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Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth,

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Speaker 1: you're probably not thinking about the environmental impact, but the

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Speaker 3: Hey Daniel, do you think the planet Earth is getting

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Speaker 3: too crowded?

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Speaker 1: Well, you know, we live in southern California, so we

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Speaker 1: do experience a good amount of traffic, even though I

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Speaker 1: get to wear sandals all year long.

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Speaker 3: Well, does it make you want to move out of

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Speaker 3: Southern California?

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Speaker 1: Well, you know, I'd be hesitant to give up the sandals,

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Speaker 1: but I'd love to live in outer space.

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Speaker 3: Oh yeah. Do you think communing would be easier in space?

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Speaker 1: Well, it can't be much worse than it is down

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Speaker 1: here in southern California.

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Speaker 3: Well, I think you better move up there soon, because

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Speaker 3: space might be getting more crowded than you think.

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Speaker 1: Are you talking about Elon Musk's Tesla that he launched

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Speaker 1: out there.

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Speaker 3: There's going to be a traffic jem off Tesla's up

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Speaker 3: there pretty soon. Hi, am Jorge. I'm a cartoonist and

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Speaker 3: the creator of PhD Comics.

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Speaker 1: Hi, I'm Daniel. I'm a particle of physicist. But I

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Speaker 1: love all things space, even if they don't have aliens

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Speaker 1: in them.

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Speaker 3: And so welcome to our podcast, Daniel and Jorge Explain

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Speaker 3: the Universe, a production of iHeartRadio.

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Speaker 1: In which we take a mental tour of the universe,

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Speaker 1: zipping from neutron stars to black holes, to alien planets,

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Speaker 1: and even talk about tiny things here on Earth like

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Speaker 1: little particles, electrons and quantum tunneling. And the key is

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Speaker 1: to share with you the wonders, the mystery, the majesty

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Speaker 1: of this universe in a way that's explainable and hopefully

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Speaker 1: makes you laugh and maybe cringe once or twice at

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Speaker 1: our bad jokes only but only once or twice two

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Speaker 1: cringes per episode, and then you're cut off.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, and then that's right. Then you have to keep

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Speaker 3: listening in silence. But yeah, it's about all the amazing

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Speaker 3: things we can see from this planet Earth that we're

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Speaker 3: sitting on in traffic, right we're sort of in the

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Speaker 3: traffic of the Solar System, right behind Mars and Venus.

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Speaker 3: Nice to the crowded asteroid belt.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, we're in an unusually dense part of the universe.

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Speaker 1: You know, if you took like an average cubic kilometer

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Speaker 1: of the universe, it would be pretty empty. Most likely,

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Speaker 1: you just get like a chunk of space in between galaxies.

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Speaker 1: Even inside the galaxies, most of them don't have planets

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Speaker 1: in them. So our neighborhood of the universe is pretty dense.

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Speaker 1: We have a star, we've got a bunch of planets.

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Speaker 1: There's a lot of rocks out there.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, I hate it when the asteroids hunk behind me.

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Speaker 3: It's so annoying.

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Speaker 1: Well, look, been doing it for billions of years. So

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Speaker 1: they hate when like newbies come in and mess up

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Speaker 1: their commute.

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Speaker 3: You know, that's right. It's people who don't signal. Has

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Speaker 3: it Earth signaled lately?

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Speaker 1: Which way it's turning, I don't know, But we keep

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Speaker 1: launching up stuff into space out there, messing up everybody

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Speaker 1: else's commute.

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Speaker 3: So, yeah, we imagine there are a lot of you

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Speaker 3: out there listening to this podcast, maybe sitting in your

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Speaker 3: cars in traffic, and you're probably wondering where all these

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Speaker 3: people came from. Are there too many people on Earth?

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Speaker 3: And is it too crowded? Out here.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, maybe you feel like launching all those people out

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Speaker 1: into space that you have the four h five to yourself.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, and so we were thinking, are there alternatives? Could

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Speaker 3: you live out in space to get away from it all?

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Speaker 1: But you might be surprised to discover that space actually

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Speaker 1: has a bunch of stuff in it as well. It's

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Speaker 1: not a pristine territory. It's the final frontier, but it's

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Speaker 1: also filled with traffic.

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Speaker 3: It's getting crowded out there, right.

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Speaker 1: That's right. You probably heard about Elon Musk's plans to

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Speaker 1: launch thousands and thousands of new satellites to improve your

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Speaker 1: download speeds.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, just the stuff that's going to be launched. But

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Speaker 3: there are a bunch of stuff out there already floating

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Speaker 3: out there right in space.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, So we thought we'd dive into this topic between

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Speaker 1: the Earth's surface and the rest of the universe and

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Speaker 1: talk about how much stuff is there out there.

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Speaker 3: So to the end the program, we'll be tackling the

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Speaker 3: question is space crowded? How much stuff is up there?

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Speaker 3: How much room is there? And do you need to

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Speaker 3: get a fast carpoo late pass just to get out

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Speaker 3: to Mars these days?

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Speaker 1: Well, traffic in space at least would be more complicated

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Speaker 1: because you got another dimension to move in, right, I mean,

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Speaker 1: I don't know how they plan to organize it, but

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Speaker 1: you can always go over the car in front of you.

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Speaker 3: That's like a double nightmare for me. It's like multi

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Speaker 3: dimensional traffic.

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Speaker 1: It sounds like there's a zillion more ways to get

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Speaker 1: into an accident.

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Speaker 3: I feel like, at least here on Earth, if I'm

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Speaker 3: stuck in traffic, I can still fantasize about flying upwards

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Speaker 3: or digging down and getting away from it all. But

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Speaker 3: if you're in space and it's space jam, traffic jam,

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Speaker 3: you got nowhere to go.

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Speaker 1: I think you owe Michael Jordan ten cents for mentioning.

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Speaker 3: I know, I know that. Yeah, and bugs buddy.

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Speaker 1: Yeah. But you may have heard the news that Elon

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Speaker 1: Musk is planning to launch a bunch of satellites. They

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Speaker 1: recently deployed one hundred and twenty two satellites into low

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Speaker 1: Earth orbit to test their Internet from space idea and

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Speaker 1: his plans are to launch a bunch more. Not one

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Speaker 1: hundred more, not two hundred more, not a thousand more,

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Speaker 1: but something like ten thousand in the near future, stretching

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Speaker 1: up to maybe forty thousand in the far.

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Speaker 3: Future, and it's all part of his plan to create

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Speaker 3: the space turnet. Is that what he's calling it.

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Speaker 1: That isn't but he should have. That is the best

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Speaker 1: possible dam you.

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Speaker 3: Know, we got space Force, why not space Internet.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, and you're probably thinking, hey, look, space is big, right,

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Speaker 1: I mean, the universe is vast. Daniel was just saying

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Speaker 1: how space is mostly empty? How could space ever get crowded?

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Speaker 1: And you're right, there is a lot of space up there.

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Speaker 1: You do a quick calculation up to high Earth orbit

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Speaker 1: and there's like two hundred trillion cubic kilometers of space

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Speaker 1: just surrounding our planet. And currently humans have launched about

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Speaker 1: two thousand operational satellites, So that doesn't seem like much.

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Speaker 1: I mean, do the math. You get about ninety billion

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Speaker 1: cubic kilometers per operational satellite. That seems like a lot, right,

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Speaker 1: And it.

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Speaker 3: Seems that's like the ratio between space and currently how

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Speaker 3: many satellites there are out there.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, we got two thousand satellites that are running that

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Speaker 1: are doing something that are helping us, that are like,

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Speaker 1: you know, telling you where your phone are, or spying

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Speaker 1: on North Korea or whatever. You take all the amount

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Speaker 1: of space out there in sort of high Earth orbit,

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Speaker 1: and you get ninety billion cubic kilometers per satellite. So

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Speaker 1: it seems like plenty of room.

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Speaker 3: It seems like plenty of room. But I think the

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Speaker 3: problem is that if you run into one of these

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Speaker 3: things in space, it's pretty bad news.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, this is very high speed traffic. So we thought

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Speaker 1: it'd be fun to talk about whether there really is

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Speaker 1: room out there. How dangerous is it to launch a satellite?

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Speaker 1: And how long do you have to wait after you

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Speaker 1: put on your left turn signal before you know it's

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Speaker 1: clear to pull your tesla into lower th orbits?

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Speaker 3: Yeah, because you definitely don't want to have a bumper

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Speaker 3: to bumper collision here with a satellite going hundreds or

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Speaker 3: thousands of kilo hunters per hour.

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Speaker 1: Right, No, you certainly don't. I'm pretty sure your insurance

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Speaker 1: doesn't cover it. Definitely not the one you got on

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Speaker 1: your rental car.

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Speaker 3: So they're about two thousand satellites right now operating out

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Speaker 3: in space. But it's not just satellites out there, right,

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Speaker 3: there's also space junk.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, So I was wondering if people were aware of

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Speaker 1: this problem. Do people know that space has more than

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Speaker 1: just operational satellites on it. Do people think space is

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Speaker 1: totally empty and there's lots of room out there for

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Speaker 1: frontiers people to go out and claim their chunk, or

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Speaker 1: do people think that space is mostly crowded and already

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Speaker 1: filled with Elon Musk's garbage?

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Speaker 3: What are you going to say, Elon monks junk?

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Speaker 1: I should have said that that was much better, musk un.

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Speaker 1: Maybe he's planning a business where he takes your junk

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Speaker 1: and dumps it in space.

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Speaker 3: Oh, there you go, one nine hundred, got space.

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Speaker 1: One nine hundred musk junk.

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Speaker 3: Must what what must I do with my gun?

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Speaker 1: And if he didn't plan that, he's probably a listener

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Speaker 1: to this podcast because it's awesome and now he's planning it.

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Speaker 1: So Elon we get one percent stakes.

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Speaker 3: So, as usual, Daniel went out there into the street

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Speaker 3: and ask random strangers if they thought that space was

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Speaker 3: getting to crowded.

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Speaker 1: Here's what people had to say. But before you hear

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Speaker 1: their answers, think to yourself, do you think space is

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Speaker 1: overcrowded or is there a lot of room for more stuff?

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Speaker 3: I would say probably filled with satellites and crowded.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, so yeah, it's like dangerous to be up there.

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Speaker 3: I don't know if it's totally crowded, but it's probably

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Speaker 3: getting there, I would imagine.

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Speaker 4: I would say it was empty, mostly empty, Yeah, so

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Speaker 4: like roody for lots more stuff.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, I think it's definitely still mostly empty.

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Speaker 4: See, there's lots of room for more satellites.

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Speaker 5: Well, I don't think we should put a lot more satellites,

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Speaker 5: but I bet there's more room of food needed to Oh.

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Speaker 6: I think there's.

