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Speaker 1: Hey, or hey, you have a good holiday break.

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Speaker 2: I did. You were hiking near volcanoes, swimming under huge waterfalls,

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Speaker 2: scuba diving as a whole adventure.

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Speaker 1: It sounds like you'd agree with the rest of my family.

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Speaker 1: They prefer adventures to vacations, which sometimes I think could

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Speaker 1: be more exhausting than our regular schedule at work.

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Speaker 2: Would you prefer physics adventures?

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Speaker 1: Not really? I mean they'd like to go skiing, which

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Speaker 1: seems like a highly dangerous physics adventure. You ski, I

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Speaker 1: don't ski. They ski, and I stay in the cabin

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Speaker 1: and bake treats.

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Speaker 2: Oh, I say, you prefer to do chemistry while they

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Speaker 2: do physics. That's your vacation.

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Speaker 1: That is the one part of chemistry I do like, yes,

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Speaker 1: kitchen chemistry.

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Speaker 2: Well, if you could take a physics adventure anywhere in

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Speaker 2: the universe, where would you go? You visit a black hole,

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Speaker 2: dive into a neutron star.

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Speaker 1: You know, the best place to visit in the universe

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Speaker 1: is right here around the surface of the Earth, where

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Speaker 1: the fewest things that are trying to kill you, and

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Speaker 1: we have the highest chocolate concentration in the universe.

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Speaker 2: I get the sense you're not much of an adventurer.

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Speaker 2: Are you You.

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Speaker 1: And my family have finally figured that out. I think

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Speaker 1: we've done this for a while now. Daniel Guilty is charged.

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Speaker 2: Hi. I'm Jorha Mac, cartoonist and the author of Oliver's

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Speaker 2: Great Big Universe.

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Speaker 1: Hi, I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist and a professor

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Speaker 1: at UC Irvine. And the kind of adventures I like

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Speaker 1: are mental adventures?

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Speaker 2: Mental? Like radical like whoa dude that's mental? Or like

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Speaker 2: trips to the mental institution.

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Speaker 1: No, nothing that's going to drive you mentally insane. I

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Speaker 1: mean adventures into our understanding of the nature of the universe,

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Speaker 1: or frank, just fantasies about orbiting black holes without actually

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Speaker 1: going there.

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Speaker 2: You prefer ecotourism, not ecotourism.

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Speaker 1: A fantastical exploration of the universe rather than a real one.

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Speaker 2: Wouldn't you rather have both? Though? When those both be fun?

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Speaker 2: Like if you go if you could go to a

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Speaker 2: black hole, you'd be there enjoying it, and it would

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Speaker 2: also be stimulating your mind, stretching your mind as men.

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Speaker 1: If you go to the black hole and send me

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Speaker 1: back the data, then I can have the mind stretching

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Speaker 1: without the body stretching.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, that'd be a bit of a stretch, like, I'm

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Speaker 2: not sure you'd be the first person I would tell.

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Speaker 1: I know you have a whole contry a physicists you.

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Speaker 2: Collaborate, But anyways, welcome to our podcast, Daniel and Jorge

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Speaker 2: Explain the Universe, a production of iHeartRadio.

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Speaker 1: In which we try to stretch your mind with the

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Speaker 1: grandest mental adventure of all time. We want to take

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Speaker 1: the entire universe and squeeze it into your brain. We

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Speaker 1: hope that everything that's out there in the universe, from

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Speaker 1: the tiniest particles to the biggest stuff out there, can

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Speaker 1: be made sense of, can be explained, and can be

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Speaker 1: folded into a short audio stream and explained to you.

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Speaker 2: That's right. You want to be the vacation from your

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Speaker 2: every day living up the universe too, thinking about the universe,

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Speaker 2: taking your mind on giant journeys across the cosmos and

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Speaker 2: into the deepest secrets of the universe.

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Speaker 1: If you desperately want to understand how the universe works,

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Speaker 1: how it all comes together, what rules it follows, without

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Speaker 1: reading a whole textbook filled with mathematics, then this is

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Speaker 1: the right podcast for you.

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Speaker 2: Or unless you're a mathematician, in which case that sounds

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Speaker 2: like a vacation to them.

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Speaker 1: Probably this podcast is a vacation from pages of equations.

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Speaker 2: Or I guess if you want to spend your vacation sleeping,

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Speaker 2: you could pick up a pretty good, uh math physics book.

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Speaker 1: Some of those are riveting, Like, oh my god, what

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Speaker 1: derivative are they going to take next? I can't even predict.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, it's all a big cliffhanger. But yeah, even in

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Speaker 2: your vacations or your holiday break, you're probably wondering what's

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Speaker 2: out there, what's out there in the nurs what's going on?

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Speaker 2: How does it all work?

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Speaker 1: Because part of being human is wanting to understand everything

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Speaker 1: you see, whether you're on the ski slopes or hiking

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Speaker 1: up the side of a volcano, or in your kitchen

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Speaker 1: cooking up a treat. There are rules that the universe follows,

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Speaker 1: and we want to understand them. So everybody out there

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Speaker 1: asks questions about how things works and wants to know

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Speaker 1: the answer, And we'd love if you shared your questions

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Speaker 1: with us. Any questions you have about the physical universe

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Speaker 1: or volcanoes or baking, send them to us. Two questions

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Speaker 1: at Danielandjorge dot com.

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Speaker 2: Oh Man that just just turned into a baking podcast.

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Speaker 1: You're the one who brought up baking, man, I never

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Speaker 1: want to talk about chemistry.

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Speaker 2: You're the one who brought up baking. Oh no, that's

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Speaker 2: baked into the intro.

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Speaker 1: You're right, that's true. No, I'm guilty. You're the one

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Speaker 1: who made it about chemistry, but I did bring up baking.

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Speaker 2: Yes, Now do you think about chemistry when you bake?

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Speaker 2: That's my question?

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Speaker 1: Yeah, you know, that's the part of baking I actually

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Speaker 1: don't like because it seems like, oh, the temperature just

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Speaker 1: has to be right, and then has to go up

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Speaker 1: and then down, and some magic happens and the texture

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Speaker 1: changes completely, and the whole thing can be very frustrating.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, tasty.

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Speaker 1: If it works out, it can be delicious.

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Speaker 2: Well, the part I get hung up in is just

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Speaker 2: following the recipe. Whenever I see like ounces, I'm like ounces,

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Speaker 2: Is that weight or volume or teaspoons? What is that?

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Speaker 2: It's the units, man, the units.

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Speaker 1: Yeah.

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Speaker 2: But anyways, everyone does have questions. We all have questions

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Speaker 2: since we were little kids. As we grow older, and

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Speaker 2: the question just seems to get bigger and bigger as

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Speaker 2: we think about the universe and everything in it.

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Speaker 1: So on this podcast we tackle lots of different questions,

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Speaker 1: but our favorites are your questions, the questions that bubble

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Speaker 1: up in your mind as you live in this universe

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Speaker 1: and think about your next vacation.

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Speaker 2: So to be on the podcast, we'll be tackling listener

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Speaker 2: questions forty eight. Now, Daniel, is there a theme to

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Speaker 2: these questions today? Are they about baking or school diving?

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Speaker 2: There's a lot of physics in scuba diving. Actually, it's

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Speaker 2: part of this certification process.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, today's questions are all but vacations and cosmic destinations.

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Speaker 2: Wait, did you say bavocations or vacations?

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Speaker 1: I said vacations. But I'm never going to go on

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Speaker 1: a vacation again without thinking about it as a vacation.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, there you can go. You can bake it into

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Speaker 2: the name and the baking.

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Speaker 1: I'm going to bake my way through that vacation.

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Speaker 2: But yeah, so these questions are all about traveling to

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Speaker 2: distant and interesting places across the universe. Do you think

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Speaker 2: people are cooped up and during the holidays and we're

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Speaker 2: wondering about where they can go in the universe.

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Speaker 1: I think people just like to imagine themselves in various

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Speaker 1: parts of the universe. What would it be like to

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Speaker 1: be near a neutron star or to go visit a

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Speaker 1: black hole or to see an anti matter black hole?

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Speaker 1: What would the actual experience be like? I think if

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Speaker 1: people are frustrated by being trapped on the surface of

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Speaker 1: the Earth and want to actually go and experience the

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Speaker 1: rest of the universe.

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Speaker 2: Mm. Well, we have the awesome questions here about white dwarfs,

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Speaker 2: about destroying a whole planet. I'm not sure what kind

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Speaker 2: of occasion that would be, and also one about antimatter

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Speaker 2: and whether it matters in the universe. And so let's

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Speaker 2: jump right in. Our first question comes from Tray from

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Speaker 2: Tribuco Canyon, California.

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Speaker 3: Hello, Daniel and Jorge, This is Trey in Tribuco Canyon, California.

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Speaker 3: I was hoping you could help me and my wife

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Speaker 3: resolve a little disagreement about our packing for vacation next year.

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Speaker 3: You see, we really want to go to the system

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Speaker 3: serious B, which I believe is a white dwarf, and

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Speaker 3: I'm trying to tell my wife how the rocket equation

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Speaker 3: basically means we have to pack as light as possible.

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Speaker 3: She's determined that you can't go on vacation without bringing sunblock.

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Speaker 3: And I'm trying to explain that, you know, serious B

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Speaker 3: is a white dwarf. There's no nuclear fusion happening anymore.

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Speaker 3: I think that means there's no UV radiation the kind

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Speaker 3: that causes sunburn. I think we can save some of

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Speaker 3: our suitcase space by leaving that at home. So please

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Speaker 3: help us solve that question. And if we do have

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Speaker 3: to bring the some block, what SPF would you recommend?

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Speaker 2: Thank you so much. All right, great question, Trey. And

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Speaker 2: just to let you know, we're not qualified marriage counselors, right,

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Speaker 2: I'm not.

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Speaker 1: I mean, we can help inform the decisions you make

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Speaker 1: in your marriage, but.

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Speaker 2: Do you think we're qualified even for that? What would

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Speaker 2: our wives do? Would our wives degree?

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Speaker 1: I'm terrified to ask them that question. But you know,

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Speaker 1: in the same way that like science can inform policy, right,

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Speaker 1: we can help people just understand the nature of the

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Speaker 1: situations they're getting themselves involved in without actually recommending a

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Speaker 1: course of action.

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Speaker 2: Well, I wonder if we should decide with his wife

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Speaker 2: just you know, in his best interest here?

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Speaker 1: You think that's always the best advice.

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Speaker 2: I would be ready, You're always wrong. Your spouse is

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Speaker 2: always right, that is the key to a happy marriage.

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Speaker 1: All right. Well, we just got to listen and they.

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Speaker 2: Follow it too. If they follow too, then it did,

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Speaker 2: it'll be a happy marriage.

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Speaker 1: Yes, everybody compromises more than fifty percent. That's a good situation.

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Speaker 1: Everyone gives in one hundred percent of the time. That's love, man,

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Speaker 1: that's love. All right. But then you have to actually

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Speaker 1: decide are you bringing the sun block to visit Serious B? Right?

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Speaker 1: Decisions actually have to be.

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Speaker 2: Made, all right, all right, let's get back to the

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Speaker 2: question here. Trey seems to be planning a vacation with

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Speaker 2: his wife and he wants to go to a white

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Speaker 2: dwarf system and he wants to know if he should

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Speaker 2: bring sunblock. That's the basic question.

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Speaker 1: Right, Yeah, that's right. He wants to know basically, how

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Speaker 1: bright would it be near there? Is it safe to

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Speaker 1: be near a white dwarf because there isn't fusion happening

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Speaker 1: inside of it? Basically, what's it like to be near

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Speaker 1: a white dwarf? And what gear do you have to bring?

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Speaker 2: Well, he mentions the system Serious B, which he believes

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Speaker 2: is a white dwarf. Now is it a white dwarf?

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Speaker 1: Daniel Series B is a white dwarf. It's the closest

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Speaker 1: one to Earth. So it's a good choice if you

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Speaker 1: want to go visit a white dwarf. So he is

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Speaker 1: pretty serious about it. He seems to be serious. He

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Speaker 1: seems to be serious. Then he wants to go to

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Speaker 1: serious b. But yeah, so it's the closest one. How

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Speaker 1: close is it you said it's the closest one. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: it's just under nine light years away from here, which

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Speaker 1: is not really a practical trip for Americans at least

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Speaker 1: who only get two weeks of vacation. But if you

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Speaker 1: want to see a white dwarf, it is the most accessible.

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Speaker 2: All right, Well, let's tag into the question, Daniel, and

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Speaker 2: let's start maybe with the basics. What is this white dwarf?

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Speaker 2: And do you need sunblock if you're under it or

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Speaker 2: above it?

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Speaker 1: Yeah, white dwarf is a really fascinating object. It's basically

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Speaker 1: the end point of stars, right, Stars we think of

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Speaker 1: as huge burning balls of gas, fusion happening inside them,

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Speaker 1: converting lighter elements into heavier elements. But like anything that

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Speaker 1: uses fuel, eventually it will run out. It will fuse

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Speaker 1: all of the available materials and no longer be able

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Speaker 1: to do that fusion and sputter out, and the endpoint

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Speaker 1: of a star depends on how much mass it started with.

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Speaker 1: Smaller stars end up as white dwarfs, Bigger stars become

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Speaker 1: neutron stars. Even bigger stars become black holes.

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Speaker 2: So this would be a star that's not big enough

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Speaker 2: to turn into an utron star or a black hole

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Speaker 2: when it runs out of fuel. So what happens when

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Speaker 2: it runs out of fuel? Does it collapse or does

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Speaker 2: it just like proof or it just stops burning?

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Speaker 1: Sort of all of those. I mean, the star when

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Speaker 1: it's burning is a delicate balance between gravity that's trying

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Speaker 1: to collapse it into a black hole and fusion which

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Speaker 1: is pushing out, creating radiation and preventing it from collapsing

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Speaker 1: into a black hole. But then the fusion runs out right,

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Speaker 1: and so no longer is it able to sustain it,

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Speaker 1: so it does collapse into a much denser object. A

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Speaker 1: typical white dwarf has about the mass of the Sun

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Speaker 1: but the volume of the Earth. So it's really a

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Speaker 1: very very incredibly dense kind of matter.

