1 00:00:05,160 --> 00:00:07,880 Speaker 1: The scribe sat down to do his work. It was 2 00:00:07,960 --> 00:00:10,320 Speaker 1: just like any other day. He was in the business 3 00:00:10,360 --> 00:00:13,560 Speaker 1: of copying and pasting millennia before we had computers to 4 00:00:13,600 --> 00:00:16,200 Speaker 1: do the job for us. Bent over the page, he 5 00:00:16,440 --> 00:00:20,600 Speaker 1: carefully scratched out over four hundred lines of hieroglyphs. This 6 00:00:20,720 --> 00:00:24,160 Speaker 1: was a really important project. The document he was copying 7 00:00:24,400 --> 00:00:27,560 Speaker 1: was already over a thousand years old, and its preservation 8 00:00:27,760 --> 00:00:30,920 Speaker 1: was important. But although he was a master of his craft, 9 00:00:31,240 --> 00:00:33,360 Speaker 1: he was a bit out of his depth with what 10 00:00:33,440 --> 00:00:36,880 Speaker 1: he was transcribing. The source document talked about the human 11 00:00:36,920 --> 00:00:39,760 Speaker 1: body from the top down and from the inside out, 12 00:00:40,159 --> 00:00:43,519 Speaker 1: and this scribe was encountering glyphs he had never seen before. 13 00:00:43,920 --> 00:00:46,320 Speaker 1: He scratched out his errors and made notes in the 14 00:00:46,360 --> 00:00:51,519 Speaker 1: margins his writing implement, clumsily, making strokes for characters unfamiliar 15 00:00:51,520 --> 00:00:54,720 Speaker 1: to him. In fact, according to later scholars, he created 16 00:00:54,760 --> 00:00:58,600 Speaker 1: the earliest known asterisks in the history of bookmaking. But 17 00:00:58,720 --> 00:01:02,520 Speaker 1: what did make it onto his page was really marvelous stuff. 18 00:01:02,840 --> 00:01:06,600 Speaker 1: A collection of anatomical case studies and a treatise detailing 19 00:01:06,720 --> 00:01:10,959 Speaker 1: scientific procedures for dealing with various injuries. And then, in 20 00:01:11,000 --> 00:01:14,320 Speaker 1: the middle of his project, somewhere between the thorax and 21 00:01:14,400 --> 00:01:19,120 Speaker 1: the spinal column he quit. No one knew why, not James, 22 00:01:19,200 --> 00:01:22,600 Speaker 1: Henry Breasted, or any of the Egyptologists who came before him. 23 00:01:22,920 --> 00:01:25,440 Speaker 1: It had landed on his desk in nineteen twenty, already 24 00:01:25,520 --> 00:01:29,520 Speaker 1: estimated to be thirty years old. But James saw something 25 00:01:29,560 --> 00:01:34,160 Speaker 1: important and alarming when the scribe started writing again. He 26 00:01:34,240 --> 00:01:40,040 Speaker 1: started copying something completely different. Magical incantations to fight pestilence, 27 00:01:40,400 --> 00:01:43,920 Speaker 1: spells to manage women's health concerns, and tricks to make 28 00:01:43,959 --> 00:01:48,200 Speaker 1: old men young again. James and his fellow Egyptologists didn't 29 00:01:48,200 --> 00:01:51,160 Speaker 1: know for sure, but they suspected that this ancient scribe 30 00:01:51,520 --> 00:01:53,760 Speaker 1: was unaware of the importance of the work he had 31 00:01:53,840 --> 00:01:56,680 Speaker 1: left unfinished, and James would go on to spend years 32 00:01:56,720 --> 00:02:00,840 Speaker 1: pouring over it. It proved to be a singular, remarkable artifact, 33 00:02:01,120 --> 00:02:04,760 Speaker 1: the earliest known evidence of human dissection as a practice, 34 00:02:05,040 --> 00:02:09,720 Speaker 1: a blueprint for ancient scientific surgery. Experts believe that the 35 00:02:09,720 --> 00:02:13,400 Speaker 1: original document copied by the scribe was known as the 36 00:02:13,560 --> 00:02:17,079 Speaker 1: Secret Book of the Physician and had originally circulated more 37 00:02:17,120 --> 00:02:20,960 Speaker 1: than five thousand years ago. This document was important because 38 00:02:20,960 --> 00:02:24,399 Speaker 1: it gave evidence of a stark departure from folk medicine 39 00:02:24,400 --> 00:02:29,920 Speaker 1: and magic, replacing it with rational scientific observation. It represented 40 00:02:30,040 --> 00:02:33,720 Speaker 1: a remarkable moment in time when people were finally pulling 41 00:02:33,720 --> 00:02:36,760 Speaker 1: the body apart and going inside of it to seek 42 00:02:36,760 --> 00:02:40,920 Speaker 1: out answers to its deepest mysteries. Sadly, James and his 43 00:02:41,040 --> 00:02:44,880 Speaker 1: contemporaries never found the source document, and because of that 44 00:02:44,960 --> 00:02:47,920 Speaker 1: we might never know how the original book ended. What 45 00:02:48,080 --> 00:02:51,600 Speaker 1: did the ancient Egyptians know about our inner workings? And 46 00:02:51,639 --> 00:02:54,200 Speaker 1: how long ago did they know it? How much was 47 00:02:54,280 --> 00:02:57,520 Speaker 1: lost only to need to be rediscovered again in a 48 00:02:57,520 --> 00:03:01,359 Speaker 1: different time, in a different place. For the moment, it 49 00:03:01,440 --> 00:03:04,760 Speaker 1: seems like it's lost to history, but the quest continues, 50 00:03:05,320 --> 00:03:10,160 Speaker 1: and as a story it illustrates a powerful idea. Even today, 51 00:03:10,280 --> 00:03:14,400 Speaker 1: we're still hard at work adding to our body of knowledge. 