1 00:00:00,960 --> 00:00:03,960 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff you missed in History Class, Fun How 2 00:00:04,000 --> 00:00:11,760 Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot Com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:11,800 --> 00:00:14,720 Speaker 1: I'm Holly Fry and I'm Tracy Wilson, and it's one 4 00:00:14,760 --> 00:00:18,560 Speaker 1: more Halloween episode. This is the last one for the 5 00:00:18,600 --> 00:00:22,079 Speaker 1: folks who were like, what where the Halloween episode? We've 6 00:00:22,079 --> 00:00:24,880 Speaker 1: had a lots now, uh, And this one is a 7 00:00:24,880 --> 00:00:27,000 Speaker 1: little bit gruesome and I feel like we need to 8 00:00:27,000 --> 00:00:29,760 Speaker 1: put a trigger warning on it. It pretty heavily features 9 00:00:29,800 --> 00:00:33,200 Speaker 1: some very serious violence against children. So if that's something 10 00:00:33,240 --> 00:00:35,040 Speaker 1: that you're not comfortable with, or if you have younger 11 00:00:35,080 --> 00:00:37,640 Speaker 1: listeners you would rather not have exposed to that, this 12 00:00:37,720 --> 00:00:40,080 Speaker 1: might be when you skip. Fortunately, we do have a 13 00:00:40,120 --> 00:00:43,480 Speaker 1: bad catalog of Halloween episodes from previous years, and many 14 00:00:43,520 --> 00:00:45,440 Speaker 1: of those are far lighter, fair like the History of 15 00:00:45,479 --> 00:00:48,199 Speaker 1: Halloween Candy, So perhaps hop over to one of those 16 00:00:48,240 --> 00:00:50,760 Speaker 1: instead if you still want a historical Halloween fix. But 17 00:00:50,880 --> 00:00:53,800 Speaker 1: think this one might be a little too intense because 18 00:00:53,800 --> 00:00:56,760 Speaker 1: today we're talking about werewolves, which may sound fun and light, 19 00:00:57,480 --> 00:01:00,920 Speaker 1: but this particular thing that we're talking about centers on 20 00:01:00,920 --> 00:01:04,040 Speaker 1: a series of very real attacks on children in France 21 00:01:04,080 --> 00:01:07,119 Speaker 1: in the late sixteenth century, So there is a bit 22 00:01:07,160 --> 00:01:11,080 Speaker 1: of horror involved some possible delusion and a cultural fear 23 00:01:11,120 --> 00:01:13,880 Speaker 1: that was so deep rooted that the people were willing 24 00:01:13,920 --> 00:01:18,160 Speaker 1: to accept fairly outlandish concepts as perfectly rational explanations for 25 00:01:18,200 --> 00:01:21,520 Speaker 1: events that were too troubling and upsetting to just leave 26 00:01:21,600 --> 00:01:25,240 Speaker 1: unresolved with no denimal to start off. There is a 27 00:01:25,319 --> 00:01:28,600 Speaker 1: real clinical state that's called clinical like anthropy, and this 28 00:01:28,640 --> 00:01:31,720 Speaker 1: is when somebody believes that they transform into a wolf. 29 00:01:32,280 --> 00:01:35,319 Speaker 1: This is a condition that's believed to be mostly a 30 00:01:35,440 --> 00:01:39,800 Speaker 1: unique expression of some other underlying conditions such as bipolar 31 00:01:39,800 --> 00:01:44,119 Speaker 1: disorder or schizophrenia or even really severe depression, so it's 32 00:01:44,120 --> 00:01:47,720 Speaker 1: not just something that happens in isolation without other underlying 33 00:01:47,920 --> 00:01:52,400 Speaker 1: psychological factors. Correct and the first recorded case of clinical 34 00:01:52,480 --> 00:01:56,120 Speaker 1: like anthropy was written up in France in eighteen fifty two, 35 00:01:56,200 --> 00:01:58,720 Speaker 1: and that particular case was about an asylum patient in 36 00:01:58,800 --> 00:02:02,280 Speaker 1: nul C, France, and this report describes a man who 37 00:02:02,360 --> 00:02:05,520 Speaker 1: was so completely convinced that he had turned into a wolf, 38 00:02:06,320 --> 00:02:08,640 Speaker 1: to the point that he believed his normal human teeth 39 00:02:08,639 --> 00:02:11,080 Speaker 1: had grown into those of a wolf, that his feet 40 00:02:11,120 --> 00:02:16,200 Speaker 1: had morphed into a semi cloven uh slash paw like state, 41 00:02:16,320 --> 00:02:18,680 Speaker 1: and that his body was covered in hair, and he 42 00:02:18,720 --> 00:02:21,600 Speaker 1: would when doctors came to examine him, you know, show 43 00:02:21,680 --> 00:02:24,200 Speaker 1: them these features. He would pull his lips back and 44 00:02:24,240 --> 00:02:27,880 Speaker 1: show them his wolf teeth, but of course doctors saw 45 00:02:27,960 --> 00:02:31,600 Speaker 1: only normal human body. Uh. And then he also insisted, 46 00:02:31,639 --> 00:02:34,000 Speaker 1: as part of this transition he believed, he believed he 47 00:02:34,000 --> 00:02:37,720 Speaker 1: had made, that he'd be only fed raw meat. France 48 00:02:37,800 --> 00:02:40,519 Speaker 1: in particular seems to be a hotbed of this condition, 49 00:02:40,680 --> 00:02:43,880 Speaker 1: and the most likely explanation is that at various points 50 00:02:43,880 --> 00:02:47,000 Speaker 1: in history there have been some very legitimate concerns about 51 00:02:47,040 --> 00:02:51,520 Speaker 1: wolf attacks and France. I know, people advocating for wolf 52 00:02:51,600 --> 00:02:54,399 Speaker 1: reintroductions today like to talk about there have never been 53 00:02:55,360 --> 00:02:57,840 Speaker 1: uh incidents of wolves attacking people. This was not the 54 00:02:57,919 --> 00:03:01,480 Speaker 1: case in early modern Europe at all, Like you need 55 00:03:01,480 --> 00:03:04,440 Speaker 1: to add in modern America at the then the end 56 00:03:04,480 --> 00:03:08,280 Speaker 1: of that sentence. Uh. So we've talked about this before, 57 00:03:08,320 --> 00:03:11,160 Speaker 1: actually in our Beast of Jeovden episode for example. So 58 00:03:11,240 --> 00:03:13,640 Speaker 1: there was a very lengthy period from the Middle Ages 59 00:03:13,720 --> 00:03:17,560 Speaker 1: through about the seventeenth century where wolves were basically public 60 00:03:17,639 --> 00:03:20,120 Speaker 1: enemy number one in France, and they were creatures of 61 00:03:20,160 --> 00:03:24,520 Speaker 1: great power and ferocity that were capable of just incredible carnage. 