WEBVTT - Targeting Type 1 Diabetes (Sponsored Content) 0:00:00.320 --> 0:00:03.840 Since you're a subscriber to this Bloomberg podcast, we thought 0:00:03.840 --> 0:00:07.320 you'd be interested in a six episode sponsored podcast called 0:00:07.760 --> 0:00:12.760 Targeting the Toughest Diseases, produced by Vertex Pharmaceuticals and Bloomberg 0:00:12.800 --> 0:00:17.720 Media Studios. It explores the innovative tools, methods, and unique 0:00:17.720 --> 0:00:22.479 philosophy Vertex Pharmaceuticals is using to search for treatments for 0:00:22.520 --> 0:00:35.120 some of humanity's most challenging diseases. Here's a recent episode. 0:00:35.600 --> 0:00:40.000 I'm so goal oriented. I'm always just charging ahead, like 0:00:40.040 --> 0:00:42.160 we're going to get it done by any means possible. 0:00:42.640 --> 0:00:46.200 Focused, and fearless. That's the best way to describe Madison Carter. 0:00:46.520 --> 0:00:49.239 Those qualities have helped Madison break a lot of important 0:00:49.280 --> 0:00:52.800 stories as an award winning investigative reporter in Atlanta, Georgia. 0:00:53.040 --> 0:00:57.320 She's investigated white nationalists, political corruption, and the parole system. 0:00:57.760 --> 0:00:59.880 Those are stories that take a lot of guts to 0:01:00.480 --> 0:01:02.680 and Madison has done it all without hesitation. 0:01:02.960 --> 0:01:05.919 People will tell you I go for everything, I say 0:01:05.959 --> 0:01:08.240 everything that needs to be said, like I have no fear, 0:01:08.319 --> 0:01:09.559 like I don't have a lot to lose. 0:01:11.000 --> 0:01:13.199 That fearlessness comes from a dark place. 0:01:14.080 --> 0:01:16.280 It's because of my diabetes. I'm like I could die 0:01:16.280 --> 0:01:23.720 at any second. Hi. 0:01:23.840 --> 0:01:27.120 I'm Jordan Gospore, a member of the University of Southern 0:01:27.120 --> 0:01:30.720 California's Center for Health Journalism. This is Targeting the Toughest 0:01:30.720 --> 0:01:35.080 Diseases produced by Bloomberg Media Studios and Vertex Pharmaceuticals. In 0:01:35.160 --> 0:01:38.120 this series, we look at some of humanity's most challenging 0:01:38.200 --> 0:01:42.040 diseases and how Vertex, a Boston based biotech company, is 0:01:42.160 --> 0:01:45.800 using innovative tools, methods, and a unique philosophy to search 0:01:45.840 --> 0:01:50.960 for treatments and cures. Today, we're targeting type one diabetes, 0:01:51.280 --> 0:01:54.040 a chronic disease that affects more than eight million people 0:01:54.080 --> 0:01:57.160 around the world, a number that's expected to increase rapidly. 0:01:57.400 --> 0:02:00.960 In the US alone, approximately one point four million people, 0:02:01.120 --> 0:02:03.640 including nearly one hundred and seventy thousand under the age 0:02:03.640 --> 0:02:05.559 of twenty, have type one diabetes. 0:02:12.040 --> 0:02:14.720 I don't think I ever had the opportunity to be 0:02:14.760 --> 0:02:15.200 a kid. 0:02:16.000 --> 0:02:19.079 Since she was three years old, Madison's life has included 0:02:19.120 --> 0:02:23.120 a highly controlled diet, constantly measuring her blood sugar levels, 0:02:23.120 --> 0:02:24.359 and insolent shots. 0:02:24.720 --> 0:02:27.240 And it's something that I have spent the past couple 0:02:27.320 --> 0:02:31.360 years in therapy really working through because it's not fair 0:02:31.400 --> 0:02:33.560 it's not just that I feel like it's not fair. 0:02:33.639 --> 0:02:34.040 It is not. 0:02:39.120 --> 0:02:42.560 When she was just a toddler, Madison started showing signs 0:02:42.600 --> 0:02:43.840 that something was off. 0:02:44.200 --> 0:02:47.360 I was getting really, really skinny, which is weird because 0:02:47.360 --> 0:02:49.519 the people in my family are not very skinny. 0:02:49.919 --> 0:02:54.240 She was thin, feeling thirsty all the time, and constantly tired. 