52 00:03:15,400 --> 00:03:27,560 Speaker 1: I'm Aaron Manky, and welcome to bedside Manners. Corpses have 53 00:03:27,680 --> 00:03:31,480 Speaker 1: been a hot commodity for centuries. Over two thousand years ago, 54 00:03:31,520 --> 00:03:34,600 Speaker 1: physicians in Greece were busy doing human dissections on the 55 00:03:34,720 --> 00:03:38,760 Speaker 1: unknowing dead and surgery on the unlucky living. They wanted 56 00:03:38,800 --> 00:03:41,640 Speaker 1: to know what made a person tick, But, as it 57 00:03:41,760 --> 00:03:45,040 Speaker 1: so often happens, moral taboos around the body won the 58 00:03:45,120 --> 00:03:48,560 Speaker 1: day and practices changed around one fifty b C. The 59 00:03:48,680 --> 00:03:52,280 Speaker 1: Romans had banned human dissection, so physicians were forced to 60 00:03:52,600 --> 00:03:55,120 Speaker 1: take a bit more of the offhand approach, if you will. 61 00:03:55,400 --> 00:03:58,160 Speaker 1: They began working on animal corpses, which were a poor 62 00:03:58,240 --> 00:04:01,760 Speaker 1: substitute for now of the reasons. And with this turn, 63 00:04:01,960 --> 00:04:06,400 Speaker 1: the parade of scientific progress around understanding our cavities ground 64 00:04:06,400 --> 00:04:10,400 Speaker 1: to a halt. But hungry minds never stopped seeking, They 65 00:04:10,480 --> 00:04:13,800 Speaker 1: just started to look elsewhere. Around one sixty two, A. D. 66 00:04:14,040 --> 00:04:17,560 Speaker 1: Claudius Galen came to Rome as a physician. He was rich, 67 00:04:17,839 --> 00:04:22,040 Speaker 1: well traveled, and educated, having dabbled in many schools of medicine. 68 00:04:22,400 --> 00:04:25,600 Speaker 1: He was also arrogant and popular, serving as a physician 69 00:04:25,600 --> 00:04:30,000 Speaker 1: to gladiators and emperors alike. But Galen's lasting legacy would 70 00:04:30,080 --> 00:04:34,160 Speaker 1: change the course of medicine for centuries. His impact came 71 00:04:34,200 --> 00:04:36,400 Speaker 1: in the form of a theory, one which had been 72 00:04:36,440 --> 00:04:39,760 Speaker 1: handed down by the ancient physician Hippocrates. It had to 73 00:04:39,800 --> 00:04:43,080 Speaker 1: do with how precise balance of certain bodily fluids could 74 00:04:43,120 --> 00:04:45,919 Speaker 1: make or break a person's health, and because he was 75 00:04:46,000 --> 00:04:49,760 Speaker 1: both prolific in his writings and a fanatical self promoter, 76 00:04:50,240 --> 00:04:53,440 Speaker 1: his ideas stuck around for a very long time the 77 00:04:53,440 --> 00:04:56,719 Speaker 1: Renaissance changed that. Though it was an explosive time of 78 00:04:56,800 --> 00:05:01,640 Speaker 1: profound cultural change, a veritable feast of scientific inquiry and art, 79 00:05:02,000 --> 00:05:04,560 Speaker 1: it was the perfect moment to interrogate the past and 80 00:05:04,640 --> 00:05:08,440 Speaker 1: to find new ways forward. At the time, European medical 81 00:05:08,480 --> 00:05:11,560 Speaker 1: schools were in the bad habit of not asking hard 82 00:05:11,640 --> 00:05:15,880 Speaker 1: hitting questions. They simply passed down the truths of the ancients. 83 00:05:16,440 --> 00:05:19,680 Speaker 1: The Catholic Church, meanwhile, had been practicing dissections throughout the 84 00:05:19,680 --> 00:05:23,159 Speaker 1: Middle Ages, well before the return of secular practice. During 85 00:05:23,160 --> 00:05:26,039 Speaker 1: the Renaissance. The clergy was in the habit of slicing 86 00:05:26,080 --> 00:05:29,360 Speaker 1: open their own in the search for physical proof of holiness, 87 00:05:29,760 --> 00:05:34,119 Speaker 1: and these sanctioned examinations did yield earthly gains. More folks 88 00:05:34,200 --> 00:05:37,120 Speaker 1: began to think about what dissection could offer outside the 89 00:05:37,120 --> 00:05:40,159 Speaker 1: walls of the church. By the mid fifteen hundreds, though 90 00:05:40,200 --> 00:05:44,559 Speaker 1: emboldened anatomists and training had taken notes Galen had never 91 00:05:44,720 --> 00:05:47,680 Speaker 1: opened a body, how could he possibly know what went 92 00:05:47,720 --> 00:05:50,800 Speaker 1: on inside there. They were out to shake the foundations 93 00:05:50,800 --> 00:05:55,200 Speaker 1: of their own profession. Flemish anatomist Andreas Vassilias wanted to 94 00:05:55,240 --> 00:05:59,360 Speaker 1: bring this practice back to the broader public. In fifty three, 95 00:05:59,560 --> 00:06:03,320 Speaker 1: he public the first ever systematic map of human anatomy. 96 00:06:03,480 --> 00:06:07,720 Speaker 1: His contemporaries soon followed, suits in droves and European operating 97 00:06:07,760 --> 00:06:11,800 Speaker 1: theaters opened for audiences. It was entertainment, but probably not 98 00:06:11,880 --> 00:06:14,000 Speaker 1: the sort of show that you'd want to see after dinner. 99 00:06:14,480 --> 00:06:17,640 Speaker 1: With the founding of London's Royal Company of Barber Surgeons 100 00:06:17,680 --> 00:06:20,640 Speaker 1: around the same time, the city attempted to establish two 101 00:06:20,680 --> 00:06:25,560 Speaker 1: distinct professional classes, those engaged in high level anatomical work 102 00:06:25,880 --> 00:06:29,440 Speaker 1: and those considered to be haircutters and bleeders. But although 103 00:06:29,480 --> 00:06:32,640 Speaker 1: there were anatomical theaters in London, there were no dedicated 104 00:06:32,720 --> 00:06:35,800 Speaker 1: schools to attend. This was due to the very strict 105 00:06:35,839 --> 00:06:38,440 Speaker 1: laws around what one could do with the dead, which 106 00:06:38,520 --> 00:06:42,240 Speaker 1: was well not a lot throughout the UK. There were 107 00:06:42,279 --> 00:06:44,920 Speaker 1: a lot of restrictions that kept teachers and students from 108 00:06:44,960 --> 00:06:48,360 Speaker 1: accessing bodies. One of the most effective was the Company 109 00:06:48,400 --> 00:06:52,120 Speaker 1: of Barber Surgeons monopoly on the few corpses of executed 110 00:06:52,160 --> 00:06:56,239 Speaker 1: criminals that were legally donated each year. In places like Paris, 111 00:06:56,600 --> 00:07:00,240 Speaker 1: laws were more relaxed, so anatomical schools could access pps 112 00:07:00,279 --> 00:07:02,960 Speaker 1: Is for students to