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Speaker 1: Hey everyone, it's Eaves. Just wanted to let you know

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Speaker 1: that you'll be hearing an episode from me and an

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Speaker 1: episode from Tracy V. Wilson today. I hope you enjoyed

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Speaker 1: the show. Welcome to this day in History class. It's July.

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Speaker 1: The Spanish Inquisition was disbanded on this day in history,

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Speaker 1: and the year might actually surprise you. This was not

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Speaker 1: in the hundreds, was not in the sixteen hundreds. It

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Speaker 1: was in eighteen thirty four. So here's some of the highlights.

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Speaker 1: Inquisitions actually started out as a judicial procedure during the

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Speaker 1: medieval period. They were basically a method for religious leaders

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Speaker 1: to try to seek out heresy. Pope Lucius the Third

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Speaker 1: requested that his bishops do this in four as one example.

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Speaker 1: But eventually inquisitions morphed from a process for seeking out

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Speaker 1: heresy that one religious leader might command other religious leaders

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Speaker 1: to do into an institution. By the fifteenth century, what

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Speaker 1: had just art it out as sort of an an

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Speaker 1: inquiry process was an established bureaucracy. The inquisition had its

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Speaker 1: own rules, its own tribunals, and even though the Spanish

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Speaker 1: Inquisition is probably the most famous one, there were inquisitions

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Speaker 1: in other places as well, including Portugal, Venice, and Rome.

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Speaker 1: It was the Roman Inquisition, for example, that investigated Galileo

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Speaker 1: for heresy over whether the Earth orbits the Sun. So

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Speaker 1: when it comes to Spain spent the Spanish Inquisition was

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Speaker 1: the first to be formally established, and it was also

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Speaker 1: the largest of all these various national inquisitions. Pope Sixtus

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Speaker 1: the Fourth established the Spanish Inquisition on November one, fourtev

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Speaker 1: and he did that at the request of Ferdinand and Isabella,

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Speaker 1: the rulers of Aragon and Castile. Their names may also

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Speaker 1: be familiar from the stories of Christopher Columbus. So Ferdinand

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Speaker 1: and Isabella were devoutly Catholic, and they want to make

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Speaker 1: their combined territory into an explicitly Catholic nation. This meant

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Speaker 1: ritting the Kingdom of both Muslims and Jews. Spain had

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Speaker 1: already conquered most of the Muslim territory through a series

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Speaker 1: of violent conflicts that are now known as law Reconquista,

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Speaker 1: and Spain's Jewish population had been facing huge persecution for

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Speaker 1: years and tremendous pressure to convert to Catholicism. Sometimes this

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Speaker 1: was not even really a choice. There was a series

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Speaker 1: of programs in the late fourteenth century that ordered Jews

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Speaker 1: to convert under penalty of death, and some people did

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Speaker 1: convert there for a lot of different reasons. There were

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Speaker 1: definitely people who converted because of fear for their lives,

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Speaker 1: they had really no other option. There were probably people

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Speaker 1: who converted because of a sincerely held religious belief. But

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Speaker 1: these recent converts, who were known as conversos, were viewed

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Speaker 1: with extreme suspicion. A lot of people assumed that they

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Speaker 1: weren't really Catholic, that they were still being Jewish in secret,

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Speaker 1: that they were only saying that they were Catholics so

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Speaker 1: that they would not be killed. And these people became

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Speaker 1: known as crypto Jews, and so a big part of

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Speaker 1: the Inquisition was to seek out these supposed crypto Jews,

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Speaker 1: and it also morphed into more broadly seeking out heresy.

