1 00:00:00,080 --> 00:00:02,480 Speaker 1: Hey everybody. Before we get started, we have a couple 2 00:00:02,480 --> 00:00:08,080 Speaker 1: of live shows to announce. First April, we will be 3 00:00:08,119 --> 00:00:12,120 Speaker 1: at Universal Fan Con in Baltimore, Maryland. Our exact schedule 4 00:00:12,160 --> 00:00:13,680 Speaker 1: for that show is still in the works, but this 5 00:00:13,760 --> 00:00:16,800 Speaker 1: will include a live show, and our listeners can get 6 00:00:16,800 --> 00:00:20,760 Speaker 1: discounted tickets using the offer code History. And for all 7 00:00:20,800 --> 00:00:22,439 Speaker 1: the folks who have asked us to do a show 8 00:00:22,480 --> 00:00:25,120 Speaker 1: in the Boston area, of which there have been many, 9 00:00:25,360 --> 00:00:27,960 Speaker 1: we are finally on the way with the show in 10 00:00:28,080 --> 00:00:32,360 Speaker 1: Quincy at Adams National Historical Park on Sunday, July eight 11 00:00:32,479 --> 00:00:35,320 Speaker 1: at two pm. That one is an outdoor show. It 12 00:00:35,360 --> 00:00:37,919 Speaker 1: will happen rain or shine. And we also have more 13 00:00:37,960 --> 00:00:40,920 Speaker 1: appearances that will be announcing soon, as well as more 14 00:00:41,000 --> 00:00:43,519 Speaker 1: details about both of these shows, and we will put 15 00:00:43,560 --> 00:00:46,080 Speaker 1: that all at our website also at miss in history 16 00:00:46,120 --> 00:00:50,800 Speaker 1: dot com. Welcome to Steph you missed in History class 17 00:00:50,880 --> 00:01:00,160 Speaker 1: from how Stuff Works dot com. Hello, and welcome them 18 00:01:00,160 --> 00:01:04,319 Speaker 1: to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. Wilson, and today we 19 00:01:04,360 --> 00:01:06,880 Speaker 1: are going to talk about a pivotal moment in South 20 00:01:06,920 --> 00:01:10,600 Speaker 1: American history, which is the Battle of Caha Marca, which 21 00:01:10,680 --> 00:01:14,880 Speaker 1: is sometimes probably more accurately known as the massacre at 22 00:01:14,920 --> 00:01:18,200 Speaker 1: Caha Marca. This ultimately led to the end of the 23 00:01:18,200 --> 00:01:21,520 Speaker 1: Inca Empire, and, like a lot of the history of 24 00:01:21,600 --> 00:01:24,280 Speaker 1: Spanish conquest in the America's, a lot of times this 25 00:01:24,400 --> 00:01:27,240 Speaker 1: is boiled down to an image of very heavily armed 26 00:01:27,240 --> 00:01:31,920 Speaker 1: conquistadors sweeping through indigenous armies that were a lot larger 27 00:01:31,920 --> 00:01:35,400 Speaker 1: in number but not nearly as well armored and armed. 28 00:01:36,000 --> 00:01:38,720 Speaker 1: And while there is some truth to that image, this 29 00:01:38,800 --> 00:01:41,600 Speaker 1: whole thing might have gone much differently had the Inca 30 00:01:41,680 --> 00:01:45,039 Speaker 1: not just been through a massive epidemic and a civil war. 31 00:01:45,840 --> 00:01:47,960 Speaker 1: So today we're going to talk about the Inca Empire 32 00:01:48,120 --> 00:01:52,960 Speaker 1: before the arrival of Francisco Pizarro and how his conquest 33 00:01:53,120 --> 00:01:55,120 Speaker 1: of the Inca was about a whole lot more than 34 00:01:55,160 --> 00:01:58,160 Speaker 1: just the one battle the way that it's often described. 35 00:01:59,040 --> 00:02:02,040 Speaker 1: Before the growth of the Inca Empire, South America was 36 00:02:02,080 --> 00:02:05,080 Speaker 1: already home to a huge range of indigenous peoples and 37 00:02:05,160 --> 00:02:08,560 Speaker 1: cultures by the twelve hundreds, One of these was the 38 00:02:08,639 --> 00:02:11,360 Speaker 1: Kingdom of Cuzco, ruled by a leader known as the 39 00:02:11,400 --> 00:02:14,560 Speaker 1: Sapa Inca, which in the Quechua language roughly means the 40 00:02:14,680 --> 00:02:18,760 Speaker 1: only Inca. This title was hereditary, and the Sapa Inca 41 00:02:18,880 --> 00:02:23,320 Speaker 1: was considered to be a divine being. In fourteen thirty eight, 42 00:02:23,360 --> 00:02:26,800 Speaker 1: a man named Pacha Kuti became the Sapa Inca, and 43 00:02:26,880 --> 00:02:30,880 Speaker 1: he started an aggressive political and military expansion of what 44 00:02:31,040 --> 00:02:34,440 Speaker 1: had been the Kingdom of Cuzco. Soon, instead of being 45 00:02:34,560 --> 00:02:37,800 Speaker 1: one of many individual kingdoms, the city of Cuzco was 46 00:02:37,840 --> 00:02:42,239 Speaker 1: the capital of a much greater empire. Within a hundred years. 47 00:02:42,320 --> 00:02:46,560 Speaker 1: That empire stretched about three thousand miles or forty hundred 48 00:02:46,600 --> 00:02:50,959 Speaker 1: kilometers down the western coast of South America. This long 49 00:02:51,080 --> 00:02:55,040 Speaker 1: but narrow stretch of territory was huge. It was home 50 00:02:55,120 --> 00:02:58,680 Speaker 1: to about ten million people living in eighty different provinces, 51 00:02:58,720 --> 00:03:02,520 Speaker 1: which were arranged into or quarters. These were connected by 52 00:03:02,560 --> 00:03:06,960 Speaker 1: a network of twenty thousand miles or forty kilometers of roads, 53 00:03:07,040 --> 00:03:11,560 Speaker 1: which converged on the capital of Cuzco. Relay runners carried 54 00:03:11,600 --> 00:03:15,600 Speaker 1: messages along these roads, covering hundreds of miles a day. 55 00:03:16,240 --> 00:03:20,160 Speaker 1: The empire was also diverse. The land itself included parts 56 00:03:20,160 --> 00:03:24,680 Speaker 1: of the Andes Mountains, valleys, plains, tropical jungles, dense forests, 57 00:03:24,680 --> 00:03:28,079 Speaker 1: and a desert coast. Depending on where they were living, 58 00:03:28,160 --> 00:03:31,799 Speaker 1: the people might work mining gems and precious minerals, raising 59 00:03:31,880 --> 00:03:37,040 Speaker 1: llamas and alpacas, growing crops, making ceramics or textiles, all 60 00:03:37,120 --> 00:03:40,880 Speaker 1: kinds of other things. Many of these skills, crafts, and 61 00:03:40,920 --> 00:03:44,200 Speaker 1: forms of art had come from the various indigenous peoples 62 00:03:44,240 --> 00:03:47,440 Speaker 1: that were conquered or otherwise absorbed by the Inca Empire, 63 00:03:47,680 --> 00:03:51,080 Speaker 1: rather than something that the Inca brought with them from Cuzco. 