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Speaker 2: Is it like a big collapse, like a supernova collapse,

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Speaker 2: or is it just like a let's just crumbles into

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Speaker 2: a denser object.

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Speaker 1: It's not like a supernova collapse. It's more like the

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Speaker 1: core of the star is left over. Like when a

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Speaker 1: star is burning. The fusion initiates at the core, but

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Speaker 1: then as heavier elements gather at the core, the fusion

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Speaker 1: tends to move to the outer layers. In the later

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Speaker 1: periods of the star, the outer layers where the fusion

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Speaker 1: is happening, and those get puffy and the star gets

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Speaker 1: really big. It eventually just blows out all the outer

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Speaker 1: layers and leaves behind sort of the core of the star,

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Speaker 1: which is this hot blob of super dense matter, like

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Speaker 1: the ash from all the fusion that's left behind.

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Speaker 4: Mmm.

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Speaker 2: And so it's super dense, super hot, but not as

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Speaker 2: dense as a neutron star. Like things are still an

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Speaker 2: atom form or are they broken up.

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Speaker 1: So yes, it's not as dense as a neutron star,

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Speaker 1: and it doesn't have enough gravity yet to collapse into

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Speaker 1: a black hole because there are still some forces there

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Speaker 1: pushing back. What exactly is the nature of the matter,

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Speaker 1: We call it electron degenerate matter. It's still atomic matter

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Speaker 1: in the sense that there are like protons and neutrons

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Speaker 1: and electrons there, but it's all merged together really really tightly,

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Speaker 1: so it's not like they're really individual atoms. The electrons

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Speaker 1: occupy these sort of like energy levels that are spread

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Speaker 1: out across the star, and it's actually the electrons that

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Speaker 1: are keeping the star from collapsing further into a neutron star.

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Speaker 2: So it's a giant like rock or is it like

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Speaker 2: a giant soup of electrons and protons.

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Speaker 1: It's a giant, very dense soup of protons and electrons,

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Speaker 1: and the electrons because the polyexclusion principle, are trying to

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Speaker 1: avoid ending up in the same quantum state because remember,

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Speaker 1: electrons are fermions, and fermions can't occupy the same state

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Speaker 1: as other fermions, So the electrons don't want to be

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Speaker 1: squeezed down to like lower energy states because then they

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Speaker 1: would overlap with each other, and that results in a

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Speaker 1: kind of pressure because electrons are forced to stay at

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Speaker 1: higher energy levels, like further up the ladder in order

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Speaker 1: to avoid colliding with electrons at the lower energy states.

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Speaker 1: That means that they're whizzing around and basically pushing on

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Speaker 1: the star and keeping it from collapsing. If you had

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Speaker 1: more masks, you would squeeze those down. Those electrons would

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Speaker 1: be captured by the protons, turning them into neutrons, and

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Speaker 1: you get a neutron star. But there isn't quite enough

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Speaker 1: gravity to make that happen.

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Speaker 2: So it's a giant, dense soup of super hot stuff. Right.

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00:14:13,600 --> 00:14:14,640
Speaker 2: It's super hot, right.

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00:14:14,559 --> 00:14:15,440
Speaker 1: It's super hot.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, Like how hot is it?

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00:14:17,240 --> 00:14:19,800
Speaker 1: Well, there's actually a big range from like four thousand

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00:14:19,880 --> 00:14:22,920
Speaker 1: kelvin up to like one hundred and fifty thousand kelvin.

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Speaker 2: I mean, like, if you look at all the white

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Speaker 2: dwards in the universe, they have a range of temperatures.

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Speaker 1: They do have a big range of temperatures.

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00:14:29,320 --> 00:14:32,560
Speaker 2: Exactly what does that range depend on? Like how old

296
00:14:32,560 --> 00:14:35,640
Speaker 2: they are, or how big they were, or how hot

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00:14:35,680 --> 00:14:38,000
Speaker 2: the star was, how many TikTok followers they have.

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Speaker 1: So what we're talking about here is the surface temperature,

299
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Speaker 1: and that depends, yeah, basically on the mass. So there's

300
00:14:44,280 --> 00:14:46,480
Speaker 1: a bit of a range of the masses of these things,

301
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Speaker 1: and the bigger they are, the hotter the surface temperature.

302
00:14:49,640 --> 00:14:51,960
Speaker 1: Because there's no longer fusion going on at the heart

303
00:14:52,000 --> 00:14:54,960
Speaker 1: of these stars, right, This is like when fusion is done,

304
00:14:55,320 --> 00:14:58,720
Speaker 1: these protons are not squeezing together to make heavier elements

305
00:14:58,720 --> 00:15:01,960
Speaker 1: that's already happened, already have like carbon or helium or

306
00:15:02,000 --> 00:15:04,920
Speaker 1: whatever has been fused. You don't have the temperatures needed

307
00:15:05,040 --> 00:15:08,120
Speaker 1: to fuse the heavy elements that you've gathered, so fusion

308
00:15:08,200 --> 00:15:08,960
Speaker 1: is sort of done.

309
00:15:09,040 --> 00:15:10,280
Speaker 2: It's not actually burning.

310
00:15:10,360 --> 00:15:12,520
Speaker 1: It's just sort of like after a fire has gone out,

311
00:15:12,560 --> 00:15:14,800
Speaker 1: you still have embers and they're still sitting there hot

312
00:15:14,880 --> 00:15:18,120
Speaker 1: and glowing. That's essentially what a white dwarf is. And

313
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Speaker 1: eventually it will cool down, it will radiate away all

314
00:15:21,480 --> 00:15:23,840
Speaker 1: of its heat out into the universe, and it will

315
00:15:23,880 --> 00:15:25,480
Speaker 1: become a black dwarf.

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00:15:25,680 --> 00:15:26,760
Speaker 2: Wait what eventually?

317
00:15:27,000 --> 00:15:30,440
Speaker 1: Eventually we think every white dwarf will become a black dwarf.

318
00:15:30,760 --> 00:15:32,680
Speaker 1: We think it takes a very very long time.

319
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Speaker 2: Is there a range for it, like it turns into

320
00:15:34,440 --> 00:15:37,920
Speaker 2: a gray dwarf? And is this sort of like Gandalf

321
00:15:38,000 --> 00:15:40,280
Speaker 2: and the Wizards where they have different powers.

322
00:15:41,240 --> 00:15:43,280
Speaker 1: We don't know because we've never seen what happened, and

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Speaker 1: we don't think there's been enough time in the universe

324
00:15:46,000 --> 00:15:48,680
Speaker 1: for this to happen. It's sort of counterintuitive, but it

325
00:15:48,680 --> 00:15:51,280
Speaker 1: takes a long time for things in space to cool off.

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Speaker 1: You think of space as like cold, and if you

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Speaker 1: go out there, you're freeze to death. Right, It's actually

328
00:15:55,880 --> 00:15:58,920
Speaker 1: harder to lose your heat in space because there's no

329
00:15:59,120 --> 00:16:01,200
Speaker 1: air out there to rob you of your heat. There's

330
00:16:01,240 --> 00:16:03,840
Speaker 1: no wind. The only way to lose heat is to

331
00:16:04,040 --> 00:16:07,440
Speaker 1: radiate it away, to glow away your heat. So, for example,

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00:16:07,520 --> 00:16:10,080
Speaker 1: satellites and the space station have to worry a lot

333
00:16:10,080 --> 00:16:12,720
Speaker 1: about cooling. It's complicated anyway. It's going to take like

334
00:16:12,840 --> 00:16:16,720
Speaker 1: trillions of years for white dwarfs to turn into black dwarfs.

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00:16:16,760 --> 00:16:19,280
Speaker 1: So we think the universe eventually will have lots of

336
00:16:19,280 --> 00:16:22,200
Speaker 1: black dwarfs in it because like ninety something percent of

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00:16:22,200 --> 00:16:24,840
Speaker 1: all stars in our galaxy will become a white dwarf,

338
00:16:25,080 --> 00:16:26,920
Speaker 1: but there hasn't been enough time for any of them

339
00:16:26,920 --> 00:16:27,520
Speaker 1: to form.

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00:16:27,760 --> 00:16:30,480
Speaker 2: Wait ninety seven pertend that's almost all the stars in

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00:16:30,520 --> 00:16:33,080
Speaker 2: the universe. All of them will become white dwarfs and

342
00:16:33,280 --> 00:16:34,560
Speaker 2: eventually black dwarfs.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, because it depends on the mass of the star.

344
00:16:37,320 --> 00:16:40,440
Speaker 1: Smaller stars become white dwarfs, bigger stars neutron stars, even

345
00:16:40,480 --> 00:16:43,360
Speaker 1: bigger stars black holes, and most of the stars in

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00:16:43,400 --> 00:16:46,080
Speaker 1: the universe are actually less massive than our sun. Our

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00:16:46,120 --> 00:16:48,560
Speaker 1: sun is on the heavier side. Most of the stars

348
00:16:48,560 --> 00:16:50,200
Speaker 1: that are out there in the universe right now are

349
00:16:50,320 --> 00:16:54,880
Speaker 1: red dwarfs. They're smaller, they're colder, they're redder than our sun,

350
00:16:54,920 --> 00:16:57,400
Speaker 1: which is yellower. So most of the stars in the

351
00:16:57,440 --> 00:16:59,280
Speaker 1: universe have the right amount of mass to end up

352
00:16:59,280 --> 00:17:00,200
Speaker 1: as white dwarf.

353
00:17:01,280 --> 00:17:03,440
Speaker 2: Now why do they call them white dwarfs, I guess,

354
00:17:03,600 --> 00:17:10,080
Speaker 2: and not red or black or fusia or ciam.

355
00:17:10,200 --> 00:17:12,200
Speaker 1: Yeah, it's a good question. You know, white isn't really

356
00:17:12,240 --> 00:17:15,320
Speaker 1: a color. It refers to like a broad spectrum of colors,

357
00:17:15,960 --> 00:17:18,080
Speaker 1: and so you can ask, like, well, what kind of

358
00:17:18,160 --> 00:17:21,600
Speaker 1: light gets emitted from a hot blob of rocks sitting

359
00:17:21,600 --> 00:17:23,760
Speaker 1: out there in the universe that's like four to one

360
00:17:23,880 --> 00:17:27,520
Speaker 1: hundred and fifty thousand degrees Calvin And it's very broad, right,

361
00:17:27,560 --> 00:17:31,600
Speaker 1: These things glow not because fusion is generating photons, but

362
00:17:31,760 --> 00:17:34,840
Speaker 1: just because they're hot, and hot things in the universe glow.

363
00:17:35,080 --> 00:17:38,200
Speaker 1: It's called black body radiation. Everything out there where the

364
00:17:38,240 --> 00:17:42,280
Speaker 1: temperature of the dark matter does glow and generate radiation,

365
00:17:42,600 --> 00:17:45,800
Speaker 1: and that radiation depends on its temperature. So the higher

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Speaker 1: the temperature, the higher the frequency of the light that

367
00:17:48,760 --> 00:17:51,560
Speaker 1: you generate. And so white dwarfs happen to be in

368
00:17:51,600 --> 00:17:54,919
Speaker 1: a temperature range where they generate mostly white light, at

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Speaker 1: least the part of it that we can see.

370
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Speaker 2: All right, Well, then let's answer now. Trace question was

371
00:18:00,600 --> 00:18:03,200
Speaker 2: if he went to this solar system serious B, which

372
00:18:03,240 --> 00:18:06,080
Speaker 2: has a white dwarf in the middle, and they're their vacationing,

373
00:18:06,119 --> 00:18:09,679
Speaker 2: do they need to wear sun block or are they

374
00:18:09,720 --> 00:18:11,159
Speaker 2: safe without?

375
00:18:11,720 --> 00:18:15,800
Speaker 1: Well, no surprise, Trey's wife is correct, you need to

376
00:18:15,840 --> 00:18:19,320
Speaker 1: bring some sunscreen because even though there's no fusion happening,

377
00:18:19,400 --> 00:18:21,760
Speaker 1: Serious B is a hot blob of rock, and it

378
00:18:21,920 --> 00:18:24,919
Speaker 1: is radiating in the ultraviolet, and it will give you

379
00:18:25,040 --> 00:18:26,840
Speaker 1: cancer if you get too close.

380
00:18:27,680 --> 00:18:30,159
Speaker 2: I feel like eventually, but like, how bright is a

381
00:18:30,200 --> 00:18:34,080
Speaker 2: white dwarf? Like if our sun Collason was replaced with

382
00:18:34,160 --> 00:18:36,600
Speaker 2: a white dwarf, how bright would it be? Would it

383
00:18:36,640 --> 00:18:38,840
Speaker 2: be like as bright as it is now our sun,

384
00:18:39,000 --> 00:18:42,119
Speaker 2: or would it be would it be sort of really dim,

385
00:18:42,160 --> 00:18:45,360
Speaker 2: like you know, maybe the sun at sunset or sundown,

386
00:18:45,840 --> 00:18:47,440
Speaker 2: or as bright as as the moon.

387
00:18:47,880 --> 00:18:51,359
Speaker 1: So the typical white dwarf is hot and dim and

388
00:18:51,560 --> 00:18:54,480
Speaker 1: very dense. So mostly they're not as bright as our sun.

389
00:18:54,840 --> 00:18:57,880
Speaker 1: Some of them are like one ten thousands as bright

390
00:18:57,920 --> 00:18:59,920
Speaker 1: as our Sun, but some of them are like a

391
00:19:00,000 --> 00:19:02,840
Speaker 1: one hundred times brighter than our sun. It depends on

392
00:19:02,920 --> 00:19:03,440
Speaker 1: the mass.

393
00:19:03,840 --> 00:19:07,560
Speaker 2: Oh what, but what is serious be then, because that

394
00:19:07,600 --> 00:19:10,720
Speaker 2: that's the question really wants to know. His marriage depends

395
00:19:10,760 --> 00:19:11,040
Speaker 2: on it.

396
00:19:11,600 --> 00:19:14,360
Speaker 1: So Series B is just about the same mass as

397
00:19:14,440 --> 00:19:17,840
Speaker 1: our sun, but it's like a twentieth of the luminosity

398
00:19:17,880 --> 00:19:20,720
Speaker 1: of our sun, so it's not as bright as our sun.

399
00:19:21,119 --> 00:19:22,920
Speaker 1: So it depends on how close he wants to get.