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Speaker 7: Already a lot of satellites, and I think more will

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Speaker 7: have a big impact on the light quality that astronomers

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Speaker 7: can collect data.

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Speaker 4: From mostly empty, mostly empty.

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Speaker 1: Wise that because of the size of space and how

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Speaker 1: you can put the satellites in different layers in different orbits.

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Speaker 4: Do you agree, Yes, I'm sure there's a lot of

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Speaker 4: junk up there. Oh, it's mostly empty, and I think

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Speaker 4: it's stilled at satellites.

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Speaker 8: It feels like that's sort of relative, but it's probably

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Speaker 8: as room for more. I guess that there's a lot

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Speaker 8: of space junk out there, but there's so much. I

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Speaker 8: know there's a lot of space up there, so I

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Speaker 8: don't think it's too crowded. I know there are collisions,

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Speaker 8: but I don't think they happen that often, but I'd

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Speaker 8: say in the near future that probably could be a problem.

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Speaker 4: It's a why do you think? It's mostly feel that

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Speaker 4: just because.

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Speaker 7: The amount of communication that we have and data exchange,

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Speaker 7: there's got to be satellites, old satellites, disposed satellites.

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Speaker 4: So is there like a dander of satellites bumping into

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Speaker 4: each other? And so I'm sure, but I don't know

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Speaker 4: what they'll do anything.

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Speaker 7: But I don't know if they're made of you know,

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Speaker 7: but I've heard rumors of space trash too, you know.

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Speaker 3: All right, So people don't seem too concerned about the

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Speaker 3: crowd in this space.

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Speaker 1: No, but I'm not sure how many of these folks

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Speaker 1: actually had like plans to launch anything. So it's a

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Speaker 1: bit of an abstract question for them, you know.

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Speaker 3: Oh, I see, I see. Do you think that maybe

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Speaker 3: they're trying not to be alarmists.

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Speaker 1: Or maybe they're thinking, Man, I got too many things

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Speaker 1: to worry about here, I got finals coming up, I

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Speaker 1: got rent to pay. Who cares about space junk?

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Speaker 5: Mmm?

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Speaker 3: You didn't get a lot of concern here.

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Speaker 1: No, But maybe if I had told them all about

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Speaker 1: space junk and made them worry about the future of

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Speaker 1: those satellites. They'd be worried about the next time they

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Speaker 1: got on an airplane, whether this satellite that's navigate, that's

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Speaker 1: helping their flight navigate, is potentially being exposed to high

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Speaker 1: speed GARBAE.

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Speaker 3: All right, Well, let's talk about it. The idea is

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Speaker 3: that maybe space we're throwing too many things out there

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Speaker 3: into space, like as a species. You know, it was

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Speaker 3: exciting when we sent the first satellite out there, and

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Speaker 3: it was exciting when we sent people out there. But

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Speaker 3: now I think there's sort of a growing concern that

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Speaker 3: are we basically treating our orbital space as the next

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Speaker 3: big junk yard.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, not a landfill, but a space fill.

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Speaker 3: A space fill. Well, I guess technically landfills are space field.

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Speaker 1: Everything is a space fil from that perspective. Well, I

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Speaker 1: was surprised. I did a bit of research, and I

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Speaker 1: was surprised to discover sort of the small number and

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Speaker 1: the large number of stuff that we have in orbit.

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Speaker 3: Really it's both a lot and little.

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Speaker 1: Yeah it is. I mean the small number is the

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Speaker 1: number of operational satellites. Like we've been launching satellites for

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Speaker 1: fifty years, and I know it's expensive. It's not just

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Speaker 1: like anybody can launch them. But they're not that rare anymore.

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Speaker 1: And you know, vermen's and spy agencies and armies all

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Speaker 1: have their own satellites and companies do. So I was

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Speaker 1: surprised to discover that there are only about two thousand,

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Speaker 1: two hundred and eighteen operational satellites in orbit. That's not

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Speaker 1: really that many.

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Speaker 3: Really do you think that's not a lot?

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Speaker 1: I think it's not a lot. I mean, these days

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Speaker 1: it's not that expensive to launch a satellite. You know,

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Speaker 1: elementary schools can fund us a micro's cube sat that

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Speaker 1: ends up in orbit and takes pictures of stuff. So

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Speaker 1: the prices are really coming down.

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Speaker 3: So it's two thousand, two hundred and eighteen not just

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Speaker 3: like the big ones you see with the giant solar panels,

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Speaker 3: but it could be just like little tiny satellites.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, some of those are pretty small. Some of those

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Speaker 1: are pretty small. But we only got two thousand, two hundred.

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Speaker 1: You know, like how many cars are on a freeway

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Speaker 1: at any moment. It's much bigger number than that, and so,

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Speaker 1: and space is really big, and so at first you think, wow,

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Speaker 1: there's not that many satellites. And space is huge, so

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Speaker 1: there's plenty of room for more traffic. Nothing to worry,

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Speaker 1: nothing to worry about. But the problem is that it's

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Speaker 1: not just operational satellite that are out there, right, it's

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Speaker 1: for small unoperational satellites, and then bits of satellites, junk

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Speaker 1: of satellites, little bits of rockets that blew up, you know,

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Speaker 1: stuff that astronauts dropped while they were on spacewalks. It

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Speaker 1: turns out there's a lot of junk up.

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Speaker 3: There, really, and it's all man made? Or is it

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Speaker 3: also like you know, asteroids to somehow got caught in

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Speaker 3: or orbit or things like that.

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Speaker 1: This is just man made space junk. I mean, there

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Speaker 1: are meteors right that hit the Earth and burn them

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Speaker 1: in the atmosphere, and you see that kind of stuff

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Speaker 1: on a nice night when you're seeing meteor showers, et cetera.

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Speaker 1: But this is just man made stuff that's in orber.

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Speaker 3: Wow, how many do you how much of this stuff

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Speaker 3: do you think is out there?

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Speaker 1: So they did a calculation and you can't count this

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Speaker 1: stuff because a lot of it is too small. But

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Speaker 1: you know, we have two thousand operational satellites right, But

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Speaker 1: in terms of space junk there's at least twenty thousand

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Speaker 1: trackable objects. That's just like chunks of.

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Speaker 3: Stuff that you can see that you can see.

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Speaker 1: That like you know, Norrid and the Department of Defense

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Speaker 1: and all those folks are keeping track of.

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Speaker 3: Wow, don't they wonder what they are?

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Speaker 7: Like?

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Speaker 3: Could those be spy cameras from Aliens? Is where I'm

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Speaker 3: going with this, Daniel Man.

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Speaker 1: I know, I would love if there were a spy camera.

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Speaker 1: But if I was an alien and I wanted to

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Speaker 1: build a spy camera, I would just put it in

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Speaker 1: a rock, you know'd hide it and make it look

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Speaker 1: like a big asteroid or something. But this is just

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Speaker 1: the stuff they're tracking, you know, because they don't want

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Speaker 1: their two billion dollars spy satellite or ten billion dollar

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Speaker 1: space telescope or whatever to bump into a piece of junk.

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Speaker 1: So they track this stuff. But that's only the stuff

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Speaker 1: that they can track.

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Speaker 3: They track it so that they can so it doesn't

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Speaker 3: so they can maneuver around the other space trunk.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, it's like air traffic control, right, You want to

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Speaker 1: get this out to land, so you have to make

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Speaker 1: sure none of the other planes are too close by,

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Speaker 1: and so you've got to manage it, and so they

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Speaker 1: keep track of all this stuff. But it's a ten

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Speaker 1: to one ratio, right.

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Speaker 3: Did the two thousand operational objects include the secret space

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Speaker 3: spy satellites that they don't really want us to know?

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Speaker 3: Or are those in the unknown category?

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Speaker 1: Doesn't include the things that the government doesn't want us

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Speaker 1: to know, but reasonable estimates based on launches and stuff

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Speaker 1: like that, because it's pretty hard to hide a launch.

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Speaker 3: So they can track twenty thousand objects. And are these

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Speaker 3: small or are these like you know, a bolt from

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Speaker 3: that slipped out of the space station or are they

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Speaker 3: pretty big?

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Speaker 1: These things are pretty big. You know, they're more than

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Speaker 1: ten centimeters across. You know, the largest fifteen hundred of

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Speaker 1: these things weigh a total of nineteen hundred tons, and

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Speaker 1: the largest ten thousand of them weigh like five five

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Speaker 1: hundred tons, So it's a pretty big amount of stuff.

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Speaker 1: And again, this is just the stuff that we can track.

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Speaker 1: The stuff falls apart and gets smaller, and then the

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Speaker 1: numbers get crazy.

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Speaker 3: And this is all just human junk in space. Like

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Speaker 3: we've been we've been that careless in space that we

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Speaker 3: have twenty thousand bits of junk out there.

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Speaker 1: You showed to like a national park, and this is

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Speaker 1: like littered with people's picnic garbage.

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Speaker 3: I guess if you're out in space, what do you

365
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Speaker 3: do with your junk?

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Speaker 1: Well, actually, what you do is you drop it on Earth.

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Speaker 1: The best thing to do with space junk is to

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Speaker 1: push it down into the atmosphere, because the atmosphere will

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Speaker 1: burn it up. Anything from space is moving pretty quickly

370
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Speaker 1: and if it hits the atmosphere, it'll just get fried.

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Speaker 1: So the best thing to do is to drop it

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Speaker 1: on the Earth. The worst thing to do is to

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Speaker 1: leave it in orbit around the Earth.

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Speaker 3: I see. The best thing to do is to burn

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Speaker 3: it in the atmosphere so it rains down on innocent people.

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Speaker 1: Almost nobody has ever been hurt by falling space junk.

377
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Speaker 1: The atmosphere is a really good force field against space junk.

378
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Speaker 1: It's so good that what we should do with our

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Speaker 1: space junk is throw it against the atmosphere to atomize it.

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Speaker 5: Oh.

381
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Speaker 3: I see, So this is stuff that has maybe falling

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Speaker 3: off the space station or slipped out of an astronaut's hand,

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Speaker 3: but that stayed in orbit.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, and also the products of other collisions. And if

385
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Speaker 1: you look at even smaller stuff, there are nine hundred

386
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Speaker 1: thousand things that are smaller than ten centimeters. That's almost

387
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Speaker 1: a million pieces of.

388
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Speaker 3: Space junky bits. But those they can't track, and that's

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Speaker 3: just an estimate.

390
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Speaker 1: These are not tiny bits. I mean ten centimeters. You know,

391
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Speaker 1: we're talking to something the size of a baseball. Like

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Speaker 1: that thing going at ten kilometers per second is not

393
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Speaker 1: a tiny anything. But you're right, these things are too

394
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Speaker 1: small for them to track.

395
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Speaker 3: That's a lot of baseballs.