dissect. If London was going to 113 00:07:03,000 --> 00:07:06,039 Speaker 1: be a competitive place to train, there was an educational 114 00:07:06,160 --> 00:07:09,160 Speaker 1: void that needed to be filled. But you know what 115 00:07:09,200 --> 00:07:12,280 Speaker 1: they say, where there's a will, there's a way, along 116 00:07:12,280 --> 00:07:14,680 Speaker 1: with a bit of ingenuity to go with it. And 117 00:07:14,760 --> 00:07:17,280 Speaker 1: if you give an enterprising mind a scalpel, they're going 118 00:07:17,320 --> 00:07:21,320 Speaker 1: to want their own dissecting room to enter. William Hunter 119 00:07:22,040 --> 00:07:25,280 Speaker 1: William was a Scotsman who came to London around seventeen 120 00:07:25,360 --> 00:07:28,840 Speaker 1: forty two specialize in obstetrics, but what he found instead 121 00:07:28,960 --> 00:07:30,880 Speaker 1: was barely better than what he had had at home. 122 00:07:31,280 --> 00:07:33,920 Speaker 1: After some time, he decided to go his own way, 123 00:07:33,960 --> 00:07:38,360 Speaker 1: providing pupils with his own courses in dissecting, operative procedures 124 00:07:38,680 --> 00:07:43,280 Speaker 1: and bandaging. In the once opulent and now ceed Covent 125 00:07:43,320 --> 00:07:47,360 Speaker 1: Gardens neighborhood of London, William rented a flat right there 126 00:07:47,480 --> 00:07:50,480 Speaker 1: among the brothels and tenements. Williams set up a shop, 127 00:07:50,880 --> 00:07:53,880 Speaker 1: not a bachelor pad, mind you, but one for corpses 128 00:07:54,040 --> 00:07:57,120 Speaker 1: and those who sought to learn from them. In seventeen 129 00:07:57,200 --> 00:08:00,320 Speaker 1: forty five, though something changed. There was a split within 130 00:08:00,360 --> 00:08:03,400 Speaker 1: the company of barber surgeons, with the barber's and the 131 00:08:03,440 --> 00:08:06,720 Speaker 1: surgeons each going their separate ways, and because of this, 132 00:08:06,840 --> 00:08:09,960 Speaker 1: the surgeons were obliged to relax their rules around how 133 00:08:10,040 --> 00:08:14,040 Speaker 1: human dissection occurred in London and who got to partake. 134 00:08:14,720 --> 00:08:18,520 Speaker 1: Within a year, William was advertising his lectures, offering the 135 00:08:18,600 --> 00:08:22,920 Speaker 1: community and I quote the opportunity of gentlemen learning the 136 00:08:23,040 --> 00:08:26,360 Speaker 1: art of dissection during the whole winter session in the 137 00:08:26,400 --> 00:08:30,160 Speaker 1: same manner as at Paris, and by all accounts, William's 138 00:08:30,160 --> 00:08:33,520 Speaker 1: school was an overnight sensation. In time, he would even 139 00:08:33,559 --> 00:08:36,400 Speaker 1: go on to expand his small solo operation into a 140 00:08:36,480 --> 00:08:40,200 Speaker 1: family business by inviting his brother John to join his ranks. 141 00:08:40,600 --> 00:08:44,280 Speaker 1: Both men were incredibly hard workers and together the brothers 142 00:08:44,280 --> 00:08:47,320 Speaker 1: would change the world. They would open up a bold 143 00:08:47,440 --> 00:08:56,480 Speaker 1: new landscape in the field of anatomical study. They couldn't 144 00:08:56,520 --> 00:08:59,439 Speaker 1: have been more different. While William had a knack for 145 00:08:59,520 --> 00:09:03,600 Speaker 1: drawing crowds, his brother John shrank from the attention. William 146 00:09:03,679 --> 00:09:07,240 Speaker 1: was refined and John was rough. William was smooth and 147 00:09:07,360 --> 00:09:11,600 Speaker 1: John was abrasive. But John was also fresh faced and bright. 148 00:09:11,960 --> 00:09:14,840 Speaker 1: Arriving from their Scottish home with an insatiable mind and 149 00:09:15,000 --> 00:09:18,400 Speaker 1: boundless gusto, he took the shadowing William in both the 150 00:09:18,440 --> 00:09:22,000 Speaker 1: classroom and the operating theater. He took classes alongside the 151 00:09:22,040 --> 00:09:26,480 Speaker 1: other young minds and even acted as his older brother's assistant. Together, 152 00:09:26,520 --> 00:09:29,320 Speaker 1: they worked to make William's vision of his anatomy school 153 00:09:29,679 --> 00:09:32,800 Speaker 1: come to life. John, for his part, settled in happily 154 00:09:33,120 --> 00:09:35,960 Speaker 1: at twenty. He was finding his way and doing so 155 00:09:36,040 --> 00:09:39,800 Speaker 1: with beguiling confidence. He soon became a man about town, 156 00:09:40,000 --> 00:09:42,640 Speaker 1: frequenting the bars and theaters and coffee shops in the 157 00:09:42,679 --> 00:09:47,480 Speaker 1: colorful Covent Gardens area, and he developed relationships of all kinds, 158 00:09:47,520 --> 00:09:49,960 Speaker 1: some that would later come to help him with his work. 159 00:09:50,559 --> 00:09:53,679 Speaker 1: You see, William had given John a special task. It 160 00:09:53,720 --> 00:09:55,760 Speaker 1: was far from pretty, but to him it was a 161 00:09:55,760 --> 00:09:58,959 Speaker 1: privileged position. He would be in charge of finding fresh 162 00:09:59,000 --> 00:10:02,640 Speaker 1: specimens for their students. But of course, every job requires 163 00:10:02,640 --> 00:10:05,240 Speaker 1: having the right tools. After all, how could an artist 164 00:10:05,320 --> 00:10:09,040 Speaker 1: learn to paint without a canvas, or a potter without clay. 165 00:10:09,080 --> 00:10:12,840 Speaker 1: That same logic had always applied to anatomy. John was 166 00:10:12,920 --> 00:10:16,320 Speaker 1: a visionary, though, who dreamed of reforming medicine, and he 167 00:10:16,360 --> 00:10:19,400 Speaker 1: saw the study of anatomy as key to this. Theories 168 00:10:19,400 --> 00:10:22,000 Speaker 1: and concepts are one thing, but it was better to 169 00:10:22,120 --> 00:10:25,000 Speaker 1: learn from the dead than to make potentially fatal mistakes 170 00:10:25,000 --> 00:10:27,760 Speaker 1: with the living. In death, these bodies could give up 171 00:10:27,800 --> 00:10:31,000 Speaker 1: their secrets. The dead had a lot to teach, after all, 172 00:10:31,360 --> 00:10:34,560 Speaker 1: and John didn't want any opportunities to pass them by. 173 00:10:34,720 --> 00:10:37,720 Speaker 1: He was methodical in his work, and his acute attention 174 00:10:37,760 --> 00:10:40,720 Speaker 1: to detail set him apart from his peers. John was 175 00:10:40,760 --> 00:10:44,839 Speaker 1: working in a dynamic landscape on this internal world that 176 00:10:44,880 --> 00:10:47,520 Speaker 1: felt no different than trying to discover the secrets of 177 00:10:47,520 --> 00:10:50,840 Speaker 1: the stars. In fact, it was probably far more exciting 178 00:10:50,880 --> 00:10:54,920 Speaker 1: back then. Just how methodical was he well, He smelled 179 00:10:55,040 --> 00:10:59,040 Speaker 1: his specimens, even tasted them. He explored the body's dark 180 00:10:59,080 --> 00:11:03,840 Speaker 1: cavities like a passionate spelunker, documenting everything and reporting back 181 00:11:03,880 --> 00:11:07,600 Speaker 1: with his findings. John's approach might have been atypical, but 182 00:11:07,640 --> 00:11:11,280 Speaker 1: the data gathered as a result would prove to be unmatched. 183 00:11:11,640 --> 00:11:15,199 Speaker 1: It was during this time that William facilitated John's employment 184 00:11:15,280 --> 00:11:19,199 Speaker 1: at St. George's Hospital. There, he became a junior surgeon, 185 00:11:19,600 --> 00:11:22,199 Speaker 1: and along with his new title, he received something else, 186 00:11:22,679 --> 00:11:25,400 Speaker 1: keys to the hospital Morgue, where he was now able 187 00:11:25,440 --> 00:11:30,360 Speaker 1: to borrow and practice on new material. For twelve years, 188 00:11:30,520 --> 00:11:34,720 Speaker 1: the brothers worked tirelessly side by side. In time, John 189 00:11:34,800 --> 00:11:39,800 Speaker 1: Starr would even usurp Williams. His affability and dexterity won 190 00:11:39,920 --> 00:11:42,960 Speaker 1: him many fans and followers. By the time he decided 191 00:11:43,000 --> 00:11:45,280 Speaker 1: to strike out on his own, John had become one 192 00:11:45,280 --> 00:11:48,720 Speaker 1: of the most experienced anatomists in all of Europe. He 193 00:11:48,800 --> 00:11:50,720 Speaker 1: was met with a snag though, even though he had 194 00:11:50,760 --> 00:11:54,240 Speaker 1: proven his skill, he lacked a professional degree in surgery 195 00:11:54,280 --> 00:11:56,480 Speaker 1: that would allow him to land a permanent job in 196 00:11:56,480 --> 00:11:59,880 Speaker 1: a hospital setting. Because of this, he took a detour 197 00:12:00,040 --> 00:12:03,160 Speaker 1: and headed to the battlefront, where he became an army surgeon. 198 00:12:03,679 --> 00:12:06,120 Speaker 1: Upon his return, he decided that he would set up 199 00:12:06,160 --> 00:12:09,160 Speaker 1: shop and in his own home. No less, his wife 200 00:12:09,200 --> 00:12:11,680 Speaker 1: and their four children opened their doors to the most 201 00:12:11,800 --> 00:12:15,400 Speaker 1: unfortunate cases. In doing so, John made a name for himself, 202 00:12:15,480 --> 00:12:19,160 Speaker 1: becoming a full fledged appointed surgeon at St. George's Hospital. 203 00:12:19,440 --> 00:12:22,040 Speaker 1: Within a few years he had even become the personal 204 00:12:22,080 --> 00:12:24,960 Speaker 1: surgeon of King George the Third. And it was right 205 00:12:25,040 --> 00:12:28,480 Speaker 1: there in his home office that John did his best work. 206 00:12:28,880 --> 00:12:32,119 Speaker 1: He was surrounded by a morbid menagerie of over fourteen 207 00:12:32,240 --> 00:12:37,120 Speaker 1: thousand specimens preserved as taxidermy and floating in jars. There 208 00:12:37,160 --> 00:12:40,040 Speaker 1: was a kangaroo skull and the remains of the first 209 00:12:40,120 --> 00:12:42,720 Speaker 1: giraffe to be exhibited in Europe, as well as a 210 00:12:42,800 --> 00:12:46,760 Speaker 1: bull from Queen Charlotte. In five, when he was ready 211 00:12:46,800 --> 00:12:49,640 Speaker 1: to expand his operations, he moved to a new house 212 00:12:49,679 --> 00:12:53,560 Speaker 1: at Lester Square. There he hosted distinguished guests and curious 213 00:12:53,559 --> 00:12:57,080 Speaker 1: students alike. The faint smell of death hung in the air, 214 00:12:57,400 --> 00:13:00,520 Speaker 1: ascent that couldn't be undone, despite the flower that John 215 00:13:00,600 --> 00:13:03,000 Speaker 1: kept in the big house To mask it. He had 216 00:13:03,040 --> 00:13:06,880 Speaker 1: created a teaching museum with a front entrance for visitors, 217 00:13:06,920 --> 00:13:10,600 Speaker 1: and as the whispers went a back door for the bodies. 