400
00:19:23,080 --> 00:19:25,240
Speaker 1: I mean, that's still pretty bright. A twentieth of the

401
00:19:25,240 --> 00:19:28,400
Speaker 1: brightness of our sun is not a very dim object.

402
00:19:28,440 --> 00:19:31,280
Speaker 2: Mmm. I see. So if it's about the same mass

403
00:19:31,280 --> 00:19:33,560
Speaker 2: as our Sun, then you probably want to be orbiting it,

404
00:19:33,760 --> 00:19:36,679
Speaker 2: maybe at around the same place where the Earth is,

405
00:19:36,800 --> 00:19:40,000
Speaker 2: which means that they were vacationing there. It would be

406
00:19:40,080 --> 00:19:43,960
Speaker 2: pretty dip. Like they should bring some some headlamps or something.

407
00:19:44,520 --> 00:19:46,800
Speaker 1: It'd be like twilight all the time exactly.

408
00:19:47,400 --> 00:19:49,080
Speaker 2: Then would they still need sunblock?

409
00:19:49,280 --> 00:19:52,119
Speaker 1: They still would need sunblock because these things are pretty

410
00:19:52,119 --> 00:19:55,160
Speaker 1: hot and they actually do emit significantly in the ultraviolet.

411
00:19:55,240 --> 00:19:58,359
Speaker 1: Some of these, including Series B, also generate X rays,

412
00:19:58,680 --> 00:20:01,240
Speaker 1: so if they have no atmosphere protect themselves, then they

413
00:20:01,240 --> 00:20:03,359
Speaker 1: can just be exposed to the UV.

414
00:20:04,160 --> 00:20:06,679
Speaker 2: It sounds like there's a lot of variables here that

415
00:20:06,720 --> 00:20:09,760
Speaker 2: we're adding. But like if they were on Earth, similar

416
00:20:09,760 --> 00:20:13,480
Speaker 2: to ours orbiting series B, it's almost like they have

417
00:20:13,480 --> 00:20:16,600
Speaker 2: an automatic SPF of twenty because the Sun is twenty

418
00:20:16,640 --> 00:20:20,240
Speaker 2: times dimmer than the Sun. But even in the X

419
00:20:20,359 --> 00:20:22,920
Speaker 2: ray and UV range, it's be a one twentieth or

420
00:20:22,960 --> 00:20:25,680
Speaker 2: it'd be less maybe because it is it's mostly black

421
00:20:25,720 --> 00:20:26,760
Speaker 2: body radiation.

422
00:20:26,640 --> 00:20:30,080
Speaker 1: But the Sun is also mostly black body radiation, and

423
00:20:30,160 --> 00:20:31,840
Speaker 1: so it'd be pretty similar.

424
00:20:31,400 --> 00:20:33,840
Speaker 2: Spectrum, but just one twentieth.

425
00:20:34,080 --> 00:20:36,800
Speaker 1: Yeah, just one twentieth. So if they magically transport the

426
00:20:36,800 --> 00:20:40,240
Speaker 1: Earth to that system and orbit series be the same distance, yeah,

427
00:20:40,240 --> 00:20:42,159
Speaker 1: then yeah, they don't have to worry about sunblock. But

428
00:20:42,200 --> 00:20:45,120
Speaker 1: if they're out in space orbiting series B, then yes,

429
00:20:45,240 --> 00:20:46,480
Speaker 1: please bring some sunblock.

430
00:20:46,800 --> 00:20:49,560
Speaker 2: So well, I guess maybe the answer is that Tray's

431
00:20:49,600 --> 00:20:51,520
Speaker 2: wife is right, you do need some block, but maybe

432
00:20:51,560 --> 00:20:54,800
Speaker 2: you don't need like a thirty SPF or fifty. You

433
00:20:54,840 --> 00:20:56,480
Speaker 2: just need like a five SPF.

434
00:20:56,680 --> 00:20:58,240
Speaker 1: I mean, just always brings sunblock.

435
00:21:00,320 --> 00:21:01,719
Speaker 2: You were some block even when you sit in your

436
00:21:01,720 --> 00:21:02,760
Speaker 2: couch eating chocolate.

437
00:21:04,119 --> 00:21:08,000
Speaker 1: Yes, slog day every day, absolutely, man. I live in

438
00:21:08,040 --> 00:21:08,879
Speaker 1: southern California.

439
00:21:09,000 --> 00:21:11,200
Speaker 2: Nice? Is that why you look so young and beautiful?

440
00:21:12,359 --> 00:21:15,720
Speaker 1: Young? At least you at least young and as beautiful

441
00:21:15,720 --> 00:21:16,480
Speaker 1: as I ever was.

442
00:21:17,960 --> 00:21:20,880
Speaker 2: All right, Well, I think we answered the question right.

443
00:21:20,920 --> 00:21:22,840
Speaker 2: I think you do need some block because there is

444
00:21:22,880 --> 00:21:27,000
Speaker 2: still radiation, X rays and UV light there, but maybe

445
00:21:27,040 --> 00:21:29,160
Speaker 2: not as much. You don't need as much some block

446
00:21:29,320 --> 00:21:31,600
Speaker 2: or as think of a sunblock SPF.

447
00:21:31,840 --> 00:21:33,840
Speaker 1: If you're going to bring your planet and its atmosphere

448
00:21:33,840 --> 00:21:34,800
Speaker 1: with you, then yeah.

449
00:21:34,640 --> 00:21:36,240
Speaker 2: Yeah, I think the bigger question is why would you

450
00:21:36,240 --> 00:21:39,120
Speaker 2: want to go there for a vacation. It sounds kind

451
00:21:39,119 --> 00:21:40,880
Speaker 2: of dim, kind of far.

452
00:21:41,320 --> 00:21:43,280
Speaker 1: I mean, that's kind of personal. That's between Trey and

453
00:21:43,320 --> 00:21:47,960
Speaker 1: his wife. May they like dim places? Yeah? Who knows, man,

454
00:21:48,040 --> 00:21:49,280
Speaker 1: people like all sorts of stuff.

455
00:21:49,720 --> 00:21:52,200
Speaker 2: I guess, I guess. Yeah. All right, Well, good luck

456
00:21:52,200 --> 00:21:55,080
Speaker 2: Tray on your vacation and your marriage as well.

457
00:21:57,560 --> 00:21:59,920
Speaker 1: If you're coming to us for advice, we already have concer.

458
00:22:00,240 --> 00:22:06,640
Speaker 2: Yeah that's right, you're already in trouble. She turned into

459
00:22:06,680 --> 00:22:09,160
Speaker 2: like a marriage legal advice podcast.

460
00:22:09,680 --> 00:22:11,000
Speaker 1: More stuff. We're not qualified.

461
00:22:11,760 --> 00:22:15,520
Speaker 2: Yeah, all right, Well let's get to our other questions

462
00:22:16,800 --> 00:22:22,520
Speaker 2: about destroying planets and about antimatter. But first let's take

463
00:22:22,560 --> 00:22:37,720
Speaker 2: a quick break. All right, we're answering listener questions here

464
00:22:37,720 --> 00:22:43,040
Speaker 2: today and also fixing people's marriage or making them worse.

465
00:22:43,080 --> 00:22:45,880
Speaker 2: I'm not sure. It's all about physics experiment.

466
00:22:46,000 --> 00:22:48,600
Speaker 1: We're well intentioned, even if it's clumsy. That's what we're

467
00:22:48,600 --> 00:22:51,919
Speaker 1: here to inform, not to reform your marriage. I have

468
00:22:52,040 --> 00:22:54,000
Speaker 1: performed some marriages, though I have married people.

469
00:22:54,280 --> 00:22:57,280
Speaker 2: Oh nice, and it's valid. Does it work if it's

470
00:22:57,320 --> 00:22:59,600
Speaker 2: a physicist? Are you a man of the universe?

471
00:23:00,640 --> 00:23:03,960
Speaker 1: I am an official shaman of the Universallife Church dot com.

472
00:23:03,960 --> 00:23:04,800
Speaker 1: Thank you very much.

473
00:23:05,040 --> 00:23:06,600
Speaker 2: Oh is that your title? Shaman?

474
00:23:07,119 --> 00:23:09,200
Speaker 1: Shaman? I got to pick any title I wanted.

475
00:23:09,040 --> 00:23:11,120
Speaker 2: Isn't it shaman shaman?

476
00:23:11,400 --> 00:23:12,919
Speaker 1: If I think if I'm a shaman, I get to

477
00:23:12,960 --> 00:23:14,040
Speaker 1: decide how I pronounce it.

478
00:23:14,119 --> 00:23:16,959
Speaker 2: I see, I see. There's no requirement. There's no class

479
00:23:16,960 --> 00:23:19,840
Speaker 2: on how to pronounce the title. As part of the

480
00:23:20,240 --> 00:23:21,440
Speaker 2: qualification process.

481
00:23:21,480 --> 00:23:24,320
Speaker 1: The only qualification is can you click this button online?

482
00:23:24,400 --> 00:23:27,960
Speaker 1: And I passed that with flying colors and then makes

483
00:23:28,000 --> 00:23:29,520
Speaker 1: it qualified to marry people? Yes?

484
00:23:29,600 --> 00:23:32,240
Speaker 2: Absolutely, Well you should add that to your title physics

485
00:23:32,240 --> 00:23:35,840
Speaker 2: professor slash efficient efficient Yeah shaman.

486
00:23:39,200 --> 00:23:39,280
Speaker 3: No.

487
00:23:39,359 --> 00:23:41,440
Speaker 1: I did a few weddings and then I retired permanently.

488
00:23:41,720 --> 00:23:44,520
Speaker 2: Oh I see, And how are those marriages going? Still

489
00:23:44,560 --> 00:23:47,160
Speaker 2: going strong? No divorces yet?

490
00:23:47,320 --> 00:23:47,679
Speaker 1: Yeah?

491
00:23:47,720 --> 00:23:49,919
Speaker 2: Oh good, Yeah, you got a perfect record, I do,

492
00:23:50,160 --> 00:23:54,960
Speaker 2: yes so far. Maybe the key is that they've never

493
00:23:55,000 --> 00:23:56,399
Speaker 2: asked you for marriage advice.

494
00:23:56,760 --> 00:23:58,040
Speaker 1: That's probably crucial.

495
00:23:58,160 --> 00:23:59,960
Speaker 2: Yeah, all right, Well let's get to our next question.

496
00:24:00,359 --> 00:24:03,440
Speaker 2: We have a question here concerningly about how to destroy

497
00:24:03,720 --> 00:24:04,280
Speaker 2: a planet.

498
00:24:04,720 --> 00:24:08,159
Speaker 5: Hello, Daniel and Jorge. This is David from Menlo Park, California.

499
00:24:09,000 --> 00:24:12,640
Speaker 5: I'd like some professional advice. Say I want to destroy

500
00:24:12,680 --> 00:24:15,880
Speaker 5: a planet from a distance with a single particle. What

501
00:24:15,920 --> 00:24:18,880
Speaker 5: particles should I use? It needs to have at least

502
00:24:18,880 --> 00:24:21,480
Speaker 5: ten to thirty two jewels of energy and be stable

503
00:24:21,520 --> 00:24:25,160
Speaker 5: long enough to travel say one light year. Please consider

504
00:24:25,200 --> 00:24:27,199
Speaker 5: as well what method I will need to employ to

505
00:24:27,240 --> 00:24:31,040
Speaker 5: increase the particle's energy to that level. Not asking for

506
00:24:31,080 --> 00:24:33,119
Speaker 5: a friend here, This one is totally for me to

507
00:24:33,200 --> 00:24:36,640
Speaker 5: advance my nefarious plans. Thanks and have a great.

508
00:24:36,480 --> 00:24:37,520
Speaker 2: Day, all right.

509
00:24:37,840 --> 00:24:40,080
Speaker 1: At least he's straightforward. He's not claiming to be asking

510
00:24:40,119 --> 00:24:41,160
Speaker 1: for a friend or anything.

511
00:24:42,359 --> 00:24:45,080
Speaker 2: I like how you said. I like some professional advice.

512
00:24:46,320 --> 00:24:49,560
Speaker 2: Your job to destroy the universe, or to think of

513
00:24:49,640 --> 00:24:51,879
Speaker 2: way to destroy the universe, or think of way to

514
00:24:52,200 --> 00:24:55,200
Speaker 2: prevent the distrection of the planet. I'm not quite sure

515
00:24:55,240 --> 00:24:56,239
Speaker 2: what his profession is.

516
00:24:56,359 --> 00:24:58,600
Speaker 1: I think his boss is Darth Vader and he works

517
00:24:58,600 --> 00:25:01,280
Speaker 1: on the Death Star, right. Oh, or maybe he's Darth

518
00:25:01,320 --> 00:25:05,240
Speaker 1: Vader's boss. Or Darth Vader commissioned him as an architect

519
00:25:05,320 --> 00:25:06,720
Speaker 1: to design a death Star.

520
00:25:07,080 --> 00:25:11,320
Speaker 2: Oh. Interesting, I see he's designer of the future death Star.

521
00:25:12,600 --> 00:25:14,200
Speaker 1: Yeah, gonna work our way into the cannon.

522
00:25:14,280 --> 00:25:17,520
Speaker 2: Man, are we gonna get credit? Is there gonna be

523
00:25:17,520 --> 00:25:22,320
Speaker 2: a little plaque in the Death Star made with information

524
00:25:22,440 --> 00:25:24,840
Speaker 2: obtained from Daniel and Hora explain the universe?

525
00:25:25,920 --> 00:25:28,160
Speaker 1: I don't want any kind of credit there, no, thank

526
00:25:28,200 --> 00:25:28,919
Speaker 1: you very much.

527
00:25:29,640 --> 00:25:33,159
Speaker 2: But it gets destroyed anyways, twice in according to the

528
00:25:33,320 --> 00:25:36,280
Speaker 2: or three times if you count the latter movies, in

529
00:25:36,320 --> 00:25:40,399
Speaker 2: which case our plaque is gone. I think, all right,

530
00:25:40,440 --> 00:25:44,240
Speaker 2: But this is an interesting question, an interesting professional question,

531
00:25:44,280 --> 00:25:45,960
Speaker 2: I should say. And David wants to know if you

532
00:25:45,960 --> 00:25:50,119
Speaker 2: want to destroy a planet like, say, for example, the Earth.