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Speaker 1: But a lot of the people who were questioned and

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Speaker 1: tortured by the Inquisition were recently converted Jewish people. After

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Speaker 1: Spain's Jews and Muslims had been either driven out of

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Speaker 1: the country, killed, or forced to convert, the inquisitions attention

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Speaker 1: turned more to Protestants after the Protestant Reformation. During its

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Speaker 1: centuries of existence, the Spanish Inquisition became synonymous with murder, torture,

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Speaker 1: and general brutality. Inquisitors would arrive in a town and

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Speaker 1: give people an opportunity to confess and receive punishment. The

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Speaker 1: people who were accused but didn't just immediately confess, instead

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Speaker 1: of facing up punishment, which might be something like a pilgrimage,

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Speaker 1: instead faced torture and execution. These people who were sentenced

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Speaker 1: faced an auto de fay, which was a public ceremony

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Speaker 1: where they received their sentence, and these became a public

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Speaker 1: spectacle the way people would go to watch executions. In

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Speaker 1: the early eighteen hundreds, though, the inquisitions power started to

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Speaker 1: wane as Spain's government became more secular and less explicitly Catholic.

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Speaker 1: Then the Inquisition went through several cycles of being suppressed

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Speaker 1: and then restored again, before the Tribunal of the Holy

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Speaker 1: Office of the Inquisition was permanently disbanded on July fifteenth,

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Speaker 1: eighteen thirty four. Over its centuries of existence, well over

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Speaker 1: a hundred thousand people were tried at the hands of

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Speaker 1: the Spanish Inquisition, and thousands of them were executed. You

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Speaker 1: can learn more about the Spanish Inquisition in the January

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Speaker 1: fourteenth two thousand nine episode of Stuff You Miss in

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Speaker 1: History Class. You can subscribe to This Day in History

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Speaker 1: Class on apple Pie Podcasts, Google Podcasts, and wherefore else

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Speaker 1: do you get your podcasts? Tomorrow we will have an

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Speaker 1: investigative journalist whose work fought against racism, sexism and violence.

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Speaker 1: What's up, everyone? Welcome to this Day in History Class,

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Speaker 1: where we bring you a new tidbit from history every day.

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Speaker 1: The day was July eighteen sixty four. Maggie Lena Walker

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Speaker 1: was born in Richmond, Virginia, to Elizabeth Draper Mitchell and

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Speaker 1: Eccles Cuthbert. Walker would become the first woman in the

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Speaker 1: US to charter and become president of a bank. Maggie

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Speaker 1: was born in the beginning of the Reconstruction era, a

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Speaker 1: year after you, as President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation.

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Speaker 1: During this period, laws known as black co were being

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Speaker 1: passed to restrict black people's liberties and keep them in poverty.

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Speaker 1: Lynchings and segregation were on the rise, but there were

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Speaker 1: strides in black education and political engagement. Maggie's mother, Elizabeth,

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Speaker 1: was a formerly enslaved assistant for Elizabeth van lou a

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Speaker 1: union spy and abolitionist Maggie's father, Etles, was an Irish

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Speaker 1: American whom Elizabeth had met on the Van lou estate.

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Speaker 1: Equle's and Elizabeth never married, though Elizabeth married William Mitchell,

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Speaker 1: who was a butler and writer. In eighteen seventy six,

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Speaker 1: William's body was found in a river. Though his death

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Speaker 1: was ruled a suicide, Maggie believed he was murdered. Once

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Speaker 1: he died, Maggie began working to help her mom out financially.

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Speaker 1: Her mom had a laundry business, and Maggie did laundry

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Speaker 1: and delivered clothes. She was socially aware as a child,

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Speaker 1: realizing the disparities between black and white people. When she

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Speaker 1: was fourteen years old, she joined the Independent Order of St. Luke's,

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Speaker 1: a black organization that helped the sick and elderly. Enrichmond,

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Speaker 1: Maggie went to the Lancaster School and Richmond Colored Normal School,

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Speaker 1: and once she graduated, she began teaching in the public

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Speaker 1: school system. Once she married her husband, Armstead Walker Jr.