396
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Speaker 1: It's a lot of baseballs. And then if you just

397
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Speaker 1: say like any piece of junk, no matter what size,

398
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Speaker 1: then there are more than one hundred million bits of

399
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Speaker 1: space debris.

400
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Speaker 3: And so where did all this stuff come from? Is

401
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Speaker 3: it all just from you know, our astronauts being little

402
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Speaker 3: bugs or little space bugs?

403
00:18:32,400 --> 00:18:34,760
Speaker 1: Yeah, you know astronauts like these flameing hot cheetos and

404
00:18:34,760 --> 00:18:36,680
Speaker 1: they just crumple up the package and toss it over

405
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Speaker 1: their shoulder.

406
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Speaker 3: It so responsible.

407
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Speaker 1: No, it comes from like satellites falling apart, you know,

408
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Speaker 1: bits of paint flaking off of satellites. Also, we fire

409
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Speaker 1: a lot of rockets into space and we just sort

410
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Speaker 1: of like leave those spent rocket stages and little bits

411
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Speaker 1: of like frozen fuel that didn't get used up. We

412
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Speaker 1: just generally haven't been thinking carefully about what kind of

413
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Speaker 1: stuff will be left from our exploration of space, because

414
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Speaker 1: we thought, hey, space is so big and empty, it

415
00:19:03,359 --> 00:19:07,080
Speaker 1: doesn't really matter if you create one thousand little shards

416
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Speaker 1: of ice that are flying at really high speed.

417
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Speaker 3: Wow, So it is getting crowded with joke. I mean,

418
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Speaker 3: there aren't that many satellite but there's millions of bits

419
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Speaker 3: of stuff out there.

420
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Speaker 1: There are millions of bits of stuff out there. You

421
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Speaker 1: have flakes of paint, little bits of rocket motors, frozen coolant,

422
00:19:21,320 --> 00:19:23,960
Speaker 1: and you know, sometimes it's stuff that was created sort

423
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Speaker 1: of on purpose. Like in the sixties, the US and

424
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Speaker 1: Russia had anti satellite weapons. We built special missiles we

425
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Speaker 1: could fire at like the enemy's satellites because you know,

426
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Speaker 1: maybe you don't want them flying their Spice satellites over Colorado,

427
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Speaker 1: and so you want to fire our missile to take

428
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Speaker 1: out their satellite.

429
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Speaker 3: Interesting space wars, space wars.

430
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Speaker 1: Wars, Yeah, and it. China got in the game about

431
00:19:46,359 --> 00:19:49,600
Speaker 1: ten years ago. They built a system and they tested

432
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Speaker 1: it and they destroyed one of their own satellites, but

433
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Speaker 1: it created a million pieces of space debris that are

434
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Speaker 1: still up there.

435
00:19:56,840 --> 00:19:58,359
Speaker 3: They blew something up as a test.

436
00:19:58,560 --> 00:20:01,040
Speaker 1: Yeah, they fired a missile into space in two thousand

437
00:20:01,080 --> 00:20:02,800
Speaker 1: and seven and blew up one of their own defunct

438
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Speaker 1: satellites and it created a million pieces of space junk.

439
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Speaker 6: Great.

440
00:20:13,760 --> 00:20:14,200
Speaker 3: Wow.

441
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Speaker 1: And sometimes it is astronauts, you know, like there was

442
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Speaker 1: one time an astronaut lost a bag of tools. You know,

443
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Speaker 1: you're out there in a space lot, you forget to

444
00:20:21,359 --> 00:20:23,520
Speaker 1: clip it, and the oops, it just sort of drifts

445
00:20:23,560 --> 00:20:24,119
Speaker 1: away from you.

446
00:20:24,160 --> 00:20:29,080
Speaker 3: And that was a Sandra Bullock movie. I seen that movie, Daniel.

447
00:20:29,640 --> 00:20:30,120
Speaker 3: That's fiction.

448
00:20:30,359 --> 00:20:32,240
Speaker 1: That's the one part of that movie that was correct.

449
00:20:32,960 --> 00:20:35,560
Speaker 1: An astronaut. One was like lost spare glove. You know,

450
00:20:35,600 --> 00:20:37,560
Speaker 1: so that kind of stuff is floating out there, but

451
00:20:37,640 --> 00:20:40,679
Speaker 1: it's dwarfed by the sort of like little just pieces

452
00:20:40,720 --> 00:20:43,560
Speaker 1: of junk from satellites that are broken or smashed into

453
00:20:43,560 --> 00:20:43,920
Speaker 1: each other.

454
00:20:44,520 --> 00:20:46,640
Speaker 3: I wonder how that happens. You're like, you're out in space,

455
00:20:46,960 --> 00:20:49,960
Speaker 3: you might die, but you take off your glove just

456
00:20:49,960 --> 00:20:52,639
Speaker 3: just to like pick it a little something, and then whoops,

457
00:20:52,640 --> 00:20:53,680
Speaker 3: you let you got.

458
00:20:53,680 --> 00:20:55,720
Speaker 1: To open your flame and hot cheetos package, right, you

459
00:20:55,720 --> 00:20:57,520
Speaker 1: can't do those and those really thick.

460
00:20:57,359 --> 00:21:00,360
Speaker 3: Gloves, yeah, those big thick fingers.

461
00:21:00,160 --> 00:21:01,920
Speaker 1: And then you take the cheetos up and sort of

462
00:21:01,920 --> 00:21:04,200
Speaker 1: bang them up against your space helmet, you know, Oops,

463
00:21:04,520 --> 00:21:06,920
Speaker 1: make this thing through the shooter.

464
00:21:07,080 --> 00:21:08,640
Speaker 3: Use velcrow for the cheetos.

465
00:21:09,800 --> 00:21:11,639
Speaker 1: No, I think there must have been an extra glove

466
00:21:11,760 --> 00:21:14,520
Speaker 1: or something. But occasionally astronauts have job stuff that's not

467
00:21:14,560 --> 00:21:17,520
Speaker 1: a big contribution to the space junk. Most of it

468
00:21:17,560 --> 00:21:19,679
Speaker 1: is like flakes of paint and little bits of rocket

469
00:21:19,680 --> 00:21:22,160
Speaker 1: coolant and stuff like that, but it's still dangerous.

470
00:21:22,320 --> 00:21:24,600
Speaker 3: And how much of that is our space cheetos?

471
00:21:25,440 --> 00:21:29,560
Speaker 1: There are no Cheetos in space that I'm aware of, Eilon,

472
00:21:29,640 --> 00:21:31,639
Speaker 1: that's her first for you also great.

473
00:21:31,680 --> 00:21:33,560
Speaker 3: So that's a lot of stuff out there. And so

474
00:21:33,600 --> 00:21:35,560
Speaker 3: I guess now the question is is it a problem?

475
00:21:35,680 --> 00:21:37,840
Speaker 3: Is it going to be a problem? And what can

476
00:21:37,840 --> 00:21:39,719
Speaker 3: we do about it? So let's get into that, But

477
00:21:39,760 --> 00:21:41,399
Speaker 3: first let's take a quick break.

478
00:21:45,920 --> 00:21:48,879
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Speaker 3: All right, Daniels, So there are millions of pieces of

527
00:24:27,560 --> 00:24:30,679
Speaker 3: debris out there in just in our immediate orbit, and

528
00:24:30,960 --> 00:24:32,840
Speaker 3: some of them might be space cheetos. Some of them

529
00:24:32,880 --> 00:24:34,919
Speaker 3: might not be. We don't know what the Chinese or

530
00:24:34,960 --> 00:24:38,000
Speaker 3: the Russians have been developing out there or testing.

531
00:24:38,080 --> 00:24:41,000
Speaker 1: Maybe they have a system to launch cheetos into space

532
00:24:41,520 --> 00:24:42,760
Speaker 1: at our satellites.

533
00:24:43,080 --> 00:24:45,840
Speaker 3: Yes, right, maybe cheetahs are especially good at taking out

534
00:24:45,880 --> 00:24:47,000
Speaker 3: spy satellites, you.

535
00:24:46,960 --> 00:24:48,960
Speaker 1: Know, I mean, until you do the experiment, you never

536
00:24:49,000 --> 00:24:50,560
Speaker 1: know the answer. You've got to keep an open mind

537
00:24:50,600 --> 00:24:51,560
Speaker 1: in science, right.

538
00:24:51,720 --> 00:24:54,800
Speaker 3: Yeah, you want you want that, you know, that cheesy

539
00:24:54,880 --> 00:24:58,600
Speaker 3: powder that they have to get into the enemy's satellite

540
00:24:58,800 --> 00:25:00,800
Speaker 3: mechanism the worst.

541
00:25:00,640 --> 00:25:02,960
Speaker 1: That's the worst for those gyro mechanisms. Yeah, that's r

542
00:25:03,320 --> 00:25:06,520
Speaker 1: especially designed by food scientists to be a space weapon.

543
00:25:07,400 --> 00:25:10,000
Speaker 3: It gets all over your spy LANs and then it's

544
00:25:10,040 --> 00:25:10,639
Speaker 3: all ruined.

545
00:25:11,359 --> 00:25:13,440
Speaker 1: Space junk. Really is a problem, Okay.

546
00:25:13,160 --> 00:25:16,040
Speaker 3: So it is a problem that scientists are concerned about

547
00:25:16,119 --> 00:25:16,520
Speaker 3: right now.

548
00:25:16,680 --> 00:25:18,320
Speaker 1: It really is. Yeah, And it's a problem sort of

549
00:25:18,320 --> 00:25:21,760
Speaker 1: for two reasons. One is that it's a danger to

550
00:25:21,880 --> 00:25:24,399
Speaker 1: the stuff that's out there, and the other is that

551
00:25:24,440 --> 00:25:27,120
Speaker 1: it's likely to make more of itself. So first of all,

552
00:25:27,160 --> 00:25:29,720
Speaker 1: you worry just like, is the stuff going to bump

553
00:25:29,720 --> 00:25:32,800
Speaker 1: into something valuable? I mean, you build your complicated space

554
00:25:32,880 --> 00:25:35,960
Speaker 1: telescope or spy side light or whatever, and you shoot

555
00:25:36,000 --> 00:25:39,320
Speaker 1: it up into space and then somebody's junk comes along

556
00:25:39,400 --> 00:25:43,560
Speaker 1: at like ten to fifteen kilometers per second and just

557
00:25:43,720 --> 00:25:44,320
Speaker 1: trashes it.

558
00:25:44,680 --> 00:25:48,240
Speaker 3: Wow, fifteen kilometers per second. Like, is that if it's

559
00:25:48,240 --> 00:25:51,320
Speaker 3: in a different orbit or like, you know, like an

560
00:25:52,720 --> 00:25:54,399
Speaker 3: You kind of tend to think in space that's everything

561
00:25:54,440 --> 00:25:56,080
Speaker 3: being kind of at the same speed that you are.

