480 --> 00:42:01,200
Speaker 1: the original black hole. But in theory, it might be

798
00:42:01,239 --> 00:42:03,879
Speaker 1: possible to overspin the black hole and turn it into

799
00:42:03,880 --> 00:42:06,680
Speaker 1: a naked singularity. Okay, but we don't know that might

800
00:42:06,680 --> 00:42:11,120
Speaker 1: be better or worse. We don't know, yeah exactly, but technically, right,

801
00:42:11,200 --> 00:42:13,120
Speaker 1: if you hire me to destroy your black hole and

802
00:42:13,120 --> 00:42:15,480
Speaker 1: then I turned into a naked singularity, I'm gonna be

803
00:42:15,480 --> 00:42:25,719
Speaker 1: invoicing you, all right, and I'm sure we'll gladly pay

804
00:42:25,760 --> 00:42:31,080
Speaker 1: that if we're still alive from your naked singularity. Um.

805
00:42:31,120 --> 00:42:34,600
Speaker 1: And then the last idea actually came from a listener. Really,

806
00:42:34,920 --> 00:42:36,960
Speaker 1: so you have one listener asking a question and you

807
00:42:37,000 --> 00:42:42,000
Speaker 1: had another listener answer the question. Yeah. Another listener spontaneously

808
00:42:42,000 --> 00:42:44,080
Speaker 1: wrote in with an idea for how to destroy black

809
00:42:44,080 --> 00:42:45,600
Speaker 1: holes and wanted to know if it would work. And

810
00:42:45,640 --> 00:42:48,080
Speaker 1: I thought, Oh, I'm trying to figure out how we

811
00:42:48,120 --> 00:42:52,320
Speaker 1: could destroy black that's a little suspicious. I feel like

812
00:42:52,360 --> 00:42:56,160
Speaker 1: these two guys are two people are playing you here, Daniel. Oh,

813
00:42:56,280 --> 00:42:59,200
Speaker 1: maybe they're just different. One is an alter ego of

814
00:42:59,200 --> 00:43:02,680
Speaker 1: the other one. When is the anti black hole version

815
00:43:02,719 --> 00:43:06,759
Speaker 1: of there no? James Castile from Indiana, he wrote in

816
00:43:06,800 --> 00:43:10,480
Speaker 1: asking about dark energy because remember dark energy is expanding

817
00:43:10,640 --> 00:43:14,479
Speaker 1: space and so it's essentially diluting everything. So he wanted

818
00:43:14,520 --> 00:43:17,600
Speaker 1: to know is dark energy happening inside black holes? And

819
00:43:17,640 --> 00:43:21,200
Speaker 1: if so, could it like expand the space inside a

820
00:43:21,200 --> 00:43:24,480
Speaker 1: black hole enough to basically shrink the density so you

821
00:43:24,520 --> 00:43:27,719
Speaker 1: no longer have a black hole? Oh clever, like eat

822
00:43:27,760 --> 00:43:31,280
Speaker 1: the black hole from the inside out. Yeah, I remember

823
00:43:31,280 --> 00:43:33,520
Speaker 1: a black hole ate a star from an inside out.

824
00:43:33,520 --> 00:43:35,560
Speaker 1: So it's like, so to turn its own strategy back

825
00:43:35,560 --> 00:43:38,279
Speaker 1: on itself, Yeah, like blow it up from the inside

826
00:43:38,760 --> 00:43:43,359
Speaker 1: through space itself. Yeah, exactly, so great idea, James. And

827
00:43:43,440 --> 00:43:45,160
Speaker 1: when we do want to build a black hole gun,

828
00:43:45,200 --> 00:43:47,480
Speaker 1: you were definitely invited to be on the task. He

829
00:43:47,520 --> 00:43:51,920
Speaker 1: can pull the trigger. You pressed the big red button.

830
00:43:54,960 --> 00:43:57,120
Speaker 1: But it is so, is there something to this idea?

831
00:43:57,200 --> 00:44:00,400
Speaker 1: Could you make like a dark energy gun or array

832
00:44:00,680 --> 00:44:04,239
Speaker 1: or bomb and to expand the space inside of a

833
00:44:04,280 --> 00:44:05,920
Speaker 1: black hole? Well, there are a lot of problems with

834
00:44:05,920 --> 00:44:08,719
Speaker 1: this idea. Number one is we don't understand what dark

835
00:44:08,840 --> 00:44:12,120
Speaker 1: energy is like at all. We we think it's some

836
00:44:12,360 --> 00:44:16,319
Speaker 1: property of space that when you have various configurations of

837
00:44:16,360 --> 00:44:19,799
Speaker 1: matter in the universe, it causes space to expand. But

838
00:44:19,880 --> 00:44:22,200
Speaker 1: it's it's very it's actually very very weak. It's not

839
00:44:22,320 --> 00:44:24,799
Speaker 1: very powerful at all. It only adds up to a

840
00:44:24,800 --> 00:44:28,160
Speaker 1: big effect because space is so huge. A dark energy,

841
00:44:28,160 --> 00:44:30,160
Speaker 1: for example, plays no role in the structure of our

