1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:02,320 Speaker 1: Hey everyone, it's Eaves. Just wanted to let you know 2 00:00:02,360 --> 00:00:04,520 Speaker 1: that you'll be hearing an episode from me and an 3 00:00:04,559 --> 00:00:07,360 Speaker 1: episode from Tracy V. Wilson today. I hope you enjoyed 4 00:00:07,400 --> 00:00:11,120 Speaker 1: the show. Welcome to this day in History class from 5 00:00:11,200 --> 00:00:13,520 Speaker 1: how Stuff Works dot com and from the desk of 6 00:00:13,520 --> 00:00:15,840 Speaker 1: Stuff you missed in History Class. It's the show where 7 00:00:15,840 --> 00:00:18,119 Speaker 1: we explore the past one day at a time with 8 00:00:18,200 --> 00:00:25,160 Speaker 1: a quick look at what happened today in history. Hello, 9 00:00:25,239 --> 00:00:28,040 Speaker 1: and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. Wilson and 10 00:00:28,080 --> 00:00:32,159 Speaker 1: it's October two. The Pehiel Massacre, also known as the 11 00:00:32,159 --> 00:00:36,239 Speaker 1: Parsley Massacre, began on this day in ninety seven. The 12 00:00:36,360 --> 00:00:40,000 Speaker 1: name of this massacre comes from a shibalith, and if 13 00:00:40,000 --> 00:00:42,040 Speaker 1: you're not familiar with that term, it has a lot 14 00:00:42,120 --> 00:00:45,479 Speaker 1: of different meanings today, but its origins are from the 15 00:00:45,479 --> 00:00:49,839 Speaker 1: Biblical Book of Judges. From the New International Version quote, 16 00:00:50,080 --> 00:00:53,440 Speaker 1: the Gileadites captured the fords of the Jordan's, leading to 17 00:00:53,640 --> 00:00:56,480 Speaker 1: I fre M. And whenever a survivor of the free 18 00:00:56,640 --> 00:00:59,720 Speaker 1: M said let me cross over, the men of Gillyad 19 00:00:59,760 --> 00:01:03,200 Speaker 1: asked him, are you and ere amite? If he replied no, 20 00:01:03,640 --> 00:01:08,200 Speaker 1: they said, all right, say sibbles if he said sybilith. 21 00:01:08,440 --> 00:01:10,920 Speaker 1: Because he could not pronounce the word correctly, they seized 22 00:01:11,000 --> 00:01:13,160 Speaker 1: him and killed him at the fords of the Jordan's 23 00:01:13,800 --> 00:01:17,640 Speaker 1: Forty two thousand Ephramites were killed at that time. So 24 00:01:17,720 --> 00:01:21,120 Speaker 1: the word sibals was being used to distinguish the Gileadites 25 00:01:21,360 --> 00:01:25,680 Speaker 1: from the Fremites, because i Fremites couldn't pronounce the sound 26 00:01:25,920 --> 00:01:29,360 Speaker 1: and sibbles and the Parsley massacre of this word that 27 00:01:29,440 --> 00:01:32,240 Speaker 1: was used in this way was peakle, which is the 28 00:01:32,280 --> 00:01:35,399 Speaker 1: Spanish word for parsley. In some accounts, it was being 29 00:01:35,480 --> 00:01:39,360 Speaker 1: used to distinguish the Dominicans, who mainly spoke Spanish, from 30 00:01:39,400 --> 00:01:43,200 Speaker 1: the Haitians, who mainly spoke Creole and French, and who 31 00:01:43,200 --> 00:01:47,840 Speaker 1: couldn't easily make that rolled are in Pakil. Here's how 32 00:01:47,880 --> 00:01:51,520 Speaker 1: it happened. Today, Haiti and the Dominican Republic are both 33 00:01:51,600 --> 00:01:55,120 Speaker 1: on the island of Hispaniola. This island was first colonized 34 00:01:55,160 --> 00:01:58,240 Speaker 1: by Europeans after Christopher Columbus landed there on his first 35 00:01:58,320 --> 00:02:02,200 Speaker 1: voyage in four two, so at first it was established 36 00:02:02,200 --> 00:02:06,400 Speaker 1: as Santo Domingo under Spanish control. Spain later seated the 37 00:02:06,440 --> 00:02:10,080 Speaker 1: western portion of it to France. The French side of 38 00:02:10,120 --> 00:02:13,919 Speaker 1: the island became independent after the Haitian Revolution, and then 39 00:02:14,000 --> 00:02:17,239 Speaker 1: Haiti annexed the Spanish side of the island, so the 40 00:02:17,280 --> 00:02:21,400 Speaker 1: whole island was unified from eighteen eighteen forty four. What's 41 00:02:21,440 --> 00:02:25,119 Speaker 1: now the Dominican Republic