62 00:03:25,040 --> 00:03:27,600 Speaker 1: So it would make sense then that in some instances 63 00:03:27,680 --> 00:03:32,400 Speaker 1: people dealing with delusional mental conditions may feel themselves to 64 00:03:32,440 --> 00:03:35,200 Speaker 1: be in some way the ultimate evil or savage thing 65 00:03:35,240 --> 00:03:38,040 Speaker 1: that they could think of, which culturally in France at 66 00:03:38,040 --> 00:03:41,080 Speaker 1: this point had been wolves. And that is the case 67 00:03:41,160 --> 00:03:43,680 Speaker 1: during this point in France that we're talking about today 68 00:03:43,680 --> 00:03:48,120 Speaker 1: as well as Tracy just mentioned centuries on either side. Now, 69 00:03:48,280 --> 00:03:52,080 Speaker 1: in sixteenth century France, especially in rural areas, it was 70 00:03:52,280 --> 00:03:55,520 Speaker 1: unfortunately all too common for children to vanish or to 71 00:03:55,560 --> 00:03:58,760 Speaker 1: be attacked by predatory animals such as wolves. And not 72 00:03:58,880 --> 00:04:02,320 Speaker 1: long after the few to Saint Michelle inteen seventy two, 73 00:04:02,800 --> 00:04:05,000 Speaker 1: there was a young girl to have aged ten or 74 00:04:05,000 --> 00:04:08,480 Speaker 1: twelve who was attacked at the vineyard Deshastinois, and the 75 00:04:08,560 --> 00:04:11,840 Speaker 1: victim was strangled to death, strips of her flesh or 76 00:04:11,920 --> 00:04:14,160 Speaker 1: torn away from her arms and up her legs, And 77 00:04:14,240 --> 00:04:18,960 Speaker 1: initially it wasn't clear exactly what had happened. And then 78 00:04:19,000 --> 00:04:21,960 Speaker 1: we get to Gio Garnier. Uh. This is a man 79 00:04:22,040 --> 00:04:24,200 Speaker 1: who had for a long time been something of a loner. 80 00:04:24,360 --> 00:04:26,919 Speaker 1: He lived in a forest north of the city of dull. 81 00:04:27,440 --> 00:04:29,839 Speaker 1: He was originally from Lyon, which was not far away, 82 00:04:29,839 --> 00:04:31,680 Speaker 1: but far enough away that he was perceived to some 83 00:04:31,800 --> 00:04:34,560 Speaker 1: degree as a foreigner uh and he was nicknamed the 84 00:04:34,600 --> 00:04:37,200 Speaker 1: Hermit of Dull, although we should clarify that he was 85 00:04:37,240 --> 00:04:39,920 Speaker 1: not a hermit in the religious sense. He was merely 86 00:04:39,960 --> 00:04:42,240 Speaker 1: a man who lived on the fringes of society as 87 00:04:42,240 --> 00:04:46,359 Speaker 1: a recluse. But at some point Gille married a woman 88 00:04:46,480 --> 00:04:49,360 Speaker 1: named Apollonia, and we don't really know much about her 89 00:04:49,360 --> 00:04:51,760 Speaker 1: other than that the two of them lived in a 90 00:04:51,800 --> 00:04:57,159 Speaker 1: hermitage at Saint Bonald, near near Homage, and the winter 91 00:04:57,200 --> 00:05:01,159 Speaker 1: after Gill and Apollonia married was pretty really harsh. The 92 00:05:01,240 --> 00:05:03,839 Speaker 1: region where the city of Dull and the Seer Forest 93 00:05:04,120 --> 00:05:08,600 Speaker 1: where Gardnier lived, which is called uh Franche Compte, experienced 94 00:05:08,600 --> 00:05:11,680 Speaker 1: a very serious famine as a consequence of the lower 95 00:05:11,720 --> 00:05:15,400 Speaker 1: than normal temperatures, so he had no livestock or land 96 00:05:15,520 --> 00:05:18,800 Speaker 1: to support himself and and his bride still sort of 97 00:05:18,800 --> 00:05:21,240 Speaker 1: trying to figure out how exactly he found and married 98 00:05:21,279 --> 00:05:24,080 Speaker 1: this woman. The details on that are between scarce and 99 00:05:24,160 --> 00:05:29,839 Speaker 1: non existent, so scavenging through the winter was really just fruitless. 100 00:05:30,000 --> 00:05:32,719 Speaker 1: Day and night, he would wander the countryside. He was 101 00:05:32,800 --> 00:05:36,120 Speaker 1: often seen by farmers in the region looking progressively more 102 00:05:36,160 --> 00:05:38,920 Speaker 1: sickly and now before we get to the day when 103 00:05:38,920 --> 00:05:43,279 Speaker 1: desperation allegedly led Gio Gargnier to commit a truly horrific 104 00:05:43,360 --> 00:05:47,120 Speaker 1: act and several thereafter, should we pause for a moment 105 00:05:47,160 --> 00:05:48,680 Speaker 1: for a word from one of the great sponsors that 106 00:05:48,760 --> 00:05:51,839 Speaker 1: keeps the show going. So back to the story of 107 00:05:51,880 --> 00:05:55,159 Speaker 1: gil Gargnier. On that autumn day when the young girl 108 00:05:55,240 --> 00:05:57,240 Speaker 1: was killed in the vineyard that Tracy spoke of at 109 00:05:57,240 --> 00:06:00,480 Speaker 1: the beginning of the episode, it was allegedly Garden who 110 00:06:00,480 --> 00:06:02,800 Speaker 1: took her life, but as to whether he appeared as 111 00:06:02,839 --> 00:06:05,080 Speaker 1: a wolf, we do not know. There were no witnesses. 