64 00:03:51,440 --> 00:03:54,960 Speaker 1: The empire's people were also diverse. Many of the people 65 00:03:55,000 --> 00:03:58,200 Speaker 1: living in the empire weren't ethnically Inca, but sent their 66 00:03:58,280 --> 00:04:02,000 Speaker 1: leaders to be educated in Cusco. Although Quechua was the 67 00:04:02,040 --> 00:04:05,560 Speaker 1: primary language, at least two hundred other languages were spoken 68 00:04:05,600 --> 00:04:10,720 Speaker 1: as well. The Inca religion had its own pantheon and practices, 69 00:04:10,800 --> 00:04:14,920 Speaker 1: which included the use of oracles, ancestor worship, the care 70 00:04:15,040 --> 00:04:19,000 Speaker 1: of the mummies of previous Inca leaders, and, on particularly 71 00:04:19,080 --> 00:04:23,120 Speaker 1: disastrous occasions like massive earthquakes or the death of an emperor, 72 00:04:23,480 --> 00:04:26,800 Speaker 1: the sacrifice of children. But at the same time, when 73 00:04:26,880 --> 00:04:30,720 Speaker 1: other indigenous peoples were absorbed into the Inca Empire by 74 00:04:30,760 --> 00:04:35,039 Speaker 1: whatever means, they usually added Inca beliefs and practices into 75 00:04:35,080 --> 00:04:39,480 Speaker 1: their own existing religions, rather than abandoning their previous practices 76 00:04:39,520 --> 00:04:43,360 Speaker 1: and replacing them. In spite of its huge size and 77 00:04:43,480 --> 00:04:48,320 Speaker 1: diverse geography and population, the Inca Empire was efficient, orderly, 78 00:04:48,480 --> 00:04:52,160 Speaker 1: and very wealthy. Like the ancient Romans, the Inca were 79 00:04:52,240 --> 00:04:56,640 Speaker 1: highly effective administrators. The roads and the structures and cities 80 00:04:56,680 --> 00:05:00,360 Speaker 1: they connected were extensively planned to take advantage of every rething, 81 00:05:00,400 --> 00:05:03,160 Speaker 1: from the shape of the land to water resources to 82 00:05:03,480 --> 00:05:08,000 Speaker 1: religious symbolism. They included incredible feats of engineering like the 83 00:05:08,040 --> 00:05:11,800 Speaker 1: city of Machu Picchu. Lying along that huge network of 84 00:05:11,920 --> 00:05:15,719 Speaker 1: roads were strategically placed storehouses to keep the runners and 85 00:05:15,720 --> 00:05:20,599 Speaker 1: the military supplied. Scrupulous records were kept using collections of 86 00:05:20,720 --> 00:05:25,320 Speaker 1: knotted multicolored chords called keepu and making and using keep 87 00:05:25,360 --> 00:05:28,400 Speaker 1: who was a specialized job that involved years of training. 88 00:05:29,480 --> 00:05:33,320 Speaker 1: The empire's wealth was also tightly connected to its labor, 89 00:05:33,480 --> 00:05:36,440 Speaker 1: because for the most part, that was what the empire taxed. 90 00:05:36,560 --> 00:05:40,360 Speaker 1: Rather than taxing money or goods, the Inca Empire had 91 00:05:40,440 --> 00:05:44,560 Speaker 1: no centralized currency or concept of a market. Instead, the 92 00:05:44,600 --> 00:05:48,200 Speaker 1: state used a labor tax called mita. The state would 93 00:05:48,279 --> 00:05:51,880 Speaker 1: essentially requisition labor to do something like build a building 94 00:05:51,960 --> 00:05:55,000 Speaker 1: and irrigation system or a set of terraces to make 95 00:05:55,080 --> 00:06:00,000 Speaker 1: planting possible, and mountainous terrain the province would provide that labor, 96 00:06:00,320 --> 00:06:04,400 Speaker 1: rotating through its populations. The same people weren't disproportionately the 97 00:06:04,440 --> 00:06:07,599 Speaker 1: ones serving out the tax, and this wasn't just about 98 00:06:07,680 --> 00:06:11,680 Speaker 1: manual labor. The meta also applied to agricultural labor and 99 00:06:11,760 --> 00:06:16,640 Speaker 1: to specialist labor like creating elaborate tapestries. Sometimes you will 100 00:06:16,680 --> 00:06:19,839 Speaker 1: see this system described as forced labor, and while it 101 00:06:19,960 --> 00:06:23,400 Speaker 1: is true that this wasn't voluntary, it was generally viewed 102 00:06:23,400 --> 00:06:27,039 Speaker 1: among the Inca as part of a reciprocal relationship. People 103 00:06:27,120 --> 00:06:29,680 Speaker 1: were working for the empire a certain number of days 104 00:06:29,720 --> 00:06:34,200 Speaker 1: per year, and in exchange, they were getting whatever tools, clothing, food, 105 00:06:34,320 --> 00:06:37,520 Speaker 1: and resources they needed to do the work. When it 106 00:06:37,520 --> 00:06:40,840 Speaker 1: came to things like irrigation systems and new homes, they 107 00:06:40,839 --> 00:06:43,040 Speaker 1: were also getting the benefit of the thing that they 108 00:06:43,080 --> 00:06:46,360 Speaker 1: were building. And underlying all of it was the idea 109 00:06:46,440 --> 00:06:48,640 Speaker 1: that the empire would take care of the people in 110 00:06:48,680 --> 00:06:51,520 Speaker 1: the event of something like a war or a famine. 111 00:06:52,120 --> 00:06:55,680 Speaker 1: There were definitely cases where the tax was used mostly 112 00:06:55,839 --> 00:06:58,640 Speaker 1: or exclusively to the benefit of a wealthy leader who 113 00:06:58,720 --> 00:07:01,600 Speaker 1: wanted something, but it is a lot more nuanced than 114 00:07:01,640 --> 00:07:05,279 Speaker 1: simply calling it forced labor, and since folks are also 115 00:07:05,480 --> 00:07:08,440 Speaker 1: likely to ask. While the Inca did make a practice 116 00:07:08,480 --> 00:07:11,480 Speaker 1: of using prisoners of war as servants and other labor, 117 00:07:12,000 --> 00:07:14,920 Speaker 1: that practice did not seem to extend to the idea 118 00:07:14,960 --> 00:07:19,280 Speaker 1: that they were actual property. So you could probably describe 119 00:07:20,160 --> 00:07:24,120 Speaker 1: the prisoners of war as slaves, but it wasn't chattel 120 00:07:24,200 --> 00:07:27,960 Speaker 1: slavery as we saw in like other parts of the 121 00:07:27,960 --> 00:07:30,520 Speaker 1: America's after this point, and this part of the America's 122 00:07:30,560 --> 00:07:34,840 Speaker 1: really after this point. Ruling over and leading this empire 123 00:07:35,000 --> 00:07:38,320 Speaker 1: was a layered network of nobility at the top where 124 00:07:38,320 --> 00:07:41,640 Speaker 1: the emperor and his immediate family, and this top layer 125 00:07:41,640 --> 00:07:45,040 Speaker 1: could be quite large, since Inca emperors often had multiple 126 00:07:45,040 --> 00:07:48,520 Speaker 1: wives and concubines, with children by most or all of 127 00:07:48,560 --> 00:07:51,600 Speaker 1: them to increase their chances of having a suitable air. 128 00:07:52,480 --> 00:07:55,800 Speaker 1: The next wrung down were descendants of previous Inca kings 129 00:07:55,840 --> 00:07:58,720 Speaker 1: who were not as closely related to the current emperor, 130 00:07:59,320 --> 00:08:02,440 Speaker 1: and then came the more distant relatives, and the last 131 00:08:02,800 --> 00:08:05,280 Speaker 1: were people who weren't related to the current or past 132 00:08:05,320 --> 00:08:09,119 Speaker 1: emperors but were important in some other way, like people 133 00:08:09,160 --> 00:08:12,360 Speaker 1: from families that were particularly wealthy or had a lot 134 00:08:12,360 --> 00:08:17,000 Speaker 1: of political pull for whatever reason. Keeping such a massive, 135 00:08:17,160 --> 00:08:20,480 Speaker 1: diverse empire going meant that the emperor typically spent a 136 00:08:20,520 --> 00:08:23,040 Speaker 1: lot of time traveling from one part of the empire 137 00:08:23,120 --> 00:08:26,920 Speaker 1: to another. He basically had to make very charismatic personal 138 00:08:26,960 --> 00:08:30,520 Speaker 1: appearances to reinforce the idea that he was a hereditary 139 00:08:30,600 --> 00:08:34,560 Speaker 1: ruler with a divine mandate. The emperor's relatives and other 140 00:08:34,679 --> 00:08:38,360 Speaker 1: trusted leaders also acted as surrogates and the empire's various 141 00:08:38,360 --> 00:08:42,760 Speaker 1: provinces when the emperor could not personally be there. It 142 00:08:42,840 --> 00:08:46,800 Speaker 1: also required a huge military. Because much of the empire's 143 00:08:46,840 --> 00:08:51,280 Speaker 1: expansion had happened through military conquest, there were ongoing uprisings 144 00:08:51,320 --> 00:08:55,840 Speaker 1: from those previously conquered peoples. All able men had military 145 00:08:55,880 --> 00:08:58,679 Speaker 1: training in the Sapa Inca had a huge army at 146 00:08:58,720 --> 00:09:01,640 Speaker 1: his command, which could increased it any time. Through the 147 00:09:01,720 --> 00:09:05,440 Speaker 1: meta texts. In the fifteenth century, the Inca had what 148 00:09:05,600 --> 00:09:12,600 Speaker 1: was almost certainly the largest military in the America's This massive, complex, 149 00:09:12,720 --> 00:09:16,040 Speaker 1: diverse empire reached the peak of its size and power 150 00:09:16,200 --> 00:09:19,959 Speaker 1: less than a hundred years after Pachacuti became Sapa Inca 151 00:09:20,080 --> 00:09:23,160 Speaker 1: of what was back then just the Kingdom of Cuzco. 152 00:09:23,440 --> 00:09:26,319 Speaker 1: But in the fifteen twenties, two events happened in quick 153 00:09:26,480 --> 00:09:30,240 Speaker 1: succession that set the stage for the empire's fall. The 154 00:09:30,280 --> 00:09:33,480 Speaker 1: first was a huge epidemic which struck between fifteen twenty 155 00:09:33,559 --> 00:09:37,920 Speaker 1: five and fifteen It may have been smallpox, the momps, 156 00:09:38,120 --> 00:09:41,760 Speaker 1: or both. Whatever it was, it had been introduced to 157 00:09:41,880 --> 00:09:45,640 Speaker 1: the America's by the Europeans, and the indigenous population had 158 00:09:45,720 --> 00:09:50,080 Speaker 1: no natural immunity. People who became ill also experienced a 159 00:09:50,240 --> 00:09:56,920 Speaker 1: range of complications, including encephalitis, hemorrhagic diarrhea, and blindness. Emperor 160 00:09:57,000 --> 00:10:00,880 Speaker 1: Juana Kapak was campaigning near Quito and it's now Ecuador 161 00:10:01,280 --> 00:10:05,240 Speaker 1: when this epidemic struck. He died in fifty eight, as 162 00:10:05,280 --> 00:10:07,920 Speaker 1: did both of the governors that he had left behind 163 00:10:07,960 --> 00:10:12,120 Speaker 1: in the capital of Cuzco. Multiple important leaders in both 164 00:10:12,160 --> 00:10:15,760 Speaker 1: cities died as well. Juenna Capac named one of his 165 00:10:15,880 --> 00:10:20,160 Speaker 1: sons as his successor from his deathbed, but that son 166 00:10:20,320 --> 00:10:23,000 Speaker 1: died of the disease before he could even be informed, 167 00:10:23,360 --> 00:10:26,400 Speaker 1: and then Juenna Capac died before he could be informed 168 00:10:26,440 --> 00:10:29,920 Speaker 1: about his son's death. This led to a civil war, 169 00:10:30,160 --> 00:10:38,800 Speaker 1: which we'll talk about after a sponsor break. When both 170 00:10:38,960 --> 00:10:42,679 Speaker 1: Juenna Capac and his successor died in this epidemic that 171 00:10:42,920 --> 00:10:46,600 Speaker 1: interrupted the Inca Empire's line of succession, and then What 172 00:10:46,720 --> 00:10:50,400 Speaker 1: followed was a huge rivalry and outright civil war between 173 00:10:50,480 --> 00:10:55,240 Speaker 1: two of the emperor's surviving sons. His nineteen year old son, Juascar, 174 00:10:55,400 --> 00:10:57,880 Speaker 1: was back in Cuzco, where he had been spending his 175 00:10:57,960 --> 00:11:02,840 Speaker 1: time among the capital's Politically, he wasn't particularly experienced as 176 00:11:02,840 --> 00:11:06,280 Speaker 1: a leader, and he had his share of both supporters 177 00:11:06,320 --> 00:11:09,040 Speaker 1: and detractors thanks to all this political hob nobbing that 178 00:11:09,080 --> 00:11:12,920 Speaker 1: he had been doing. When the line of succession was interrupted, 179 00:11:13,040 --> 00:11:16,840 Speaker 1: he was chosen as his father's successor, largely thanks to 180 00:11:16,960 --> 00:11:23,120 Speaker 1: his mother's sizeable political pull in Cusco. Wascar's half brother, Ottawapa, 181 00:11:23,400 --> 00:11:26,560 Speaker 1: had been away with his father on military campaigns near Quito. 182 00:11:27,360 --> 00:11:30,800 Speaker 1: Ottawappa was about five years older than Huascar, and he 183 00:11:30,880 --> 00:11:34,960 Speaker 1: had extensive connections within his father's army, including to four 184 00:11:35,080 --> 00:11:38,479 Speaker 1: powerful generals who had been active parts of the military 185 00:11:38,520 --> 00:11:43,120 Speaker 1: campaigns Juena Capac had been pursuing. At first, it seemed 186 00:11:43,160 --> 00:11:46,760 Speaker 1: like Atawappa accepted his half brother's ascension to the throne. 187 00:11:47,160 --> 00:11:50,200 Speaker 1: He sent gifts to Wascar and Cuzco, but he didn't 188 00:11:50,200 --> 00:11:54,160 Speaker 1: go there himself. When a caravan bearing their father's body 189 00:11:54,320 --> 00:11:58,679 Speaker 1: arrived back in the capital, Wascar was outraged that Atawappa 190 00:11:58,840 --> 00:12:02,640 Speaker 1: was not with them. Huascar had some of his father's 191 00:12:02,679 --> 00:12:06,960 Speaker 1: surviving advisors who had made the journey killed, including torturing 192 00:12:07,040 --> 00:12:09,520 Speaker 1: some of them under the guise of finding out whether 193 00:12:09,600 --> 00:12:13,800 Speaker 1: Atahwappa was plotting against him. It wasn't unheard of at 194 00:12:13,840 --> 00:12:17,160 Speaker 1: all for newly installed emperors to have other possible heirs 195 00:12:17,240 --> 00:12:19,960 Speaker 1: killed to protect their own claim to the throne, but 196 00:12:20,080 --> 00:12:25,960 Speaker 1: Huascar's treatment of other nobility was alarming. There's some discrepancy 197 00:12:26,080 --> 00:12:30,480 Speaker 1: in the accounts here. Either Atawappa declared himself emperor from 198 00:12:30,559 --> 00:12:34,040 Speaker 1: Quito after learning about what his brother was doing, or 199 00:12:34,080 --> 00:12:38,160 Speaker 1: their father's former generals went to Otawapa after hearing what 200 00:12:38,200 --> 00:12:41,240 Speaker 1: Washcar was doing and told him that they would support 201 00:12:41,320 --> 00:12:43,800 Speaker 1: his claim to be emperor should he choose to make 202 00:12:43,840 --> 00:12:48,280 Speaker 1: that claim. Either way, what followed was a devastating civil 203 00:12:48,320 --> 00:12:52,079 Speaker 1: war that went on for nearly four years, causing extreme 204 00:12:52,600 --> 00:12:55,160 Speaker 1: disruption and loss of life, and an empire that was 205 00:12:55,200 --> 00:12:59,440 Speaker 1: barely out of a massive epidemic. Washcar mounted an army 206 00:12:59,520 --> 00:13:01,920 Speaker 1: and