first declared its independence from Haiti 42 00:02:25,160 --> 00:02:28,160 Speaker 1: in eighteen forty four and then became independent from Spain 43 00:02:28,200 --> 00:02:32,240 Speaker 1: in eighteen sixty five. After World War Two, the United 44 00:02:32,280 --> 00:02:36,560 Speaker 1: States occupied both Haiti and the Dominican Republic. The United 45 00:02:36,560 --> 00:02:39,720 Speaker 1: States was trying to install pro US governments and to 46 00:02:39,760 --> 00:02:43,880 Speaker 1: make the island more friendly to US policy. The US 47 00:02:44,000 --> 00:02:46,760 Speaker 1: withdrew from the Dominican Republic in nineteen twenty four and 48 00:02:46,800 --> 00:02:51,040 Speaker 1: from Haiti in nineteen thirty four. But between these two withdrawals, 49 00:02:51,480 --> 00:02:57,359 Speaker 1: in nineteen thirty General Raphael Triquillo overthrew Dominican President Haracio 50 00:02:57,440 --> 00:03:00,840 Speaker 1: Vasquez and he established a dictatorship. The general had been 51 00:03:00,880 --> 00:03:02,799 Speaker 1: part of the National Guard, and he had actually been 52 00:03:02,800 --> 00:03:06,600 Speaker 1: trained by US marines. During the occupation, he saw the 53 00:03:06,639 --> 00:03:10,320 Speaker 1: whole Haiti Dominican Republic border region, which in a lot 54 00:03:10,360 --> 00:03:13,280 Speaker 1: of ways was bicultural, as a threat. There was a 55 00:03:13,320 --> 00:03:16,440 Speaker 1: threat to his regime. It was a potential way for 56 00:03:16,639 --> 00:03:20,680 Speaker 1: rebels against his regime to escape. He was also motivated 57 00:03:20,680 --> 00:03:24,160 Speaker 1: by racism and by anti immigrant sentiment along the border, 58 00:03:24,520 --> 00:03:28,320 Speaker 1: and by nationalism and a flat out desire for power. First, 59 00:03:28,320 --> 00:03:32,200 Speaker 1: he ordered the killing of three hundred Haitians along this border, 60 00:03:32,280 --> 00:03:35,280 Speaker 1: and he announced that he had done so, saying that 61 00:03:35,320 --> 00:03:37,520 Speaker 1: it was a solution to the problem of reported thefts 62 00:03:37,520 --> 00:03:42,480 Speaker 1: and other depredations supposedly being committed by Haitians. He said 63 00:03:42,520 --> 00:03:44,920 Speaker 1: this was a remedy, and he promised that this remedy 64 00:03:45,040 --> 00:03:49,960 Speaker 1: was going to continue. A horrifying and brutal massacre followed, 65 00:03:50,000 --> 00:03:53,280 Speaker 1: with that word pet heel being used in some accounts 66 00:03:53,280 --> 00:03:58,559 Speaker 1: to distinguish between dark skinned Dominicans and dark skinned Haitians. 67 00:03:59,760 --> 00:04:03,880 Speaker 1: This test probably wasn't used for everyone, and it may 68 00:04:03,920 --> 00:04:05,960 Speaker 1: not have been very effective because a lot of people 69 00:04:06,000 --> 00:04:09,880 Speaker 1: in the border region did actually speak Spanish regardless, though 70 00:04:09,920 --> 00:04:12,360 Speaker 1: the military was targeting the people with the darkest skin, 71 00:04:12,600 --> 00:04:15,920 Speaker 1: and that included the Dominican born children of Haitian descent. 72 00:04:16,560 --> 00:04:20,640 Speaker 1: Most of the killings were committed with machetes. The total 73 00:04:20,760 --> 00:04:23,520 Speaker 1: death toll of this massacre is unknown because there were 74 00:04:23,560 --> 00:04:27,640 Speaker 1: mass burials, huge dumping of bodies and cover ups, and 75 00:04:27,760 --> 00:04:30,880 Speaker 1: censorship Most estimates put it in the range of twenty 76 00:04:30,960 --> 00:04:36,240 Speaker 1: thousand people and possibly many more. Afterward, the Dominican Republic 77 00:04:36,360 --> 00:04:40,960 Speaker 1: and its policies became increasingly anti Haitian. The Dominican government 78 00:04:41,120 --> 00:04:45,400 Speaker 1: eventually was ordered to pay five thousand dollars of restitution. 