562
00:25:56,160 --> 00:25:57,919
Speaker 3: But is it possible for things to be in a

563
00:25:57,960 --> 00:26:00,480
Speaker 3: different orbit and come at you at speed?

564
00:26:00,520 --> 00:26:03,720
Speaker 1: Absolutely? This is not organized self driving cars in space

565
00:26:03,800 --> 00:26:06,639
Speaker 1: right where everything is moving along with no relative velocity.

566
00:26:06,840 --> 00:26:09,680
Speaker 1: There's lots of different orbits that cross right and there's

567
00:26:09,680 --> 00:26:12,400
Speaker 1: no traffic lights, and so you get free for all.

568
00:26:12,440 --> 00:26:14,840
Speaker 1: It's a free for all exactly. There's no cops up

569
00:26:14,880 --> 00:26:17,280
Speaker 1: there whistling to people to stop or anything, and so

570
00:26:17,320 --> 00:26:20,560
Speaker 1: your orbit path could totally cross somebody else's orbital path.

571
00:26:20,720 --> 00:26:22,760
Speaker 3: That's a problem. Even if flick of pink would probably

572
00:26:22,840 --> 00:26:25,480
Speaker 3: do some harm to your you know, solar panel or

573
00:26:25,840 --> 00:26:27,240
Speaker 3: Cheeto's bag, for sure.

574
00:26:27,080 --> 00:26:30,400
Speaker 1: A tiny fleck with paint going at fifteen kilometers per

575
00:26:30,520 --> 00:26:33,760
Speaker 1: second is like getting punched by Mike Tyson, right, And

576
00:26:33,800 --> 00:26:36,000
Speaker 1: nobody wants their satellite getting punched by Mike.

577
00:26:35,880 --> 00:26:39,560
Speaker 3: Tyson, especially in space. That would be extra embarrassing.

578
00:26:39,600 --> 00:26:41,120
Speaker 1: But maybe NASA should do that, you know, they should

579
00:26:41,119 --> 00:26:43,840
Speaker 1: have like last pre flight check, Mike, Please come down

580
00:26:43,880 --> 00:26:49,000
Speaker 1: and punch the satellite and see how it goes. But

581
00:26:49,040 --> 00:26:51,000
Speaker 1: it's a real problem. And you know, sometimes you can

582
00:26:51,040 --> 00:26:53,520
Speaker 1: protect parts of your satellite. We'll talk about that later,

583
00:26:53,720 --> 00:26:56,120
Speaker 1: but some parts you just can't. Like you don't want

584
00:26:56,160 --> 00:26:58,720
Speaker 1: to build a shield in front of the lens of

585
00:26:58,760 --> 00:27:01,199
Speaker 1: your space telescope. That's why you built it, right to

586
00:27:01,240 --> 00:27:04,320
Speaker 1: look out into space. Or you have these big solar panels,

587
00:27:04,440 --> 00:27:06,560
Speaker 1: you can't really do much to protect them. They're supposed

588
00:27:06,560 --> 00:27:09,920
Speaker 1: to be out there gathering sunlight, so you're really vulnerable.

589
00:27:10,440 --> 00:27:12,680
Speaker 3: And even if you put armor on your satellite, that

590
00:27:13,200 --> 00:27:15,879
Speaker 3: just gets more expensive, right, because every little ounce you

591
00:27:15,920 --> 00:27:19,040
Speaker 3: send into space costs like thirty thousand dollars, right.

592
00:27:19,000 --> 00:27:21,760
Speaker 1: Yeah, you can't armor your solar panels because that blocks

593
00:27:21,760 --> 00:27:24,880
Speaker 1: them that they don't work. So it's a real problem.

594
00:27:25,200 --> 00:27:27,480
Speaker 1: And they try to keep track of this stuff and

595
00:27:27,520 --> 00:27:29,800
Speaker 1: because they don't want their expensive satellites to get hit

596
00:27:29,840 --> 00:27:32,119
Speaker 1: by space junk, and so they have, you know, as

597
00:27:32,160 --> 00:27:35,000
Speaker 1: we were saying, tracking on like twenty thousand of these things.

598
00:27:35,200 --> 00:27:37,920
Speaker 1: And they observe a lot of close calls. There's something

599
00:27:38,040 --> 00:27:42,040
Speaker 1: like twenty close calls every day really between a satellite

600
00:27:42,080 --> 00:27:43,760
Speaker 1: and some piece of trackable junk.

601
00:27:44,000 --> 00:27:47,080
Speaker 3: Like every day, twenty one times there's somebody freaking out

602
00:27:47,080 --> 00:27:50,160
Speaker 3: in some control room going turn left, turn left, watch

603
00:27:50,200 --> 00:27:51,200
Speaker 3: out for that space de breeth.

604
00:27:51,320 --> 00:27:53,399
Speaker 1: Yeah, And they're pretty careful about this stuff, and so

605
00:27:53,440 --> 00:27:55,440
Speaker 1: they have to like contact the owners of the satellite

606
00:27:55,440 --> 00:27:57,520
Speaker 1: and say, hey, some piece of junk is coming your way.

607
00:27:57,560 --> 00:27:59,320
Speaker 1: You might want to move up or down, or left

608
00:27:59,359 --> 00:28:02,200
Speaker 1: or right or just any direction really to get.

609
00:28:02,000 --> 00:28:05,080
Speaker 3: Out of the way. Oh wow, are there like traffic

610
00:28:05,080 --> 00:28:07,520
Speaker 3: controllers or space can you can I study to be

611
00:28:07,560 --> 00:28:09,080
Speaker 3: a space traffic controller?

612
00:28:09,520 --> 00:28:11,800
Speaker 1: Yeah? I think it's a pretty stressful job. But the

613
00:28:11,960 --> 00:28:14,119
Speaker 1: Defense Department does this, you know, because they got a

614
00:28:14,160 --> 00:28:16,040
Speaker 1: lot of satellites up there that are pretty valuable and

615
00:28:16,040 --> 00:28:18,840
Speaker 1: pretty important for national security, and so they keep track

616
00:28:18,840 --> 00:28:21,440
Speaker 1: of this stuff and they contact satellite owners if their

617
00:28:21,480 --> 00:28:23,240
Speaker 1: satellite is in the path of some junk.

618
00:28:23,400 --> 00:28:25,280
Speaker 3: Oh wow, imagine getting that call.

619
00:28:26,640 --> 00:28:28,480
Speaker 1: Yeah, I think it's not too unusual, you know. I

620
00:28:28,480 --> 00:28:31,119
Speaker 1: think most satellites a few times a year have to

621
00:28:31,200 --> 00:28:33,879
Speaker 1: maneuver around space junk because it's getting kind of crowded

622
00:28:33,960 --> 00:28:36,160
Speaker 1: up there. And we've even had collisions.

623
00:28:36,480 --> 00:28:40,320
Speaker 3: Really, what happens? You just obliterate the satellite or.

624
00:28:40,360 --> 00:28:43,200
Speaker 1: Yeah, yeah, that's the problem is that when two like

625
00:28:43,280 --> 00:28:45,680
Speaker 1: defunct satellites hit each other, or when a piece of

626
00:28:45,720 --> 00:28:48,040
Speaker 1: space junk takes out of satellite, what do you get

627
00:28:48,440 --> 00:28:50,360
Speaker 1: more space junk more?

628
00:28:50,640 --> 00:28:52,600
Speaker 3: Right, that's the other problem you were saying, and you

629
00:28:52,640 --> 00:28:54,840
Speaker 3: said junk begets junk.

630
00:28:56,560 --> 00:28:58,800
Speaker 1: Yeah, it's like if you litter in the park, somebody

631
00:28:58,800 --> 00:29:01,040
Speaker 1: else walks by, like, Oh, looks like this park isn't

632
00:29:01,040 --> 00:29:03,160
Speaker 1: cleaned up too much. I'll just dump all my trash here.

633
00:29:04,440 --> 00:29:07,320
Speaker 1: But I'm not sure that analogy works, but the idea.

634
00:29:07,120 --> 00:29:10,640
Speaker 3: Is wondering how that works. It's more like if you

635
00:29:10,680 --> 00:29:12,400
Speaker 3: if you find a piece of litter in the park

636
00:29:12,480 --> 00:29:14,520
Speaker 3: and you go to grovit, it turns into two pieces

637
00:29:14,520 --> 00:29:15,320
Speaker 3: of liters, right.

638
00:29:16,520 --> 00:29:18,600
Speaker 1: Yeah, I guess so. Or this litter attacks you and

639
00:29:18,640 --> 00:29:20,240
Speaker 1: breaks you into pieces of literal in.

640
00:29:20,280 --> 00:29:23,400
Speaker 3: Park right, rane covers you and Cheetos does.

641
00:29:23,480 --> 00:29:27,000
Speaker 1: It's terrible, But the idea is that, yeah, that if

642
00:29:27,000 --> 00:29:29,480
Speaker 1: a piece of space junk hits a satellite, it causes

643
00:29:29,600 --> 00:29:32,720
Speaker 1: more space junk, and then the number of pieces of

644
00:29:32,720 --> 00:29:35,400
Speaker 1: space junk grows, and then you have a higher chances

645
00:29:35,440 --> 00:29:37,840
Speaker 1: of making more space junk, which of course just makes

646
00:29:38,120 --> 00:29:40,440
Speaker 1: more space junk. And so you can see this sort

647
00:29:40,480 --> 00:29:44,040
Speaker 1: of cascade effect as possible. You get enough stuff out there,

648
00:29:44,200 --> 00:29:47,160
Speaker 1: the chances of collision grow very quickly, and then the

649
00:29:47,240 --> 00:29:49,360
Speaker 1: chances have become almost certain, and then you just have

650
00:29:49,440 --> 00:29:51,640
Speaker 1: space is just totally filled with junk.

651
00:29:51,600 --> 00:29:55,200
Speaker 3: Right, dangerous junk, right, that you can't get through.

652
00:29:55,320 --> 00:29:55,520
Speaker 2: Yeah.

653
00:29:55,520 --> 00:29:58,400
Speaker 1: And so some sort of space groups advocacy groups predict

654
00:29:58,440 --> 00:30:00,680
Speaker 1: the sort of tipping point we're going to get too

655
00:30:00,800 --> 00:30:03,160
Speaker 1: much junk pretty soon, that you're going to get this

656
00:30:03,200 --> 00:30:05,960
Speaker 1: cascade effect and it might destroy a huge number of

657
00:30:06,000 --> 00:30:09,440
Speaker 1: things in orbit and basically make space unusable.

658
00:30:09,520 --> 00:30:12,800
Speaker 3: You can actually kind of extrapolate and see the point

659
00:30:12,840 --> 00:30:17,240
Speaker 3: where it's just the jungle just multiply beyond making space reachable.