Attemp did to bring his brother back to Cuzco 207 00:13:02,040 --> 00:13:06,200 Speaker 1: by force, but Wascar's army lost every engagement it had 208 00:13:06,240 --> 00:13:09,400 Speaker 1: with Otawapa's. A lot of this was thanks to the 209 00:13:09,400 --> 00:13:14,520 Speaker 1: military tactics of the generals in charge, one of them, Chilcuchima, 210 00:13:14,800 --> 00:13:20,440 Speaker 1: had never been defeated. Eventually, Ottawallpa's army defeated Washcars and 211 00:13:20,520 --> 00:13:24,840 Speaker 1: Wascar was captured and confined to a cage in Ottawappa's 212 00:13:24,880 --> 00:13:27,720 Speaker 1: force embarked on the same sort of purge that Huascar 213 00:13:27,800 --> 00:13:32,679 Speaker 1: had tried before, including killing Washcar's wives, concubines, and children 214 00:13:33,120 --> 00:13:36,920 Speaker 1: in a number of gruesome ways. At this point, Ottawappa 215 00:13:37,040 --> 00:13:39,520 Speaker 1: was considered to be the emperor, but before he could 216 00:13:39,520 --> 00:13:43,000 Speaker 1: even get back to the capital of Cuzco, he encountered 217 00:13:43,000 --> 00:13:46,520 Speaker 1: Francisco Pizzaro. This happened in Caha Marco, which is a 218 00:13:46,559 --> 00:13:50,040 Speaker 1: city in the mountains northwest of Cusco, and that is 219 00:13:50,080 --> 00:13:53,240 Speaker 1: where Otawappa and his army were bivoaced at the end 220 00:13:53,240 --> 00:13:55,720 Speaker 1: of the civil war. We need to back up for 221 00:13:55,760 --> 00:13:58,560 Speaker 1: just a minute to talk about how Pizarro came to 222 00:13:58,600 --> 00:14:03,680 Speaker 1: be there. He just sprouted in the forest. Uh no, 223 00:14:04,480 --> 00:14:08,040 Speaker 1: uh so. Pizarro was born in Spain in fourteen seventy six, 224 00:14:08,120 --> 00:14:11,760 Speaker 1: and he traveled to the Americas in fifteen ten. While 225 00:14:11,840 --> 00:14:15,360 Speaker 1: serving as mayor of Panama City, he heard stories of 226 00:14:15,440 --> 00:14:19,520 Speaker 1: vast wealth to be found in South America. On November fourteenth, 227 00:14:20,400 --> 00:14:23,640 Speaker 1: four he embarked on the first of several small exploration 228 00:14:23,760 --> 00:14:28,080 Speaker 1: voyages from Panama in fifty seven. On one of these voyages, 229 00:14:28,520 --> 00:14:33,040 Speaker 1: his navigator Bartolomy Ruiz, spotted a large ocean vessel crewed 230 00:14:33,080 --> 00:14:37,480 Speaker 1: by about twenty indigenous people. They overtook that vessel, killed 231 00:14:37,520 --> 00:14:39,800 Speaker 1: most of the people aboard, and found that it was 232 00:14:39,840 --> 00:14:42,000 Speaker 1: filled with the exact sort of treasure that they heard 233 00:14:42,000 --> 00:14:45,480 Speaker 1: they might find in South America. This included a large 234 00:14:45,600 --> 00:14:50,640 Speaker 1: number of personal adornments made of silver and gold, precious gems, finally, 235 00:14:50,680 --> 00:14:56,520 Speaker 1: embroidered textiles, carved figurines, ornate eating and drinking vessels, and armor. 236 00:14:57,000 --> 00:15:00,280 Speaker 1: Having made this discovery, Pizarro wrote back to Spain to 237 00:15:00,320 --> 00:15:04,360 Speaker 1: get authorization to go on a larger expedition. He got 238 00:15:04,400 --> 00:15:07,120 Speaker 1: the authorization he wanted from the crown. He was to 239 00:15:07,200 --> 00:15:12,600 Speaker 1: conquer the area and make himself the governor. On December fifteen, 240 00:15:12,720 --> 00:15:15,920 Speaker 1: thirty he left Panama with a small force, intending to 241 00:15:15,960 --> 00:15:20,680 Speaker 1: do just that. They made their way slowly down the 242 00:15:20,680 --> 00:15:23,800 Speaker 1: western coast of South America, which at that point Spain 243 00:15:23,920 --> 00:15:27,440 Speaker 1: had not really explored. As they did so, they slowly 244 00:15:27,480 --> 00:15:31,000 Speaker 1: got information from the people they encountered about the epidemic 245 00:15:31,120 --> 00:15:35,920 Speaker 1: and the ongoing civil war. Pizarro and his translators gradually 246 00:15:35,960 --> 00:15:39,240 Speaker 1: pieced together that the Inca Emperor was the sole authority 247 00:15:39,320 --> 00:15:42,560 Speaker 1: over the empire, that people viewed him as a divine ruler, 248 00:15:43,040 --> 00:15:45,640 Speaker 1: and that they saw his surrogates in their local areas 249 00:15:45,720 --> 00:15:48,840 Speaker 1: as an extension of his own authority, not as an 250 00:15:48,880 --> 00:15:52,840 Speaker 1: authority in their own right. So Pizarro decided to do 251 00:15:52,880 --> 00:15:55,640 Speaker 1: the same thing that her non Cortes had done in 252 00:15:55,680 --> 00:15:59,280 Speaker 1: the conquest of the Aztec Empire and what's now Mexico. 253 00:15:59,480 --> 00:16:04,200 Speaker 1: Starting in fifteen nineteen, Cortes had captured the Aztec emperor, 254 00:16:04,320 --> 00:16:08,320 Speaker 1: markte Zuma the Second. According to Aztec accounts, Cortes and 255 00:16:08,360 --> 00:16:11,920 Speaker 1: his men killed the emperor, but according to Spanish accounts, 256 00:16:12,000 --> 00:16:15,240 Speaker 1: he died after being stoned and shot with arrows while 257 00:16:15,280 --> 00:16:18,960 Speaker 1: trying to speak to his own subjects. Pizarro reasoned that 258 00:16:19,000 --> 00:16:22,120 Speaker 1: if the Inca emperor was really the only source of 259 00:16:22,160 --> 00:16:25,600 Speaker 1: authority in the empire, then capturing him would allow him 260 00:16:25,600 --> 00:16:28,280 Speaker 1: to take it over, and he could replicate in South 261 00:16:28,320 --> 00:16:33,080 Speaker 1: America what Cortez had done in Mesoamerica. Pizarro and his 262 00:16:33,160 --> 00:16:36,080 Speaker 1: force of one d sixty eight, men took a treacherous 263 00:16:36,120 --> 00:16:40,640 Speaker 1: mountain road from the coast inland to Caha Marca. Under 264 00:16:40,680 --> 00:16:44,360 Speaker 1: normal circumstances, he would have encountered opposition at several points 265 00:16:44,360 --> 00:16:47,120 Speaker 1: along the road, but because of that epidemic and the 266 00:16:47,160 --> 00:16:51,000 Speaker 1: civil war, he faced no resistance. Once he and his 267 00:16:51,040 --> 00:16:53,560 Speaker 1: men got to the city, it was nearly empty, although 268 00:16:53,560 --> 00:16:57,040 Speaker 1: Ottawapa had an army of between forty thousand and eighty 269 00:16:57,040 --> 00:17:00,920 Speaker 1: thousand men nearby. There in the city, Pizarro and his 270 00:17:01,000 --> 00:17:04,000 Speaker 1: men laid a trap. They hid the men and their horses, 271 00:17:04,200 --> 00:17:06,720 Speaker 1: and they also had a couple of cannons in a 272 00:17:06,760 --> 00:17:10,120 Speaker 1: group of buildings around a square, and then he invited 273 00:17:10,160 --> 00:17:14,760 Speaker 1: Ottawapa to meet with him. The night before the meeting, 274 00:17:15,240 --> 00:17:18,119 Speaker 1: Otta Walpa and the people closest to him had held 275 00:17:18,160 --> 00:17:22,240 Speaker 1: a ceremonial dinner celebrating their victory over his half brother. 