79 00:04:45,839 --> 00:04:48,120 Speaker 1: That was a really tiny amount of money considering what 80 00:04:48,160 --> 00:04:50,760 Speaker 1: had happened, and very little of that money actually reached 81 00:04:50,760 --> 00:04:55,039 Speaker 1: any survivors. General Trichillo and his government and the army 82 00:04:55,279 --> 00:05:00,320 Speaker 1: faced no punishment or retribution for this massacre. Thanks to 83 00:05:00,320 --> 00:05:02,920 Speaker 1: Eves Jeff Cope for her research work today on this podcast, 84 00:05:02,960 --> 00:05:05,719 Speaker 1: Anti Terry Harrison for her audio work on this show. 85 00:05:06,279 --> 00:05:08,240 Speaker 1: You can subscribe to This Day in History Class on 86 00:05:08,279 --> 00:05:12,000 Speaker 1: Apple Podcasts, Google podcast and wherever else you get your podcasts, 87 00:05:12,040 --> 00:05:15,480 Speaker 1: and you can tune in tomorrow for one nation's second 88 00:05:15,520 --> 00:05:27,760 Speaker 1: attempt to colonize another. Hey, I'm Eves, and you're listening 89 00:05:27,800 --> 00:05:30,920 Speaker 1: to This Day in History Class, a podcast that proves 90 00:05:30,960 --> 00:05:45,080 Speaker 1: history is always happening. The day was October two. The 91 00:05:45,160 --> 00:05:48,320 Speaker 1: book The Obedience of a Christian Man by English Protestant 92 00:05:48,320 --> 00:05:53,240 Speaker 1: author William tindal was first printed in Antwerp, Belgium. In 93 00:05:53,320 --> 00:05:55,599 Speaker 1: the book, Tindall said that kings were the head of 94 00:05:55,640 --> 00:05:59,039 Speaker 1: their country's church, and we're accountable to God, not to 95 00:05:59,120 --> 00:06:02,200 Speaker 1: the Pope. The book is one of the key texts 96 00:06:02,240 --> 00:06:05,599 Speaker 1: in the English Reformation, a period in the sixteenth century 97 00:06:05,880 --> 00:06:09,279 Speaker 1: when reformers challenged the authority of the Pope and the 98 00:06:09,360 --> 00:06:13,960 Speaker 1: Roman Catholic Church. Tindal was a scholar in theologian. He 99 00:06:14,080 --> 00:06:17,080 Speaker 1: was also a linguist who became fluent in several languages 100 00:06:17,120 --> 00:06:22,039 Speaker 1: over the years, including French, Greek, Hebrew, and Latin, but 101 00:06:22,200 --> 00:06:26,560 Speaker 1: his religious views grew to be radical and controversial. Influenced 102 00:06:26,560 --> 00:06:29,960 Speaker 1: by the Reformation, Tindall believed that only the Bible should 103 00:06:30,000 --> 00:06:33,560 Speaker 1: determine the doctrine of the Church. He also thought that 104 00:06:33,600 --> 00:06:37,200 Speaker 1: translating the New Testament into English would allow people to 105 00:06:37,240 --> 00:06:40,839 Speaker 1: have their own understanding of scripture, rather than one determined 106 00:06:40,920 --> 00:06:44,480 Speaker 1: by the Catholic Church. The translation of the Bible that 107 00:06:44,520 --> 00:06:47,840 Speaker 1: the Roman Catholic Church used, the Vulgate, was in Latin, 108 00:06:48,400 --> 00:06:51,440 Speaker 1: so the Bible was read in church in Latin, which 109 00:06:51,600 --> 00:06:56,440 Speaker 1: few people attending religious services could understand. But the Church, 110 00:06:56,680 --> 00:07:00,000 Speaker 1: wary of anyone or anything that may challenge tradition, require 111 00:07:00,160 --> 00:07:04,640 Speaker 1: ecclesiastical approval of translations and readings of the Bible in English. 112 00:07:05,680 --> 00:07:09,040 Speaker 1: Reformer John Wycliffe and those who promoted his views, known 113 00:07:09,080 --> 00:07:12,840 Speaker 1: as Lollards, were persecuted as heretics for their defiance of 114 00:07:12,840 --> 00:07:16,840 Speaker 1: the beliefs and practices of the Church and their translations 115 00:07:16,840 --> 00:07:21,200 Speaker 1: of the Bible into English. But even though having unauthorized 116 00:07:21,200 --> 00:07:24,920 Speaker 1: English translations of the scriptures could result in charges of heresy, 117 00:07:25,080 --> 00:07:29,800 Speaker 1: people still read English translations and reformers acknowledged the Bible 118 00:07:29,880 --> 00:07:33,280 Speaker 1: as the highest authority of the Biblical Word, not the Pope, 119 00:07:34,320 --> 00:07:37,680 Speaker 