0:02:54.639 --> 0:02:57.280 I would be falling asleep in random places. My mom 0:02:57.639 --> 0:03:00.520 found me asleep next to my oatmeal one morning, found 0:03:00.560 --> 0:03:03.400 me asleep on the toilet one day. You know, I'm 0:03:03.440 --> 0:03:06.160 a toddler. I'm three years old, so that was really strained, 0:03:06.240 --> 0:03:09.200 especially when I was supposed to be running around. And 0:03:09.280 --> 0:03:11.320 one night my mom was putting me to bed and 0:03:11.360 --> 0:03:13.840 she said that she could count every single one of 0:03:13.880 --> 0:03:17.120 my ribs, and in that moment, she picked me up, 0:03:17.160 --> 0:03:19.120 put me in the back of the car, gave me 0:03:19.160 --> 0:03:21.560 a sprite, which later on we would find out was 0:03:21.600 --> 0:03:24.600 a very bad idea, and took me to Children's Hospital. 0:03:26.000 --> 0:03:28.800 When they got there, the medical team found Madison's blood 0:03:28.800 --> 0:03:33.120 sugar level was dangerously elevated, nearly two hundred percent higher 0:03:33.120 --> 0:03:33.919 than it should have been. 0:03:35.040 --> 0:03:38.240 They told my mom I should be dead. Had she 0:03:38.280 --> 0:03:40.120 had put me to bed that night, I would have 0:03:40.240 --> 0:03:45.960 been dead, and that's how I was diagnosed. I think 0:03:46.000 --> 0:03:48.400 my parents had about a year of giving me injections 0:03:48.480 --> 0:03:50.400 until I told them to never touch me with the 0:03:50.440 --> 0:03:51.120 needle again. 0:03:51.440 --> 0:03:54.320 By the time she was five, Madison was doing all 0:03:54.320 --> 0:03:55.600 her injections herself. 0:03:56.280 --> 0:03:59.360 It was harder for me to see my mom inflict 0:03:59.440 --> 0:04:01.600 pain me than it was for me to just do 0:04:01.760 --> 0:04:05.080 it myself. Like seeing her face that upset me. It 0:04:05.120 --> 0:04:07.480 wasn't even that it hurt, because it hurts sometimes when 0:04:07.520 --> 0:04:09.600 I would do it myself. But I just didn't want 0:04:09.600 --> 0:04:12.040 her to have that responsibility of feeling like she was 0:04:12.120 --> 0:04:12.640 hurting me. 0:04:17.640 --> 0:04:21.119 Our pancreas produces insulin, a special hormone that the body 0:04:21.160 --> 0:04:24.440 needs to process glucose, a key source of energy. For 0:04:24.520 --> 0:04:28.080 people who have type one diabetes, those insulin producing cells 0:04:28.080 --> 0:04:31.160 in the pancreas are destroyed. That means the glucose stays 0:04:31.240 --> 0:04:34.640 in the blood, resulting in high blood sugar levels, also 0:04:34.720 --> 0:04:40.279 known as hyperglycemia. The symptoms include increased thirst, hunger, frequent urination, 0:04:40.640 --> 0:04:43.640 and weight loss. If left untreated, this can lead to 0:04:43.720 --> 0:04:47.680 excessively high glucose levels and eventually could even be fatal. 0:04:48.279 --> 0:04:51.600 People with type one diabetes rely on giving themselves insulin 0:04:51.720 --> 0:04:55.240 every single day to survive and have to be super vigilant. 0:04:55.560 --> 0:04:58.680 Not enough insulin can lead to high blood glucose levels 0:04:58.920 --> 0:05:03.600 and over time complications like kidney disease, vision loss, nerve damage, 0:05:03.760 --> 0:05:07.440 heart attacks, and strokes. Too much insulin can result in 0:05:07.600 --> 0:05:11.280 low blood sugar. If left unaddressed, blood glucose levels can 0:05:11.320 --> 0:05:16.000 fall dangerously low and can lead to severe hypoglycemia, resulting 0:05:16.000 --> 0:05:18.799 in seizures, loss of consciousness, or even death. 0:05:26.800 --> 0:05:30.920 I remember it was President's Day weekend. She was playing volleyball, 0:05:30.960 --> 0:05:31.880 so she had this tournament. 0:05:32.320 --> 0:05:35.480 Madison's younger sister, Cameron, also had type one diabetes. 0:05:35.839 --> 0:05:39.520 She was fourteen and I got pulled out of class. 