112 00:06:05,920 --> 00:06:08,400 Speaker 1: He did, however, after feeding there at the side of 113 00:06:08,400 --> 00:06:11,159 Speaker 1: the murder, according to the record, take some of the 114 00:06:11,160 --> 00:06:14,880 Speaker 1: girl's flesh home to also feed his hungry wife. Eight 115 00:06:14,960 --> 00:06:18,440 Speaker 1: days after that first attack, he stalked and killed another 116 00:06:18,520 --> 00:06:21,800 Speaker 1: girl in a meadow called Lach. This was near the 117 00:06:21,839 --> 00:06:25,360 Speaker 1: site where the first murder had taken place. This savage 118 00:06:25,400 --> 00:06:27,919 Speaker 1: event took place in the daytime in the late morning. 119 00:06:28,480 --> 00:06:31,760 Speaker 1: The girl was rudely torn apart and jeal according to 120 00:06:31,800 --> 00:06:35,159 Speaker 1: testimony that was given later, used his hands and his 121 00:06:35,279 --> 00:06:39,320 Speaker 1: teeth to kill her, and on this occasion Gardnier was 122 00:06:39,360 --> 00:06:42,200 Speaker 1: actually chased away by several witnesses before he could eat 123 00:06:42,200 --> 00:06:45,640 Speaker 1: any of his prey, and those witnesses would later testify 124 00:06:45,680 --> 00:06:47,400 Speaker 1: that at the time of the attack, when they came 125 00:06:47,480 --> 00:06:50,840 Speaker 1: upon this situation because they had heard the girl screaming, 126 00:06:51,200 --> 00:06:53,920 Speaker 1: Gardnier was indeed in his wolf form and he was 127 00:06:54,080 --> 00:06:58,160 Speaker 1: shredding the child with his claws because of his lupine appearance. 128 00:06:58,160 --> 00:07:00,440 Speaker 1: Though they could not identify the perpetrator or that they 129 00:07:00,440 --> 00:07:03,919 Speaker 1: had happened upon in this horrific event as Gil Garnier, 130 00:07:04,080 --> 00:07:08,000 Speaker 1: they just knew it was some were wolfie thing, but 131 00:07:08,000 --> 00:07:10,960 Speaker 1: they knew not who. This is not the first time, 132 00:07:11,280 --> 00:07:13,040 Speaker 1: for the only time in France when there was a 133 00:07:14,520 --> 00:07:19,080 Speaker 1: reports of a strange wolf being Yeah, like we said, 134 00:07:19,240 --> 00:07:23,200 Speaker 1: France was a hotbed for this whole situation. So another 135 00:07:23,200 --> 00:07:25,960 Speaker 1: week later and there was another attack. This time the 136 00:07:26,040 --> 00:07:29,960 Speaker 1: victim was a boy of approximately ten years old. The 137 00:07:30,000 --> 00:07:33,920 Speaker 1: boy had been walking in a vineyard named Gretzan when Garnier, 138 00:07:34,040 --> 00:07:38,560 Speaker 1: again allegedly in the form of wolf, set upon him, 139 00:07:38,600 --> 00:07:40,920 Speaker 1: and as with the first victim, the boy was strangled. 140 00:07:41,480 --> 00:07:44,200 Speaker 1: Flesh from the thighs, legs and belly of the child 141 00:07:44,400 --> 00:07:48,160 Speaker 1: was eaten, and then the boy's body was brutally dismembered. 142 00:07:48,520 --> 00:07:52,880 Speaker 1: Garnier or whoever the attacker was, tore a leg from 143 00:07:52,880 --> 00:07:55,480 Speaker 1: the corpse and carried it away, and in some accounts 144 00:07:55,520 --> 00:07:59,280 Speaker 1: you'll hear that both legs were taken. A fourth attack 145 00:07:59,480 --> 00:08:03,440 Speaker 1: took lay as the others, a week after the previous murder. 146 00:08:04,160 --> 00:08:06,880 Speaker 1: This time it was a boy who was twelve or thirteen, 147 00:08:07,600 --> 00:08:11,560 Speaker 1: was near the village of Peruse in the Chrome Chromony Parish, 148 00:08:11,760 --> 00:08:15,040 Speaker 1: and once again this victim was dragged into the woods. 149 00:08:15,440 --> 00:08:18,640 Speaker 1: The attacker seemed intent on eating him, but during this 150 00:08:18,760 --> 00:08:22,280 Speaker 1: fourth attack, the child's screams actually brought attention to what 151 00:08:22,320 --> 00:08:25,600 Speaker 1: was happening, and several people followed those screams into the woods, 152 00:08:26,240 --> 00:08:29,840 Speaker 1: and the arrival of these additional people frightened the hermit away, 153 00:08:30,000 --> 00:08:32,320 Speaker 1: and we're gonna call it that rather than the wolf, 154 00:08:33,040 --> 00:08:36,480 Speaker 1: for reasons it will be apparent momentarily. But unfortunately it 155 00:08:36,559 --> 00:08:38,920 Speaker 1: was too late to save the boy that had been attacked, 156 00:08:38,960 --> 00:08:41,000 Speaker 1: and the child was actually dead by the time help 157 00:08:41,120 --> 00:08:45,400 Speaker 1: reached him. So in this fourth attack, said to have 158 00:08:45,480 --> 00:08:49,520 Speaker 1: been perpetrated by Garnier, the witnesses who had come to 159 00:08:49,559 --> 00:08:52,040 Speaker 1: help this child they heard screaming, said that he was 160 00:08:52,120 --> 00:08:54,840 Speaker 1: most certainly not in the form of a wolf. He 161 00:08:54,960 --> 00:08:59,479 Speaker 1: was just a normal human person. And in the documentation 162 00:08:59,559 --> 00:09:01,400 Speaker 1: of this case is not only are the are the 163 00:09:01,480 --> 00:09:06,040 Speaker 1: attacks described as being the utmost and horrific villity, but 164 00:09:06,120 --> 00:09:08,920 Speaker 1: the fact that Garnier attacked and was planning to eat 165 00:09:08,960 --> 00:09:11,600 Speaker 1: the meat of the final victim on a Friday was 166 00:09:11,960 --> 00:09:16,840 Speaker 1: especially troubling. This is showed the religious practice of abstaining 167 00:09:16,960 --> 00:09:19,600 Speaker 1: from meat on that day, which is part of Catholic 168 00:09:20,160 --> 00:09:22,360 