276 00:17:23,040 --> 00:17:25,240 Speaker 1: It was the sort of celebration that went late into 277 00:17:25,280 --> 00:17:29,919 Speaker 1: the night and involved heavy consumption of intoxicating beverages. But 278 00:17:29,960 --> 00:17:32,919 Speaker 1: Ottawapa doesn't seem to have been worried about whether he 279 00:17:33,080 --> 00:17:36,040 Speaker 1: or his attendants would be putting themselves in jeopardy if 280 00:17:36,040 --> 00:17:39,399 Speaker 1: they arrived to face Pizarro. Still recovering from the revelries 281 00:17:39,480 --> 00:17:43,200 Speaker 1: of the night before. After all, he was a divine emperor. 282 00:17:43,520 --> 00:17:47,479 Speaker 1: He expected Pizarro to see and acknowledge that fact, and 283 00:17:47,560 --> 00:17:50,439 Speaker 1: that was how he entered Caha Marca, carried on a 284 00:17:50,480 --> 00:17:54,480 Speaker 1: litter and accompanied by about seven thousand retainers, not at 285 00:17:54,480 --> 00:17:57,960 Speaker 1: the head of an armed fighting force. Once Ottawapa got 286 00:17:57,960 --> 00:18:02,159 Speaker 1: into Caha Marca on November seteenth, fifteen thirty two, a 287 00:18:02,240 --> 00:18:07,640 Speaker 1: Dominican friar named Vincente de Valverde approached him with an interpreter. 288 00:18:08,320 --> 00:18:10,760 Speaker 1: The friar talked to him about the superiority of the 289 00:18:10,840 --> 00:18:15,560 Speaker 1: Christian deity and delivered a document called the Requirement. This 290 00:18:15,680 --> 00:18:19,160 Speaker 1: is a document first drafted early in the sixteenth century 291 00:18:19,520 --> 00:18:23,720 Speaker 1: which representatives of Spain were supposed to read to native people's, 292 00:18:23,760 --> 00:18:27,960 Speaker 1: which reportedly gave Spain the moral, religious, and legal rights 293 00:18:28,000 --> 00:18:32,400 Speaker 1: to conquest. Spain's conquest of the America's was motivated by 294 00:18:32,400 --> 00:18:36,080 Speaker 1: both religion and search for territory and treasure, and the 295 00:18:36,160 --> 00:18:40,320 Speaker 1: Requirement neatly tied both of those ideas together. It essentially 296 00:18:40,359 --> 00:18:43,800 Speaker 1: explained that God had given the Americas to Spain through St. 297 00:18:43,840 --> 00:18:47,159 Speaker 1: Peter and the pontiffs that followed it. Allows the person 298 00:18:47,240 --> 00:18:50,240 Speaker 1: hearing it quote the time that shall be necessary to 299 00:18:50,400 --> 00:18:54,159 Speaker 1: understand and deliberate upon it, before going on to say quote. 300 00:18:54,320 --> 00:18:56,840 Speaker 1: But if you do not do this, and maliciously make 301 00:18:56,920 --> 00:18:59,439 Speaker 1: delay in it, I certify to you that, with the 302 00:18:59,480 --> 00:19:02,960 Speaker 1: help of go Odd, we shall powerfully enter into your country, 303 00:19:03,240 --> 00:19:05,560 Speaker 1: and shall make war against you in all ways and 304 00:19:05,600 --> 00:19:08,480 Speaker 1: manners that we can, and shall subject you to the 305 00:19:08,560 --> 00:19:11,520 Speaker 1: yoke and obedience of the Church and of their Highnesses. 306 00:19:12,160 --> 00:19:15,080 Speaker 1: We shall take you and your wives and your children, 307 00:19:15,480 --> 00:19:18,560 Speaker 1: and shall make slaves of them, and as such shall 308 00:19:18,640 --> 00:19:22,080 Speaker 1: sell and dispose of them as their Highnesses may command. 309 00:19:22,640 --> 00:19:24,919 Speaker 1: And we shall take away your goods, and shall do 310 00:19:25,040 --> 00:19:27,960 Speaker 1: you all the mischief and damage that we can, as 311 00:19:28,000 --> 00:19:31,280 Speaker 1: two vassals who do not obey and refuse to receive 312 00:19:31,359 --> 00:19:35,359 Speaker 1: their Lord, and resist and contradict him. And we protest 313 00:19:35,480 --> 00:19:38,000 Speaker 1: that the deaths and losses which shall accrue from this 314 00:19:38,400 --> 00:19:41,919 Speaker 1: are your fault, and not that of their Highnesses or ours, 315 00:19:42,320 --> 00:19:45,439 Speaker 1: nor of these cavaliers who come with us. This is 316 00:19:45,480 --> 00:19:49,240 Speaker 1: like an incredibly messed up version of the Miranda Rights 317 00:19:49,280 --> 00:19:56,400 Speaker 1: for Spanish Conquest of the Americans. Like, yeah, oh, that's 318 00:19:56,400 --> 00:19:59,600 Speaker 1: a handy piece of paper and horrible both handy and horrible, 319 00:19:59,640 --> 00:20:03,600 Speaker 1: and though there was an an interpreter present in Caha Marca, 320 00:20:03,840 --> 00:20:07,720 Speaker 1: the requirement was also delivered, often in Spanish to people 321 00:20:07,760 --> 00:20:10,120 Speaker 1: who didn't speak Spanish, so they would get this sort 322 00:20:10,160 --> 00:20:15,439 Speaker 1: of lecture about uh, convert, submit or die and be 323 00:20:15,560 --> 00:20:18,520 Speaker 1: enslaved in a language that they did not understand, which 324 00:20:18,520 --> 00:20:22,760 Speaker 1: generally people found completely baffling. Uh. And if you do 325 00:20:22,840 --> 00:20:26,760 Speaker 1: not understand, it is your flight. But that's the part 326 00:20:26,840 --> 00:20:29,560 Speaker 1: that really is it's all your fault that we came 327 00:20:29,560 --> 00:20:32,679 Speaker 1: and did this to you. Yeah. And so eventually, I 328 00:20:32,720 --> 00:20:35,280 Speaker 1: mean this is this document was around for a while. 329 00:20:35,800 --> 00:20:38,959 Speaker 1: It was either drafted in fifteen ten or fifteen thirteen. 330 00:20:39,000 --> 00:20:43,040 Speaker 1: I found two different dates, both from reputable sources. It 331 00:20:43,119 --> 00:20:48,560 Speaker 1: was eventually abolished in fifteen fifty six. But that that 332 00:20:48,640 --> 00:20:51,199 Speaker 1: was that was what that was what they were basically 333 00:20:51,280 --> 00:20:57,520 Speaker 1: read their rights as conquered or vanquished people's. They're rights 334 00:20:57,560 --> 00:21:00,359 Speaker 1: which we have to put in scare quotes because aren't 335 00:21:00,440 --> 00:21:04,240 Speaker 1: rites at all. During all of this, the Friar had 336 00:21:04,240 --> 00:21:07,399 Speaker 1: a Bible, and there are multiple conflicting accounts of what 337 00:21:07,560 --> 00:21:10,520 Speaker 1: happened to it. The one thing they agree on is 338 00:21:10,560 --> 00:21:14,920 Speaker 1: that that Bible wound up on the ground. Francisco Dejrez, 339 00:21:14,960 --> 00:21:18,840 Speaker 1: who was one of Pizarro's personal secretaries, wrote that Ottawapa 340 00:21:19,119 --> 00:21:21,920 Speaker 1: asked to see the Bible and wasn't able to open 341 00:21:21,960 --> 00:21:25,439 Speaker 1: it after the friar handed it to him closed. He 342 00:21:25,520 --> 00:21:28,719 Speaker 1: said that Ottawapa finally got it opened quote and not 343 00:21:28,920 --> 00:21:32,320 Speaker 1: marveling at the letters or the paper like other Indians, 344 00:21:32,400 --> 00:21:35,479 Speaker 1: he threw it five or six paces from him, and 