0:05:39.720 --> 0:05:41.920 They said, hey, you know we're going to take you 0:05:41.960 --> 0:05:43.640 to the hospital. Your sister had a seizure. 0:05:44.360 --> 0:05:45.840 Madison rushed to the hospital. 0:05:46.520 --> 0:05:48.760 My parents met us at the door and they said, 0:05:48.880 --> 0:05:51.880 you know, she didn't make it. She was dead when 0:05:51.920 --> 0:05:53.160 they took her in the ambulance. 0:05:56.520 --> 0:05:59.839 Her sister's sudden death from diabetes devastated Madison. 0:06:00.240 --> 0:06:02.840 I would call her the good diabetic, like she really 0:06:02.880 --> 0:06:05.320 did everything she needed to do, and I was kind 0:06:05.360 --> 0:06:07.840 of in that phase of doing just enough to stay alive. 0:06:08.560 --> 0:06:12.000 And she died and that upset me, and I was like, well, 0:06:12.080 --> 0:06:15.000 what is the point of doing everything you're supposed to 0:06:15.000 --> 0:06:19.279 do like my sister Cameron did, if it's still not enough. 0:06:19.760 --> 0:06:23.480 Madison lost all motivation to manage her own health for. 0:06:23.520 --> 0:06:26.200 A year after she died. I told people that I 0:06:26.240 --> 0:06:29.560 took a year off of being diabetic. The responsibility is 0:06:29.600 --> 0:06:31.400 the checking your blood sugar and the making sure you're 0:06:31.440 --> 0:06:34.560 taking your injections or changing your pump. I refused to 0:06:34.640 --> 0:06:38.080 do and my mom stepped in and did it for me. 0:06:40.640 --> 0:06:44.279 After a year, Madison resumed doing her own care. It's 0:06:44.279 --> 0:06:46.440 a daily grind, but it keeps her alive. 0:06:49.720 --> 0:06:52.480 It's a very, very difficult disease to manage. 0:06:52.760 --> 0:06:56.320 The constant managing of type one diabetes is something doctor 0:06:56.320 --> 0:06:58.320 Aaron Kowalsky knows intimately. 0:06:58.960 --> 0:07:02.400 When my brother was diagnosed in the late seventies, you 0:07:02.440 --> 0:07:05.559 were pretty much told that you had about twenty years 0:07:05.600 --> 0:07:09.720 before complications would form. Your life would be shortened pretty significantly. 0:07:10.160 --> 0:07:13.240 You had a very high likelihood of going blind. You 0:07:13.480 --> 0:07:16.000 had the dosing of insulin issues that could cost of 0:07:16.000 --> 0:07:18.960 your hypoglycemia and potentially death on a daily basis. 0:07:19.200 --> 0:07:22.520 A few years after his brother was diagnosed, Kowalski discovered 0:07:22.560 --> 0:07:25.720 he had type one diabetes as well. Today he's the 0:07:25.760 --> 0:07:29.640 CEO of JDRF, the world's largest nonprofit funder of type 0:07:29.640 --> 0:07:30.880 one diabetes research. 0:07:34.280 --> 0:07:37.640 We are just celebrating the one hundred year anniversary of 0:07:37.680 --> 0:07:42.120 the discovery of insulin, which won multiple Nobel Prizes and 0:07:42.680 --> 0:07:46.440 saved millions of lives. Before the discovery of insulin in 0:07:46.520 --> 0:07:49.680 nineteen twenty one, every single Type one person died. 0:07:50.280 --> 0:07:54.120 That's every single person for centuries. 0:07:56.720 --> 0:08:02.600 The disease actually was described in ancient Egyptian and Greek writings, 0:08:03.480 --> 0:08:08.400 and this observation that people made was the fact that 0:08:08.640 --> 0:08:11.600 people with this syndrome wasted away. 0:08:12.160 --> 0:08:16.160 The term diabetes melitis was coined because it roughly translates 0:08:16.200 --> 0:08:17.920 to sweet siphon. 0:08:18.120 --> 0:08:21.160 The sugar which just passed through people, the food which 0:08:21.160 --> 0:08:24.760 just passed through them, and the sweetness was observed when 0:08:24.800 --> 0:08:27.400 ants would be attracted to the urine of these people. 