Speaker 1: observation that was being observed in the rest of the 169 00:09:22,400 --> 00:09:26,439 Speaker 1: community in the area. Yeah, this is like the really 170 00:09:26,520 --> 00:09:28,880 Speaker 1: damning thing. It's like, not only is he a werewolf, 171 00:09:29,400 --> 00:09:33,320 Speaker 1: he's doing it against our regular eating schedule of the church, 172 00:09:34,400 --> 00:09:36,760 Speaker 1: which seems very silly when we say it now, But 173 00:09:36,800 --> 00:09:39,120 Speaker 1: this was something taken very very seriously at the time, 174 00:09:39,760 --> 00:09:43,079 Speaker 1: and so as witnesses had seen and identified Garnier, he 175 00:09:43,160 --> 00:09:46,400 Speaker 1: was quickly taken into custody. This is another area of 176 00:09:46,400 --> 00:09:49,520 Speaker 1: the story where there are some variations in terms of 177 00:09:49,520 --> 00:09:52,439 Speaker 1: how he was arrested. So in some tellings it happened 178 00:09:52,440 --> 00:09:54,480 Speaker 1: on the site as a sort of citizens arrest, like 179 00:09:54,559 --> 00:09:57,800 Speaker 1: these witnesses had subdued him and and took him to 180 00:09:57,800 --> 00:10:00,280 Speaker 1: the authorities. Uh. And then in other verse as it 181 00:10:00,320 --> 00:10:03,120 Speaker 1: happens after the fact when the witnesses who had intervened 182 00:10:03,160 --> 00:10:05,360 Speaker 1: in the attack went to the authorities, and then they 183 00:10:05,360 --> 00:10:09,319 Speaker 1: sent out people to collect Garnier. Once Garnier was in custody, 184 00:10:09,440 --> 00:10:14,160 Speaker 1: things moved very very quickly. Uh. Enrica Mu was a 185 00:10:14,240 --> 00:10:16,720 Speaker 1: prosecutor in the case, and his full title was Doctor 186 00:10:16,760 --> 00:10:19,440 Speaker 1: of Laws, Counselor of our Lord the King in the 187 00:10:19,480 --> 00:10:22,480 Speaker 1: Supreme Court of the Parliament of dull and he served 188 00:10:22,480 --> 00:10:27,600 Speaker 1: specifically as prosecutor General and public prosecutor. In Garnier's very 189 00:10:27,720 --> 00:10:33,400 Speaker 1: very expedient trial. Fifty different witnesses came forward to testify 190 00:10:33,480 --> 00:10:37,240 Speaker 1: against Garnier. A lot of this, Uh, A lot of 191 00:10:37,280 --> 00:10:40,400 Speaker 1: this was really circumstantial. People described things like seeing a 192 00:10:40,440 --> 00:10:43,400 Speaker 1: wolf in the woods and then not long after also 193 00:10:43,480 --> 00:10:46,640 Speaker 1: seeing Garnier, So then they would conclude that those were 194 00:10:46,679 --> 00:10:50,280 Speaker 1: both the same person. Yeah. So even if you factor 195 00:10:50,320 --> 00:10:53,360 Speaker 1: in the witnesses in the two attacks where people came 196 00:10:53,400 --> 00:10:56,520 Speaker 1: to try to help the children involved, that was really 197 00:10:56,520 --> 00:10:58,800 Speaker 1: only a few people. And this was dozens of people 198 00:10:58,800 --> 00:11:01,560 Speaker 1: that were like, I did see wolf, and later that 199 00:11:01,600 --> 00:11:04,360 Speaker 1: same day I saw Gio Gargnier in the same spot. 200 00:11:04,679 --> 00:11:09,959 Speaker 1: It's clearly the same um which again in today's forensics 201 00:11:10,360 --> 00:11:13,320 Speaker 1: and the science sort of criminal investigation that would not fly. 202 00:11:14,040 --> 00:11:18,040 Speaker 1: But in a very fearful uh countryside in France, that 203 00:11:18,120 --> 00:11:23,280 Speaker 1: was certainly certainly adequate testimony. So for his part, Darnier 204 00:11:23,360 --> 00:11:26,440 Speaker 1: confessed to the attacks, acknowledging that indeed he did intend 205 00:11:26,440 --> 00:11:29,200 Speaker 1: to eat all of his victims. And according to his story, 206 00:11:29,360 --> 00:11:31,400 Speaker 1: as he was out looking for food one day, remember 207 00:11:31,400 --> 00:11:33,559 Speaker 1: this happened during a harsh winter when it was pretty 208 00:11:33,640 --> 00:11:35,959 Speaker 1: much scavenging in the forest to see what he could 209 00:11:36,000 --> 00:11:40,199 Speaker 1: put together in terms of consumable things to sustain himself 210 00:11:40,240 --> 00:11:43,079 Speaker 1: and his wife, Gill said that he meant a specter 211 00:11:43,200 --> 00:11:46,640 Speaker 1: in the woods, a ghost, but in human form, and 212 00:11:46,679 --> 00:11:49,240 Speaker 1: this apparition appeared to Gargnier and he told him that 213 00:11:49,280 --> 00:11:52,800 Speaker 1: he could help. The specter could give Gio Gargnier a 214 00:11:52,840 --> 00:11:58,360 Speaker 1: salve that would catalyze a transformation. But this mysterious ghost 215 00:11:58,440 --> 00:12:02,160 Speaker 1: could only teach the starving hermit how to metamorphose into 216 00:12:02,240 --> 00:12:07,320 Speaker 1: one animal, a wolf, a lion, or a leopard, because 217 00:12:07,320 --> 00:12:10,280 Speaker 1: a wolf made the most sense in the French countryside, 218 00:12:10,440 --> 00:12:13,680 Speaker 1: that was what he chose. He thought that in a 219 00:12:13,840 --> 00:12:17,199 Speaker 1: lupine form he would improve his odds at finding food 220 00:12:17,200 --> 00:12:20,080 Speaker 1: for himself and his wife, and some tellings of the 221 00:12:20,120 --> 00:12:23,160 Speaker 1: story it's also reported that he had children, but it's 222 00:12:23,200 --> 00:12:27,319 Speaker 1: unclear whether that's actually the case. According to his confession, 223 00:12:27,440 --> 00:12:29,679 Speaker 1: when he saw his first victim in the woods, he 224 