345 00:21:35,520 --> 00:21:38,200 Speaker 1: to the words the friar had said via the interpreter, 346 00:21:38,560 --> 00:21:42,119 Speaker 1: he responded with great arrogance. This idea that he was 347 00:21:42,119 --> 00:21:45,040 Speaker 1: supposed to marvel at the letters on the paper is 348 00:21:45,160 --> 00:21:50,400 Speaker 1: in European as in European accounts of uh showing writing 349 00:21:50,440 --> 00:21:55,040 Speaker 1: to indigenous people's like all over the world, and it 350 00:21:55,040 --> 00:21:57,919 Speaker 1: it really is a lot more about European perceptions of 351 00:21:57,920 --> 00:22:01,480 Speaker 1: how indigenous people we're supposed to behave like that the 352 00:22:01,560 --> 00:22:06,119 Speaker 1: idea of writing was this marvel um when meanwhile the 353 00:22:06,240 --> 00:22:09,240 Speaker 1: INCA had a system of keeping up with information that 354 00:22:09,320 --> 00:22:11,720 Speaker 1: was so complicated and we still don't know how it, 355 00:22:12,040 --> 00:22:15,600 Speaker 1: we still don't know how to read it. Anyway. That was, 356 00:22:15,640 --> 00:22:18,320 Speaker 1: of course, not the only account of what happened that day. 357 00:22:18,520 --> 00:22:21,880 Speaker 1: T two QC. Upon Qui, who was an Inca emperor 358 00:22:21,960 --> 00:22:24,679 Speaker 1: following the events that we're talking about here, said that 359 00:22:24,760 --> 00:22:27,240 Speaker 1: the day before, a group of Inca had offered some 360 00:22:27,280 --> 00:22:29,679 Speaker 1: of the Spanish a drink in a golden vessel, but 361 00:22:29,720 --> 00:22:32,719 Speaker 1: the Spanish had poured it out on the ground. His 362 00:22:32,760 --> 00:22:35,719 Speaker 1: account said that Ottawapa threw the Bible on the ground 363 00:22:35,840 --> 00:22:39,120 Speaker 1: to mirror the disrespect that the Inca had encountered from 364 00:22:39,160 --> 00:22:42,600 Speaker 1: the Spanish the day before. And there are numerous other 365 00:22:42,680 --> 00:22:45,920 Speaker 1: accounts of this as well. They all have their own 366 00:22:46,000 --> 00:22:49,080 Speaker 1: various nuances, but all of them end up with somebody 367 00:22:49,119 --> 00:22:53,359 Speaker 1: either throwing or dropping the Bible, and however it took place. 368 00:22:53,480 --> 00:22:57,040 Speaker 1: When that happened, Pizarro's men burst out of the buildings 369 00:22:57,040 --> 00:23:00,479 Speaker 1: where they had been hiding. They massacred nearly all of 370 00:23:00,480 --> 00:23:04,840 Speaker 1: Ottawallpa's retinue, most or all of whom were unarmed, and 371 00:23:04,840 --> 00:23:08,720 Speaker 1: they took Ottawallpa prisoner. Although Pizarro had been doing this 372 00:23:08,840 --> 00:23:11,399 Speaker 1: in the hope of just sort of now having the 373 00:23:11,440 --> 00:23:14,679 Speaker 1: Inca Empire, it did not have the immediate effect of 374 00:23:14,760 --> 00:23:17,840 Speaker 1: destroying the empire or putting it into the hands of Spain. 375 00:23:18,119 --> 00:23:20,640 Speaker 1: And we will talk more about that after another quick 376 00:23:20,640 --> 00:23:30,560 Speaker 1: sponsor break. When Bizaro's force of a hundred and sixty 377 00:23:30,560 --> 00:23:33,639 Speaker 1: eight men killed most of Ottawallpa's retinue. They did it 378 00:23:33,640 --> 00:23:36,919 Speaker 1: with almost no losses among their own force. There wasn't 379 00:23:36,960 --> 00:23:39,760 Speaker 1: really even any fighting, which is why a lot of 380 00:23:39,760 --> 00:23:42,600 Speaker 1: people call this the massacre at Caha Marca rather than 381 00:23:42,640 --> 00:23:48,320 Speaker 1: a battle. Ottawapa's capture led to kind of an odd stalemate. 382 00:23:48,960 --> 00:23:52,240 Speaker 1: The Spanish allowed him to continue acting as emperor while 383 00:23:52,280 --> 00:23:55,520 Speaker 1: he was captured, and the Inca continued to behave toward 384 00:23:55,600 --> 00:24:00,040 Speaker 1: him as they had before. Ottawallapa promised the Spanish that 385 00:24:00,119 --> 00:24:02,879 Speaker 1: he would provide them with vast amounts of silver, gold, 386 00:24:02,880 --> 00:24:05,399 Speaker 1: and other treasure if they would just allow him the 387 00:24:05,440 --> 00:24:08,760 Speaker 1: time to gather it. It's not clear whether he just 388 00:24:08,840 --> 00:24:11,399 Speaker 1: intended this as gifts as a show of goodwill. A 389 00:24:11,400 --> 00:24:16,840 Speaker 1: lot of times it's written about as him ransoming himself regardless, though, 390 00:24:17,040 --> 00:24:19,440 Speaker 1: with this offer of vast amounts of silver, gold, and 391 00:24:19,520 --> 00:24:22,080 Speaker 1: other treasure, the Spanish thought it would be in their 392 00:24:22,119 --> 00:24:25,439 Speaker 1: best interests to keep Ottawappa alive and to treat him 393 00:24:25,480 --> 00:24:28,640 Speaker 1: pretty well. Like he promised, he was now a source 394 00:24:28,680 --> 00:24:33,000 Speaker 1: of treasure. Meanwhile, Ottawappa ordered Wascar and any of his 395 00:24:33,080 --> 00:24:36,960 Speaker 1: remaining supporters to be killed to stop them from making 396 00:24:37,000 --> 00:24:42,720 Speaker 1: their own similar deal with Spain. After several months, during 397 00:24:42,720 --> 00:24:46,840 Speaker 1: which he got reinforcements for his fighting force, Pizarro declared 398 00:24:46,840 --> 00:24:50,280 Speaker 1: that Ottawaupa's ransom had been paid and ordered everything that 399 00:24:50,320 --> 00:24:53,320 Speaker 1: had been brought for it to be melted down. This 400 00:24:53,440 --> 00:24:57,520 Speaker 1: was a massive destruction of Inca artwork and artifacts, but 401 00:24:57,720 --> 00:25:01,960 Speaker 1: it didn't buy Otawappa's freedom. Since the ransom had been paid, 402 00:25:02,080 --> 00:25:04,760 Speaker 1: there was no longer any particular reason to treat him 403 00:25:04,760 --> 00:25:07,280 Speaker 1: all that well. At this point, he was just a prisoner. 404 00:25:09,800 --> 00:25:13,720 Speaker 1: The strife among Juenna Capac's sons also was not over. 405 00:25:14,480 --> 00:25:17,199 Speaker 1: Two young men arrived in Caha Marca and said that 406 00:25:17,280 --> 00:25:20,280 Speaker 1: they were the sons of Juenna Capac, and one of them, 407 00:25:20,600 --> 00:25:25,400 Speaker 1: to Pahuapa, said that he was Huascar's legitimate air Pizarro 408 00:25:25,640 --> 00:25:28,840 Speaker 1: kept this revelation secret from Ottawallapa, and he kept the 409 00:25:28,880 --> 00:25:32,440 Speaker 1: two men hidden in Caha Marca. What followed was an 410 00:25:32,440 --> 00:25:36,320 Speaker 1: attempt by Washcar's supporters to try to use Pizarro and 411 00:25:36,480 --> 00:25:40,159 Speaker 1: his fighting force to their own ends. One of Lascar's 412 00:25:40,240 --> 00:25:43,879 Speaker 1: former supporters went to Pizarro and claimed that Ottawallapa was 413 00:25:43,960 --> 00:25:48,800 Speaker 1: plotting against him. Including having a military force approaching Caha Marca. 