1: and Tendall was determined to translate the Bible into English 120 00:07:38,040 --> 00:07:42,840 Speaker 1: even after church authorities in England refused his requests. He 121 00:07:43,000 --> 00:07:47,440 Speaker 1: left England and by he had completed his translation of 122 00:07:47,480 --> 00:07:50,760 Speaker 1: the New Testament, and by the next year printing of 123 00:07:50,800 --> 00:07:54,280 Speaker 1: the New Testament was complete. It was the first New 124 00:07:54,320 --> 00:07:57,560 Speaker 1: Testament in English to be mass produced with the printing press, 125 00:07:57,680 --> 00:08:02,080 Speaker 1: rather than being handwritten. Thousands of copies of Tindal's New 126 00:08:02,160 --> 00:08:04,960 Speaker 1: Testament were printed by the time he was executed in 127 00:08:05,000 --> 00:08:10,080 Speaker 1: fifteen thirty six for heresy, and it influenced later Bible translations, 128 00:08:10,400 --> 00:08:15,480 Speaker 1: including the sixteen eleven King James Bible. Tindal also published 129 00:08:15,520 --> 00:08:18,160 Speaker 1: other books in which he criticized the practices of the 130 00:08:18,200 --> 00:08:21,920 Speaker 1: Catholic Church. One of the most influential was The Obedience 131 00:08:21,960 --> 00:08:24,760 Speaker 1: of a Christian Man, though the original title of it 132 00:08:24,800 --> 00:08:28,160 Speaker 1: is much longer than that. The book is divided into 133 00:08:28,200 --> 00:08:32,800 Speaker 1: three main sections, preceded by two introductions. The first section 134 00:08:32,880 --> 00:08:35,880 Speaker 1: discusses God's laws of obedience and the people bound to 135 00:08:35,960 --> 00:08:39,480 Speaker 1: obey them. The second expresses how the people who have 136 00:08:39,640 --> 00:08:43,440 Speaker 1: authority should rule, and the third affirms that the literal 137 00:08:43,480 --> 00:08:47,200 Speaker 1: sense of scripture is spiritual. In the book, he said 138 00:08:47,240 --> 00:08:50,400 Speaker 1: that worshipers should affirm the authority of the Bible over 139 00:08:50,520 --> 00:08:54,120 Speaker 1: any other authority, like the Catholic Church and the Pope. 140 00:08:55,160 --> 00:08:58,240 Speaker 1: The book also claimed that God appointed kings who were 141 00:08:58,320 --> 00:09:02,480 Speaker 1: authorities of their realms. Anne Boleyn owned a copy of 142 00:09:02,520 --> 00:09:06,400 Speaker 1: the book, which, according to anecdotal evidence, was eventually shown 143 00:09:06,400 --> 00:09:09,199 Speaker 1: to King Henry the Eighth. It's been claimed that the 144 00:09:09,320 --> 00:09:12,400 Speaker 1: king liked the stance on papal authority expressed in the book, 145 00:09:12,760 --> 00:09:15,839 Speaker 1: and that the book influenced the Act of Supremacy, which 146 00:09:15,880 --> 00:09:19,320 Speaker 1: declared Henry the Eighth and his successors the supreme head 147 00:09:19,320 --> 00:09:22,280 Speaker 1: of the Church of England instead of the Pope. Those 148 00:09:22,320 --> 00:09:27,120 Speaker 1: claims are unsubstantiated. Other books, Tendall wrote include the parable 149 00:09:27,160 --> 00:09:30,000 Speaker 1: of the Wicked Mammon and the practice of the Prelates. 150 00:09:31,520 --> 00:09:33,800 Speaker 1: I'm Eve, Jeff Code, and hopefully you know a little 151 00:09:33,840 --> 00:09:37,680 Speaker 1: more about history today than you did yesterday. If you'd 152 00:09:37,679 --> 00:09:40,200 Speaker 1: like to follow us on social media, you can do 153 00:09:40,320 --> 00:09:45,400 Speaker 1: so at p D I h C Podcast on Instagram, Twitter, 154 00:09:45,679 --> 00:09:49,800 Speaker 1: and Facebook. You can also email us at this Day 155 00:09:50,080 --> 00:09:54,440 Speaker 1: at I heart media dot com. Thanks again for listening, 156 00:09:54,640 --> 00:10:02,920 Speaker 1: and we'll see you tomorrow. For more podcasts from I 157 00:10:03,000 --> 00:10:05,679 Speaker 1: Heart Radio, visit the I heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, 158 00:10:05,760 --> 00:10:07,400 Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.