00:12:29,800 --> 00:12:32,720 Speaker 1: was so hungry that he just gave over to his 225 00:12:32,800 --> 00:12:38,280 Speaker 1: newfound animal instincts. And this entire story, as outlandish as 226 00:12:38,320 --> 00:12:40,840 Speaker 1: it may sound, actually fit in very well with the 227 00:12:40,840 --> 00:12:44,480 Speaker 1: contemporary thinking at the time that were wolves were really 228 00:12:44,480 --> 00:12:46,360 Speaker 1: sort of similar to witches and that they had been 229 00:12:46,400 --> 00:12:49,720 Speaker 1: seduced by the devil or another demon, and so it 230 00:12:49,800 --> 00:12:52,679 Speaker 1: really made sense to people hearing this confession that Gio 231 00:12:52,720 --> 00:12:55,240 Speaker 1: Garnier had in fact traded his soul to the devil 232 00:12:55,600 --> 00:12:59,080 Speaker 1: for the power to save his family, possibly because I 233 00:12:59,240 --> 00:13:03,000 Speaker 1: just went to Salem and had a had a witch 234 00:13:03,040 --> 00:13:06,600 Speaker 1: tour conducted by listener Nancy. Thank you Nancy. The whole 235 00:13:06,640 --> 00:13:08,600 Speaker 1: time we're talking about this, I'm like, this sounds so 236 00:13:08,720 --> 00:13:12,800 Speaker 1: much like Salem witch trial events and the types of 237 00:13:12,840 --> 00:13:16,320 Speaker 1: evidence that we're allowed in the court. It really is. 238 00:13:16,360 --> 00:13:20,280 Speaker 1: If you read many books on werewolves in Europe, but 239 00:13:20,320 --> 00:13:23,920 Speaker 1: specifically France during this time, they talk about the werewolf hysteria, 240 00:13:24,000 --> 00:13:28,760 Speaker 1: and it parallels so closely to which trial hysteria in 241 00:13:28,880 --> 00:13:33,040 Speaker 1: terms of just people buying in like we've discussed without 242 00:13:33,320 --> 00:13:38,640 Speaker 1: real um evidence, but it just fits into their sort 243 00:13:38,679 --> 00:13:43,199 Speaker 1: of fears and schema in the moment culturally that it's 244 00:13:43,200 --> 00:13:48,559 Speaker 1: almost exactly the same. So on January eighteen three, Veille 245 00:13:48,559 --> 00:13:51,839 Speaker 1: Garnier was found guilty of both like anthropy and witchcraft. 246 00:13:52,400 --> 00:13:56,120 Speaker 1: And according to his sentence quote, the person of the 247 00:13:56,160 --> 00:13:59,400 Speaker 1: accused shall be handed over to the master executioner of 248 00:13:59,480 --> 00:14:04,000 Speaker 1: High just this and directing that he, the said gil Gagner, 249 00:14:04,640 --> 00:14:07,800 Speaker 1: shall be drawn upon a hurdle from this very place 250 00:14:07,960 --> 00:14:12,360 Speaker 1: unto the customary place of execution, and that by aforesaid 251 00:14:12,400 --> 00:14:16,160 Speaker 1: master executioner, he shall be burned quick and his body 252 00:14:16,200 --> 00:14:20,640 Speaker 1: reduced to ashes. He is moreover molded in the expenses 253 00:14:20,680 --> 00:14:24,840 Speaker 1: and costs of this suit. Yes, so basically he was 254 00:14:24,920 --> 00:14:27,240 Speaker 1: dragged from the place where the trial had taken place 255 00:14:27,320 --> 00:14:29,960 Speaker 1: to a stake where he was burned, and all of 256 00:14:30,040 --> 00:14:33,120 Speaker 1: the very few possessions that he actually had were seized 257 00:14:33,200 --> 00:14:35,800 Speaker 1: in an effort to cover the expenses of having had 258 00:14:35,840 --> 00:14:40,920 Speaker 1: this whole trial. A letter from Daniel Doge to Mathieu 259 00:14:41,680 --> 00:14:44,840 Speaker 1: Charmison who was the dean of the chapter of Says, 260 00:14:45,080 --> 00:14:50,640 Speaker 1: summarized the entire Gardnier cases follows quote this, Gio Gardnier, 261 00:14:50,840 --> 00:14:54,040 Speaker 1: the werewolf like a file, was a solitary who took 262 00:14:54,080 --> 00:14:57,040 Speaker 1: to himself a wife, and then, unable to find food 263 00:14:57,040 --> 00:15:00,680 Speaker 1: to support his family, fell upon such evil and impious 264 00:15:00,720 --> 00:15:03,640 Speaker 1: courses that, whilst wandering about one evening through the woods, 265 00:15:03,960 --> 00:15:06,360 Speaker 1: he made a pact with a phantom or spectral man, 266 00:15:06,680 --> 00:15:10,120 Speaker 1: whom he encountered in some remote and haunted spot. The 267 00:15:10,160 --> 00:15:14,000 Speaker 1: phantom deluded him with fine promises, and among other gouds, 268 00:15:14,240 --> 00:15:17,040 Speaker 1: eke taught him to become a wolf. A lion announced 269 00:15:17,200 --> 00:15:20,000 Speaker 1: just as he would list, only advising that since the 270 00:15:20,040 --> 00:15:23,280 Speaker 1: wolf was the least remarkable of savage beasts, the shape 271 00:15:23,280 --> 00:15:26,200 Speaker 1: would be the more comfortable. To this, he agreed and 272 00:15:26,240 --> 00:15:30,000 Speaker 1: received an unguent or salve, wherewith he anointed himself when 273 00:15:30,000 --> 00:15:33,600 Speaker 1: he went about to shift his shape. He died very penitent, 274 00:15:33,840 --> 00:15:37,960 Speaker 1: having made full confession of his crimes. Of course, the 275 00:15:38,040 --> 00:15:41,520 Speaker 1: key element that was omitted from that letter, and also 276 00:15:41,680 --> 00:15:44,640 Speaker 1: from most casual accounts of this whole incident, is that 277 00:15:44,720 --> 00:15:47,680 Speaker 1: Giel Garnier was tortured on the rack before he made 278 00:15:47,680 --> 00:15:50,600 Speaker 1: his confession on the off chance that you don't know 279 00:15:50,640 --> 00:15:54,480 Speaker 1: what rack torture involves. My person