0:08:32.800 --> 0:08:36.440 Modern times have brought us modern discoveries. Apart from the 0:08:36.480 --> 0:08:39.600 breakthrough of insulin, there was a landmark study in nineteen 0:08:39.640 --> 0:08:43.440 eighty three called the DCCT trial, which stands for the 0:08:43.480 --> 0:08:47.679 Diabetes Control and Complications Trial it showed the connection between 0:08:47.800 --> 0:08:51.400 high blood sugar and complications. It also showed that with 0:08:51.440 --> 0:08:55.000 more intensive therapy, people with type one diabetes could prevent 0:08:55.160 --> 0:08:59.200 long term eye, kidney, and nerve complications. And more recently, 0:08:59.280 --> 0:09:03.079 there's been huge improvements in glucose monitoring. This includes smartphone 0:09:03.120 --> 0:09:07.000 apps with sensors which can monitor blood sugar levels continually. 0:09:07.440 --> 0:09:10.200 Not surprisingly, if you have more information, you do better. 0:09:10.440 --> 0:09:12.880 I certainly think that's been one of the biggest changes 0:09:12.920 --> 0:09:14.560 in my life, in my brother's life. 0:09:19.000 --> 0:09:22.360 Despite all those improvements in managing type one diabetes, there's 0:09:22.360 --> 0:09:25.240 still no cure and people with the disease are still 0:09:25.280 --> 0:09:29.720 at risk of developing really severe, potentially fatal complications. 0:09:30.160 --> 0:09:35.320 Type one diabetes has such a significant burden on individuals, 0:09:35.320 --> 0:09:38.280 on families, on communities, and it is a twenty four 0:09:38.320 --> 0:09:40.000 to seven relentless job. 0:09:40.720 --> 0:09:44.400 That's doctor Felicia Pelayuka. She's the vice president and Disease 0:09:44.480 --> 0:09:47.800 Area Executive for type one diabetes at Vertex. They are 0:09:47.840 --> 0:09:51.520 researching type one diabetes at the cellular level, something she 0:09:51.600 --> 0:09:53.600 first got interested in when she was a student. 0:09:54.600 --> 0:09:57.040 It was really a lecture that I saw when I 0:09:57.120 --> 0:10:01.199 was a PhD student by Professor Doug Maltain that turn 0:10:01.320 --> 0:10:04.360 that paradigm on its head, that not only could we 0:10:04.400 --> 0:10:07.320 think about cells as being a cause of disease, but 0:10:07.400 --> 0:10:11.040 think about cells as being a solution to diseases. 0:10:11.440 --> 0:10:15.240 That's what Vertex is investigating cell therapy as a potential 0:10:15.280 --> 0:10:16.880 treatment for type one diabetes. 0:10:17.440 --> 0:10:22.319 Vertex has a really unique research and development strategy that 0:10:22.880 --> 0:10:27.400 focuses first and foremost on diseases where we understand the 0:10:27.440 --> 0:10:31.280 causal biology really well, so that we can rationally design 0:10:31.640 --> 0:10:35.840 therapies that could have a major transformative impact on patients 0:10:35.840 --> 0:10:38.000 if we're successful in developing them. 0:10:38.400 --> 0:10:42.040 Type one diabetes definitely fits that description clearly. 0:10:42.080 --> 0:10:45.600 It's a disease with enormous unmet medical need. It's a 0:10:45.640 --> 0:10:49.800 disease where we understand that these missing insulin producing islet 0:10:49.880 --> 0:10:52.600 cells are at the heart of the disease. 0:10:52.800 --> 0:10:55.160 And this knowledge is what drives vertexs forward. 0:10:55.880 --> 0:10:59.800 Science has advanced to a place where even a decade 0:10:59.800 --> 0:11:03.000 ago go, it was unthinkable, it was science fiction to 0:11:03.120 --> 0:11:07.679 think that you could make replacement isletself in the laboratory, 0:11:07.720 --> 0:11:10.720 and so to be at the moment now it really 0:11:10.800 --> 0:11:14.160 feels like an inflection point, and we hope it really 0:11:14.200 --> 0:11:16.920 will be in the history of the treatment of type 0:11:16.960 --> 0:11:17.679 one diabetes. 