842
00:44:30,160 --> 00:44:32,600
Speaker 1: solar system because the gravity of our solar system is

843
00:44:32,600 --> 00:44:35,640
Speaker 1: powerful enough to overcome dark energy, and so when it

844
00:44:35,640 --> 00:44:38,719
Speaker 1: comes to a black hole, dark energy is basically negligible,

845
00:44:39,120 --> 00:44:41,680
Speaker 1: has no effect at all. Yeah, but it is everywhere

846
00:44:41,760 --> 00:44:44,880
Speaker 1: like love. It's everywhere like love. But we don't actually

847
00:44:44,880 --> 00:44:47,720
Speaker 1: know if there is dark energy inside a black hole

848
00:44:47,960 --> 00:44:49,879
Speaker 1: because we don't know what dark energy is. If it's

849
00:44:49,880 --> 00:44:52,319
Speaker 1: a property of space itself, then you have there's some

850
00:44:52,480 --> 00:44:55,000
Speaker 1: effect from dark energy inside a black hole, But we

851
00:44:55,040 --> 00:44:58,279
Speaker 1: don't know if it means the expansion of space, right

852
00:44:58,600 --> 00:45:01,400
Speaker 1: and anyways, it would be each weaker than the gravity

853
00:45:01,440 --> 00:45:04,480
Speaker 1: that's keeping the black hole together. Dark energy is just

854
00:45:04,560 --> 00:45:07,279
Speaker 1: one factor. And to answer whether space is expanding, you

855
00:45:07,280 --> 00:45:09,479
Speaker 1: have to fold in dark energy. You have to fold

856
00:45:09,520 --> 00:45:12,160
Speaker 1: in the matter and the radiation density the universe. Then

857
00:45:12,200 --> 00:45:15,080
Speaker 1: you crank get through general relativity equations to discover whether

858
00:45:15,200 --> 00:45:17,960
Speaker 1: or not you're getting expansion. The reason there's expansion out

859
00:45:17,960 --> 00:45:20,040
Speaker 1: there in space is because dark energy is the only

860
00:45:20,080 --> 00:45:22,920
Speaker 1: thing out there. But if you have matter and energy

861
00:45:22,960 --> 00:45:24,560
Speaker 1: like in a black hole, then you're not going to

862
00:45:24,640 --> 00:45:28,719
Speaker 1: get expansion, right. But I guess the question is the

863
00:45:28,760 --> 00:45:30,960
Speaker 1: idea is that, you know, maybe one day will understand

864
00:45:30,960 --> 00:45:34,040
Speaker 1: what dark energy is. Maybe one day we might be

865
00:45:34,080 --> 00:45:36,960
Speaker 1: able to harness it or concentrate it. You know, like

866
00:45:37,400 --> 00:45:39,759
Speaker 1: if there is something out there in space in the

867
00:45:39,880 --> 00:45:42,799
Speaker 1: universe that can expand space, maybe that's one way to

868
00:45:42,920 --> 00:45:45,560
Speaker 1: kill a black hole. Is like if we understand that,

869
00:45:45,640 --> 00:45:48,000
Speaker 1: maybe we can make something that will expand the space

870
00:45:48,320 --> 00:45:51,000
Speaker 1: inside of a black hole. Mm hm, I lost count

871
00:45:51,040 --> 00:45:54,839
Speaker 1: of how many maybes you uns there? This is Hollywood, man,

872
00:45:54,840 --> 00:45:57,640
Speaker 1: it doesn't you can fill those. We can build a

873
00:45:57,760 --> 00:46:00,279
Speaker 1: dark energy gun and give it to Bruce willis the Yeah,

874
00:46:00,280 --> 00:46:02,359
Speaker 1: this plant is rock solid. But the point you make

875
00:46:02,440 --> 00:46:04,520
Speaker 1: is the point you make is reasonable, right, is that

876
00:46:04,560 --> 00:46:07,800
Speaker 1: there is something that can balance gravity we described earlier

877
00:46:07,840 --> 00:46:10,879
Speaker 1: black holes or our runaway process, because gravity just takes

878
00:46:10,920 --> 00:46:14,360
Speaker 1: over and eventually, um wins because it's always attractive. But

879
00:46:14,400 --> 00:46:16,399
Speaker 1: you're right, we do know that there is something about

880
00:46:16,400 --> 00:46:18,920
Speaker 1: gravity that can be repulsive, and that's dark energy, and

881
00:46:18,960 --> 00:46:21,360
Speaker 1: so right, eventually, if we understand it, we might be

882
00:46:21,360 --> 00:46:24,239
Speaker 1: able to manipulate it and cause black holes to fall

883
00:46:24,280 --> 00:46:27,080
Speaker 1: apart from the inside using dark energy. But there's a

884
00:46:27,080 --> 00:46:29,879
Speaker 1: lot of maybes between now and then, right, all right,

885
00:46:29,880 --> 00:46:32,880
Speaker 1: So it sounds like our best ideas are fidget spinners

886
00:46:34,880 --> 00:46:40,200
Speaker 1: and uh, magical unicorns is our base idea here. Yeah,

887
00:46:40,320 --> 00:46:46,120
Speaker 1: magical uniforms is definitely a good idea. Magical unicorn being

888
00:46:46,120 --> 00:46:53,000
Speaker 1: written by Bruce willis to save the universe. Welcome to

889
00:46:53,040 --> 00:46:57,200
Speaker 1: our pitch. Thank you for coming to our pitch. We'll

890
00:46:57,200 --> 00:47:01,080
Speaker 1: take those millions of dollars now, Thank you. That's right.