660
00:30:17,560 --> 00:30:20,000
Speaker 1: Yeah, because you can't fly a rocket with people in

661
00:30:20,040 --> 00:30:22,760
Speaker 1: it through space if it's totally filled with space junk.

662
00:30:23,000 --> 00:30:25,560
Speaker 1: You can't launch a satellite into that orbit if it's

663
00:30:25,600 --> 00:30:28,760
Speaker 1: totally filled with space junk. And if all the satellites

664
00:30:28,760 --> 00:30:30,840
Speaker 1: that we had out there right now ended up getting

665
00:30:30,920 --> 00:30:33,280
Speaker 1: hit by space junk and turning into more space junk,

666
00:30:33,400 --> 00:30:35,600
Speaker 1: you'd have an enormous number of pieces of junk, and

667
00:30:35,640 --> 00:30:37,560
Speaker 1: it would make space basically unusable.

668
00:30:37,600 --> 00:30:39,400
Speaker 3: You know what we need, I think, Daniel, we need

669
00:30:39,440 --> 00:30:42,840
Speaker 3: like a giant space vacuum that would totally suck space

670
00:30:42,920 --> 00:30:44,120
Speaker 3: already has a vacuum.

671
00:30:45,840 --> 00:30:48,560
Speaker 1: Why doesn't space just suck it up into outer space?

672
00:30:50,200 --> 00:30:53,000
Speaker 1: Suck it up space? But it's you know, it's already

673
00:30:53,080 --> 00:30:55,080
Speaker 1: sort of a problem. Like we have people out there

674
00:30:55,080 --> 00:30:57,760
Speaker 1: in space right now in the space station, and these

675
00:30:57,800 --> 00:31:00,040
Speaker 1: folks a few times a year have to move the

676
00:31:00,160 --> 00:31:03,160
Speaker 1: whole space station like into a higher orbit really in

677
00:31:03,240 --> 00:31:05,720
Speaker 1: order to avoid some piece of junk that's coming nearby.

678
00:31:06,360 --> 00:31:09,160
Speaker 3: They're actively doing, you know, like frogger just like changing

679
00:31:09,240 --> 00:31:10,240
Speaker 3: names all the time.

680
00:31:10,240 --> 00:31:14,959
Speaker 1: Space and sometimes they have to like rush the astronauts

681
00:31:15,040 --> 00:31:18,160
Speaker 1: into one of those escape capsules because the big pieces

682
00:31:18,200 --> 00:31:20,280
Speaker 1: of junk is coming. They didn't spot soon enough and

683
00:31:20,320 --> 00:31:22,400
Speaker 1: can't get out of the way, and it might like

684
00:31:22,520 --> 00:31:25,160
Speaker 1: you know, debilitate the space station and those folks would

685
00:31:25,160 --> 00:31:27,240
Speaker 1: have to basically fly back down to Earth.

686
00:31:27,280 --> 00:31:29,480
Speaker 3: I feel like you're courting that tender Bullock movie again.

687
00:31:30,720 --> 00:31:32,360
Speaker 1: I think it might go the other way around. I

688
00:31:32,360 --> 00:31:35,480
Speaker 1: think the Center Bolt movie is based on real events.

689
00:31:37,240 --> 00:31:39,440
Speaker 3: So and I think it also happened with the Space

690
00:31:39,440 --> 00:31:41,600
Speaker 3: Shuttle once, right, like it like it actually did some

691
00:31:41,680 --> 00:31:42,840
Speaker 3: damage to the Space Shuttle.

692
00:31:42,840 --> 00:31:45,160
Speaker 1: Oh, all the time, every Space Shuttle comes back is

693
00:31:45,280 --> 00:31:48,400
Speaker 1: pitted with space junk. You'll find like holes in the wings,

694
00:31:48,720 --> 00:31:52,080
Speaker 1: they find scratches in the windshield. It's not unusual when

695
00:31:52,080 --> 00:31:54,479
Speaker 1: the Space Shuttle comes back to find like, you know,

696
00:31:54,600 --> 00:31:57,080
Speaker 1: bits of stuff embedded in the windshield all the way

697
00:31:57,080 --> 00:32:01,760
Speaker 1: down to like half the depth of the windshield. Yeah, exactly.

698
00:32:01,840 --> 00:32:04,360
Speaker 3: You're like, what is that? Squeaks? Quick? Is that Cheetos?

699
00:32:04,480 --> 00:32:05,320
Speaker 1: What?

700
00:32:05,400 --> 00:32:06,280
Speaker 3: How did that get in there?

701
00:32:06,360 --> 00:32:06,560
Speaker 8: Yeah?

702
00:32:06,600 --> 00:32:08,800
Speaker 1: It's a it's a dirty environment out there, and so

703
00:32:08,880 --> 00:32:10,800
Speaker 1: you know how you're driving down the highway you end

704
00:32:10,840 --> 00:32:13,680
Speaker 1: up with like a bunch of bugs on your windshield.

705
00:32:14,000 --> 00:32:16,480
Speaker 1: Imagine those bugs were going you know, ten times a

706
00:32:16,560 --> 00:32:17,560
Speaker 1: speed of sound or.

707
00:32:17,480 --> 00:32:21,760
Speaker 3: Something, or there were like ball bearings just all over

708
00:32:21,800 --> 00:32:23,320
Speaker 3: the highway. That would be pretty dangerous.

709
00:32:23,360 --> 00:32:25,400
Speaker 1: Yeah, it would be pretty dangerous. And so it's a

710
00:32:25,400 --> 00:32:27,120
Speaker 1: real problem. We got to make sure there's not too

711
00:32:27,200 --> 00:32:29,360
Speaker 1: much space junk up there, and we got to clean

712
00:32:29,400 --> 00:32:31,800
Speaker 1: it up sort of before it gets too late, before

713
00:32:31,800 --> 00:32:33,479
Speaker 1: it starts to multiply out of control.

714
00:32:33,560 --> 00:32:36,440
Speaker 3: Okay, I have a new product idea for elon Musk.

715
00:32:37,760 --> 00:32:41,080
Speaker 1: Already, I'm sure I'm not ready.

716
00:32:42,040 --> 00:32:45,280
Speaker 3: Giant space windshield wipers, that's what.

717
00:32:45,160 --> 00:32:49,720
Speaker 1: We mean, cleanse the atmosphere. Well, you know we're going

718
00:32:49,800 --> 00:32:52,160
Speaker 1: to talk about solutions to the space junk problem. And

719
00:32:52,600 --> 00:32:54,720
Speaker 1: that's not the dumbest one that's on the list.

720
00:32:54,760 --> 00:32:57,560
Speaker 3: Oh really, all right, it's already taken. It was already

721
00:32:57,560 --> 00:33:00,640
Speaker 3: in a movie, would sender Bullock? So that effects our

722
00:33:00,680 --> 00:33:03,719
Speaker 3: ability to go out into space? Does it affect actually

723
00:33:03,800 --> 00:33:06,680
Speaker 3: us here on Earth if space gets filled with junk?

724
00:33:07,040 --> 00:33:09,640
Speaker 1: Well there's sort of the direct problem and the indirect problem.

725
00:33:09,880 --> 00:33:12,560
Speaker 1: Direct problem is like do you have to worry about

726
00:33:12,640 --> 00:33:15,440
Speaker 1: a piece of junk falling out of space and conking

727
00:33:15,440 --> 00:33:18,240
Speaker 1: you on the head, right right, Well, there's about one

728
00:33:18,320 --> 00:33:21,520
Speaker 1: piece of space junk per day that falls out of

729
00:33:21,640 --> 00:33:25,560
Speaker 1: orbit and into the atmosphere, but those burn up. Right.

730
00:33:25,600 --> 00:33:27,640
Speaker 1: As we were saying before, it's actually a good thing

731
00:33:27,840 --> 00:33:30,160
Speaker 1: for space junk to hit the atmosphere because it gets fried,

732
00:33:30,480 --> 00:33:33,160
Speaker 1: it gets shredded, and it's just a nice, you know,

733
00:33:33,480 --> 00:33:36,600
Speaker 1: another meteor in the night sky. It's pretty rare for

734
00:33:36,680 --> 00:33:39,160
Speaker 1: this stuff to actually hit the Earth. There was once

735
00:33:39,200 --> 00:33:42,160
Speaker 1: in nineteen ninety seven a woman in Oklahoma was hit

736
00:33:42,240 --> 00:33:44,240
Speaker 1: by a piece of rocket, but usually you didn't worry

737
00:33:44,240 --> 00:33:45,880
Speaker 1: about it. Like the Air Force when they launch rockets,

738
00:33:45,880 --> 00:33:48,280
Speaker 1: they don't even really care where they go because they

739
00:33:48,360 --> 00:33:49,280
Speaker 1: just mostly burn up.

740
00:33:49,760 --> 00:33:51,800
Speaker 3: Oh, I see, of course it had to be Oklahoma.

741
00:33:51,880 --> 00:33:52,600
Speaker 3: I feel.

742
00:33:53,920 --> 00:33:56,720
Speaker 1: Where else are you saying Oklahoma deserves it? Or just

743
00:33:56,760 --> 00:33:58,440
Speaker 1: like weird stuff happens in Oklahoma.

744
00:33:58,560 --> 00:34:01,080
Speaker 3: I'm saying if I was writing a Steven Spielberg movie

745
00:34:01,120 --> 00:34:03,040
Speaker 3: where a piece of junk hits and women in the head,

746
00:34:03,040 --> 00:34:04,320
Speaker 3: it would probably be an Oklahoma.

747
00:34:05,360 --> 00:34:07,320
Speaker 1: All right, that's good to know, But I think the

748
00:34:07,400 --> 00:34:10,120
Speaker 1: more direct issue for people out here is that we

749
00:34:10,200 --> 00:34:13,680
Speaker 1: rely on stuff in space. When your flight is taking off,

750
00:34:13,760 --> 00:34:17,359
Speaker 1: it's using a navigational system that relies on satellites. When

751
00:34:17,360 --> 00:34:20,279
Speaker 1: your phone is locating itself because you got lost while

752
00:34:20,280 --> 00:34:23,920
Speaker 1: going for a hike. It's using GPS. So our society

753
00:34:23,960 --> 00:34:26,960
Speaker 1: really relies on space technology. And if all that was

754
00:34:26,960 --> 00:34:31,160
Speaker 1: destroyed or became unusable, you know, hey, listening to Daniel

755
00:34:31,239 --> 00:34:34,040
Speaker 1: Jorge explaining the universe would take longer to download.

756
00:34:34,160 --> 00:34:36,279
Speaker 3: You would get lost trying to get to some Wi

757
00:34:36,320 --> 00:34:37,000
Speaker 3: Fi or something.