533
00:25:50,320 --> 00:25:53,800
Speaker 2: I imagine and you had to do with a single particle,

534
00:25:54,240 --> 00:25:56,680
Speaker 2: which particle would you use? And I guess how would

535
00:25:56,720 --> 00:25:57,080
Speaker 2: you use it?

536
00:25:57,280 --> 00:25:57,720
Speaker 4: Mm hmm.

537
00:25:58,320 --> 00:26:00,679
Speaker 1: Yeah, this is a really interesting question because first you

538
00:26:00,720 --> 00:26:04,199
Speaker 1: have to think about what it means to destroy a planet, Like,

539
00:26:04,280 --> 00:26:07,760
Speaker 1: do you want to annihilate the planet purely into energy

540
00:26:07,880 --> 00:26:09,520
Speaker 1: or do you just want to like break it up

541
00:26:09,560 --> 00:26:12,399
Speaker 1: and send all of its bits flying out into space

542
00:26:12,440 --> 00:26:15,119
Speaker 1: in different directions with enough speed that they like don't

543
00:26:15,200 --> 00:26:18,080
Speaker 1: gather back together into a new planet. Like what are

544
00:26:18,119 --> 00:26:21,480
Speaker 1: the technical requirements for your planetary destruction, please, sir?

545
00:26:21,720 --> 00:26:24,000
Speaker 2: I see, Yeah, start from the beginning, like what do

546
00:26:24,000 --> 00:26:26,720
Speaker 2: you mean by destroying a planet? Because you're like, I

547
00:26:26,760 --> 00:26:30,399
Speaker 2: can help you with all the whole range. We got

548
00:26:30,400 --> 00:26:32,960
Speaker 2: a whole menu here, destroy a little. I can help

549
00:26:33,000 --> 00:26:34,280
Speaker 2: you if you want to destroy a lot.

550
00:26:34,840 --> 00:26:37,000
Speaker 1: He came to the right place, So I was assuming

551
00:26:37,080 --> 00:26:39,399
Speaker 1: that what he wanted to do is make it not

552
00:26:39,480 --> 00:26:42,679
Speaker 1: a planet anymore, basically break it up into chunks and

553
00:26:42,760 --> 00:26:45,639
Speaker 1: send those chunks out to infinity with enough speed that

554
00:26:45,680 --> 00:26:48,040
Speaker 1: they don't come back together as a planet. Didn't want

555
00:26:48,080 --> 00:26:51,160
Speaker 1: to actually like convert the mass into energy.

556
00:26:51,600 --> 00:26:54,200
Speaker 2: I see, because I guess I would be disappointing if

557
00:26:54,240 --> 00:26:56,800
Speaker 2: you like destroy the planet and then a few hundred

558
00:26:56,880 --> 00:26:59,000
Speaker 2: years later it gathers back up into planet again.

559
00:26:59,200 --> 00:27:01,080
Speaker 1: Yeah, it doesn't really feel like destroying it if the

560
00:27:01,119 --> 00:27:04,040
Speaker 1: explosion just like recollapses back into a planet. I mean,

561
00:27:04,080 --> 00:27:06,639
Speaker 1: probably you still killed everybody on the surface. Maybe that

562
00:27:06,720 --> 00:27:09,120
Speaker 1: has your goal, but there's still a planet there, right.

563
00:27:10,119 --> 00:27:13,119
Speaker 2: I feel like that's usually what people are supervillains mean

564
00:27:13,160 --> 00:27:15,280
Speaker 2: when they met when they talk about destroying a planet.

565
00:27:15,480 --> 00:27:17,560
Speaker 1: I mean it depends, right. If you're like building a

566
00:27:17,600 --> 00:27:19,720
Speaker 1: galactic super highway through a solar system and you have

567
00:27:19,760 --> 00:27:22,320
Speaker 1: to demolish a planet because it's in the way, then

568
00:27:22,359 --> 00:27:25,440
Speaker 1: you really want to break it up into a debris Oh.

569
00:27:25,520 --> 00:27:26,120
Speaker 2: I see.

570
00:27:27,000 --> 00:27:29,879
Speaker 1: Maybe you're building like a galactic particle collider and you

571
00:27:30,000 --> 00:27:31,480
Speaker 1: just need that space.

572
00:27:31,560 --> 00:27:33,399
Speaker 2: Or maybe you just need to make space for like

573
00:27:33,440 --> 00:27:38,800
Speaker 2: a new vacation resort and or a bakery, and you've

574
00:27:38,800 --> 00:27:40,240
Speaker 2: got a pesky planet in your way.

575
00:27:40,400 --> 00:27:43,960
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. Trey has commissioned you to build something for

576
00:27:44,080 --> 00:27:45,920
Speaker 1: him to visit, exactly, and this is.

577
00:27:46,200 --> 00:27:48,480
Speaker 2: Interesting, interesting, and will he need some block.

578
00:27:50,440 --> 00:27:53,000
Speaker 1: So this is something we can actually calculate. You can

579
00:27:53,000 --> 00:27:55,159
Speaker 1: think about, like how much energy do you need to

580
00:27:55,280 --> 00:27:58,600
Speaker 1: add to the bits of a planet to send them

581
00:27:58,600 --> 00:28:02,800
Speaker 1: out fast enough that they overcome the power of gravity? Right,

582
00:28:02,840 --> 00:28:06,240
Speaker 1: Like we talked about escape velocity. You throw a ball

583
00:28:06,280 --> 00:28:09,120
Speaker 1: from the surface of the Earth fast enough it will

584
00:28:09,200 --> 00:28:12,520
Speaker 1: overcome the gravitational energy and fly out to infinity and

585
00:28:12,640 --> 00:28:15,040
Speaker 1: never come back. Well, how much energy you need to

586
00:28:15,080 --> 00:28:17,960
Speaker 1: do to pick up pieces of Earth and throw them

587
00:28:18,080 --> 00:28:21,400
Speaker 1: all out to infinity so they all have escape velocity?

588
00:28:21,640 --> 00:28:23,400
Speaker 1: That's actually a number we can calculate.

589
00:28:23,840 --> 00:28:26,640
Speaker 2: Interesting, but that's just sending it off. Don't you need

590
00:28:26,800 --> 00:28:29,600
Speaker 2: extra energy to also break up all the rocks and

591
00:28:29,640 --> 00:28:31,080
Speaker 2: stuff holding the Earth together?

592
00:28:31,480 --> 00:28:34,879
Speaker 1: Yeah, you do, but most of the energy is gravitational.

593
00:28:34,960 --> 00:28:36,639
Speaker 2: What do you mean, how do you know? Like if

594
00:28:36,680 --> 00:28:38,280
Speaker 2: I try to break a rock with my hands, it's

595
00:28:38,320 --> 00:28:41,640
Speaker 2: pretty hard, but so so throwing that out into space

596
00:28:41,720 --> 00:28:44,600
Speaker 2: fast and though two, I guess, is that kind of

597
00:28:44,600 --> 00:28:46,600
Speaker 2: what you mean? Like, the energy takes you launch a

598
00:28:46,720 --> 00:28:49,480
Speaker 2: rock away from Earth so that it never comes back

599
00:28:49,680 --> 00:28:51,840
Speaker 2: is way more than the energy might take to break

600
00:28:51,880 --> 00:28:52,280
Speaker 2: it into.

601
00:28:52,200 --> 00:28:54,760
Speaker 1: Two exactly because most of the reason that the Earth

602
00:28:54,800 --> 00:28:58,480
Speaker 1: is stuck together is gravitational energy. Right, It's not actually

603
00:28:58,520 --> 00:29:02,120
Speaker 1: like bonded together. It's just so squeezed together by gravity.

604
00:29:02,160 --> 00:29:04,160
Speaker 1: It's also too complicated problem if you think about all

605
00:29:04,160 --> 00:29:06,520
Speaker 1: those details, there's like too many ways to break up

606
00:29:06,560 --> 00:29:08,720
Speaker 1: the Earth, like to break into two halves and send

607
00:29:08,760 --> 00:29:10,920
Speaker 1: them in different directions. Do you break them into ten

608
00:29:10,960 --> 00:29:14,200
Speaker 1: to forty seven pieces. That energy is smaller, I think

609
00:29:14,400 --> 00:29:16,640
Speaker 1: than all of the gravitation of binding energy.

610
00:29:17,120 --> 00:29:19,280
Speaker 2: I see you're assuming. I guess that it's smaller.

611
00:29:19,360 --> 00:29:22,480
Speaker 1: I've done some calculations. They're very hand wavy and approximate.

612
00:29:23,080 --> 00:29:25,480
Speaker 1: But most of the energy you need is the gravitation

613
00:29:25,520 --> 00:29:28,480
Speaker 1: of binding energy, and that's already a huge number. We're

614
00:29:28,480 --> 00:29:32,320
Speaker 1: talking like two times ten to the thirty two jewels.

615
00:29:32,440 --> 00:29:34,480
Speaker 1: It's an enormous amount of energy we take to send

616
00:29:34,600 --> 00:29:36,120
Speaker 1: chunks of the earth out to infinity.

617
00:29:36,200 --> 00:29:39,040
Speaker 2: That sounds like a lot, but maybe give us some context.

618
00:29:39,160 --> 00:29:42,479
Speaker 2: Like a stick of dynamite. How many jewels can that release?

619
00:29:42,720 --> 00:29:46,680
Speaker 1: So a single stick of dynamite is like two million jewels, right,

620
00:29:46,720 --> 00:29:49,040
Speaker 1: that's like ten to the six jewel and we're talking

621
00:29:49,040 --> 00:29:51,760
Speaker 1: about ten to the thirty two jewels.

622
00:29:52,120 --> 00:29:55,000
Speaker 2: M what about like an an atomic bomb?

623
00:29:55,120 --> 00:29:57,120
Speaker 1: You know, if you blew up all of the nuclear

624
00:29:57,160 --> 00:29:59,800
Speaker 1: weapons that all humans have ever built and even to

625
00:30:00,600 --> 00:30:03,440
Speaker 1: then it's like ten to the twenty jewels. It's still

626
00:30:03,480 --> 00:30:07,240
Speaker 1: a quadrillion times too low, Like ten to the twelve

627
00:30:07,360 --> 00:30:07,880
Speaker 1: too low?

628
00:30:08,600 --> 00:30:11,800
Speaker 2: WHOA? So you need a quadrillion times all the nukes

629
00:30:11,840 --> 00:30:15,040
Speaker 2: on Earth to really obliterate the Earth exactly.

630
00:30:15,080 --> 00:30:17,280
Speaker 1: When they say that we have enough nukes to destroy

631
00:30:17,320 --> 00:30:21,120
Speaker 1: the planet, they don't literally mean blow the planet into smithereens.

632
00:30:21,280 --> 00:30:23,720
Speaker 1: They just need to create enough destruction on the surface

633
00:30:24,080 --> 00:30:27,600
Speaker 1: that everybody dies, right, We don't literally have the power

634
00:30:27,640 --> 00:30:31,000
Speaker 1: to blow up the planet. Even like massive collisions that

635
00:30:31,120 --> 00:30:34,360
Speaker 1: have obliterated all life on Earth have not destroyed the planet, right,

636
00:30:34,400 --> 00:30:37,640
Speaker 1: Like the collision that extincted the dinosaurs. Obviously the Earth

637
00:30:37,720 --> 00:30:40,479
Speaker 1: is still here after that, even though that had like

638
00:30:40,560 --> 00:30:42,880
Speaker 1: ten to the twenty three jewels.

639
00:30:43,160 --> 00:30:45,240
Speaker 2: Well, what about like the collision that made the Moon.

640
00:30:45,520 --> 00:30:48,719
Speaker 1: That's a great question, because it almost did obliterate the

641
00:30:48,760 --> 00:30:51,560
Speaker 1: pre Earth. We think that the Moon was formed by

642
00:30:51,560 --> 00:30:55,280
Speaker 1: a collision of a Mars like object called Fea with

643
00:30:55,400 --> 00:30:58,400
Speaker 1: a proto Earth called Gaia, which is maybe a little

644
00:30:58,400 --> 00:31:01,520
Speaker 1: bit smaller than the current Earth, and that resulted in

645
00:31:01,560 --> 00:31:04,240
Speaker 1: like a huge blob of like molten lava which eventually

646
00:31:04,240 --> 00:31:07,160
Speaker 1: formed into the Moon and then the Earth. And we

647
00:31:07,200 --> 00:31:09,960
Speaker 1: think that had about ten to the thirty jewels in

648
00:31:10,000 --> 00:31:12,480
Speaker 1: that collision, So of course not enough to obliterate the

649
00:31:12,480 --> 00:31:15,080
Speaker 1: previous planet that was here, because we're all still here,

650
00:31:15,480 --> 00:31:17,920
Speaker 1: but close right, like within a factor of one hundred.

651
00:31:18,000 --> 00:31:20,680
Speaker 2: Although Becau's kind of a philosophical question, right, like, if

652
00:31:20,680 --> 00:31:23,280
Speaker 2: you take a planet and you break it up to

653
00:31:23,320 --> 00:31:25,760
Speaker 2: Brazilian pieces and it comes back together, is it still

654
00:31:25,920 --> 00:31:26,600
Speaker 2: the same planet?

655
00:31:26,640 --> 00:31:28,040
Speaker 1: Oh, it's the planet Theseus.

656
00:31:28,160 --> 00:31:31,360
Speaker 2: That's right, planet the Thesius, the old conundrum.

657
00:31:31,440 --> 00:31:34,120
Speaker 1: So it would take really an extraordinary amount of energy

658
00:31:34,160 --> 00:31:36,000
Speaker 1: in order to actually blow up a planet.

659
00:31:36,640 --> 00:31:39,680
Speaker 2: All right, Well, then David's question was if you could

660
00:31:39,760 --> 00:31:42,800
Speaker 2: do it, or had to do it with just one particle,

661
00:31:43,520 --> 00:31:45,760
Speaker 2: which particle would you pick in How would you do

662
00:31:45,840 --> 00:31:48,720
Speaker 2: it with one particle? I guess he wants to release

663
00:31:48,760 --> 00:31:51,960
Speaker 2: the amount of work possible or the most elegant way possible.