0:11:21.280 --> 0:11:24.080 The professor who first inspired doctor Palayuka to think of 0:11:24.120 --> 0:11:27.559 cells as living problem solvers was doctor Doug Melton, one 0:11:27.600 --> 0:11:31.160 of the world's leading stem cell researchers. A former Harvard professor, 0:11:31.440 --> 0:11:33.600 He's been in this area of research for more than 0:11:33.640 --> 0:11:36.559 twenty years, and this year he joined Vertex as a 0:11:36.600 --> 0:11:40.080 Distinguished Fellow. But working on an investigational treatment for type 0:11:40.080 --> 0:11:42.559 one diabetes wasn't always on his radar. 0:11:43.440 --> 0:11:47.120 Well. I didn't think much about diabetes until my six 0:11:47.160 --> 0:11:51.240 month old son contracted the disease. From a parental point 0:11:51.320 --> 0:11:54.559 of view, you have to manage that little baby's blood 0:11:54.559 --> 0:11:58.439 sugars by picking their fingers or their toes and squeezing 0:11:58.480 --> 0:12:01.000 blood out and measuring how much sugar there is and 0:12:01.080 --> 0:12:04.360 then inject them with insulin. You can imagine how hard 0:12:04.400 --> 0:12:06.480 it is. And a six month old that doesn't talk. 0:12:06.920 --> 0:12:10.400 His son, Sam, was the youngest person at Children's Hospital 0:12:10.400 --> 0:12:13.200 in Boston to be diagnosed with type one diabetes. 0:12:13.800 --> 0:12:16.520 My wife had to deal with the fact that she 0:12:16.679 --> 0:12:20.040 was also breastfeeding Sam at the time. When you're eating 0:12:20.240 --> 0:12:22.760 food like a candy bar or an apple or something, 0:12:22.800 --> 0:12:25.200 you know how much sugar you're taking in, but you 0:12:25.240 --> 0:12:28.160 can't tell how much sugar you take in or energy 0:12:28.240 --> 0:12:30.840 from breast milk because you don't know what the volume is. 0:12:31.480 --> 0:12:34.760 So she's up all night testing his blood sugars and 0:12:34.800 --> 0:12:38.840 injecting insulin. And she looked at me more or less 0:12:38.840 --> 0:12:42.240 and said, look, you're a scientist, go do something about this. 0:12:42.600 --> 0:12:47.360 And so he set out to do just that. It 0:12:47.400 --> 0:12:50.240 was understood that people with type one were missing insulin 0:12:50.280 --> 0:12:54.000 producing cells, also known as beta cells. Doctor Melton figured 0:12:54.120 --> 0:12:56.760 if the beta cells were missing, they needed to make 0:12:56.800 --> 0:12:57.320 new ones. 0:12:57.960 --> 0:13:00.440 There was this nice commercial about a man he would 0:13:00.440 --> 0:13:02.520 say time to make the donuts, and so I used 0:13:02.520 --> 0:13:04.960 to go to lab and say time to make beta cells. 0:13:04.960 --> 0:13:05.760 That was our job. 0:13:05.960 --> 0:13:08.959 I love that. What are the differences between type one 0:13:09.000 --> 0:13:10.160 and type two diabetes. 0:13:10.480 --> 0:13:14.439 Well, type one diabetes is caused by the problem that 0:13:14.559 --> 0:13:18.479 one's immune system makes a mistake. Instead of just attacking 0:13:18.800 --> 0:13:22.320 foreign entities like a virus, it decides, for reasons we 0:13:22.360 --> 0:13:26.120 don't understand, to attack the patient's own beta cells and 0:13:26.240 --> 0:13:29.400 destroys those cells. That is not the cause of type 0:13:29.440 --> 0:13:33.240 two diabetes. And type two diabetes the patient still makes insulin, 0:13:33.400 --> 0:13:36.520 but their body has a greater and greater demand for insulin. 0:13:36.760 --> 0:13:41.559 So it's called insulin resistance, meaning that the patients muscle 0:13:41.720 --> 0:13:45.120 and fat cells require more and more insulin all the time. 0:13:45.280 --> 0:13:48.720 Type two diabetes can be treated in many cases by 0:13:48.880 --> 0:13:52.280 changes in diet and exercise. That is not true for 0:13:52.400 --> 0:13:56.360 type one, so no behavioral change will prevent or treat 0:13:56.520 --> 0:13:57.640 type one diabetes. 0:13:58.040 --> 0:13:59.120 What was that aha moment? 0:13:59.480 --> 0:14:03.520 The real turning point was about in twenty thirteen twenty 0:14:03.600 --> 0:14:07.640 fourteen where we figured out the right factors or molecules 0:14:07.679 --> 0:14:10.440 to give to the cells that made them respond to glucose. 