414 00:25:49,080 --> 00:25:53,199 Speaker 1: Without really looking into that claim, Pizarro leveled that accusation 415 00:25:53,240 --> 00:25:56,960 Speaker 1: against Ottawallpa. He ordered a trial with the INCA leaders 416 00:25:57,000 --> 00:26:00,880 Speaker 1: who were in Caha Marca as witnesses. At Wappa denied 417 00:26:00,960 --> 00:26:04,000 Speaker 1: that there was any plot going on, and only afterward 418 00:26:04,119 --> 00:26:07,560 Speaker 1: did Pizarro send anybody to investigate whether there really was 419 00:26:07,680 --> 00:26:11,920 Speaker 1: a military force on the way, including sending two indigenous 420 00:26:11,920 --> 00:26:17,000 Speaker 1: men as scouts. Hernando de Soto was one of Pizarro's captains, 421 00:26:17,040 --> 00:26:20,600 Speaker 1: and he had become friendly with Ottawallpa during his captivity. 422 00:26:20,640 --> 00:26:23,879 Speaker 1: He offered to look into these reports for himself. On 423 00:26:24,040 --> 00:26:27,880 Speaker 1: July fift thirty three, the two men who had been 424 00:26:27,880 --> 00:26:31,080 Speaker 1: deployed as scouts came back and said that Ottawallpa's army 425 00:26:31,200 --> 00:26:34,919 Speaker 1: was three leagues away. Pizarro's response to this was to 426 00:26:34,960 --> 00:26:38,800 Speaker 1: convene a military tribunal to try Ottawallpa and execute him. 427 00:26:38,840 --> 00:26:42,320 Speaker 1: On that very same day, De Soto got back to 428 00:26:42,400 --> 00:26:45,400 Speaker 1: Cajamarca after all this was over and said that there 429 00:26:45,480 --> 00:26:48,840 Speaker 1: was no army. So this has apparently been a ploy 430 00:26:48,880 --> 00:26:52,239 Speaker 1: by Huascar's supporters to get rid of out Ottawallpa and 431 00:26:52,280 --> 00:26:57,280 Speaker 1: put their candidate on the throne, and with that to 432 00:26:57,480 --> 00:27:01,399 Speaker 1: Pahualpa was presented as Shuascar six sessor and the legitimate 433 00:27:01,400 --> 00:27:05,120 Speaker 1: heir to the throne. He was crowned and swore allegiance 434 00:27:05,200 --> 00:27:09,600 Speaker 1: to Spain. Pizarro clearly meant to use him as a 435 00:27:09,640 --> 00:27:13,320 Speaker 1: puppet emperor, but Tu Pahualpa's reign did not last for 436 00:27:13,440 --> 00:27:17,880 Speaker 1: very long. He Pizarro and retinue were en route from 437 00:27:17,920 --> 00:27:22,680 Speaker 1: Caha Marca to Cuzco when Tupahualpa died. There were rumors 438 00:27:22,720 --> 00:27:25,760 Speaker 1: among the Spanish that General chow Kuchima, believed to be 439 00:27:25,880 --> 00:27:32,639 Speaker 1: still loyal to Otawappa, had poisoned him. After to Pahualpa's death, 440 00:27:32,880 --> 00:27:36,639 Speaker 1: his supporters and chow Kuchima each put forth a different 441 00:27:36,720 --> 00:27:39,480 Speaker 1: man as who should be next in line for the throne, 442 00:27:40,200 --> 00:27:42,680 Speaker 1: and with the subject of who should be emperor still 443 00:27:42,720 --> 00:27:47,000 Speaker 1: in question, the procession faced military engagements at least four 444 00:27:47,160 --> 00:27:52,080 Speaker 1: times en route. At Cuzco, generals from Ottawappa's previous army 445 00:27:52,119 --> 00:27:55,360 Speaker 1: were trying to stop Pizarro from getting to Cuzco, while 446 00:27:55,400 --> 00:27:58,560 Speaker 1: Pizarro's army was trying to stop the attacking army before 447 00:27:58,640 --> 00:28:01,439 Speaker 1: it could get to Cuzco and possibly combined with the 448 00:28:01,560 --> 00:28:05,160 Speaker 1: units that were stationed there. Before they got to Cuzco, 449 00:28:05,240 --> 00:28:09,480 Speaker 1: to Pahualpa's brother, manco Inca presented himself as the legitimate 450 00:28:09,520 --> 00:28:13,360 Speaker 1: heir to the throne, and as with t Pahualpa, Pizarro 451 00:28:13,480 --> 00:28:16,320 Speaker 1: hoped to use him as a puppet, and at first 452 00:28:16,440 --> 00:28:19,919 Speaker 1: manco Inca did swear loyalty to Spain and he ordered 453 00:28:19,920 --> 00:28:24,960 Speaker 1: the execution of Calcuchima. Calcuchima was executed by burning at 454 00:28:24,960 --> 00:28:27,640 Speaker 1: the next town that they reached on the way to Cuzco. 455 00:28:29,440 --> 00:28:32,600 Speaker 1: An Inca force made a final attempt to block Pizarro 456 00:28:32,760 --> 00:28:37,320 Speaker 1: from entering Cuzco, but it ultimately withdrew. This left the 457 00:28:37,359 --> 00:28:40,680 Speaker 1: Spanish and manco Inca in control of the city and 458 00:28:40,800 --> 00:28:44,600 Speaker 1: the rest of the empire, but eventually he turned against Spain, 459 00:28:44,880 --> 00:28:47,760 Speaker 1: leading a series of rebellions for about a decade and 460 00:28:47,880 --> 00:28:51,640 Speaker 1: establishing a separate capital in Vilca Bamba before being killed. 461 00:28:52,880 --> 00:28:56,440 Speaker 1: Spain continued to try to install puppet emperors over the 462 00:28:56,440 --> 00:28:59,800 Speaker 1: Inca Empire over the next few decades, with varying a 463 00:29:00,000 --> 00:29:03,200 Speaker 1: ounce of success. The man who's considered to be the 464 00:29:03,280 --> 00:29:07,160 Speaker 1: last Inca emperor was tupac Amaru. He was executed in 465 00:29:07,200 --> 00:29:13,080 Speaker 1: Cusco on September seventy two, Roughly two hundred years later, 466 00:29:13,440 --> 00:29:17,120 Speaker 1: Jose Gabrielle Kondorconki would take the name tupac Amaru the 467 00:29:17,200 --> 00:29:22,560 Speaker 1: Second while leading another rebellion against Spain. So what's often 468 00:29:22,560 --> 00:29:25,880 Speaker 1: described as Pizarro and his force lay waste to the 469 00:29:25,920 --> 00:29:29,400 Speaker 1: Inca Empire was really more like the Inca Empire was 470 00:29:29,440 --> 00:29:32,120 Speaker 1: still reeling from an epidemic and a civil war, and 471 00:29:32,200 --> 00:29:36,280 Speaker 1: multiple political factions tried and failed to use Spain against 472 00:29:36,320 --> 00:29:40,120 Speaker 1: one another, and the Spanish presence in what's now Peru 473 00:29:40,240 --> 00:29:44,080 Speaker 1: had its own internal factions to deal with. Pizarro's faction 474 00:29:44,200 --> 00:29:47,560 Speaker 1: eventually prevailed, in part because he had a former partner, 475 00:29:47,720 --> 00:29:52,640 Speaker 1: Diego day Almagro. Killed Diego de Almagro's son, then killed 476 00:29:52,680 --> 00:29:57,000 Speaker 1: Pizarro on July fifty one, eight years to the day 477 00:29:57,040 --> 00:30:03,720 Speaker 1: after Ottawapa's execution. In spite of internal divisions, Spanish colonization 478 00:30:03,800 --> 00:30:07,880 Speaker 1: of the western coast of South America continued. After Pizarro's death, 479 00:30:08,720 --> 00:30:12,440 Speaker 1: Spain adopted the labor tax idea of Mita, but moved 480 00:30:12,440 --> 00:30:14,680 Speaker 1: it a lot closer to the idea of straight up 481 00:30:14,680 --> 00:30:18,000 Speaker 1: forced labor. We talk a lot more about this progression 482 00:30:18,000 --> 00:30:21,640 Speaker 1: in our previous episode about Tupaca Maru the Second, and 483 00:30:21,680 --> 00:30:24,600 Speaker 