664
00:31:52,000 --> 00:31:54,200
Speaker 2: I'm not sure what the motivation or constraints are.

665
00:31:54,320 --> 00:31:56,560
Speaker 1: This sounds like a really hard way to blow a planet,

666
00:31:56,680 --> 00:32:00,280
Speaker 1: to put that much energy into a single particle. I mean,

667
00:32:00,320 --> 00:32:02,560
Speaker 1: we put energy into particles all the time, and it

668
00:32:02,640 --> 00:32:05,640
Speaker 1: sounds very dramatic. We have a large hadron collider and

669
00:32:05,720 --> 00:32:08,120
Speaker 1: we have particles from space that are hitting us with

670
00:32:08,160 --> 00:32:10,560
Speaker 1: a lot of energy. But you know, we don't typically

671
00:32:10,600 --> 00:32:13,360
Speaker 1: measure those in jewels because there's not a lot of

672
00:32:13,400 --> 00:32:17,400
Speaker 1: jewels in those collisions. We're talking about really tiny little particles.

673
00:32:17,400 --> 00:32:19,520
Speaker 1: They don't have a lot of mass, they don't carry

674
00:32:19,520 --> 00:32:23,280
Speaker 1: a whole lot of energy. Like the most energetic particle

675
00:32:23,320 --> 00:32:26,120
Speaker 1: we've ever seen hit the planet has a very large

676
00:32:26,160 --> 00:32:29,600
Speaker 1: amount of electron volts, but just a few hundred jewels.

677
00:32:30,000 --> 00:32:32,840
Speaker 1: Like it's called the oh my god particle, and it's

678
00:32:32,920 --> 00:32:36,160
Speaker 1: three times ten to twenty electron volts, But that just

679
00:32:36,240 --> 00:32:38,280
Speaker 1: translates to a couple hundred jewels.

680
00:32:40,240 --> 00:32:42,800
Speaker 2: How much is that like in terms of like a baseball.

681
00:32:42,600 --> 00:32:45,520
Speaker 1: So a baseball traveling like one hundred kilometers an hour

682
00:32:45,760 --> 00:32:48,480
Speaker 1: has a few hundred jewels. So like you throw a

683
00:32:48,520 --> 00:32:50,479
Speaker 1: baseball and one hundred kilometers an hour, it's not going

684
00:32:50,520 --> 00:32:54,000
Speaker 1: to destroy the planet, even if you're like Nolan Ryan and.

685
00:32:53,920 --> 00:32:55,760
Speaker 2: You're saying that's the biggest one we see coming from

686
00:32:55,760 --> 00:32:56,400
Speaker 2: outer space.

687
00:32:56,760 --> 00:33:00,920
Speaker 1: Yeah, so like cosmic colliders, which are pretty impressed, accelerate

688
00:33:00,960 --> 00:33:04,400
Speaker 1: particles to very high energies, but nowhere near the amount

689
00:33:04,400 --> 00:33:07,440
Speaker 1: of energy needed to destroy a planet. Now that doesn't

690
00:33:07,480 --> 00:33:11,400
Speaker 1: mean it's impossible, right, It's possible, David, to accelerate particles

691
00:33:11,440 --> 00:33:13,960
Speaker 1: to an arbitrary energy. There's no limit on how much

692
00:33:14,000 --> 00:33:15,920
Speaker 1: you could accelerate a particle. So if you build a

693
00:33:16,480 --> 00:33:20,640
Speaker 1: really enormous particle collider out there, a galactic collider. You

694
00:33:20,640 --> 00:33:24,880
Speaker 1: could in principle, accelerate like a proton up to ten

695
00:33:24,960 --> 00:33:28,400
Speaker 1: to the thirty two jewels, enough energy to demolish a planet.

696
00:33:29,040 --> 00:33:31,360
Speaker 2: Right, there's no limit because just the faster it goes,

697
00:33:31,400 --> 00:33:32,640
Speaker 2: the more energy it has.

698
00:33:32,880 --> 00:33:35,440
Speaker 1: Yeah, there's a limit on the speed, right, you can't

699
00:33:35,480 --> 00:33:37,400
Speaker 1: exceed the speed of light, but you can always pour

700
00:33:37,520 --> 00:33:40,560
Speaker 1: more energy into the particle. It's just that as you

701
00:33:40,600 --> 00:33:43,280
Speaker 1: approach the speed of light, the relationship between speed and

702
00:33:43,440 --> 00:33:46,920
Speaker 1: energy becomes nonlinear. But there's no limit on energy. Protons

703
00:33:46,960 --> 00:33:48,880
Speaker 1: can have an infinite amount of energy. They'll never go

704
00:33:48,960 --> 00:33:51,080
Speaker 1: fast than the speed of light, they'll always as symtotically

705
00:33:51,120 --> 00:33:53,600
Speaker 1: approach it. But there's no limit on the energy. So

706
00:33:53,960 --> 00:33:56,360
Speaker 1: you got more magnets and you've got more little electric

707
00:33:56,360 --> 00:33:59,400
Speaker 1: fields to accelerate that proton. You can just keep pushing

708
00:33:59,440 --> 00:34:02,280
Speaker 1: it until it has an earth destroying amount of energy.

709
00:34:03,400 --> 00:34:06,200
Speaker 2: Now, I guess there's several questions here I think that

710
00:34:06,320 --> 00:34:09,239
Speaker 2: David is asking. The first one is like, what kind

711
00:34:09,280 --> 00:34:11,840
Speaker 2: of particle would you use as a particle physicist, like

712
00:34:11,880 --> 00:34:14,440
Speaker 2: if you were doing this, And I guess the second

713
00:34:14,520 --> 00:34:16,480
Speaker 2: question would be how fast you need to accelerate it.

714
00:34:16,760 --> 00:34:19,360
Speaker 1: Yeah, I guess I would use a proton because you

715
00:34:19,400 --> 00:34:22,360
Speaker 1: need something that has a charge in order to accelerate it.

716
00:34:22,440 --> 00:34:25,680
Speaker 1: We tend to accelerate particles by putting them in electric field,

717
00:34:25,800 --> 00:34:26,799
Speaker 1: which pull on them.

718
00:34:27,040 --> 00:34:31,680
Speaker 2: But why a proton? Why not? Like are muons super heavy?

719
00:34:32,000 --> 00:34:34,120
Speaker 1: Muons are heavy, but they don't last very long. They're

720
00:34:34,120 --> 00:34:36,480
Speaker 1: not stable. So you want something stable because it's going

721
00:34:36,520 --> 00:34:39,239
Speaker 1: to take a while to accelerate this thing. So then

722
00:34:39,280 --> 00:34:42,080
Speaker 1: your options are like a proton or an electron, And

723
00:34:42,160 --> 00:34:44,840
Speaker 1: I'd choose a proton because the proton feels the strong

724
00:34:44,960 --> 00:34:47,799
Speaker 1: force and so when it smashes into your planet, it's

725
00:34:47,800 --> 00:34:49,520
Speaker 1: going to have a bigger impact. It's going to like

726
00:34:49,760 --> 00:34:54,400
Speaker 1: collide and interact with the particles the atmosphere more dramatically. Like,

727
00:34:54,440 --> 00:34:57,160
Speaker 1: what you want is for that proton to deliver the

728
00:34:57,320 --> 00:34:59,960
Speaker 1: energy onto the planet, not to just like pass through

729
00:35:00,200 --> 00:35:02,200
Speaker 1: and create a tiny little hole in your planet that

730
00:35:02,239 --> 00:35:05,040
Speaker 1: nobody's going to notice. You want it to deposit all

731
00:35:05,080 --> 00:35:07,759
Speaker 1: of its energy in the planet, and so for that

732
00:35:07,800 --> 00:35:11,000
Speaker 1: to happen, you have the most interactions possible. So proton's

733
00:35:11,000 --> 00:35:12,960
Speaker 1: a nice choice because as an electric charge, you can

734
00:35:13,000 --> 00:35:15,120
Speaker 1: accelerate it and its bits inside of it that the

735
00:35:15,200 --> 00:35:18,560
Speaker 1: quarks feel a strong force. So proton smashing into the

736
00:35:18,560 --> 00:35:20,879
Speaker 1: Earth is just going to deliver that energy.

737
00:35:20,880 --> 00:35:23,479
Speaker 2: Interesting, Okay, so you wouldn't just pick a quark, you'd

738
00:35:23,480 --> 00:35:25,440
Speaker 2: pick a proton, which just made it out of quarts.

739
00:35:25,880 --> 00:35:28,440
Speaker 1: Well, you can't accelerate just quarks. Quarks can't be on

740
00:35:28,480 --> 00:35:30,840
Speaker 1: their own. So yeah, a minimum serving of quarks is

741
00:35:30,880 --> 00:35:31,520
Speaker 1: like a proton.

742
00:35:31,600 --> 00:35:34,399
Speaker 2: All right, So proton would be your bullet choice here.

743
00:35:34,600 --> 00:35:37,040
Speaker 2: How fast you have to accelerate this proton? And what

744
00:35:37,040 --> 00:35:39,840
Speaker 2: would it take to accelerate something a proton that fast?

745
00:35:39,960 --> 00:35:42,000
Speaker 1: It would just take a lot of money. I mean,

746
00:35:42,040 --> 00:35:44,560
Speaker 1: the only thing that limits us from doing it right

747
00:35:44,600 --> 00:35:48,040
Speaker 1: now is enough money to build a big enough accelerator.

748
00:35:48,040 --> 00:35:50,040
Speaker 1: And like we have the technology, we know how to

749
00:35:50,080 --> 00:35:52,200
Speaker 1: do it. You just need to build a lot of

750
00:35:52,360 --> 00:35:55,520
Speaker 1: pieces of your accelerator. The way an accelerator works is

751
00:35:55,560 --> 00:35:57,759
Speaker 1: you just have a lot of little segments. Each one

752
00:35:58,000 --> 00:35:59,960
Speaker 1: has an electric field to give it a little push.

753
00:36:00,120 --> 00:36:03,080
Speaker 1: You want more energy, you just build more segments. So

754
00:36:03,200 --> 00:36:05,680
Speaker 1: the only thing that limits you is having enough money

755
00:36:05,680 --> 00:36:07,520
Speaker 1: to build those things and then enough space.

756
00:36:07,760 --> 00:36:10,200
Speaker 2: Well, like paints the picture, how big of an accelerator

757
00:36:10,200 --> 00:36:13,600
Speaker 2: would you need to accelerate a proton to planet killing speed.

758
00:36:14,800 --> 00:36:16,920
Speaker 1: So I actually did this calculation, and I thought, well,

759
00:36:16,920 --> 00:36:18,360
Speaker 1: what if you have it?

760
00:36:18,400 --> 00:36:20,400
Speaker 2: Sounds like you thought about it a lot. Are you

761
00:36:20,440 --> 00:36:22,719
Speaker 2: sure you're not? David from Menlo Park, California.

762
00:36:23,360 --> 00:36:26,359
Speaker 1: I have thought about solar system size accelerators, not because

763
00:36:26,360 --> 00:36:28,360
Speaker 1: I wanted to destroy a planet, but because I wanted

764
00:36:28,360 --> 00:36:30,960
Speaker 1: to create collisions that could help us like see what's

765
00:36:31,040 --> 00:36:33,640
Speaker 1: inside the smallest bits of matter and maybe like reveal

766
00:36:33,719 --> 00:36:34,960
Speaker 1: the plank scale or whatever.

767
00:36:35,160 --> 00:36:38,239
Speaker 2: And if you happen to get a planet destroyed gun

768
00:36:38,239 --> 00:36:38,600
Speaker 2: out of it.

769
00:36:38,640 --> 00:36:42,520
Speaker 1: Hey, you know, I think that would be a bad outcome.

770
00:36:42,840 --> 00:36:44,640
Speaker 1: You know, look sciences for people. I don't want to

771
00:36:44,680 --> 00:36:47,359
Speaker 1: kill everybody. And who's going to read my paper about

772
00:36:47,360 --> 00:36:50,360
Speaker 1: the great discoveries we make with this collider? If there

773
00:36:50,400 --> 00:36:51,440
Speaker 1: are no people to read it?

774
00:36:51,600 --> 00:36:53,560
Speaker 2: Ooh, that sounds like a movie idea. Maybe like we're

775
00:36:53,560 --> 00:36:57,399
Speaker 2: getting invaded by aliens and our only hope are particle physicists.

776
00:36:57,680 --> 00:36:59,279
Speaker 2: We can build a big enough gun.

777
00:36:59,520 --> 00:37:02,200
Speaker 1: If you're hope as particle physicists, you're screwed. Let me

778
00:37:02,400 --> 00:37:06,080
Speaker 1: say that nobody's gonna believe that particle physicists say the

779
00:37:06,080 --> 00:37:09,080
Speaker 1: world like, maybe in fifty years some spin off from

780
00:37:09,080 --> 00:37:11,319
Speaker 1: one of our ideas could actually be useful, but we

781
00:37:11,360 --> 00:37:13,040
Speaker 1: can't deliver anything on schedule.

782
00:37:13,960 --> 00:37:16,080
Speaker 2: All right, So are you thought about this? How big

783
00:37:16,120 --> 00:37:17,919
Speaker 2: of a collider do we need to build to make

784
00:37:18,120 --> 00:37:18,839
Speaker 2: a planet gun?

785
00:37:19,040 --> 00:37:21,960
Speaker 1: So a collider with the radius of the orbit of

786
00:37:22,040 --> 00:37:26,120
Speaker 1: Jupiter would not be big enough with current acceleration technologies,

787
00:37:26,600 --> 00:37:30,160
Speaker 1: which means basically you'd need something like around the scale

788
00:37:30,160 --> 00:37:33,160
Speaker 1: of the Ort cloud or bigger in order to get

789
00:37:33,200 --> 00:37:33,960
Speaker 1: these energies.

790
00:37:34,320 --> 00:37:37,879
Speaker 2: Well, I think you're thinking about a circular collider, which

791
00:37:37,880 --> 00:37:40,400
Speaker 2: is when you build like a circular track and then

792
00:37:40,440 --> 00:37:43,319
Speaker 2: you accelerate the particle going around the loop. Right, Do

793
00:37:43,320 --> 00:37:46,080
Speaker 2: you need something that big over radius because the faster

794
00:37:46,160 --> 00:37:49,520
Speaker 2: it goes, the harder it is to keep it going

795
00:37:49,520 --> 00:37:50,000
Speaker 2: in a loop.