0:14:10.679 --> 0:14:13.760 Because the beta cells job is to read or measure 0:14:13.800 --> 0:14:16.440 the amount of sugar in the blood and then squirt 0:14:16.480 --> 0:14:19.480 out just the right amount of insulin. So the moment 0:14:19.680 --> 0:14:23.120 where we had a test and when we added glucose, 0:14:23.160 --> 0:14:25.680 the cells squirted out insulin and then we knew we 0:14:25.680 --> 0:14:26.600 were on the right track. 0:14:30.120 --> 0:14:32.680 As part of his work at Vertex, doctor Melton is 0:14:32.720 --> 0:14:36.520 helping develop a potential treatment that addresses the root cause 0:14:36.640 --> 0:14:40.600 of type one diabetes, the absence of those insulin producing 0:14:40.640 --> 0:14:43.760 cells in the pancreas. The company is investigating how to 0:14:43.800 --> 0:14:47.920 replace those destroyed cells with insulin producing cells and making 0:14:47.960 --> 0:14:51.120 sure they can get into patients in a way where 0:14:51.160 --> 0:14:54.760 they can survive and function for a long time, and 0:14:54.880 --> 0:14:58.360 progress so far gives doctor Melton competence and their path forward. 0:14:58.840 --> 0:15:01.120 Let's put it this way. If thirty years ago you 0:15:01.160 --> 0:15:04.040 had told someone you would take a human stem cell 0:15:04.160 --> 0:15:07.520 and turn it into functional insulin producing cells, people would 0:15:07.560 --> 0:15:08.880 have said, yeah, good luck with that. 0:15:11.640 --> 0:15:14.440 One last thing that doctor Milton told me something that 0:15:14.480 --> 0:15:16.720 made me smile the rest of the day. He says 0:15:16.760 --> 0:15:20.160 that everywhere he goes he always carries a little vial 0:15:20.240 --> 0:15:21.000 in his pocket. 0:15:21.240 --> 0:15:24.480 It has in it cells that have been turned into 0:15:24.560 --> 0:15:27.440 insulin producing cells. Sometimes I take it out and like 0:15:27.480 --> 0:15:29.160 a snow globe and just turn it up and down 0:15:29.160 --> 0:15:31.240 and look at it, because it reminds me that this 0:15:31.440 --> 0:15:33.840 is possible. We now know the problem. We just have 0:15:33.920 --> 0:15:34.360 to do it. 0:15:40.240 --> 0:15:43.160 Madison Carter is hoping for a better treatment for type 0:15:43.200 --> 0:15:47.200 one diabetes because she doesn't want another generation of young 0:15:47.240 --> 0:15:49.040 people to feel how she did. 0:15:49.200 --> 0:15:50.680 I was like, I don't want to take the shot. 0:15:50.960 --> 0:15:53.960 I don't want to do this again tomorrow. I don't 0:15:54.000 --> 0:15:56.640 want to not that I wanted to die, but I 0:15:56.720 --> 0:16:01.400 just did not want to work this hard to be alive, to. 0:16:01.320 --> 0:16:04.000 Ease that burden. She's now looking to technology. 0:16:04.360 --> 0:16:07.440 Things have improved so much. Having a continuous glucose monitor 0:16:07.760 --> 0:16:11.480 is probably one of the best inventions. So now I 0:16:11.520 --> 0:16:14.840 can glance at my blood sugars and I can then 0:16:15.040 --> 0:16:16.800 pick up my insulin pump, which is right next to 0:16:16.840 --> 0:16:19.160 that device, and just input the numbers. 0:16:19.840 --> 0:16:23.200 And maybe more important than tech, Madison still has her 0:16:23.280 --> 0:16:24.440 fearless determination. 0:16:24.920 --> 0:16:27.080 I had a friend point out to me. She goes, Oh, 0:16:27.120 --> 0:16:28.880 that's why you are the way you are, you know, 0:16:29.760 --> 0:16:32.200 And I didn't even realize that. I didn't even associate 0:16:32.240 --> 0:16:33.520 it back to my diabetes. 0:16:43.400 --> 0:16:46.480 This is Targeting the Toughest diseases. A podcast from Bloomberg 0:16:46.520 --> 0:16:50.280 Media Studios and Vertex Pharmaceuticals. If you like what you hear, 0:16:50.600 --> 0:16:54.240 subscribe and leave us a review. I'm Jordan Gosbory. Thanks 0:16:54.240 --> 0:16:54.800 for listening.