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Speaker 1: She was required to stop teaching. Marriage bars, which were

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Speaker 1: the practice of firing married women or not hiring married women,

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Speaker 1: were not unusual in the teaching industry at the time. Anyway,

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Speaker 1: Walker continued to be active in the Independent Order of St.

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Speaker 1: Luke's or i O. S L. The organization provided members

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Speaker 1: with disability benefits and death claims. Walker grew the i

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Speaker 1: O s l s treasury so that premiums cost less

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Speaker 1: and death claims were paid promptly. In she co founded

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Speaker 1: the organization's Juvenile Department, which taught black children financial responsibility

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Speaker 1: and work ethics and gave them leadership opportunities. Four years later,

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Speaker 1: Walker became the right Worthy Grand Secretary of the i

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Speaker 1: O s L, a position she held until she died.

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Speaker 1: The organization was struggling with growing its members and was

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Speaker 1: in debt. Maggie grew its membership from a few thousand

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Speaker 1: people to more than one hundred thousand and twenty four states.

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Speaker 1: She also made it a point to hire black women

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Speaker 1: and donate to black schools for girls, encouraging more professional

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Speaker 1: opportunities for girls and women, and in August of nineteen

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Speaker 1: o one, she called for the creation of a black bank,

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Speaker 1: saying quote, let us put our moneys together, let us

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Speaker 1: use our moneys. Let us put our money out at

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Speaker 1: usury among ourselves and reap the benefit ourselves. Let us

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Speaker 1: have a bank that will take the nickels and turn

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Speaker 1: them into dollars. There were about twenty black banks in

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Speaker 1: the US at the time. Some but not all, white

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Speaker 1: owned banks took deposits from black customers. White bankers often

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Speaker 1: refused to give loans to black people, and when they did,

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Speaker 1: they were often charged high interest rates. Besides that, white

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Speaker 1: bankers and managers feared white people's perce of black people

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Speaker 1: using their banks. Walker encouraged people to use black owned

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Speaker 1: banks to keep money in the community. In nineteen o two,

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Speaker 1: she began publishing this St. Luke Harold to encourage black

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Speaker 1: people in Richmond to start their own institutions, and in

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Speaker 1: November of nineteen oh three, after studying other banks in Richmond,

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Speaker 1: she founded the St. Luke Penny Savings Bank to encourage

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Speaker 1: savings and facilitate loans. By nineteen o six, savings deposits

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Speaker 1: have reached about one hundred and seventy thousand dollars. By

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Speaker 1: nineteen twenty, the bank had financed more than six hundred

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Speaker 1: home loans, and by nineteen twenty four, the bank had

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Speaker 1: more than fifty thousand members. Walker later had to merge

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Speaker 1: the bank with others, but it operated as a black

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Speaker 1: owned Institution until two thousand five. Walker also opened a

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Speaker 1: department store called St. Luke's Emporium, but she had to

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Speaker 1: close it when white businesses opposed it and black people

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Speaker 1: did not shop there as much as she had expected.

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Speaker 1: Besides her banking and community building endeavors, Walker ran for

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Speaker 1: superintended of Public Instruction in nine though she lost. She

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Speaker 1: also fought for women's suffrage in the nineteenth Amendment to

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Speaker 1: the U. S Constitution, which prohibits the government from denying

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Speaker 1: the right to vote on the basis of sex. From

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Speaker 1: nineteen o five to nineteen thirty four, Walker lived in

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Speaker 1: a Victorian townhouse in an elite black neighborhood in jim Crow, Richmond.

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Speaker 1: She had diabetes, and in her later years she used

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Speaker 1: a wheelchair. She died from complications of diabetes in nineteen

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Speaker 1: thirty four. I'm Eve step Coote and hopefully you know

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Speaker 1: a little more about history today than you did yesterday.

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Speaker 1: We love it if you left us a comment on Twitter,

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Speaker 1: Instagram or Facebook. At t d i h C podcast,

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Speaker 1: we'll see you here in the same place tomorrow. For

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