218 00:13:11,080 --> 00:13:14,560 Speaker 1: In the still early morning hours, the resurrection men would 219 00:13:14,559 --> 00:13:18,760 Speaker 1: come knocking. They were a semi bunch, largely independent contractors 220 00:13:18,800 --> 00:13:22,400 Speaker 1: who operated in an underground black market operation to pilfer 221 00:13:22,480 --> 00:13:25,839 Speaker 1: the newly dead from the graveyards. John saw his work 222 00:13:25,880 --> 00:13:28,120 Speaker 1: as a force for good, but that didn't mean that 223 00:13:28,160 --> 00:13:31,400 Speaker 1: everyone wanted to end up on his operating table, especially 224 00:13:31,480 --> 00:13:35,480 Speaker 1: if they hadn't volunteered to do so. His work was necessary, yes, 225 00:13:35,800 --> 00:13:39,080 Speaker 1: but some might also argue that it was dishonorable. He 226 00:13:39,160 --> 00:13:42,280 Speaker 1: was just really good at using the ends to justify 227 00:13:42,400 --> 00:13:45,360 Speaker 1: his means. But as he and his family settled into 228 00:13:45,360 --> 00:13:49,079 Speaker 1: their new home, there would be one particularly controversial specimen 229 00:13:49,240 --> 00:13:52,400 Speaker 1: that John had his designs on procuring, one that would 230 00:13:52,400 --> 00:14:01,080 Speaker 1: cast a dark shadow over his reputation for years to come. Ye. 231 00:14:02,240 --> 00:14:05,640 Speaker 1: Standing at eight ft two inches tall, Charles Byrne was 232 00:14:05,679 --> 00:14:08,400 Speaker 1: the tallest man in the world. His stature gave him 233 00:14:08,440 --> 00:14:11,719 Speaker 1: the markings of a celebrity, and his refined trimmings made 234 00:14:11,800 --> 00:14:14,800 Speaker 1: him a sight to behold. Charles's name splashed big and 235 00:14:14,880 --> 00:14:17,680 Speaker 1: bold in the headlines across Europe. He was gentle and 236 00:14:17,760 --> 00:14:20,440 Speaker 1: elegant and had come to town to entertain anyone who 237 00:14:20,480 --> 00:14:23,160 Speaker 1: would pay for the privilege. When he arrived in London 238 00:14:23,200 --> 00:14:26,280 Speaker 1: in seventeen eighty two, the twenty one year old Irish 239 00:14:26,360 --> 00:14:29,600 Speaker 1: Giants caused quite a stir. There was great curiosity about 240 00:14:29,680 --> 00:14:32,440 Speaker 1: Charles's height, and he was even presented before the Royal 241 00:14:32,480 --> 00:14:36,400 Speaker 1: Society in a game of good natured speculation. One story 242 00:14:36,440 --> 00:14:38,680 Speaker 1: that was told was a legend about his mother. It 243 00:14:38,760 --> 00:14:41,040 Speaker 1: was said that she had a love affair high up 244 00:14:41,040 --> 00:14:44,320 Speaker 1: in a haystack, pointing to the altitude as the cause 245 00:14:44,360 --> 00:14:48,040 Speaker 1: of his great stature. Maternal impression was a convenient and 246 00:14:48,120 --> 00:14:51,280 Speaker 1: common tool to blame the mother for the child's differences, 247 00:14:51,520 --> 00:14:53,840 Speaker 1: and for better or worse, it also made for a 248 00:14:53,880 --> 00:14:57,600 Speaker 1: great story. He was well known across the Irish countryside. 249 00:14:57,880 --> 00:15:00,600 Speaker 1: Some folks saw the potential dollar signs in the attention 250 00:15:00,640 --> 00:15:02,320 Speaker 1: that he received, and by the time he was a 251 00:15:02,400 --> 00:15:05,400 Speaker 1: late teenager, Charles had alighted off on a European tour 252 00:15:05,640 --> 00:15:08,080 Speaker 1: as a traveling showman. As he made his way through 253 00:15:08,120 --> 00:15:11,400 Speaker 1: towns and cities, folks gawkeed at Charles, whether or not 254 00:15:11,480 --> 00:15:13,680 Speaker 1: he was on stage. It was said that the Irish 255 00:15:13,720 --> 00:15:16,560 Speaker 1: giant could light his pipe from the street lamps without 256 00:15:16,600 --> 00:15:20,200 Speaker 1: so much as standing on his tiptoes. He entertained audiences 257 00:15:20,240 --> 00:15:23,520 Speaker 1: all across London, to including an engagement with the King 258 00:15:23,560 --> 00:15:27,080 Speaker 1: and Queen. He toured rooms and halls and taverns, the 259 00:15:27,120 --> 00:15:29,080 Speaker 1: ladder of which would prove to be the beginning of 260 00:15:29,120 --> 00:15:31,640 Speaker 1: his downfall. You see, it was at a public house 261 00:15:31,680 --> 00:15:35,280 Speaker 1: one evening when Charles was pickpocketed, his entire fortune vanishing 262 00:15:35,520 --> 00:15:39,440 Speaker 1: in an instant. When he realized this, Charles was inconsolable. 263 00:15:39,760 --> 00:15:42,800 Speaker 1: His drinking had increased in recent times, and this loss 264 00:15:42,840 --> 00:15:45,480 Speaker 1: made him seek the bottom of the bottle more than ever. 265 00:15:45,760 --> 00:15:48,480 Speaker 1: But although his body was still growing taller, was also 266 00:15:48,520 --> 00:15:52,400 Speaker 1: growing weaker. He contracted about of tuberculosis, and by May 267 00:15:52,440 --> 00:15:55,280 Speaker 1: of seventeen eighty three it was clear that death was 268 00:15:55,360 --> 00:15:59,480 Speaker 1: coming for the Irish Giants. Not all were saddened by this, though, 269 00:15:59,720 --> 00:16:02,800 Speaker 1: We're spurs were circulating in the anatomous circles, with each 270 00:16:02,840 --> 00:16:06,280 Speaker 1: person eager to get their hands on Charles's body. Charles, 271 00:16:06,280 --> 00:16:09,400 Speaker 1: of course knew this, and he was very, very afraid. 272 00:16:09,840 --> 00:16:12,240 Speaker 1: In fact, there was one surgeon in particular who was 273 00:16:12,280 --> 00:16:14,840 Speaker 1: the most eager of them all, the one and only 274 00:16:15,440 --> 00:16:19,120 Speaker 1: John Hunter. Now, according to legend, Charles had already been 275 00:16:19,160 --> 00:16:21,600 Speaker 1: approached by John, who offered to give him money now 276 00:16:21,640 --> 00:16:24,720 Speaker 1: while he was still alive, in exchange for his corpse later. 277 00:16:25,000 --> 00:16:28,560 Speaker 1: Charles was utterly horrified. Of course, he, like many others, 278 00:16:28,600 --> 00:16:31,800 Speaker 1: considered human dissection to be its own kind of indignity, 279 00:16:31,920 --> 00:16:35,800 Speaker 1: better saved for criminals. Charles was also a god fearing man, 280 00:16:35,840 --> 00:16:38,520 Speaker 1: and he believed that he'd be denied a heavenly reception 281 00:16:38,560 --> 00:16:41,760 Speaker 1: on Judgment Day if his physical body was in pieces. 