796
00:37:50,360 --> 00:37:53,520
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, And the loop is an advantage because then

797
00:37:53,520 --> 00:37:55,480
Speaker 1: you got to push it lots of times. You can

798
00:37:55,520 --> 00:37:58,400
Speaker 1: also build a linear accelerator just a straight shot, but

799
00:37:58,440 --> 00:38:00,560
Speaker 1: then you only get one push of the part with

800
00:38:00,600 --> 00:38:01,760
Speaker 1: each of your little segments.

801
00:38:01,880 --> 00:38:04,400
Speaker 2: But more like a rifle, right, yeah, more like a rifle.

802
00:38:04,120 --> 00:38:05,960
Speaker 1: So then it has to be much much longer.

803
00:38:06,640 --> 00:38:08,399
Speaker 2: And if you had to do it that way, how

804
00:38:08,440 --> 00:38:10,760
Speaker 2: big would it have to be given current technology? Because

805
00:38:10,840 --> 00:38:12,640
Speaker 2: this all depends on current technology, right.

806
00:38:12,600 --> 00:38:16,000
Speaker 1: It all depends on the space you need to accelerate particles.

807
00:38:16,239 --> 00:38:18,120
Speaker 1: As we talked about in a recent episode about like

808
00:38:18,160 --> 00:38:21,680
Speaker 1: plasma wakefield accelerators, there are some ideas out there that

809
00:38:21,680 --> 00:38:24,839
Speaker 1: you can accelerate particles much more quickly, so accelerators could

810
00:38:24,880 --> 00:38:28,600
Speaker 1: be much much smaller, But those technologies don't really exist currently,

811
00:38:28,719 --> 00:38:30,880
Speaker 1: don't really work on large scales.

812
00:38:30,600 --> 00:38:33,239
Speaker 2: All right, So it's possible, and you're saying you would

813
00:38:33,280 --> 00:38:36,040
Speaker 2: pick a proton as your particle of choice.

814
00:38:35,880 --> 00:38:38,400
Speaker 1: Yeah, but you'd have to build a collider basically on

815
00:38:38,480 --> 00:38:42,719
Speaker 1: galactic scales, you know, or interstellar scales at least, And

816
00:38:42,760 --> 00:38:45,000
Speaker 1: so we're talking about like, you know, well more than

817
00:38:45,080 --> 00:38:47,879
Speaker 1: quadrillions of dollars in order to build this thing.

818
00:38:48,120 --> 00:38:52,360
Speaker 2: What sounds like, David is a professional planet killer. Somebody's

819
00:38:52,400 --> 00:38:53,080
Speaker 2: got money for this.

820
00:38:54,719 --> 00:38:56,880
Speaker 1: Yeah, David, you're gonna need more paper for the budget

821
00:38:56,920 --> 00:39:00,920
Speaker 1: on this thing. Really tiny thought, get all those zeros.

822
00:39:01,239 --> 00:39:03,000
Speaker 2: Well, my question is, like, let's say you built this

823
00:39:03,280 --> 00:39:06,160
Speaker 2: gun and you accelerate a particle to ten to the

824
00:39:06,320 --> 00:39:09,120
Speaker 2: thirty two jewels and you shoot it at a planet,

825
00:39:09,719 --> 00:39:11,360
Speaker 2: like is it going to destroy the planet or is

826
00:39:11,360 --> 00:39:13,480
Speaker 2: it just going to make a pinpoint hole through it?

827
00:39:13,560 --> 00:39:15,680
Speaker 1: You know what happens when a particle hits the atmosphere

828
00:39:15,719 --> 00:39:18,040
Speaker 1: is it's just like when a meteor hits the atmosphere,

829
00:39:18,520 --> 00:39:22,600
Speaker 1: it interacts with the atmosphere, deposits its energy, creates a fireball,

830
00:39:23,040 --> 00:39:25,400
Speaker 1: and so enough energy, then yeah, it's going to deposit

831
00:39:25,440 --> 00:39:27,160
Speaker 1: all that energy on the planet. It's not just going

832
00:39:27,239 --> 00:39:29,120
Speaker 1: to create a pin prick in the same way that

833
00:39:29,200 --> 00:39:31,960
Speaker 1: like the collision that extincted the dinosaurs didn't just like

834
00:39:32,000 --> 00:39:34,759
Speaker 1: make a hole through the planet, right, created an explosion.

835
00:39:34,800 --> 00:39:37,920
Speaker 1: It deposited its kinetic energy on the surface. Same thing

836
00:39:37,920 --> 00:39:38,640
Speaker 1: would happen here.

837
00:39:38,760 --> 00:39:41,239
Speaker 2: Well, I'm thinking, like a bullet can sometimes just fly

838
00:39:41,360 --> 00:39:43,160
Speaker 2: through you, or like if I shoot a bullet through

839
00:39:43,160 --> 00:39:45,479
Speaker 2: a piece of paper, it doesn't like obliterate the paper,

840
00:39:45,520 --> 00:39:47,680
Speaker 2: It just makes a hole in it. Would maybe like

841
00:39:47,760 --> 00:39:50,040
Speaker 2: a planet, even though it's all rock and lava and

842
00:39:50,040 --> 00:39:52,879
Speaker 2: all that stuff. To a particle going that fast, would

843
00:39:52,880 --> 00:39:54,720
Speaker 2: it just be like a piece of paper.

844
00:39:54,880 --> 00:39:56,919
Speaker 1: It's a good question because a particle going that fast

845
00:39:57,000 --> 00:39:59,840
Speaker 1: would also see the planet sort of length contracted to

846
00:40:00,160 --> 00:40:03,200
Speaker 1: special relativity but still I think because of the hadronic

847
00:40:03,239 --> 00:40:06,160
Speaker 1: interactions in the atmosphere, it would create a big shower

848
00:40:06,160 --> 00:40:08,359
Speaker 1: and that energy would tend to spread out. And if

849
00:40:08,400 --> 00:40:10,080
Speaker 1: it spreads out like that, it's not going to create

850
00:40:10,120 --> 00:40:12,399
Speaker 1: a pin prick. It's going to create like a very

851
00:40:12,440 --> 00:40:16,280
Speaker 1: wide shower of energy, which is going to destabilize the planet.

852
00:40:16,600 --> 00:40:20,080
Speaker 2: Right, So maybe not a pin prick, but a big

853
00:40:20,160 --> 00:40:23,680
Speaker 2: hole through the planet maybe right, Like, it may not

854
00:40:23,760 --> 00:40:26,680
Speaker 2: even obliterate as we are planning the whole planet. It

855
00:40:26,760 --> 00:40:28,880
Speaker 2: might just kind of punch a big hole through it

856
00:40:29,280 --> 00:40:32,879
Speaker 2: and not necessarily send every particle in it, every rock

857
00:40:32,920 --> 00:40:35,360
Speaker 2: in it flying with escape velocity.

858
00:40:35,520 --> 00:40:38,120
Speaker 1: Yeah, that's fair. The energy we calculated to obliterate the

859
00:40:38,160 --> 00:40:40,800
Speaker 1: planet assumes that you're going to use all that energy

860
00:40:40,840 --> 00:40:42,919
Speaker 1: and just the right way to like push every rock

861
00:40:42,960 --> 00:40:45,320
Speaker 1: in the right direction. So you need to budget extra

862
00:40:45,440 --> 00:40:46,120
Speaker 1: energy just in.

863
00:40:46,080 --> 00:40:48,680
Speaker 2: Case you might need to shoot it twice what I mean.

864
00:40:51,200 --> 00:40:53,360
Speaker 2: Or you might want to invest in two particles, David,

865
00:40:53,600 --> 00:40:56,120
Speaker 2: that might be a better idea than one part or

866
00:40:56,160 --> 00:40:58,760
Speaker 2: maybe even lots more particles, Yeah.

867
00:40:58,719 --> 00:41:00,480
Speaker 1: Or make the particle accelerated even bigger.

868
00:41:00,760 --> 00:41:03,840
Speaker 2: Oh there you go. All right, Well, hopefully this doesn't

869
00:41:03,880 --> 00:41:05,880
Speaker 2: help David. I guess do we want to help David

870
00:41:05,960 --> 00:41:06,680
Speaker 2: with this question?

871
00:41:07,000 --> 00:41:09,480
Speaker 1: I feel kind of conflicted about even answering this question.

872
00:41:11,640 --> 00:41:14,640
Speaker 1: It might lead to enormous funding for a new particle collider,

873
00:41:14,680 --> 00:41:17,440
Speaker 1: So you know, win, lose, lose win. I don't know.

874
00:41:17,560 --> 00:41:21,239
Speaker 2: I see. It's all a giant ethical mess for you.

875
00:41:21,719 --> 00:41:22,960
Speaker 1: It's a big conflict of interest.

876
00:41:23,040 --> 00:41:27,040
Speaker 2: Yes, yeah, satisfy my curiosity or destroy the planet. I

877
00:41:27,040 --> 00:41:28,399
Speaker 2: don't know. I don't know.

878
00:41:29,120 --> 00:41:30,920
Speaker 1: I kind of do know though I kind of do.

879
00:41:33,360 --> 00:41:36,000
Speaker 2: It's not a mess. It is still clear for you.

880
00:41:37,960 --> 00:41:39,880
Speaker 1: We all know what I would do in that scenario.

881
00:41:42,280 --> 00:41:44,520
Speaker 2: All right, Well, let's get to our last question. Hopefully

882
00:41:44,560 --> 00:41:48,799
Speaker 2: it's not as ethically sticky as this question, and it's

883
00:41:48,840 --> 00:41:52,400
Speaker 2: an interesting question about antime matter, so let's get to that.

884
00:41:52,480 --> 00:42:07,759
Speaker 2: But first, let's take another quick break. All right, we

885
00:42:07,920 --> 00:42:11,440
Speaker 2: are plotting to destroy the earth and or leave it

886
00:42:11,480 --> 00:42:16,280
Speaker 2: to go on vacation, answering listener questions here that listeners

887
00:42:16,280 --> 00:42:19,200
Speaker 2: like you send in, Daniel, How can people send in

888
00:42:19,239 --> 00:42:19,880
Speaker 2: their questions?

889
00:42:20,160 --> 00:42:23,720
Speaker 1: You can write to us to questions at Danielandhorge dot com,

890
00:42:23,840 --> 00:42:27,400
Speaker 1: or go look at our website Danielanhorge dot com, where

891
00:42:27,440 --> 00:42:29,680
Speaker 1: there's a form you can fill out. We answer all

892
00:42:29,680 --> 00:42:32,560
Speaker 1: of our questions. You can also tag us on Twitter

893
00:42:32,640 --> 00:42:35,840
Speaker 1: at Daniel and Jorge and we'll respond.

894
00:42:35,960 --> 00:42:39,760
Speaker 2: And you take anonymous questions right from professional planet killers.

895
00:42:40,040 --> 00:42:43,400
Speaker 1: Yeah. Absolutely, we do not require any ID, although the

896
00:42:43,480 --> 00:42:45,720
Speaker 1: FBI might follow up with you, I see.

897
00:42:45,600 --> 00:42:49,839
Speaker 2: Or the NSA and or NASA, depending on how good

898
00:42:49,880 --> 00:42:50,560
Speaker 2: your question is.

899
00:42:50,880 --> 00:42:52,920
Speaker 1: And we do answer every question from listeners. And I

900
00:42:52,960 --> 00:42:54,759
Speaker 1: say that on the podcast all the time, and I

901
00:42:54,880 --> 00:42:57,040
Speaker 1: mean it, and still when people write to me, they

902
00:42:57,040 --> 00:43:00,760
Speaker 1: seem surprised when I respond, we really do answer your questions.

903
00:43:00,800 --> 00:43:02,080
Speaker 1: Don't be shy, all right.

904
00:43:02,120 --> 00:43:05,480
Speaker 2: Well, our last question comes from Nikolay, and here's a

905
00:43:05,560 --> 00:43:07,600
Speaker 2: question about antimatter.

906
00:43:07,960 --> 00:43:11,839
Speaker 4: Could a large amount of anti matter get together and

907
00:43:11,920 --> 00:43:16,480
Speaker 4: form an anti matter black hole? What were to happen

908
00:43:16,600 --> 00:43:20,120
Speaker 4: if this anti matter black hole were to collide with

909
00:43:20,280 --> 00:43:23,680
Speaker 4: a normal black hole of a similar size. Do you

910
00:43:23,960 --> 00:43:27,400
Speaker 4: have a theory or a model that would predict what happens?

911
00:43:27,880 --> 00:43:29,640
Speaker 4: Thanks a lot, yours, Nikolai.

912
00:43:30,040 --> 00:43:32,440
Speaker 1: So, Nikolay wants to destroy a black hole. What do

913
00:43:32,520 --> 00:43:34,360
Speaker 1: you think about that? In conflicts of interest?

914
00:43:35,400 --> 00:43:37,680
Speaker 2: Well, he wants to destroy a black hole. He wants

915
00:43:37,800 --> 00:43:40,040
Speaker 2: to make an anti matter black hole.

916
00:43:40,080 --> 00:43:42,160
Speaker 1: But then he wants to smash it into a normal

917
00:43:42,200 --> 00:43:44,880
Speaker 1: black hole, and I think he's hoping to use that

918
00:43:44,920 --> 00:43:46,120
Speaker 1: to destroy the black hole.

919
00:43:46,360 --> 00:43:48,480
Speaker 2: Oh, I see, I see. It's a two step question.

920
00:43:48,719 --> 00:43:52,279
Speaker 2: Can you make an antimatter black hole? Now, would an

921
00:43:52,320 --> 00:43:55,239
Speaker 2: antimatter black hole be an ant would be would it

922
00:43:55,239 --> 00:43:57,880
Speaker 2: be anti black or would it be an anti hole?

923
00:44:01,040 --> 00:44:03,600
Speaker 1: Yeah? Exactly, I think that's what he's asking about.

924
00:44:04,880 --> 00:44:08,600
Speaker 2: Would it be like a white hole or a lump?

925
00:44:09,040 --> 00:44:12,719
Speaker 2: All right, well, let's tag into it, Daniel. What is antimatter?