being tortured is fastened 280 00:15:54,560 --> 00:15:57,560 Speaker 1: to a frame that has rollers at one or both ends. 281 00:15:57,840 --> 00:16:00,240 Speaker 1: They're fastened by their wrist and their ankles, and then 282 00:16:00,240 --> 00:16:02,840 Speaker 1: a crank is used to turn these rollers and pull 283 00:16:02,880 --> 00:16:06,560 Speaker 1: at the person's body. Basically stretches the person's body and 284 00:16:06,600 --> 00:16:09,960 Speaker 1: just causes excruciating pain. And there have been a lot 285 00:16:10,040 --> 00:16:13,520 Speaker 1: of variations on designs for rack devices, including a French 286 00:16:13,520 --> 00:16:16,920 Speaker 1: one that added spikes on the rollers, and some are 287 00:16:16,960 --> 00:16:19,680 Speaker 1: angled set up so that the victim is disoriented in 288 00:16:19,720 --> 00:16:23,680 Speaker 1: addition to being just completely tortured. And we don't have 289 00:16:23,720 --> 00:16:26,360 Speaker 1: the specifics on the type of rack used to elicit 290 00:16:26,360 --> 00:16:29,400 Speaker 1: this confession from Gio Gagnier, but it is not difficult 291 00:16:29,440 --> 00:16:32,240 Speaker 1: to imagine that even after a short time, one might 292 00:16:32,360 --> 00:16:34,840 Speaker 1: want to confess all manner of things in order to 293 00:16:34,960 --> 00:16:38,840 Speaker 1: just make such an ordeal stop. In late fifteen seventy three, 294 00:16:39,400 --> 00:16:43,120 Speaker 1: still dealing with citizens fearing werewolf attacks and hoping to 295 00:16:43,200 --> 00:16:48,560 Speaker 1: combat the ongoing problems with like antherropy, despite Gil Garnier, 296 00:16:48,720 --> 00:16:52,920 Speaker 1: the purported werewolf, having been executed, the government of Dole 297 00:16:53,200 --> 00:16:57,200 Speaker 1: published a decree that werewolf hunting was legal and that 298 00:16:57,320 --> 00:17:00,360 Speaker 1: citizens were authorized to kill such a creature with no 299 00:17:00,480 --> 00:17:05,040 Speaker 1: fear of penalty or punishment. So pikes, hollbird's, muskets, and 300 00:17:05,119 --> 00:17:08,800 Speaker 1: sticks were all suggested as potential weapons to use for 301 00:17:08,920 --> 00:17:12,080 Speaker 1: werewolf hunting. I'm chuckling a little bit just because of 302 00:17:12,119 --> 00:17:15,560 Speaker 1: the idea of going after a werewolf with a stick, yeah, 303 00:17:15,800 --> 00:17:18,720 Speaker 1: or in fact just a regular wolf, which is probably 304 00:17:18,840 --> 00:17:24,080 Speaker 1: what was really the problem. Correct. Um, Yeah, it was 305 00:17:24,160 --> 00:17:27,840 Speaker 1: sort of this like really kind of desperate effort to 306 00:17:27,920 --> 00:17:31,280 Speaker 1: make the citizens feel a little bit empowered to sort 307 00:17:31,280 --> 00:17:34,840 Speaker 1: of take their safety into their own hands. I did 308 00:17:34,840 --> 00:17:37,320 Speaker 1: not go down the rabbit hole of finding out if 309 00:17:37,359 --> 00:17:40,840 Speaker 1: there were any sort of crazy and foolhardy efforts in 310 00:17:40,840 --> 00:17:45,560 Speaker 1: that arena, but I'm sure it would possibly uh foster 311 00:17:45,800 --> 00:17:49,880 Speaker 1: such things. The record of Gagnier's arrest, trial and judgment 312 00:17:49,960 --> 00:17:52,400 Speaker 1: was actually published the year after his death, in fifteen 313 00:17:52,440 --> 00:17:56,119 Speaker 1: seventy four, and it's that document that's primarily used today 314 00:17:56,160 --> 00:18:00,240 Speaker 1: to source information about the story. However, though it's considered 315 00:18:00,280 --> 00:18:03,639 Speaker 1: an official record and it does reference core proceedings, that 316 00:18:03,720 --> 00:18:06,520 Speaker 1: document is from another time when it was perfectly acceptable 317 00:18:06,600 --> 00:18:10,280 Speaker 1: to legitimately list being a werewolf as a crime, and 318 00:18:10,359 --> 00:18:13,399 Speaker 1: this document was also distributed in pamphlet form. It was 319 00:18:13,440 --> 00:18:15,879 Speaker 1: a means to educate and warn the public about the 320 00:18:15,960 --> 00:18:20,680 Speaker 1: dangers of Lugaru werewolves, so the unclouded reality of the 321 00:18:20,720 --> 00:18:24,919 Speaker 1: situation is not likely truly represented in this document. In 322 00:18:24,960 --> 00:18:29,280 Speaker 1: the early two thousand's, a study was made of Lass, 323 00:18:29,320 --> 00:18:33,080 Speaker 1: the massive forest of there to hunt for the remains 324 00:18:33,160 --> 00:18:37,159 Speaker 1: of Jail's Garnier's home. People did find the ruins of 325 00:18:37,200 --> 00:18:40,199 Speaker 1: a modest dwelling that did date the second half of 326 00:18:40,200 --> 00:18:44,040 Speaker 1: the sixteenth century, and despite the long told tale that 327 00:18:44,280 --> 00:18:47,440 Speaker 1: the reclusive Guarnier had taken pieces of his victims home 328 00:18:47,480 --> 00:18:50,800 Speaker 1: to his wife, there were no signs of human remains 329 00:18:50,880 --> 00:18:55,159 Speaker 1: found at that particular home, and the reality of the 330 00:18:55,200 --> 00:18:57,800 Speaker 1: story of the werewolf of Dog is that gil Garnier 331 00:18:57,960 --> 00:19:01,040 Speaker 1: was possibly mentally ill. He may have been a serial 332 00:19:01,119 --> 00:19:04,080 Speaker 1: killer and a cannibal who preyed on children and used 333 00:19:04,119 --> 00:19:06,840 Speaker 1: this werewolf story is a more palatable confession than the 334 00:19:06,880 --> 00:19:11,080 Speaker 1: idea that he was simply a