282 00:16:41,760 --> 00:16:44,440 Speaker 1: In the aftermath of his encounter with John Hunter, he 283 00:16:44,480 --> 00:16:47,560 Speaker 1: made his friends promise that when he did die, his 284 00:16:47,640 --> 00:16:50,280 Speaker 1: body would be weighed down in the led coffin and 285 00:16:50,400 --> 00:16:53,600 Speaker 1: thrown out to sea. But John Hunter was not to 286 00:16:53,640 --> 00:16:56,600 Speaker 1: be defeated. In fact, he hired a spy and installed 287 00:16:56,680 --> 00:16:59,840 Speaker 1: him in an apartment close to Charles's quarters. This agent 288 00:17:00,040 --> 00:17:02,880 Speaker 1: was instructed to keep John up to date on Charles's 289 00:17:02,920 --> 00:17:07,119 Speaker 1: worsening condition and inform him of any dramatic changes. The 290 00:17:07,160 --> 00:17:11,320 Speaker 1: Irish Giant passed away on June one, three, and the 291 00:17:11,359 --> 00:17:16,080 Speaker 1: newspaper immediately reported it. A mass of hungry anatomists descended 292 00:17:16,119 --> 00:17:19,960 Speaker 1: on Charles's residence like vultures, each one clamoring for his body. 293 00:17:20,160 --> 00:17:23,400 Speaker 1: They offered ransoms and bribes to the undertakers, and went 294 00:17:23,440 --> 00:17:25,719 Speaker 1: so far as to buy their own diving bells, with 295 00:17:25,760 --> 00:17:29,000 Speaker 1: which they intended to raise the giant's leadline coffin from 296 00:17:29,040 --> 00:17:31,760 Speaker 1: its watery depths. But before he was shipped out to 297 00:17:31,800 --> 00:17:35,400 Speaker 1: see he was put on display intact one final time. 298 00:17:35,600 --> 00:17:38,360 Speaker 1: But little did they know that John Hunter was already 299 00:17:38,359 --> 00:17:41,560 Speaker 1: many steps ahead. It's been reported that John hired a 300 00:17:41,560 --> 00:17:44,800 Speaker 1: crooked undertaker to switch out Charles's body for his exact 301 00:17:44,840 --> 00:17:48,879 Speaker 1: weight and paving stones. The undertaker knew Charles's friends, and 302 00:17:48,880 --> 00:17:50,840 Speaker 1: it seems that he had encouraged them to make a 303 00:17:50,880 --> 00:17:53,200 Speaker 1: pit stop at a tavern as they ventured to their 304 00:17:53,200 --> 00:17:56,080 Speaker 1: own waiting ship. They left the body of their deceased 305 00:17:56,080 --> 00:17:59,119 Speaker 1: companion outside in a barn where the undertaker and his 306 00:17:59,160 --> 00:18:02,600 Speaker 1: henchmen made this which and dashed away on paper. The 307 00:18:02,600 --> 00:18:05,199 Speaker 1: body of Charles Byrne was worth the modern equivalent of 308 00:18:05,240 --> 00:18:08,600 Speaker 1: about fifty dollars to John Hunter, but when he finally 309 00:18:08,640 --> 00:18:11,600 Speaker 1: took possession of this corpse, he panicked. In fact, it 310 00:18:11,640 --> 00:18:14,879 Speaker 1: appears that he never even dissected him. It's believed that 311 00:18:14,920 --> 00:18:17,679 Speaker 1: he was so afraid of reprisal from John's friends that 312 00:18:17,760 --> 00:18:21,200 Speaker 1: he quickly dismembered and boiled it, gathered the bones, and 313 00:18:21,240 --> 00:18:24,399 Speaker 1: then reassembled the skeleton. It would be four years before 314 00:18:24,440 --> 00:18:27,360 Speaker 1: he ultimately revealed his secret to the public, hoping that 315 00:18:27,359 --> 00:18:30,159 Speaker 1: that was enough time to have passed, that interest had waned, 316 00:18:30,480 --> 00:18:34,879 Speaker 1: making the public outcry much less severe, and maybe it worked. 317 00:18:35,240 --> 00:18:39,160 Speaker 1: John Hunter's transgression, at least to some degree, had been forgotten, 318 00:18:39,440 --> 00:18:42,080 Speaker 1: along with the last wishes of Charles Byrne. Of course, 319 00:18:42,480 --> 00:18:46,120 Speaker 1: today his skeleton is still on display, having never made 320 00:18:46,119 --> 00:18:54,560 Speaker 1: it to his final resting place. It's easy to believe 321 00:18:54,600 --> 00:18:58,000 Speaker 1: the exploitation of Charles Byrne was all in vain, and 322 00:18:58,119 --> 00:19:00,840 Speaker 1: in a way it was John got what he wanted, 323 00:19:01,080 --> 00:19:04,320 Speaker 1: Charles's body and the opportunity to learn what made that 324 00:19:04,359 --> 00:19:07,159 Speaker 1: body so different what it was that caused him to 325 00:19:07,280 --> 00:19:09,840 Speaker 1: never stop growing? And if there was anyone who was 326 00:19:09,880 --> 00:19:12,520 Speaker 1: going to be capable of cracking this mysterious coat, it 327 00:19:12,560 --> 00:19:15,640 Speaker 1: would have been John Hunter. After all, his work had 328 00:19:15,680 --> 00:19:19,120 Speaker 1: led to an explosion in knowledge about the body, everything 329 00:19:19,160 --> 00:19:23,679 Speaker 1: from bone growth, inflammation, and venereal diseases to the lymphatic system, 330 00:19:23,800 --> 00:19:27,320 Speaker 1: child development, and dentistry. If Charles's body had to fall 331 00:19:27,359 --> 00:19:30,520 Speaker 1: into the clutches of someone's hands, John's were at least 332 00:19:30,640 --> 00:19:33,920 Speaker 1: very capable. But nerves got the better of him. John 333 00:19:33,960 --> 00:19:37,560 Speaker 1: squandered the opportunity to advance medical science. However ill gotten 334 00:19:37,560 --> 00:19:40,240 Speaker 1: the gains may have been. It would be another century 335 00:19:40,280 --> 00:19:43,280 Speaker 1: before a defect in the pituitary gland would be pinpointed 336 00:19:43,320 --> 00:19:46,680 Speaker 1: as the cause for gigantism. John didn't slow down, though, 337 00:19:46,920 --> 00:19:49,520 Speaker 1: he worked hard and continued to have a career after 338 00:19:49,560 --> 00:19:53,480 Speaker 1: this unseemly chapter. He advanced through the ranks, eventually becoming 339 00:19:53,480 --> 00:19:57,359 Speaker 1: the Surgeon General in sev He died