758
00:34:37,120 --> 00:34:40,040
Speaker 1: Yeah, precisely. So it's important part of our society. We

759
00:34:40,080 --> 00:34:42,680
Speaker 1: want to maintain it. It's not really a direct danger

760
00:34:42,719 --> 00:34:45,560
Speaker 1: to you unless you're an astronaut, but it's important that

761
00:34:45,600 --> 00:34:47,760
Speaker 1: we take care of the space near the Earth.

762
00:34:48,000 --> 00:34:49,520
Speaker 3: Right, it's not good. It's not good.

763
00:34:49,600 --> 00:34:50,400
Speaker 1: It's not good.

764
00:34:50,480 --> 00:34:52,960
Speaker 3: All right, let's get into what we can actually do

765
00:34:53,080 --> 00:34:55,319
Speaker 3: to maybe clean up some of the space junk maybe

766
00:34:55,480 --> 00:34:59,279
Speaker 3: or prevent it or work around it. But first, let's

767
00:34:59,320 --> 00:35:00,439
Speaker 3: take another quick break.

768
00:35:04,840 --> 00:35:06,640
Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth,

769
00:35:06,760 --> 00:35:09,880
Speaker 1: or enjoy a rich spoonful of Greek yogurt, you're probably

770
00:35:09,920 --> 00:35:13,960
Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact of each and every bite.

771
00:35:14,000 --> 00:35:16,640
Speaker 1: But the people in the dairy industry are US Dairy

772
00:35:16,680 --> 00:35:20,960
Speaker 1: has set themselves some ambitious sustainability goals, including being greenhouse

773
00:35:21,000 --> 00:35:23,560
Speaker 1: gas neutral by twenty to fifty. That's why they're working

774
00:35:23,600 --> 00:35:25,919
Speaker 1: hard every day to find new ways to reduce waste,

775
00:35:26,000 --> 00:35:30,239
Speaker 1: conserve natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. Take water,

776
00:35:30,280 --> 00:35:33,360
Speaker 1: for example, most dairy farms reuse water up to four

777
00:35:33,440 --> 00:35:36,879
Speaker 1: times the same water cools the milk, cleans equipment, washes

778
00:35:36,920 --> 00:35:39,720
Speaker 1: the barn, and irrigates the crops. How is US Dairy

779
00:35:39,760 --> 00:35:43,480
Speaker 1: tackling greenhouse gases? Many farms use anaerobic digestors that turn

780
00:35:43,560 --> 00:35:47,400
Speaker 1: the methane from maneuver into renewable energy that can power farms, towns,

781
00:35:47,480 --> 00:35:49,560
Speaker 1: and electric cars. So the next time you grab a

782
00:35:49,600 --> 00:35:51,600
Speaker 1: slice of pizza or lick an ice cream cone, know

783
00:35:51,680 --> 00:35:54,359
Speaker 1: that dairy farmers and processors around the country are using

784
00:35:54,400 --> 00:35:57,879
Speaker 1: the latest practices and innovations to provide the nutrient dense

785
00:35:58,000 --> 00:36:00,719
Speaker 1: dairy products we love with less of an impact. Visit

786
00:36:00,840 --> 00:36:03,600
Speaker 1: usdairy dot com slash sustainability to learn more.

787
00:36:03,920 --> 00:36:06,880
Speaker 9: California has millions of homes that could be damaged in

788
00:36:06,920 --> 00:36:10,960
Speaker 9: a strong earthquake. Older homes are especially vulnerable to quake damage,

789
00:36:11,000 --> 00:36:13,600
Speaker 9: so you may need to take steps to strengthen yours.

790
00:36:13,880 --> 00:36:16,440
Speaker 9: Visit Strengthen your House dot com to learn how to

791
00:36:16,480 --> 00:36:20,000
Speaker 9: strengthen your home and help protect it from damage. The

792
00:36:20,080 --> 00:36:22,680
Speaker 9: work may cost less than you think and can often

793
00:36:22,719 --> 00:36:25,720
Speaker 9: be done in just a few days. Strengthen your home

794
00:36:25,960 --> 00:36:29,440
Speaker 9: and help protect your family. Get prepared today and worry

795
00:36:29,560 --> 00:36:34,320
Speaker 9: less tomorrow. Visit strengthen your house dot com.

796
00:36:34,680 --> 00:36:38,160
Speaker 6: There are children, friends, and families walking riding on paths

797
00:36:38,160 --> 00:36:40,600
Speaker 6: and roads every day. Remember they're real people with loved

798
00:36:40,640 --> 00:36:41,400
Speaker 6: ones who need them to.

799
00:36:41,360 --> 00:36:42,160
Speaker 1: Get home safely.

800
00:36:42,360 --> 00:36:45,760
Speaker 6: Protect our cyclists and pedestrians because they're people too. Go safely,

801
00:36:45,840 --> 00:36:48,759
Speaker 6: California from the California Office of Traffic Safety and Caltrans.

802
00:36:57,200 --> 00:36:59,040
Speaker 3: All right, Daniel, So space junk is a little bit

803
00:36:59,040 --> 00:37:00,759
Speaker 3: of a problem, and you you're also telling me it's

804
00:37:00,800 --> 00:37:02,960
Speaker 3: kind of a problem or it might become a problem

805
00:37:03,040 --> 00:37:06,720
Speaker 3: for astronomers too, right, like people trying to study space.

806
00:37:06,840 --> 00:37:09,840
Speaker 1: Yeah, there's been a big uproar recently because of Elon

807
00:37:09,920 --> 00:37:14,600
Speaker 1: Musk's plans to basically fill space with satellites. He's launched,

808
00:37:14,640 --> 00:37:16,640
Speaker 1: you know, something like one hundred and twenty of these

809
00:37:16,640 --> 00:37:19,400
Speaker 1: things so far, and then sort of low Earth orbit

810
00:37:19,560 --> 00:37:22,880
Speaker 1: and they streak across the sky. And if you have

811
00:37:23,200 --> 00:37:25,520
Speaker 1: really valuable time on a telescope because you want to

812
00:37:25,520 --> 00:37:29,280
Speaker 1: study something super far away and you've been waiting months

813
00:37:29,280 --> 00:37:31,960
Speaker 1: for your like ten hours of telescope time, and then

814
00:37:32,280 --> 00:37:34,960
Speaker 1: Musk satellites just sort of zoom in from the lens.

815
00:37:35,480 --> 00:37:36,800
Speaker 1: You know, then you get a big streak.

816
00:37:37,000 --> 00:37:38,160
Speaker 3: You don't want that photobomb.

817
00:37:38,200 --> 00:37:40,879
Speaker 1: You don't want that photobomb. And he's only launched one hundred.

818
00:37:40,920 --> 00:37:44,040
Speaker 1: He's planning to launch thousands and thousands of these things.

819
00:37:44,400 --> 00:37:46,880
Speaker 1: So astronomers are worried, first of all, like, is he

820
00:37:46,920 --> 00:37:49,920
Speaker 1: going to be blocking your review? Is ground based astronomy

821
00:37:50,040 --> 00:37:53,000
Speaker 1: going to be impossible in the near future just to

822
00:37:53,040 --> 00:37:55,960
Speaker 1: improve our Internet access? But then also from the space

823
00:37:56,040 --> 00:37:58,520
Speaker 1: junk point of view, like you got thousands of things

824
00:37:58,600 --> 00:38:00,960
Speaker 1: up there, one of them goes wrong, umps into another one,

825
00:38:01,080 --> 00:38:03,120
Speaker 1: like it could pretty quickly go bad.

826
00:38:03,400 --> 00:38:05,480
Speaker 3: I mean, if it was Bill Murray, you'd be like, hey,

827
00:38:05,480 --> 00:38:08,120
Speaker 3: that's a cool photo bomb on my photo. But elon Musk,

828
00:38:08,200 --> 00:38:09,279
Speaker 3: that's just annoying.

829
00:38:09,680 --> 00:38:12,640
Speaker 1: Yeah, precisely. And remember you know you have ten times

830
00:38:12,640 --> 00:38:15,319
Speaker 1: as many things up there. It's a hundred times more

831
00:38:15,400 --> 00:38:18,200
Speaker 1: likely to get collisions because you have many more ways

832
00:38:18,200 --> 00:38:21,240
Speaker 1: to get collisions right, And so he's planning to launch

833
00:38:21,360 --> 00:38:23,440
Speaker 1: thousands of these things, and just a few of them

834
00:38:23,480 --> 00:38:26,200
Speaker 1: have to go wrong for it to sort of cascade

835
00:38:26,600 --> 00:38:28,240
Speaker 1: and create a disaster.

836
00:38:28,360 --> 00:38:31,800
Speaker 3: Reach that tipping point where it all just pulverizes everything

837
00:38:31,840 --> 00:38:37,520
Speaker 3: and it becomes a deadly barrier for space travel.

838
00:38:37,719 --> 00:38:39,520
Speaker 1: Yeah, he's thought of this, of course, and he has

839
00:38:39,560 --> 00:38:42,240
Speaker 1: a plan, and you know, NASA and FAA or whatever

840
00:38:42,280 --> 00:38:44,839
Speaker 1: say that his plan is good and essentially involves making

841
00:38:44,880 --> 00:38:48,520
Speaker 1: sure that any of these satellites that go wrong basically

842
00:38:48,560 --> 00:38:51,160
Speaker 1: just fall and then they get burned up in the atmosphere.

843
00:38:51,360 --> 00:38:53,640
Speaker 1: And that's not a terrible plan because that's what we want.

844
00:38:53,719 --> 00:38:56,200
Speaker 1: We want to push all this stuff, all the space

845
00:38:56,280 --> 00:38:59,120
Speaker 1: junk down into the atmospheres. The atmosphere does the job

846
00:38:59,200 --> 00:39:02,520
Speaker 1: for us of the atmosphere basically melts all this stuff.

847
00:39:03,640 --> 00:39:05,480
Speaker 3: So how does that work? So that's one way we

848
00:39:05,520 --> 00:39:09,480
Speaker 3: can kind of avoid the space junk problem is to

849
00:39:09,520 --> 00:39:11,680
Speaker 3: make sure it comes down. But how can they do

850
00:39:11,719 --> 00:39:14,600
Speaker 3: that if it, like, if said satellite becomes disabled, what's

851
00:39:14,600 --> 00:39:17,200
Speaker 3: going to make it actually maneuver into the atmosphere.

852
00:39:17,520 --> 00:39:19,560
Speaker 1: Well, you can just get lucky and hope that it's

853
00:39:20,000 --> 00:39:23,440
Speaker 1: the way that it maneuvered or got disabled makes it fall.