ferocious human. Or he 335 00:19:11,160 --> 00:19:12,760 Speaker 1: may have used it as an attempt to try to 336 00:19:12,800 --> 00:19:15,360 Speaker 1: shift the blame in the case to the devil rather 337 00:19:15,400 --> 00:19:19,080 Speaker 1: than himself. If he did carry out the murders for 338 00:19:19,119 --> 00:19:24,560 Speaker 1: which he was tried. It's definitely incredibly horrific. It's clear 339 00:19:24,720 --> 00:19:29,600 Speaker 1: his victims probably all suffered terribly, but it's also entirely 340 00:19:29,640 --> 00:19:32,720 Speaker 1: possible that the attacks were in fact the work of 341 00:19:32,840 --> 00:19:36,359 Speaker 1: actual animal predators and that for some reason or another, 342 00:19:37,000 --> 00:19:40,359 Speaker 1: guarneer just felt compelled to take credit for them. And then, 343 00:19:40,400 --> 00:19:44,120 Speaker 1: as we said before, his confession was the result of torture. 344 00:19:44,280 --> 00:19:47,359 Speaker 1: So it's really hard to say whether that was the 345 00:19:47,400 --> 00:19:51,560 Speaker 1: truth or not, and whether Gio Garnier was experiencing delusions 346 00:19:51,680 --> 00:19:53,720 Speaker 1: or not, whether he was a serial killer or not. 347 00:19:54,200 --> 00:19:56,720 Speaker 1: He was used to some degree as a scapegoat in 348 00:19:56,720 --> 00:19:59,600 Speaker 1: a time where paranormal animals were very real fears to 349 00:19:59,680 --> 00:20:02,840 Speaker 1: village as in Europe, in the European countryside, he was 350 00:20:02,880 --> 00:20:05,840 Speaker 1: targeted as an outsider and sort of sacrifice to quell 351 00:20:05,880 --> 00:20:09,719 Speaker 1: the fears of a community about these unexplained attacks. And 352 00:20:09,760 --> 00:20:12,159 Speaker 1: even if he did kill the four children involved in 353 00:20:12,160 --> 00:20:14,879 Speaker 1: the case, there were other children that were killed by 354 00:20:14,920 --> 00:20:17,840 Speaker 1: animals during this period, and the execution of one man 355 00:20:18,400 --> 00:20:22,000 Speaker 1: was likely used in this instance to assure the community 356 00:20:22,160 --> 00:20:24,639 Speaker 1: that the evil had been apprehended, even though as we said, 357 00:20:24,840 --> 00:20:29,520 Speaker 1: attacks continued. So well, we know that we're werewolves are fictional. 358 00:20:30,400 --> 00:20:34,720 Speaker 1: We do not encourage the practice of accepting the the 359 00:20:34,840 --> 00:20:39,960 Speaker 1: power of werewolf transformation from strange spectral men in the woods. Yeah, 360 00:20:40,080 --> 00:20:43,080 Speaker 1: just turn that offer right down. Don't do it. So 361 00:20:43,119 --> 00:20:46,000 Speaker 1: if that happens, Uh, not only should you turn it down, 362 00:20:46,040 --> 00:20:48,800 Speaker 1: you should go someplace safe, get away from anyone weird 363 00:20:48,840 --> 00:20:52,320 Speaker 1: in the woods offering you freaky powers. I think that's 364 00:20:52,359 --> 00:20:54,640 Speaker 1: just a good life lesson. So with that, we wish 365 00:20:54,640 --> 00:20:56,680 Speaker 1: you all a happy Halloween, and we hope you have 366 00:20:56,720 --> 00:21:00,520 Speaker 1: a great and safe one and nothing nearly so scary 367 00:21:00,520 --> 00:21:02,840 Speaker 1: as this happens unless it is in a controlled haunted 368 00:21:02,840 --> 00:21:05,399 Speaker 1: house type environment and you know you're actually safe and 369 00:21:05,440 --> 00:21:08,000 Speaker 1: there are no murders happening. We don't want any of 370 00:21:08,040 --> 00:21:11,240 Speaker 1: that you have, listener, I do. It's not Halloween related, 371 00:21:11,280 --> 00:21:13,439 Speaker 1: but we have two pieces that are are very lovely. 372 00:21:13,520 --> 00:21:15,040 Speaker 1: And as I've mentioned before, I'm trying to do a 373 00:21:15,080 --> 00:21:17,440 Speaker 1: little bit more with our our physical mail that we get, 374 00:21:17,440 --> 00:21:19,240 Speaker 1: because we do get a lot of it, and we 375 00:21:19,280 --> 00:21:21,640 Speaker 1: often read emails, but sometimes it's very nice to read 376 00:21:21,640 --> 00:21:24,680 Speaker 1: the physical ones. So it's especially great for me because 377 00:21:24,760 --> 00:21:27,359 Speaker 1: as I am not in our office very often yeah, 378 00:21:27,400 --> 00:21:30,240 Speaker 1: I get to see them too. Yeah. I usually keeps 379 00:21:30,280 --> 00:21:31,880 Speaker 1: them in a little pile, and then I show out 380 00:21:31,880 --> 00:21:33,720 Speaker 1: a Tracy we have show and tel when she arrives. 381 00:21:34,200 --> 00:21:37,920 Speaker 1: Our first one is from our listener, Laurel uh And 382 00:21:38,040 --> 00:21:39,280 Speaker 1: I'm just going to read a little bit of it, 383 00:21:39,280 --> 00:21:42,800 Speaker 1: because most of her letter is actually really good suggestions. 384 00:21:43,480 --> 00:21:46,360 Speaker 1: But first I have to tell you that her penmanship 385 00:21:46,520 --> 00:21:49,840 Speaker 1: is really lovely. It looks as Tracy said, it looks 386 00:21:49,840 --> 00:21:52,640 Speaker 1: like a font. It looks like a font, And Laurel says, 387 00:21:52,640 --> 00:21:54,439 Speaker 1: I have listened to your show for a few years. 