three years later 340 00:19:57,480 --> 00:19:59,720 Speaker 1: of a heart attack, and in keeping with his own 341 00:19:59,720 --> 00:20:04,520 Speaker 1: pro actuses, John Hunter donated his body for autopsy. Almost 342 00:20:04,520 --> 00:20:08,040 Speaker 1: two centuries later, in nineteen seventy two, twenty year old 343 00:20:08,080 --> 00:20:11,040 Speaker 1: Brendan Holland traveled from his home in Ireland to St 344 00:20:11,040 --> 00:20:14,920 Speaker 1: Bartholomew's Hospital in London. He was almost seven feet tall 345 00:20:15,160 --> 00:20:19,280 Speaker 1: and still growing. After having his pituitary gland radiated, that 346 00:20:19,440 --> 00:20:22,960 Speaker 1: growth stopped. In two thousand nine, a leading experts on 347 00:20:23,040 --> 00:20:26,919 Speaker 1: growth hormone conditions came upon something really interesting. She had 348 00:20:26,960 --> 00:20:30,359 Speaker 1: been working with Charles Burns and Brendan Holland's DNA and 349 00:20:30,440 --> 00:20:33,840 Speaker 1: was able to identify a rogue gene mutation. Come to 350 00:20:33,880 --> 00:20:36,520 Speaker 1: find out, it's thought that both men shared a common 351 00:20:36,560 --> 00:20:40,560 Speaker 1: ancestor as far back as fifteen hundred years ago. Distant 352 00:20:40,600 --> 00:20:46,040 Speaker 1: cousins spread across centuries and united by microscopic programming that 353 00:20:46,119 --> 00:20:56,720 Speaker 1: shaped the stories of their lives. Our long and winding 354 00:20:56,800 --> 00:20:59,119 Speaker 1: history with the human body has given us plenty to 355 00:20:59,160 --> 00:21:01,879 Speaker 1: think about all these years later. From the battle to 356 00:21:01,960 --> 00:21:05,480 Speaker 1: make dissection acceptable to the ethical struggles around how to 357 00:21:05,600 --> 00:21:08,639 Speaker 1: use it, we've done our best to navigate quite the 358 00:21:08,680 --> 00:21:12,040 Speaker 1: bumpy road, and that challenge has never gone away. In fact, 359 00:21:12,119 --> 00:21:14,200 Speaker 1: we have one more story to share with you about 360 00:21:14,280 --> 00:21:17,639 Speaker 1: that ever evolving field. Stick around through this brief sponsor 361 00:21:17,720 --> 00:21:26,800 Speaker 1: break to hear all about it. Right. Dr William M. 362 00:21:26,880 --> 00:21:30,639 Speaker 1: Bass was no stranger to the dead. As a forensic anthropologist, 363 00:21:30,800 --> 00:21:33,639 Speaker 1: he was a combination of an archaeologist and a detective 364 00:21:33,720 --> 00:21:37,280 Speaker 1: who specialized in reading bones. So when Dr Bass was 365 00:21:37,320 --> 00:21:39,720 Speaker 1: called to do some sleuthing on some remains found in 366 00:21:39,760 --> 00:21:42,919 Speaker 1: a shallow grave, he was prepared to perhaps find a 367 00:21:43,000 --> 00:21:46,600 Speaker 1: freshly laid murder victim. But this, as it would turn out, 368 00:21:47,040 --> 00:21:50,600 Speaker 1: but proved to be no ordinary case. The grave had 369 00:21:50,600 --> 00:21:52,960 Speaker 1: been dug a few feet down and in it was 370 00:21:53,000 --> 00:21:56,399 Speaker 1: a headless body atop a coffin. Dr Bass knew that 371 00:21:56,480 --> 00:21:59,840 Speaker 1: this particular coffin belonged to a Confederate soldier by the 372 00:22:00,080 --> 00:22:03,280 Speaker 1: name of Colonel William Shy. But as to how this 373 00:22:03,400 --> 00:22:07,159 Speaker 1: second person got here, well, that's what Dr Bass needed 374 00:22:07,200 --> 00:22:10,120 Speaker 1: to solve. He saw that the headless body still had 375 00:22:10,119 --> 00:22:13,600 Speaker 1: pink skin, and it had really no signs of extensive decomposition. 376 00:22:13,960 --> 00:22:16,080 Speaker 1: So the corpse was removed and sent to his lab 377 00:22:16,119 --> 00:22:20,720 Speaker 1: for further investigation, but Doctor Bass stayed behind. He continued 378 00:22:20,720 --> 00:22:22,920 Speaker 1: to poke around the scene and saw that the colonel's 379 00:22:22,960 --> 00:22:25,320 Speaker 1: coffin had a foot wide hole in it, and upon 380 00:22:25,400 --> 00:22:28,520 Speaker 1: looking into his box, Doctor Bass found exactly what he 381 00:22:28,560 --> 00:22:31,920 Speaker 1: was expecting. Nothing. He knew that after more than a 382 00:22:32,000 --> 00:22:35,280 Speaker 1: hundred years in the muggy Tennessee heat, a body would 383 00:22:35,280 --> 00:22:39,280 Speaker 1: have disintegrated completely. Doctor Bass presumed that the hole in 384 00:22:39,320 --> 00:22:42,520 Speaker 1: the coffin had been made by a murderer who figured, well, 385 00:22:42,640 --> 00:22:44,479 Speaker 1: they might as well take a look around while they 386 00:22:44,480 --> 00:22:47,359 Speaker 1: were burying their victim. But back at the lab, the 387 00:22:47,480 --> 00:22:50,879 Speaker 1: mystery was deepening. The lab had deduced that the body 388 00:22:50,920 --> 00:22:53,119 Speaker 1: belonged to a white man in his mid twenties, and 389 00:22:53,400 --> 00:22:55,159 Speaker 1: he appeared to have been dead for a little bit 390 00:22:55,240 --> 00:22:58,000 Speaker 1: less than a year. But his suit was somewhat tattered 391 00:22:58,160 --> 00:23:01,119 Speaker 1: and it had some very odd detail and lacing. This 392 00:23:01,640 --> 00:23:04,960 Speaker 1: gave Dr Bass an idea, so he went back to 393 00:23:05,000 --> 00:23:08,359 Speaker 1: the colonel's grave. Further inspection helped him locate a skull 394 00:23:08,440 --> 00:23:11,160 Speaker 1: at the bottom of the coffin, one with a very 395 00:23:11,320 --> 00:23:14,760 Speaker 1: obvious bullet hole, and one that very much seemed to 396 00:23:14,800 --> 00:23:17,960 Speaker 1: match the recovered body. And that's when the true story 397 00:23:18,000 --> 00:23:21,560 Speaker 1: snapped into place. It seems that, despite all odds, Colonel 398 00:23:21,560 --> 00:23:25,800 Speaker 1: William Shy was this headless mystery man. But the question remained. 