926
00:44:12,880 --> 00:44:15,520
Speaker 1: Yeah? So Nicola obviously was thinking about antimatter, and lots

927
00:44:15,520 --> 00:44:18,839
Speaker 1: of people are fascinated with antimatter because it seems mysterious

928
00:44:19,000 --> 00:44:21,880
Speaker 1: and it kind of is. Right. Antimatter is just like

929
00:44:21,920 --> 00:44:25,560
Speaker 1: another kind of matter, but it has the opposite charge

930
00:44:25,719 --> 00:44:28,359
Speaker 1: as our matter. Really, the way to think about it

931
00:44:28,400 --> 00:44:30,680
Speaker 1: is not that there's matter and antimatter, but that all

932
00:44:30,760 --> 00:44:34,440
Speaker 1: matter comes in this sort of symmetric set. For electrons,

933
00:44:34,480 --> 00:44:37,080
Speaker 1: there's another version of that particle, the positron, which is

934
00:44:37,120 --> 00:44:40,879
Speaker 1: exactly the same but has a positive charge. And for

935
00:44:40,920 --> 00:44:43,640
Speaker 1: every quirk there's an anti quark, and for the muons

936
00:44:43,760 --> 00:44:46,359
Speaker 1: is an anti muon. Really, these things are like two

937
00:44:46,520 --> 00:44:49,439
Speaker 1: sides of the same coin. It turns out matter can

938
00:44:49,480 --> 00:44:52,880
Speaker 1: come in two flavors. And in our universe, we think

939
00:44:53,280 --> 00:44:56,240
Speaker 1: things were created and balanced an equal amount of matter

940
00:44:56,360 --> 00:44:59,719
Speaker 1: and antimatter. But for some reason we don't quite understand,

941
00:45:00,040 --> 00:45:03,120
Speaker 1: the universe prefers mattern. While most of the matter and

942
00:45:03,160 --> 00:45:07,080
Speaker 1: antimatter annihilated away into energy, a little bit of matter

943
00:45:07,239 --> 00:45:10,279
Speaker 1: was left over. And that's why we call electrons and

944
00:45:10,400 --> 00:45:14,200
Speaker 1: muons and quarks matter and the other stuff anti matter.

945
00:45:14,480 --> 00:45:16,280
Speaker 1: It's a little bit of an arbitrary distinction.

946
00:45:16,600 --> 00:45:20,359
Speaker 2: So like, for example, like an anti matter electron, an

947
00:45:20,360 --> 00:45:23,720
Speaker 2: anti electron is really just an electron with a positive charge.

948
00:45:24,000 --> 00:45:26,000
Speaker 2: Everything else about it is the same. It has mass,

949
00:45:26,000 --> 00:45:28,000
Speaker 2: it's like a particle floating out there in the universe.

950
00:45:28,400 --> 00:45:31,640
Speaker 2: It just has a positive charge instead of a negative charge, exactly.

951
00:45:32,719 --> 00:45:34,760
Speaker 2: And like an anti quark is the same, but instead

952
00:45:34,760 --> 00:45:38,359
Speaker 2: of electrical charge, it's the opposite in a different kind

953
00:45:38,400 --> 00:45:39,360
Speaker 2: of charge, exactly.

954
00:45:39,760 --> 00:45:41,680
Speaker 1: And you and I are made of matter, and the

955
00:45:41,719 --> 00:45:43,879
Speaker 1: Earth is made of matter, or the star is made

956
00:45:43,960 --> 00:45:46,400
Speaker 1: of matter, and we think that all of the universe

957
00:45:46,520 --> 00:45:48,680
Speaker 1: is made of matter. We're not exactly sure. We can't

958
00:45:48,719 --> 00:45:52,120
Speaker 1: tell because if there's an antimatter star out there, we

959
00:45:52,200 --> 00:45:54,239
Speaker 1: think it would operate under the same rules, and they

960
00:45:54,239 --> 00:45:57,040
Speaker 1: would emit photons in exactly the same way as star would.

961
00:45:57,120 --> 00:45:59,480
Speaker 1: So it's not always easy to tell whether, like distant

962
00:45:59,480 --> 00:46:03,359
Speaker 1: galaxies out there are made of matter or antimatter. But

963
00:46:03,440 --> 00:46:06,320
Speaker 1: everything in our neighborhood at least is made of matter.

964
00:46:06,400 --> 00:46:09,600
Speaker 2: Now, Nikola's first part of the question is can you

965
00:46:09,600 --> 00:46:12,479
Speaker 2: make a black hole out of antimatter if you gather

966
00:46:12,640 --> 00:46:15,799
Speaker 2: enough antimatter and it all has to be antimatter, right,

967
00:46:16,000 --> 00:46:19,240
Speaker 2: Like if you make matter and antimatter, something special happens.

968
00:46:19,320 --> 00:46:22,000
Speaker 1: So when manner and antimatter meet each other, they can annihilate,

969
00:46:22,040 --> 00:46:24,400
Speaker 1: Like an electron and a positron meet each other, they

970
00:46:24,440 --> 00:46:27,359
Speaker 1: can turn into a photon. Like all the energy that

971
00:46:27,440 --> 00:46:29,600
Speaker 1: was stored in the motion and the mass of those

972
00:46:29,640 --> 00:46:33,680
Speaker 1: particles gets converted into that photon. So that's annihilation, and

973
00:46:33,719 --> 00:46:36,080
Speaker 1: that can happen when matter and antimatter meat, Which is

974
00:46:36,120 --> 00:46:38,600
Speaker 1: why antimatter is like a great fuel because one hundred

975
00:46:38,600 --> 00:46:41,800
Speaker 1: percent of the energy stored in the antimatter is converted

976
00:46:42,120 --> 00:46:45,279
Speaker 1: directly into like photons, make a great battery or a

977
00:46:45,320 --> 00:46:47,719
Speaker 1: great like fuel source for a rocket ship much more

978
00:46:47,719 --> 00:46:51,160
Speaker 1: efficient than like chemical fuels or even fusion or stuff

979
00:46:51,160 --> 00:46:53,200
Speaker 1: like that. But what he's talking about is making a

980
00:46:53,280 --> 00:46:56,600
Speaker 1: black hole. Like, does antimatter follow the same rules of

981
00:46:56,719 --> 00:46:59,399
Speaker 1: gravity and make a black hole? The answer is yes.

982
00:47:00,000 --> 00:47:04,320
Speaker 1: Somebody doesn't care about your electric charge. Anything that has mass,

983
00:47:04,360 --> 00:47:08,400
Speaker 1: anything that has energy, can be condensed into a black hole.

984
00:47:08,440 --> 00:47:11,239
Speaker 1: So yeah, you take a big enough blob of antimatter,

985
00:47:11,640 --> 00:47:14,280
Speaker 1: collapse it down, and it will become a black hole,

986
00:47:15,000 --> 00:47:18,399
Speaker 1: an anti black hole, actually just a black hole. Right,

987
00:47:18,480 --> 00:47:20,680
Speaker 1: What can you know about a black hole. You can

988
00:47:20,719 --> 00:47:23,200
Speaker 1: know it's mass, you can know its spin, and you

989
00:47:23,200 --> 00:47:25,840
Speaker 1: can know it's electrical charge. So if you take, for example,

990
00:47:25,920 --> 00:47:29,560
Speaker 1: a bunch of positrons positively charge electrons, you collapse them

991
00:47:29,600 --> 00:47:31,759
Speaker 1: down to a black hole, then yes, you will get

992
00:47:31,760 --> 00:47:35,720
Speaker 1: a positively charged black hole. It's not really an anti

993
00:47:35,840 --> 00:47:38,719
Speaker 1: black hole. It's just a black hole made of positively

994
00:47:38,800 --> 00:47:41,879
Speaker 1: charged particles. There's nothing really anti about it.

995
00:47:42,040 --> 00:47:46,120
Speaker 2: Well, it's inside would be made out of antimatter, you think, right, Like,

996
00:47:46,239 --> 00:47:48,640
Speaker 2: nobody really knows what's going on inside of a black hole,

997
00:47:49,200 --> 00:47:52,560
Speaker 2: Like maybe the stuff inside of it is still you know,

998
00:47:52,640 --> 00:47:54,040
Speaker 2: quote unquote anti.

999
00:47:53,960 --> 00:47:55,839
Speaker 1: Well, we don't know anything about the state of matter

1000
00:47:55,880 --> 00:47:58,960
Speaker 1: inside of black hole. As you say, maybe it's all singularity,

1001
00:47:59,000 --> 00:48:00,520
Speaker 1: in which case the state of mass there is something

1002
00:48:00,560 --> 00:48:04,840
Speaker 1: completely new, right, it's no longer really positrons. And it

1003
00:48:04,880 --> 00:48:06,959
Speaker 1: depends on what theory of black holes you're talking about.

1004
00:48:07,000 --> 00:48:09,799
Speaker 1: But in general relativity, there's no room to remember that

1005
00:48:09,880 --> 00:48:12,720
Speaker 1: the black hole was made of positrons. Like a black

1006
00:48:12,760 --> 00:48:17,600
Speaker 1: hole made of positively charged positrons is no different than

1007
00:48:17,640 --> 00:48:21,560
Speaker 1: a black hole made of positively charged muons or protons

1008
00:48:21,680 --> 00:48:22,720
Speaker 1: or anything else.

1009
00:48:23,200 --> 00:48:25,840
Speaker 2: It's no different to us from the outside of a

1010
00:48:25,880 --> 00:48:29,000
Speaker 2: black hole. But it's still possible, maybe if you're inside

1011
00:48:29,040 --> 00:48:30,920
Speaker 2: of the above black hole, to tell the difference.

1012
00:48:31,080 --> 00:48:34,200
Speaker 1: If general relativity is correct, then no, general relativity says

1013
00:48:34,200 --> 00:48:37,759
Speaker 1: there's absolutely no difference. They are identical there, as identical

1014
00:48:37,880 --> 00:48:41,279
Speaker 1: as two particles that have all the same properties.

1015
00:48:40,760 --> 00:48:43,080
Speaker 2: From the outside of the event horizon.

1016
00:48:42,760 --> 00:48:45,600
Speaker 1: Even from within, even from within though you can't see it.

1017
00:48:45,640 --> 00:48:47,279
Speaker 1: But you don't know that did We don't know that.

1018
00:48:47,280 --> 00:48:49,920
Speaker 1: That's assuming general relativity is correct. On the other hand,

1019
00:48:49,920 --> 00:48:53,120
Speaker 1: we're pretty sure general relativity not correct about what's going

1020
00:48:53,160 --> 00:48:55,439
Speaker 1: on inside of black hole, which is what I'm sure

1021
00:48:55,480 --> 00:48:59,200
Speaker 1: is motivating your question. Probably there's something else more complicated

1022
00:48:59,280 --> 00:49:01,319
Speaker 1: going on. Inside of black hole because we don't think

1023
00:49:01,360 --> 00:49:05,000
Speaker 1: singularities are real. We think there's something more complex happening,

1024
00:49:05,320 --> 00:49:07,520
Speaker 1: And quantum mechanics tells us that you can't just like

1025
00:49:07,600 --> 00:49:10,759
Speaker 1: delete that information from the universe, that there must be

1026
00:49:10,840 --> 00:49:12,880
Speaker 1: some record of the fact that antimatter was used to

1027
00:49:12,880 --> 00:49:15,719
Speaker 1: create this black hole and not matter because you can't

1028
00:49:15,719 --> 00:49:18,840
Speaker 1: destroy information in the universe, says quantum mechanics. But we

1029
00:49:18,880 --> 00:49:21,760
Speaker 1: don't know how to bring like the quantum mechanics ideas

1030
00:49:21,800 --> 00:49:25,160
Speaker 1: and the general relativity ideas and merge them together into

1031
00:49:25,200 --> 00:49:26,880
Speaker 1: an idea that makes sense at the heart of a

1032
00:49:26,880 --> 00:49:29,840
Speaker 1: black hole. So nobody really knows what's going on behind

1033
00:49:29,840 --> 00:49:32,400
Speaker 1: the event horizon. General relativity says it doesn't matter what

1034
00:49:32,520 --> 00:49:34,800
Speaker 1: was used to make the black hole. Energy is energy

1035
00:49:34,880 --> 00:49:37,840
Speaker 1: is energy. Quantum mechanics says it does matter, but nobody

1036
00:49:37,840 --> 00:49:39,320
Speaker 1: knows who's right about which bits.

1037
00:49:39,400 --> 00:49:41,120
Speaker 2: All right, well, I think that answer is the first

1038
00:49:41,120 --> 00:49:43,640
Speaker 2: part of Nikolai's question, which is that you can make

1039
00:49:43,680 --> 00:49:46,640
Speaker 2: a black hole out of antimatter, and you're saying it

1040
00:49:46,760 --> 00:49:48,720
Speaker 2: just becomes a regular black hole. It just has a

1041
00:49:48,760 --> 00:49:51,560
Speaker 2: giant different charge to it. Okay, Now, the second part

1042
00:49:51,560 --> 00:49:53,920
Speaker 2: of the question is if you take a black hole

1043
00:49:53,960 --> 00:49:56,640
Speaker 2: that was made using antimatter and a black hole made

1044
00:49:56,960 --> 00:50:00,000
Speaker 2: with regular matter, and you put them together, would the annihilate?

1045
00:50:01,640 --> 00:50:03,719
Speaker 1: I wish they would. That would be super awesome. I

1046
00:50:03,760 --> 00:50:06,560
Speaker 1: would love to build a positive and negative black hole

1047
00:50:06,560 --> 00:50:11,080
Speaker 1: collider and do that experiment. General relativity says, it doesn't

1048
00:50:11,080 --> 00:50:12,959
Speaker 1: matter what went in's your black hole, and a black

1049
00:50:12,960 --> 00:50:14,799
Speaker 1: hole made of matter is the same as black hole

1050
00:50:14,800 --> 00:50:17,400
Speaker 1: made of antimatter, and so this would be the same

1051
00:50:17,480 --> 00:50:20,520
Speaker 1: as any other black hole collision, and what we would

1052
00:50:20,520 --> 00:50:22,799
Speaker 1: get is just a bigger black hole. Remember, you can't

1053
00:50:22,840 --> 00:50:25,239
Speaker 1: destroy a black hole with energy, and antimatter is just

1054
00:50:25,360 --> 00:50:29,680
Speaker 1: more energy. Everything is more energy and fuel for a

1055
00:50:29,719 --> 00:50:30,239
Speaker 1: black hole.