388 00:21:54,880 --> 00:21:58,040 Speaker 1: A while ago, I found this item and Edwardian underskirt 389 00:21:58,119 --> 00:22:00,800 Speaker 1: question mark in a pile of former holl Weeen costumes 390 00:22:00,800 --> 00:22:03,040 Speaker 1: that a co worker was throwing out. I knew I 391 00:22:03,040 --> 00:22:04,600 Speaker 1: had to save it, but I didn't know to whom 392 00:22:04,600 --> 00:22:06,600 Speaker 1: I could give it. You talked on the podcast about 393 00:22:06,600 --> 00:22:09,439 Speaker 1: liking historical costume, so perhaps you could find a use 394 00:22:09,480 --> 00:22:11,600 Speaker 1: for it. Laurel. That was so sweet of you, and 395 00:22:11,680 --> 00:22:13,879 Speaker 1: I do want to look into sort of how I 396 00:22:13,880 --> 00:22:16,280 Speaker 1: can best restore it. Some of the lace needs to 397 00:22:16,280 --> 00:22:18,280 Speaker 1: be reattached, and it needs a cleaning, but I want 398 00:22:18,280 --> 00:22:20,920 Speaker 1: to be gentle with it and not get too scrubby 399 00:22:20,920 --> 00:22:23,000 Speaker 1: and potentially harm the textile because it is a little 400 00:22:23,000 --> 00:22:25,040 Speaker 1: bit older, it's a little fragile, But it's so lovely 401 00:22:25,080 --> 00:22:26,840 Speaker 1: and such a sweet thought that I just wanted to 402 00:22:26,880 --> 00:22:30,359 Speaker 1: make sure we thank you on the air. Our next 403 00:22:30,560 --> 00:22:32,879 Speaker 1: letter is from our listener Claire, and I read it 404 00:22:32,880 --> 00:22:34,919 Speaker 1: and it was just so delightful that I wanted to 405 00:22:34,920 --> 00:22:37,520 Speaker 1: share it with our other listeners. She says, Dear Holly 406 00:22:37,600 --> 00:22:40,240 Speaker 1: and Tracy, thanks so much for the awesome podcast. I 407 00:22:40,280 --> 00:22:42,879 Speaker 1: listened to your recent podcast about gentleman's clothing through the 408 00:22:42,920 --> 00:22:45,800 Speaker 1: Ages with the interview with Jason Merrill, and I loved it. 409 00:22:46,200 --> 00:22:47,760 Speaker 1: The day after I listened to it, I saw a 410 00:22:47,800 --> 00:22:50,200 Speaker 1: fellow student at school wearing a waistcoat that was too 411 00:22:50,240 --> 00:22:53,879 Speaker 1: small for him, which I know drives Mr Meryll crazy. Also, 412 00:22:54,000 --> 00:22:56,840 Speaker 1: my tech ed teacher, Mr Meister, wears a bow tie 413 00:22:56,920 --> 00:22:59,160 Speaker 1: every single day. I'm sure he and Mr Merrill would 414 00:22:59,160 --> 00:23:02,000 Speaker 1: get along very Oh, thanks for the wonderful podcast. Thank 415 00:23:02,040 --> 00:23:05,000 Speaker 1: you for the wonderful letter, Claire. Yeah, I bet Jason 416 00:23:05,040 --> 00:23:06,880 Speaker 1: would get along with anybody that wears a bow tie 417 00:23:06,920 --> 00:23:11,000 Speaker 1: every day. And I love that, Uh you now recognize 418 00:23:11,040 --> 00:23:14,720 Speaker 1: when people's waistcoats don't fit properly. I noticed it a 419 00:23:14,760 --> 00:23:16,439 Speaker 1: lot more after talking to Jason. I mean, it's one 420 00:23:16,480 --> 00:23:18,000 Speaker 1: of those things I've always kind of noticed, but I 421 00:23:18,040 --> 00:23:22,320 Speaker 1: really notice it now. So I don't see people in 422 00:23:22,400 --> 00:23:26,440 Speaker 1: waistcoat it's very often now I must be hanging out 423 00:23:26,480 --> 00:23:31,960 Speaker 1: with a waistcoat to your crowd than you. If you 424 00:23:31,960 --> 00:23:34,200 Speaker 1: would like to write to us, you should absolutely do so. 425 00:23:34,359 --> 00:23:36,800 Speaker 1: You can email us at History Podcast at house works 426 00:23:36,800 --> 00:23:40,200 Speaker 1: dot com. We're on Facebook dot com slash mist in history. 427 00:23:40,240 --> 00:23:43,000 Speaker 1: We're on Twitter at mist in history, or at pinterest 428 00:23:43,000 --> 00:23:45,840 Speaker 1: dot com slash misst in history at misston history dot 429 00:23:45,840 --> 00:23:48,880 Speaker 1: tumbler dot com. We're on Instagram at miss in history. 430 00:23:49,080 --> 00:23:50,760 Speaker 1: If you want to read a little bit more about 431 00:23:50,760 --> 00:23:52,600 Speaker 1: what we talked about today, you can go to our 432 00:23:52,640 --> 00:23:55,360 Speaker 1: parents site, house stuff Works. Type in the word werewolf 433 00:23:55,359 --> 00:23:56,760 Speaker 1: in the search bar, and you're going to get an 434 00:23:56,840 --> 00:23:59,479 Speaker 1: article written by none other than the fabulous Tracy V. Wilson. 435 00:23:59,720 --> 00:24:02,199 Speaker 1: I'd did write that, you did. It's how We're Wolves 436 00:24:02,200 --> 00:24:04,400 Speaker 1: work and it's quite a good read. If you would 437 00:24:04,400 --> 00:24:05,960 Speaker 1: like to visit us on the web, you can do 438 00:24:06,000 --> 00:24:07,960 Speaker 1: that at missed in history dot com, where you will 439 00:24:07,960 --> 00:24:10,000 Speaker 1: find all of the episodes there have ever been of 440 00:24:10,080 --> 00:24:12,720 Speaker 1: this show, as well as show notes from the period 441 00:24:12,760 --> 00:24:15,920 Speaker 1: that Tricy and I started on, and occasionally we'll also 442 00:24:15,960 --> 00:24:19,000 Speaker 1: add in another blog post and whatnot. I owe listeners 443 00:24:19,040 --> 00:24:20,720 Speaker 1: a few for various things I have asked them to 444 00:24:20,720 --> 00:24:22,520 Speaker 1: write in about, and I have not collated all of 445 00:24:22,520 --> 00:24:25,600 Speaker 1: my information to put those together, so that is my bad. 446 00:24:26,160 --> 00:24:28,640 Speaker 1: But it's coming, So comeing and visit us at missed 447 00:24:28,640 --> 00:24:35,280 Speaker 1: in history dot com and how stone works dot com 448 00:24:35,320 --> 00:24:37,760 Speaker 1: the law on this and thousands of other topics. Is 449 00:24:37,760 --> 00:24:51,359 Speaker 1: it how stuff works dot com.