399 00:23:26,320 --> 00:23:30,000 Speaker 1: How the investigators determined that Colonel Shy, being from a 400 00:23:30,000 --> 00:23:33,119 Speaker 1: wealthy family, had been embombed, and when he was sealed 401 00:23:33,119 --> 00:23:36,680 Speaker 1: in his cast iron coffin. It arrested his decomposition, and 402 00:23:37,000 --> 00:23:40,199 Speaker 1: he stayed relatively fresh, And it was only recently that 403 00:23:40,280 --> 00:23:43,200 Speaker 1: his grave had been disturbed, not by a killer covering 404 00:23:43,240 --> 00:23:47,720 Speaker 1: their tracks, but by contemporary grave robbers. Dr Bass knew 405 00:23:47,800 --> 00:23:50,840 Speaker 1: right away that this case was striking. It also solidified 406 00:23:50,880 --> 00:23:53,480 Speaker 1: something that he had long been thinking about. There was 407 00:23:53,560 --> 00:23:56,959 Speaker 1: just so much that we did not know about human decomposition, 408 00:23:57,400 --> 00:24:00,679 Speaker 1: so he set out to rectify that. In nine eight, 409 00:24:00,880 --> 00:24:03,840 Speaker 1: he created what is now known as the Body Farm, 410 00:24:03,960 --> 00:24:07,359 Speaker 1: situated near the University of Tennessee Medical Center. The Body 411 00:24:07,400 --> 00:24:10,040 Speaker 1: Farm is a three acre tract of land surrounded by 412 00:24:10,080 --> 00:24:13,200 Speaker 1: fencing and barbed wire. Here Dr Bass and his team 413 00:24:13,240 --> 00:24:17,919 Speaker 1: have created various microclimates shallow graves, car trunks, tree shade, 414 00:24:17,920 --> 00:24:20,880 Speaker 1: and ponds. They may wrap bodies and rugs or encase 415 00:24:21,000 --> 00:24:25,800 Speaker 1: them in concrete. These various situations create different paces of decomposition, 416 00:24:26,160 --> 00:24:30,640 Speaker 1: all of which are then meticulously studied. Since the farm's inception, 417 00:24:31,000 --> 00:24:33,919 Speaker 1: Dr Bass and his team have brought in thousands of cadavers. 418 00:24:34,320 --> 00:24:36,439 Speaker 1: The bodies arrive at the farm in one of three ways. 419 00:24:36,800 --> 00:24:40,320 Speaker 1: They're donated by the now deceased individual, donated by the family, 420 00:24:40,800 --> 00:24:44,679 Speaker 1: or if unclaimed donated by the State Medical Examiner. The 421 00:24:44,720 --> 00:24:47,840 Speaker 1: Body Farm is at the forefront of helping forensic anthropologists, 422 00:24:47,880 --> 00:24:51,760 Speaker 1: medical examiners, and crime scene investigators develop sophisticated ways to 423 00:24:51,840 --> 00:24:54,840 Speaker 1: understand how a body's deteriorated state has come to be, 424 00:24:55,119 --> 00:24:59,080 Speaker 1: especially when we're asking the questions about when, how, who, 425 00:24:59,200 --> 00:25:02,080 Speaker 1: and maybe even we can attribute a lot of what 426 00:25:02,119 --> 00:25:05,320 Speaker 1: we know to Dr Bass and his work. Even still, 427 00:25:05,359 --> 00:25:08,359 Speaker 1: the work has its attractors, and more countries work towards 428 00:25:08,400 --> 00:25:11,920 Speaker 1: opening their own human decomposition research facilities, they're being met 429 00:25:11,960 --> 00:25:15,960 Speaker 1: with pushback. Neighbors worry about pests and scavenging animals, and 430 00:25:16,240 --> 00:25:19,760 Speaker 1: generally might feel a little bit uncomfortable by the prospect 431 00:25:19,800 --> 00:25:23,280 Speaker 1: of potentially catching a glimpse of their new neighbors. It's 432 00:25:23,280 --> 00:25:26,800 Speaker 1: a tale as old as time, though studying other animals 433 00:25:26,840 --> 00:25:29,800 Speaker 1: just can't come close enough to mimicking human tissues to 434 00:25:29,840 --> 00:25:32,280 Speaker 1: give us the knowledge that we need. It's a really 435 00:25:32,280 --> 00:25:35,119 Speaker 1: tricky subject. It's really hard for us to think about 436 00:25:35,240 --> 00:25:37,760 Speaker 1: what happens to our bodies after we die, and we 437 00:25:37,840 --> 00:25:40,280 Speaker 1: certainly don't want to think about them being left out 438 00:25:40,280 --> 00:25:43,359 Speaker 1: in the sun, left for scavenging animals, or what other 439 00:25:43,440 --> 00:25:46,600 Speaker 1: things might come of us. Even still, it's probably worth 440 00:25:46,640 --> 00:25:48,919 Speaker 1: reflecting on our own general I when it comes to 441 00:25:49,000 --> 00:25:52,800 Speaker 1: thinking about all of these things, and seriously considering whether 442 00:25:52,920 --> 00:25:56,320 Speaker 1: or not our own eventual deaths and whatever might come 443 00:25:56,359 --> 00:25:59,680 Speaker 1: of our body could possibly hold the key to someone 444 00:25:59,680 --> 00:26:05,720 Speaker 1: else is life. Grim and Mild Presents Bedside Manners was 445 00:26:05,840 --> 00:26:09,600 Speaker 1: executive produced by Aaron Manky and narrated by Aaron Manky 446 00:26:09,720 --> 00:26:13,120 Speaker 1: and Robin Minater. Writing for this season was provided by 447 00:26:13,200 --> 00:26:17,240 Speaker 1: Robin Miniter, with research by Sam Alberty, Taylor haggerd Orn 448 00:26:17,359 --> 00:26:21,320 Speaker 1: and Robin Minater. Production assistance was provided by Josh Thane, 449 00:26:21,600 --> 00:26:25,640 Speaker 1: Jesse Funk, Alex Williams, and Matt Frederick. You can learn 450 00:26:25,680 --> 00:26:28,200 Speaker 1: more about this show, the Grim and Mild team, and 451 00:26:28,280 --> 00:26:31,080 Speaker 1: all the other podcasts that we make over at Grim 452 00:26:31,080 --> 00:26:35,240 Speaker 1: and Mild dot com, and, as always, thanks for listening.