854
00:39:23,480 --> 00:39:24,759
Speaker 1: But you know, there's a lot of stuff out there

855
00:39:24,760 --> 00:39:28,759
Speaker 1: that's in stable orbits. And one thing we can just

856
00:39:28,760 --> 00:39:31,160
Speaker 1: do is wait, you know, stop launching stuff and just

857
00:39:31,200 --> 00:39:34,320
Speaker 1: wait because eventually all this stuff will fall. Remember, the

858
00:39:34,360 --> 00:39:37,680
Speaker 1: atmosphere is not just like a turnoff. There's no perfect

859
00:39:37,719 --> 00:39:40,440
Speaker 1: space in near Earth. There's a very slight atmosphere and

860
00:39:40,480 --> 00:39:42,720
Speaker 1: it drags on stuff and slows it down.

861
00:39:43,000 --> 00:39:44,759
Speaker 3: Right, But the problem isn't the problem that it's just

862
00:39:44,800 --> 00:39:47,439
Speaker 3: one piece per day that falls. It wouldn't that take

863
00:39:47,680 --> 00:39:49,160
Speaker 3: you know, three hundred years?

864
00:39:49,400 --> 00:39:51,520
Speaker 1: How it would take a long time. So that's not

865
00:39:51,719 --> 00:39:55,319
Speaker 1: really a solution. So people have some crazy ideas, you know.

866
00:39:55,400 --> 00:39:57,920
Speaker 1: One of them, of course involves lasers.

867
00:39:58,680 --> 00:40:03,480
Speaker 3: Of course, Hey, physicists, how should we solve a problem? Lasers?

868
00:40:04,160 --> 00:40:04,359
Speaker 4: No?

869
00:40:04,160 --> 00:40:06,160
Speaker 1: No, I just really want to comb my hair? Oh yeah,

870
00:40:06,160 --> 00:40:06,480
Speaker 1: don't you.

871
00:40:06,440 --> 00:40:10,320
Speaker 3: Want to know what the problem is first though? Just lasers? Lasers,

872
00:40:10,640 --> 00:40:13,120
Speaker 3: that's right. The solution is always lasers, and the answer

873
00:40:13,160 --> 00:40:17,240
Speaker 3: is always aliens. No, but lasers is not a terrible

874
00:40:17,280 --> 00:40:19,800
Speaker 3: idea because if you could shoot a laser at this stuff,

875
00:40:20,239 --> 00:40:21,320
Speaker 3: you could slow it down.

876
00:40:21,760 --> 00:40:23,759
Speaker 1: You could. You don't even need to blow it up, right,

877
00:40:23,800 --> 00:40:25,359
Speaker 1: you don't want to blow it up. Would you want

878
00:40:25,360 --> 00:40:26,719
Speaker 1: to do is slow it down a little bit so

879
00:40:26,760 --> 00:40:29,279
Speaker 1: it drops and then the atmosphere takes over, so you

880
00:40:29,360 --> 00:40:31,120
Speaker 1: just got to sort of like a blate it a

881
00:40:31,160 --> 00:40:33,680
Speaker 1: little bit on the side. I remember we talked about

882
00:40:33,680 --> 00:40:35,920
Speaker 1: those guys that are also using lasers to maybe save

883
00:40:36,000 --> 00:40:39,360
Speaker 1: the Earth from incoming asteroids. It's a similar idea. You

884
00:40:39,360 --> 00:40:41,360
Speaker 1: don't have to blow up the whole asteroid. You just

885
00:40:41,360 --> 00:40:43,480
Speaker 1: got to sort of shave off a little velocity on

886
00:40:43,480 --> 00:40:45,879
Speaker 1: one size so it misses. In this case, you want

887
00:40:45,880 --> 00:40:47,760
Speaker 1: to just sort of like rough it up a little

888
00:40:47,760 --> 00:40:49,879
Speaker 1: bit so that it falls into the atmosphere.

889
00:40:50,360 --> 00:40:50,640
Speaker 9: Wow.

890
00:40:50,800 --> 00:40:53,479
Speaker 3: Like literally you'd be like Peo Peo, Peo, Peo Peo

891
00:40:54,040 --> 00:40:56,080
Speaker 3: taking stuff out out of the sky.

892
00:40:56,200 --> 00:40:58,360
Speaker 1: He's there for the test. That's exactly what it sounded like.

893
00:40:58,440 --> 00:41:02,279
Speaker 3: I'm oh, really, well, I imagine I can foresee what

894
00:41:02,480 --> 00:41:05,000
Speaker 3: physicism but sound effect that would.

895
00:41:04,800 --> 00:41:07,680
Speaker 1: Put, you know, shooting death rays into the sky. It

896
00:41:07,680 --> 00:41:10,000
Speaker 1: would take a lot of death rays. And so this approach,

897
00:41:10,000 --> 00:41:12,600
Speaker 1: of course has some problems. So people studied about ten

898
00:41:12,680 --> 00:41:14,680
Speaker 1: years ago, but it doesn't seem like it's really going

899
00:41:14,760 --> 00:41:17,279
Speaker 1: to solve sort of the larger scale problem really of

900
00:41:17,360 --> 00:41:19,280
Speaker 1: having one hundred million objects.

901
00:41:19,440 --> 00:41:22,480
Speaker 3: So my son practicing video games all this time just

902
00:41:22,520 --> 00:41:25,479
Speaker 3: to get ready for that job of shooting down space degree,

903
00:41:25,520 --> 00:41:27,000
Speaker 3: I should tell them there's no career in that.

904
00:41:27,400 --> 00:41:29,759
Speaker 1: That's right, Yeah, I think you know that was very

905
00:41:29,800 --> 00:41:33,960
Speaker 1: impressive long range planning. But I'm hoping there are other

906
00:41:33,960 --> 00:41:35,960
Speaker 1: ways that you're still can make money with those skills.

907
00:41:36,040 --> 00:41:38,480
Speaker 3: Okay, So that so shooting them down with lasers not

908
00:41:38,600 --> 00:41:42,000
Speaker 3: a great, good long term solution. What are other ways

909
00:41:42,040 --> 00:41:44,080
Speaker 3: we can solve this space junk probe?

910
00:41:44,560 --> 00:41:47,839
Speaker 1: Well, another one is a ship called clean Space one

911
00:41:48,080 --> 00:41:51,600
Speaker 1: which looks, I'm not joking, like a big net and

912
00:41:51,640 --> 00:41:54,440
Speaker 1: the idea is to gather space junk together and then

913
00:41:54,480 --> 00:41:57,799
Speaker 1: again dump it into the atmosphere. Right, it's sort of weird,

914
00:41:57,840 --> 00:41:59,760
Speaker 1: but we're treating the whole earth as like a trash

915
00:41:59,800 --> 00:42:02,800
Speaker 1: can and the Clean Space up. What you got to

916
00:42:02,840 --> 00:42:04,600
Speaker 1: do is gather the stuff and then dump it into

917
00:42:04,600 --> 00:42:07,319
Speaker 1: the trash can. And so this is maybe your son

918
00:42:07,360 --> 00:42:09,280
Speaker 1: could operate this thing, you know, steer this thing around,

919
00:42:09,320 --> 00:42:10,359
Speaker 1: gathering space jump.

920
00:42:11,800 --> 00:42:13,880
Speaker 3: That's what every parent wants for your son to be

921
00:42:14,000 --> 00:42:16,160
Speaker 3: a space janitor, thank you, Daniel.

922
00:42:16,680 --> 00:42:19,560
Speaker 1: Hey, it's pretty glamorous. I mean, space janitors. Come on,

923
00:42:19,760 --> 00:42:21,239
Speaker 1: that's the way you work your way up, right, That's

924
00:42:21,239 --> 00:42:23,680
Speaker 1: how you become an astronaut. You've got space, you get

925
00:42:23,680 --> 00:42:25,960
Speaker 1: a job as a janitor, and then, you know, step

926
00:42:25,960 --> 00:42:28,440
Speaker 1: by step, eventually you're piloting the space station.

927
00:42:28,760 --> 00:42:31,880
Speaker 3: I mean, space chanitor is just like, you know, barely

928
00:42:31,920 --> 00:42:34,399
Speaker 3: a step above podcasters, so.

929
00:42:35,239 --> 00:42:38,000
Speaker 1: At least it's a step up. But that's not a joke,

930
00:42:38,080 --> 00:42:40,239
Speaker 1: you know, this is an idea. Gather the stuff and

931
00:42:40,239 --> 00:42:42,239
Speaker 1: then dump it into lower orbit and hope that it

932
00:42:42,400 --> 00:42:44,000
Speaker 1: eventually decays down to burn up.

933
00:42:44,080 --> 00:42:45,920
Speaker 3: So this would be what does it look like like

934
00:42:45,960 --> 00:42:50,000
Speaker 3: a giant Like a giant like four rockets holding a

935
00:42:50,040 --> 00:42:51,600
Speaker 3: giant net in between them.

936
00:42:51,719 --> 00:42:53,800
Speaker 1: It looks basically, yeah, like a big net. You know,

937
00:42:53,840 --> 00:42:57,040
Speaker 1: it's got like four big arms and some lines between them,

938
00:42:57,239 --> 00:42:59,000
Speaker 1: and they would essentially just like reach out like a

939
00:42:59,080 --> 00:43:02,200
Speaker 1: tuck a huge claw, grab a piece of space junk

940
00:43:02,480 --> 00:43:05,480
Speaker 1: and then drag it down into lower orbit. But this

941
00:43:05,520 --> 00:43:07,920
Speaker 1: would work for you know, maybe like the twenty thousand

942
00:43:08,040 --> 00:43:11,719
Speaker 1: defunct large trackable objects we have, but it wouldn't really

943
00:43:11,719 --> 00:43:14,040
Speaker 1: help clean up all the other tiny stuff.

944
00:43:13,800 --> 00:43:15,959
Speaker 3: All right, So then what can we do about those?

945
00:43:16,520 --> 00:43:18,359
Speaker 1: Not that much? I mean, one thing we can do

946
00:43:18,480 --> 00:43:20,920
Speaker 1: is we can stop adding more stuff.

947
00:43:21,160 --> 00:43:25,320
Speaker 3: Right, when has it ever worked with humanity?

948
00:43:25,719 --> 00:43:29,160
Speaker 1: We could start being responsible. I promise starting today, we're

949
00:43:29,200 --> 00:43:31,959
Speaker 1: gonna be good. Really this time, this time it's gonna

950
00:43:31,960 --> 00:43:32,680
Speaker 1: be We're gonna be good.

951
00:43:32,719 --> 00:43:35,480
Speaker 3: I'm gonna stop eating those cheetos tomorrow. Tomorrow.