1056
00:50:30,360 --> 00:50:32,040
Speaker 2: First of all, I feel like it wouldn't be quite

1057
00:50:32,040 --> 00:50:34,480
Speaker 2: the same, right because if you had like a giant

1058
00:50:34,520 --> 00:50:38,239
Speaker 2: positively charged black hole and a giant negatively charged black hole,

1059
00:50:38,280 --> 00:50:40,520
Speaker 2: they would be extra attracted to each other more than

1060
00:50:40,600 --> 00:50:43,720
Speaker 2: like most black hole collisions out there in the universe.

1061
00:50:43,960 --> 00:50:46,319
Speaker 1: That's true, although remember anti matter doesn't have to be

1062
00:50:46,360 --> 00:50:49,480
Speaker 1: positively charged and matter doesn't have to be negatively charged.

1063
00:50:49,520 --> 00:50:52,440
Speaker 1: You could have black holes made of matter that's like electrons,

1064
00:50:52,440 --> 00:50:54,759
Speaker 1: so it's negatively charged, or black hole made of matter

1065
00:50:54,840 --> 00:50:57,800
Speaker 1: that's proton, so it's positively charged. Or you could have

1066
00:50:57,800 --> 00:51:01,000
Speaker 1: an anti matter black hole made of a die protons

1067
00:51:01,280 --> 00:51:04,000
Speaker 1: so that it's negatively charged. So just because it's anti

1068
00:51:04,040 --> 00:51:06,920
Speaker 1: matter doesn't mean you know something about the charge. They

1069
00:51:06,920 --> 00:51:09,399
Speaker 1: could both be neutral, right, You could have a black

1070
00:51:09,440 --> 00:51:12,040
Speaker 1: hole made of anti electrons and anti protons and be

1071
00:51:12,080 --> 00:51:14,160
Speaker 1: totally neutral. But you're right. If you have two black

1072
00:51:14,200 --> 00:51:17,759
Speaker 1: holes and have opposite charges, they will be extra attracted

1073
00:51:17,760 --> 00:51:18,319
Speaker 1: to each other.

1074
00:51:18,600 --> 00:51:21,960
Speaker 2: Mm I see, all right, So it sort of depends

1075
00:51:21,960 --> 00:51:23,440
Speaker 2: on how you make these black holes.

1076
00:51:23,680 --> 00:51:25,799
Speaker 1: Yeah, there's a lot of It depends, unfortunately, and.

1077
00:51:25,800 --> 00:51:30,920
Speaker 2: Physics, as you rename that the name of the podcast,

1078
00:51:32,160 --> 00:51:35,920
Speaker 2: it depends with Danyle Horde, it is it good? I

1079
00:51:35,920 --> 00:51:36,200
Speaker 2: don't know.

1080
00:51:36,280 --> 00:51:41,200
Speaker 1: It depends what's gonna happen. It depends. That's almost always

1081
00:51:41,239 --> 00:51:41,720
Speaker 1: the answer.

1082
00:51:42,160 --> 00:51:46,439
Speaker 2: Yes, that's the answer to the universe. It depends. Brought

1083
00:51:46,440 --> 00:51:48,400
Speaker 2: to you by it depends adult diapers.

1084
00:51:49,960 --> 00:51:51,759
Speaker 1: But if you collide two black holes, you get a

1085
00:51:51,760 --> 00:51:53,839
Speaker 1: bigger black hole. And that's what's going to happen if

1086
00:51:53,880 --> 00:51:55,800
Speaker 1: you collide a black hole made of antimatter with the

1087
00:51:55,840 --> 00:51:59,160
Speaker 1: black hole made of matter. Again, according to general relativity,

1088
00:51:59,440 --> 00:52:01,680
Speaker 1: which we think is probably wrong about some of the

1089
00:52:01,680 --> 00:52:05,120
Speaker 1: crucial details here, and we don't really know how to

1090
00:52:05,239 --> 00:52:09,279
Speaker 1: do gravity for particles, and really matter and antimatter is

1091
00:52:09,280 --> 00:52:12,480
Speaker 1: a question about particles, So we're sort of tiptoeing around

1092
00:52:12,560 --> 00:52:15,040
Speaker 1: like the fact that we don't understand quantum gravity and

1093
00:52:15,120 --> 00:52:18,080
Speaker 1: how to do gravity for particles at all. But assuming

1094
00:52:18,120 --> 00:52:21,880
Speaker 1: general relativity is correct, which probably isn't, then two black

1095
00:52:21,920 --> 00:52:24,400
Speaker 1: holes will just make a bigger black hole. Regardless of

1096
00:52:24,440 --> 00:52:26,919
Speaker 1: whether they're made of matter or anti matter. You don't

1097
00:52:26,920 --> 00:52:28,880
Speaker 1: get like a white hole. You don't get an annihilation

1098
00:52:29,120 --> 00:52:30,960
Speaker 1: or anything fun like that, You.

1099
00:52:30,920 --> 00:52:35,839
Speaker 2: Just get a double black hole. Well, I think it's

1100
00:52:35,840 --> 00:52:37,800
Speaker 2: interesting that to think about, Like maybe there is some

1101
00:52:38,120 --> 00:52:40,839
Speaker 2: interesting things going on inside of these two black holes

1102
00:52:40,880 --> 00:52:44,480
Speaker 2: when they merge, Like maybe you know, the antimatter in

1103
00:52:44,520 --> 00:52:47,239
Speaker 2: the antimatter black hole is annihilating with the matter and

1104
00:52:47,320 --> 00:52:50,239
Speaker 2: the matter black hole. But maybe we just wouldn't see

1105
00:52:50,239 --> 00:52:52,080
Speaker 2: it because it's all happening inside of like a double

1106
00:52:52,080 --> 00:52:54,399
Speaker 2: black hole, so nothing would ever come out of it. Right,

1107
00:52:54,520 --> 00:52:56,880
Speaker 2: is that possible that, like they do get annihilated, but

1108
00:52:56,920 --> 00:52:57,959
Speaker 2: they stay within the hole.

1109
00:52:58,120 --> 00:53:01,040
Speaker 1: Yeah, imagine a black hole made of electron and another

1110
00:53:01,080 --> 00:53:04,360
Speaker 1: black hole made of positrons and the two black holes merge.

1111
00:53:04,560 --> 00:53:06,799
Speaker 1: So now the electrons and positrons can sort of see

1112
00:53:06,800 --> 00:53:09,680
Speaker 1: each other and interact. Then what happens. They annihilate to

1113
00:53:09,680 --> 00:53:12,960
Speaker 1: a bunch of photons which are trapped inside the black hole,

1114
00:53:13,160 --> 00:53:15,040
Speaker 1: and the black hole doesn't care at all about the

1115
00:53:15,080 --> 00:53:19,120
Speaker 1: state of matter, photons, electrons, positrons, it's all just energy,

1116
00:53:19,360 --> 00:53:23,000
Speaker 1: and it's really energy that bends space time, remember, not mass.

1117
00:53:23,400 --> 00:53:24,920
Speaker 1: So in order to create a black hole, you need

1118
00:53:25,080 --> 00:53:27,640
Speaker 1: energy density, and photons can do it just as well

1119
00:53:27,680 --> 00:53:30,719
Speaker 1: as electrons or positrons. The state of matter is kind

1120
00:53:30,719 --> 00:53:33,920
Speaker 1: of irrelevant when you're outside the event horizon, right.

1121
00:53:33,840 --> 00:53:36,360
Speaker 2: Right, Like maybe they do. It does get annihilated, but

1122
00:53:36,400 --> 00:53:39,160
Speaker 2: it's like annihilating something instead of a black hole. It

1123
00:53:39,239 --> 00:53:40,120
Speaker 2: stays in the black hole.

1124
00:53:40,160 --> 00:53:41,880
Speaker 1: It stays in the black hole. All those photons are

1125
00:53:41,920 --> 00:53:45,160
Speaker 1: just trapped inside anyway, they just move towards the singularity.

1126
00:53:45,280 --> 00:53:49,359
Speaker 2: Yeah, so I guess that answers Nicolai's question, but.

1127
00:53:49,320 --> 00:53:50,920
Speaker 1: I don't want to discourage you. Nikolai. If you have

1128
00:53:51,000 --> 00:53:53,879
Speaker 1: access to an anti matter black hole factory, then hey,

1129
00:53:53,920 --> 00:53:55,719
Speaker 1: build one and shoot it at a black hole. Let's

1130
00:53:55,719 --> 00:53:56,440
Speaker 1: see what happens.

1131
00:53:57,239 --> 00:54:03,320
Speaker 2: Yeah, far away from here potentially collaborate with our previous question.

1132
00:54:03,440 --> 00:54:05,920
Speaker 1: Ask her please, but maybe ask Trey he can bring

1133
00:54:05,960 --> 00:54:07,680
Speaker 1: it along on his trip to Series B, which is

1134
00:54:07,680 --> 00:54:09,520
Speaker 1: probably far enough away for everybody.

1135
00:54:09,239 --> 00:54:12,680
Speaker 2: To be safe. Yes, but what they need sunblock to

1136
00:54:12,760 --> 00:54:14,360
Speaker 2: witness this collision?

1137
00:54:14,480 --> 00:54:16,279
Speaker 1: No, because they'd be trapped inside the black hole. They'd

1138
00:54:16,280 --> 00:54:17,080
Speaker 1: be perfectly safe.

1139
00:54:17,239 --> 00:54:17,640
Speaker 2: Oh.

1140
00:54:18,000 --> 00:54:20,000
Speaker 1: If finds time is right and I find sometime is wrong,

1141
00:54:20,040 --> 00:54:22,640
Speaker 1: they'll be fried. So hey, either way we find out

1142
00:54:22,640 --> 00:54:23,000
Speaker 1: the answer.

1143
00:54:24,280 --> 00:54:25,600
Speaker 2: Either way, their marriage is over.

1144
00:54:26,560 --> 00:54:30,800
Speaker 1: Probably they were doomed that kep to us for advice.

1145
00:54:31,120 --> 00:54:34,480
Speaker 2: It's right, it was over long before it was featured

1146
00:54:34,480 --> 00:54:38,480
Speaker 2: in this podcast. All right, well, awesome questions here today.

1147
00:54:38,640 --> 00:54:42,319
Speaker 2: Lots of curiosity about what happens in these extreme situations

1148
00:54:42,320 --> 00:54:44,960
Speaker 2: in the universe. I feel like, what happens if you

1149
00:54:45,040 --> 00:54:48,319
Speaker 2: accelerate something really fast a single particle? Or what if

1150
00:54:48,320 --> 00:54:51,439
Speaker 2: you collide these different black holes? Or would you need

1151
00:54:51,440 --> 00:54:53,200
Speaker 2: sunblock to go to a distant start?

1152
00:54:53,320 --> 00:54:56,240
Speaker 1: Yes, it's these extreme situations that really teach you about

1153
00:54:56,280 --> 00:54:58,200
Speaker 1: what the rules mean. When you stretch them, when you

1154
00:54:58,239 --> 00:55:00,200
Speaker 1: push them, when you try to overlap them, and you

1155
00:55:00,239 --> 00:55:02,680
Speaker 1: ask what happens when they conflict with each other? Those

1156
00:55:02,680 --> 00:55:05,160
Speaker 1: are the edge cases when you really learn about the

1157
00:55:05,200 --> 00:55:06,840
Speaker 1: supreme rules of the universe.

1158
00:55:07,120 --> 00:55:09,240
Speaker 2: And that's what we love here in the podcast Extreme

1159
00:55:09,320 --> 00:55:13,479
Speaker 2: Curiosity at Extreme Adventures Mental or Physical ones.

1160
00:55:13,560 --> 00:55:15,360
Speaker 1: Yeah, we're gonna be the official podcast or the X

1161
00:55:15,400 --> 00:55:16,200
Speaker 1: Games next year.

1162
00:55:16,680 --> 00:55:22,720
Speaker 2: Hey yeah, but do you buy Mountain d Black Hole?

1163
00:55:22,800 --> 00:55:22,840
Speaker 1: Do?

1164
00:55:24,560 --> 00:55:26,520
Speaker 2: We probably cover a lot more physics because we were

1165
00:55:26,920 --> 00:55:31,080
Speaker 2: both Hot Top and Red Bull or Mountain dew All right, Well,

1166
00:55:31,120 --> 00:55:33,040
Speaker 2: we hope you enjoyed that. Thanks to all of our

1167
00:55:33,080 --> 00:55:36,600
Speaker 2: listeners for sending in their questions, and thanks to our

1168
00:55:36,680 --> 00:55:39,880
Speaker 2: question ask yourself today, although not thank you if you

1169
00:55:39,920 --> 00:55:42,480
Speaker 2: do succeed in destroying the plant.

1170
00:55:43,120 --> 00:55:46,240
Speaker 1: But thanks for your curiosity. It's your curiosity that drives

1171
00:55:46,280 --> 00:55:49,320
Speaker 1: this podcast and all of signs forward. So keep asking

1172
00:55:49,400 --> 00:55:52,040
Speaker 1: questions and keep sending them to us. To questions at

1173
00:55:52,120 --> 00:55:55,280
Speaker 1: Daniel and Jorge dot com. You really will get an answer.

1174
00:55:55,440 --> 00:55:57,680
Speaker 2: You hope you enjoyed that. See you next time.

1175
00:56:02,400 --> 00:56:05,200
Speaker 1: For more science and curiosity. Come find us on social

1176
00:56:05,320 --> 00:56:10,200
Speaker 1: media where we answer questions and post videos. We're on Twitter, Discorg, Insta,

1177
00:56:10,320 --> 00:56:14,040
Speaker 1: and now TikTok. Thanks for listening, and remember that Daniel

1178
00:56:14,040 --> 00:56:17,520
Speaker 1: and Jorge Explain the Universe is a production of iHeartRadio.

1179
00:56:17,760 --> 00:56:22,960
Speaker 1: For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts,

1180
00:56:23,040 --> 00:56:25,400
Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.