1: all of this together caused the indigenous population of this 484 00:30:24,680 --> 00:30:28,160 Speaker 1: part of South America to plummet. It didn't recover to 485 00:30:28,280 --> 00:30:32,560 Speaker 1: its fifteenth century levels for roughly five hundred years. A 486 00:30:32,640 --> 00:30:37,160 Speaker 1: lot of the keepho that we discussed earlier were destroyed before, during, 487 00:30:37,200 --> 00:30:40,040 Speaker 1: and after this time, and the ability to read them 488 00:30:40,160 --> 00:30:43,560 Speaker 1: has been lost. There are still people's in the Andes 489 00:30:43,640 --> 00:30:46,400 Speaker 1: who have keepos that are important to their own community 490 00:30:46,480 --> 00:30:49,080 Speaker 1: or history, and they know in a general sense what 491 00:30:49,160 --> 00:30:52,440 Speaker 1: the keep who says, but not how to actually read it. 492 00:30:53,520 --> 00:30:57,280 Speaker 1: Although the Inca Empire fell in the sixteenth century, there 493 00:30:57,320 --> 00:31:00,560 Speaker 1: are still people descended from Inca leaders living in this 494 00:31:00,600 --> 00:31:04,840 Speaker 1: part of South America today. Quechua and related languages are 495 00:31:04,840 --> 00:31:07,520 Speaker 1: still spoken as well, and the word Quechua is now 496 00:31:07,640 --> 00:31:12,040 Speaker 1: used to describe indigenous people's in Peru and neighboring countries. 497 00:31:12,400 --> 00:31:17,000 Speaker 1: If you want to hear about uh sort of more 498 00:31:17,040 --> 00:31:21,120 Speaker 1: about the time between then and now, that prior episode 499 00:31:21,120 --> 00:31:25,560 Speaker 1: in the archive about the Tupacamari Rebellion and tupac Amari 500 00:31:25,720 --> 00:31:30,640 Speaker 1: the Second is a good place to start. Do you 501 00:31:30,720 --> 00:31:34,320 Speaker 1: have some listener mail that hopefully involves less factioned in 502 00:31:34,320 --> 00:31:43,480 Speaker 1: fighting and torture and death hit. I mean, did we 503 00:31:43,560 --> 00:31:47,719 Speaker 1: talk about death and and terrible things so often on 504 00:31:47,760 --> 00:31:52,000 Speaker 1: this show? Uh? This is from Brittany. I don't think 505 00:31:52,040 --> 00:31:57,240 Speaker 1: I've read this already before. Ad I'm sorry, Brittany says, Hi, 506 00:31:57,360 --> 00:32:00,240 Speaker 1: Tracy and Holly writing in today to both the key 507 00:32:00,240 --> 00:32:02,479 Speaker 1: for all the wonderful podcast and to say just how 508 00:32:02,560 --> 00:32:05,720 Speaker 1: much the nine and one thousand episodes meant to me. 509 00:32:06,240 --> 00:32:09,920 Speaker 1: I'm a pediatric nurse who also happens to be pediatric 510 00:32:10,040 --> 00:32:15,520 Speaker 1: oncology certified. Hearing Sadiko Sasaki's story was thus deeply affecting, 511 00:32:16,080 --> 00:32:18,800 Speaker 1: It struck me how little has changed and the treatment 512 00:32:18,840 --> 00:32:22,840 Speaker 1: of pediatric leukemia in the last sixty three years. For example, 513 00:32:22,960 --> 00:32:25,800 Speaker 1: the drug mentioned in the episode, metatrec state, is still 514 00:32:25,840 --> 00:32:29,680 Speaker 1: the main chemotherapy used for our pediatric patients. There have 515 00:32:29,800 --> 00:32:33,760 Speaker 1: been three drugs ever approved specifically for the treatment of 516 00:32:33,840 --> 00:32:37,600 Speaker 1: pediatric cancer, and metatrec state was not one of them. 517 00:32:37,600 --> 00:32:40,160 Speaker 1: The first two were approved in the nineteen eighties and 518 00:32:40,200 --> 00:32:44,560 Speaker 1: the last one in Fortunately, we now have other therapies 519 00:32:44,600 --> 00:32:47,960 Speaker 1: like radiation surgery and stem sale transplants, to name a few, 520 00:32:48,240 --> 00:32:51,200 Speaker 1: that were not available to Sadiko Sasaki and others of 521 00:32:51,240 --> 00:32:54,680 Speaker 1: her generation. That greatly increased the survival rate, but we 522 00:32:54,720 --> 00:32:57,680 Speaker 1: still have a very long way to go anyway. Sorry 523 00:32:57,720 --> 00:33:00,360 Speaker 1: for the downer of an email A real as it 524 00:33:00,440 --> 00:33:02,920 Speaker 1: is a weird way of expressing my gratitude for the podcast, 525 00:33:02,960 --> 00:33:04,800 Speaker 1: but it seemed a good way of showing you how 526 00:33:04,840 --> 00:33:07,400 Speaker 1: you always make me think. Even when you discuss things 527 00:33:07,400 --> 00:33:09,360 Speaker 1: that I didn't miss in history class, you always have 528 00:33:09,400 --> 00:33:11,520 Speaker 1: a unique way of making me think about it. Thank 529 00:33:11,560 --> 00:33:13,600 Speaker 1: you for all that you do, Brittany. Thank you for 530 00:33:13,640 --> 00:33:17,360 Speaker 1: this email. Brittany, I actually didn't find it to be 531 00:33:18,520 --> 00:33:22,640 Speaker 1: a downer, um, largely because, like we said in that episode, 532 00:33:22,680 --> 00:33:25,680 Speaker 1: there was really so little that could be done at 533 00:33:25,680 --> 00:33:29,400 Speaker 1: all for set Eko Sasaki when she was diagnosed with leukemia, 534 00:33:29,560 --> 00:33:32,280 Speaker 1: and the survival rates today have come such a long 535 00:33:32,400 --> 00:33:34,720 Speaker 1: long way. I realized for a lot of people it 536 00:33:34,760 --> 00:33:37,960 Speaker 1: has lifelong effects on their health, even after having been 537 00:33:38,000 --> 00:33:42,240 Speaker 1: successfully treated. UM. But the fact that today that's it's 538 00:33:42,320 --> 00:33:45,560 Speaker 1: not an immediate Okay, We're gonna have to hospitalize you 539 00:33:45,680 --> 00:33:47,400 Speaker 1: for the next couple of years and that will be 540 00:33:47,440 --> 00:33:49,840 Speaker 1: the end. Like that, to me is a huge step forward. 541 00:33:51,280 --> 00:33:53,120 Speaker 1: If you would like to write to us about this 542 00:33:53,320 --> 00:33:55,960 Speaker 1: or any other podcast. We are at History podcast at 543 00:33:55,960 --> 00:33:58,360 Speaker 1: how stuff works dot com. We are also at Missed 544 00:33:58,360 --> 00:34:00,880 Speaker 1: in History all over social media. You you will find 545 00:34:01,000 --> 00:34:05,800 Speaker 1: us at Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and pinterest. Uh. If you 546 00:34:05,880 --> 00:34:08,399 Speaker 1: come to our website, which is Missed in History dot com, 547 00:34:08,480 --> 00:34:10,920 Speaker 1: you will find the show notes for all the episodes 548 00:34:10,960 --> 00:34:12,719 Speaker 1: that Holly and I have ever worked on in a 549 00:34:12,800 --> 00:34:15,600 Speaker 1: searchable archive of all the episodes we have ever done. 550 00:34:16,120 --> 00:34:19,480 Speaker 1: And you can find our podcast and subscribe to it 551 00:34:19,560 --> 00:34:22,680 Speaker 1: on Apple Podcasts, Google Play, and wherever else do you 552 00:34:22,719 --> 00:34:30,880 Speaker 1: find podcasts. For more on this and thousands of other topics, 553 00:34:31,080 --> 00:34:40,760 Speaker 1: visit how stuff Works dot com