952
00:43:35,520 --> 00:43:38,480
Speaker 1: But here actually is a bit of hope because Americans,

953
00:43:38,520 --> 00:43:41,440
Speaker 1: at least American space agencies have tried to design their

954
00:43:41,520 --> 00:43:45,320
Speaker 1: rockets to produce less space junk. So create like a

955
00:43:45,440 --> 00:43:48,480
Speaker 1: smaller number of larger pieces of debris that are more

956
00:43:48,560 --> 00:43:50,759
Speaker 1: likely to fall into the atmosphere, and they don't like

957
00:43:50,920 --> 00:43:54,799
Speaker 1: explode bits of coolant into space because earlier we're like, oh,

958
00:43:54,840 --> 00:43:57,200
Speaker 1: we don't care whatever it's out in space, but now

959
00:43:57,239 --> 00:44:00,279
Speaker 1: we do care. And so our more recent rock gets

960
00:44:00,280 --> 00:44:02,440
Speaker 1: produced less space junk per launch.

961
00:44:02,280 --> 00:44:04,680
Speaker 3: Per launch, or per like if you lose it, no

962
00:44:04,680 --> 00:44:05,680
Speaker 3: per launch per launch.

963
00:44:05,760 --> 00:44:08,759
Speaker 1: Yeah, every time you launch a rocket, there's stages of

964
00:44:08,800 --> 00:44:11,360
Speaker 1: it that are supposed to burn up and don't. Always

965
00:44:11,680 --> 00:44:14,200
Speaker 1: there's bits of coolant that you know, that leak or

966
00:44:14,280 --> 00:44:17,319
Speaker 1: solid rocket fuel that wasn't burnt up. And so our

967
00:44:17,320 --> 00:44:20,520
Speaker 1: more recent rockets are better at that, they produce less

968
00:44:20,560 --> 00:44:22,799
Speaker 1: junk per launch, but still they do produce junk. So

969
00:44:23,760 --> 00:44:25,640
Speaker 1: you know, that's that's not a way to clean it up.

970
00:44:25,680 --> 00:44:28,040
Speaker 1: It's just a way to like be bad less quickly.

971
00:44:28,160 --> 00:44:29,480
Speaker 3: So I think what I'm getting from you is that

972
00:44:29,520 --> 00:44:33,040
Speaker 3: to solve the space junk problems, scientists have come up

973
00:44:33,040 --> 00:44:35,440
Speaker 3: with a couple of solutions. One is, wait a million years,

974
00:44:36,960 --> 00:44:40,440
Speaker 3: that solves a lot of problems. To convince you manage

975
00:44:40,440 --> 00:44:44,920
Speaker 3: to stop littering that'll never happen. Or three shoot lasers

976
00:44:44,920 --> 00:44:45,239
Speaker 3: at it.

977
00:44:45,640 --> 00:44:47,319
Speaker 1: Yeah, and so we're all waiting for your son to

978
00:44:47,360 --> 00:44:49,480
Speaker 1: be good enough at the laser to solve this problem.

979
00:44:49,600 --> 00:44:51,399
Speaker 3: Doesn't sound like there's a good solution here.

980
00:44:52,160 --> 00:44:54,839
Speaker 1: No, there's not a great solution to cleaning up space junk.

981
00:44:55,080 --> 00:44:56,840
Speaker 1: And so in the interim, what we've done is just

982
00:44:56,880 --> 00:44:59,840
Speaker 1: trying to protect our satellites. You put a shield around

983
00:44:59,840 --> 00:45:02,080
Speaker 1: it to try to protect it, and they're pretty clever.

984
00:45:02,320 --> 00:45:05,040
Speaker 1: This is really cool design. It's called a Whipple shield.

985
00:45:05,400 --> 00:45:08,160
Speaker 1: And the ideas don't just like make your satellite really

986
00:45:08,200 --> 00:45:11,160
Speaker 1: heavy with armor, but put a really light, thin shield,

987
00:45:11,360 --> 00:45:13,799
Speaker 1: but have it be separated from the satellite a little bit.

988
00:45:14,120 --> 00:45:16,600
Speaker 1: And the idea is that it doesn't destroy the space junk,

989
00:45:16,640 --> 00:45:19,240
Speaker 1: is sort of deflects it, It turns it, it breaks

990
00:45:19,280 --> 00:45:21,040
Speaker 1: it up and changes its direction.

991
00:45:21,440 --> 00:45:22,680
Speaker 3: Oh, interesting.

992
00:45:23,080 --> 00:45:25,400
Speaker 1: Yeah, and so you're more likely to survive impact with

993
00:45:25,480 --> 00:45:27,960
Speaker 1: space junk, and so you know, we have some technology

994
00:45:28,000 --> 00:45:30,640
Speaker 1: to protect ourselves. But yeah, we sort of painted ourselves

995
00:45:30,680 --> 00:45:33,279
Speaker 1: into a corner here. Space is filled with junk and

996
00:45:33,280 --> 00:45:34,719
Speaker 1: it's not an easy way to clean it up.

997
00:45:34,920 --> 00:45:38,439
Speaker 3: Well, hopefully there's maybe in the future space general will

998
00:45:38,520 --> 00:45:41,320
Speaker 3: be like the most valuable profession on the planet.

999
00:45:42,040 --> 00:45:44,280
Speaker 1: Yeah. Now, I think we also just need to find

1000
00:45:44,280 --> 00:45:48,240
Speaker 1: some new way to put the cost of making space

1001
00:45:48,320 --> 00:45:50,920
Speaker 1: junk on the people producing it, because right now the

1002
00:45:50,960 --> 00:45:53,360
Speaker 1: cost of space junk is on the people launching a

1003
00:45:53,360 --> 00:45:55,719
Speaker 1: new satellite. Like you have a billion dollar satellite, you

1004
00:45:55,840 --> 00:45:58,640
Speaker 1: have to protect yourself from the space junk. The people

1005
00:45:58,640 --> 00:46:01,120
Speaker 1: whose satellite made that, they're free and clear, they don't

1006
00:46:01,120 --> 00:46:04,000
Speaker 1: really care. So somehow we need to make sure that

1007
00:46:04,000 --> 00:46:06,800
Speaker 1: the people who are producing space junk bear the cost

1008
00:46:06,840 --> 00:46:10,280
Speaker 1: of it. And maybe that'll help fund to clean up somehow.

1009
00:46:10,440 --> 00:46:13,359
Speaker 3: Interesting, it's like carbon credits, but for a space junk.

1010
00:46:13,520 --> 00:46:15,640
Speaker 1: Yeah. Or we need everybody to have like an insurance

1011
00:46:15,680 --> 00:46:18,959
Speaker 1: card so that when things bump into each other, I say, hey,

1012
00:46:19,000 --> 00:46:20,680
Speaker 1: that was your piece of junk. Now you owe me

1013
00:46:20,719 --> 00:46:21,520
Speaker 1: a billion dollars.

1014
00:46:22,280 --> 00:46:26,960
Speaker 3: Oh interesting, So more more like cars. Actually, then you

1015
00:46:26,960 --> 00:46:28,880
Speaker 3: know we're creating a traffic jam up there.

1016
00:46:29,080 --> 00:46:31,520
Speaker 1: Yeah, we need more lawyers to solve this problem.

1017
00:46:31,719 --> 00:46:36,759
Speaker 3: Space lawyers, space lawyers. All right, maybe I'll try to

1018
00:46:36,760 --> 00:46:39,320
Speaker 3: steer my son towards that profession. It sounds like it

1019
00:46:39,400 --> 00:46:39,920
Speaker 3: might have war.

1020
00:46:40,040 --> 00:46:41,520
Speaker 1: That's right, that'll impress his grandparents.

1021
00:46:41,560 --> 00:46:46,480
Speaker 3: Also, all right, well, it sounds like there are a

1022
00:46:46,520 --> 00:46:48,359
Speaker 3: lot of things out there in space that you might

1023
00:46:48,440 --> 00:46:52,239
Speaker 3: run into, and it's going to get crowdier crowder in

1024
00:46:52,280 --> 00:46:53,880
Speaker 3: the next couple of years.

1025
00:46:53,960 --> 00:46:56,480
Speaker 1: Yeah, and cheatier and cheetoh here.

1026
00:46:56,480 --> 00:47:01,439
Speaker 3: That's right, and spicier in flaming high and hot, well,

1027
00:47:01,440 --> 00:47:03,240
Speaker 3: hopefully flaming hot, because that means.

1028
00:47:03,400 --> 00:47:05,960
Speaker 1: It's burning up. Yeah, what happens if you drop a

1029
00:47:06,000 --> 00:47:08,520
Speaker 1: space cheeto? Actually, it does get flaming hot right as

1030
00:47:08,520 --> 00:47:11,600
Speaker 1: it burns up in your entry. So yeah, in space,

1031
00:47:12,080 --> 00:47:14,319
Speaker 1: all cheetos are flaming hot. There you go.

1032
00:47:16,920 --> 00:47:18,279
Speaker 3: How can we ask for a better add link to

1033
00:47:18,320 --> 00:47:18,840
Speaker 3: the podcast.

1034
00:47:19,520 --> 00:47:21,360
Speaker 1: So think about that next time you were going to

1035
00:47:21,440 --> 00:47:25,440
Speaker 1: launch your own micro satellite into space. Do you really

1036
00:47:25,520 --> 00:47:28,040
Speaker 1: need that out there or are you just contributing to

1037
00:47:28,120 --> 00:47:28,640
Speaker 1: the problem.

1038
00:47:28,880 --> 00:47:31,279
Speaker 3: So next time you look out there into space at night,

1039
00:47:31,440 --> 00:47:33,839
Speaker 3: think about that. Beautiful story you might be looking at

1040
00:47:34,040 --> 00:47:36,439
Speaker 3: could be a piece of Cheetoh.

1041
00:47:40,120 --> 00:47:42,279
Speaker 1: I got nothing after that. That's it all.

1042
00:47:42,239 --> 00:47:44,400
Speaker 3: Right, everybody, Thanks for listening. We hope you enjoyed that.

1043
00:47:45,520 --> 00:47:55,520
Speaker 1: Thanks everyone, see you next time. Before you still have

1044
00:47:55,600 --> 00:47:59,000
Speaker 1: a question after listening to all these explanations, please drop

1045
00:47:59,040 --> 00:48:01,080
Speaker 1: us a line. We love to hear from you. You

1046
00:48:01,120 --> 00:48:04,560
Speaker 1: can find us at Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram at Daniel

1047
00:48:04,600 --> 00:48:08,120
Speaker 1: and Joorge that's one word, or email us at Feedback

1048
00:48:08,160 --> 00:48:11,840
Speaker 1: at Daniel Andhorge dot com. Thanks for listening and remember

1049
00:48:11,880 --> 00:48:14,640
Speaker 1: that Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe is a production

1050
00:48:14,800 --> 00:48:20,080
Speaker 1: of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app,

1051
00:48:20,360 --> 00:48:23,840
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