891
00:47:01,400 --> 00:47:03,319
Speaker 1: We want a big advance. We're not delivering this script

892
00:47:03,400 --> 00:47:06,759
Speaker 1: until the end of the universe. Alright, Well, I guess

893
00:47:06,800 --> 00:47:09,160
Speaker 1: I mean to answer the question, can we destroy a

894
00:47:09,200 --> 00:47:12,040
Speaker 1: black hole? It sort of sounds like maybe not. I mean,

895
00:47:12,080 --> 00:47:14,680
Speaker 1: it sounds like we have some wild ideas, but so

896
00:47:14,719 --> 00:47:18,359
Speaker 1: far they seem like a pretty inevitable part of the

897
00:47:18,480 --> 00:47:23,760
Speaker 1: universe that will basically be around here forever and maybe

898
00:47:23,760 --> 00:47:26,360
Speaker 1: never go away. Yeah. If I had to bet on

899
00:47:26,480 --> 00:47:29,000
Speaker 1: the most likely fate of the universe, it would be

900
00:47:29,040 --> 00:47:32,840
Speaker 1: a bunch of galaxies that collapsed into black holes, separated

901
00:47:32,840 --> 00:47:36,320
Speaker 1: by vast distances. So it's pretty dark and bleak version

902
00:47:36,680 --> 00:47:40,400
Speaker 1: of the future. Well, we hope that stimulated some thinking

903
00:47:40,440 --> 00:47:43,520
Speaker 1: out there and you guys about what black holes are

904
00:47:43,600 --> 00:47:46,319
Speaker 1: and whether they'll be around for a very long time,

905
00:47:46,440 --> 00:47:48,880
Speaker 1: or whether we could destroy one if we had the

906
00:47:49,000 --> 00:47:50,879
Speaker 1: need to, and whether or not it was a good

907
00:47:50,920 --> 00:47:53,520
Speaker 1: idea to start a little black hole pet in your backyard.

908
00:47:53,880 --> 00:47:56,120
Speaker 1: That's right, And just in case, save those fidget spinners.

909
00:47:57,200 --> 00:48:00,279
Speaker 1: They might come in handy later. And any be out

910
00:48:00,280 --> 00:48:02,680
Speaker 1: there with a magical unicorn please get in touch. Yeah,

911
00:48:02,880 --> 00:48:04,520
Speaker 1: so this is a great question, and so if you

912
00:48:04,560 --> 00:48:07,279
Speaker 1: guys have a question out there, please send it to us.

913
00:48:07,320 --> 00:48:10,840
Speaker 1: What's the email address Daniel Questions at Daniel and Jorge

914
00:48:10,880 --> 00:48:13,680
Speaker 1: dot com. That's right, and you can also write to

915
00:48:13,760 --> 00:48:16,680
Speaker 1: Daniel on Twitter and I'm doing the Instagram for this podcast,

916
00:48:17,400 --> 00:48:20,719
Speaker 1: which explains why some of the answers in in the

917
00:48:20,760 --> 00:48:26,239
Speaker 1: comments are coming from a cartoonist basically a physicist. You're

918
00:48:26,239 --> 00:48:28,640
Speaker 1: a deputized physicist by yeah, so you can find on

919
00:48:28,719 --> 00:48:33,320
Speaker 1: this um both at Daniel and Jorge's at Daniel and Jorge.

920
00:48:33,400 --> 00:48:36,000
Speaker 1: Thanks for sending in questions and thanks for your attention.

921
00:48:36,160 --> 00:48:46,040
Speaker 1: See you next time. Before you still have a question

922
00:48:46,040 --> 00:48:49,479
Speaker 1: after listening to all these explanations, please drop us a line.

923
00:48:49,520 --> 00:48:51,680
Speaker 1: We'd love to hear from you. You can find us

924
00:48:51,680 --> 00:48:55,440
Speaker 1: on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram at Daniel and Jorge that's

925
00:48:55,520 --> 00:48:58,920
Speaker 1: one word, or email us at Feedback at Daniel and

926
00:48:59,000 --> 00:49:02,440
Speaker 1: Jorge dot com. Thanks for listening and remember that Daniel

927
00:49:02,480 --> 00:49:05,000
Speaker 1: and Jorge Explain the Universe is a production of I

928
00:49:05,239 --> 00:49:08,680
Speaker 1: Heart Radio. For more podcast for my Heart Radio, visit

929
00:49:08,719 --> 00:49:12,200
Speaker 1: the I Heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you

930
00:49:12,320 --> 00:49:17,719
Speaker 1: listen to your favorite shows. H