Speaker 1: Lessons from the world's top professors anytime, any place, world
Speaker 1: history examined and science explained. This is one day university.
Speaker 1: Welcome and we're back on the untold history of sports
Speaker 1: in America. I'm your host, Mike Coscarelli. Last time, we
Speaker 1: talked about sport and one Americanism, the effort by the
Speaker 1: American school system to use team sports to turn immigrant
Speaker 1: children in the inner cities into one Americans, as well
Speaker 1: as the sudden birth of basketball out of pure necessity
Speaker 1: because well, you can't play baseball in the winter. Today,
Speaker 1: we were talking about the first modern Olympic Games held
Speaker 1: in the US and what a complete mess they were.
Speaker 1: If you're a fan of the Olympics, you're going to
Speaker 1: have a new appreciation for what we see on TV
Speaker 1: and modern times after hearing about the games is complete
Speaker 1: and utter growing pains. For the full story, here's Matt.
Speaker 1: No sport or sporting event played a bigger role in
Speaker 1: the promotion of American identity than the modern Olympic Games.
Speaker 1: It was the revival of the Olympic Games that was
Speaker 1: probably the pivotal episode in the making of an American
Speaker 1: athletic identity. Because with the Olympic Games. We get an
Speaker 1: every four year athletic competition in which American athletes compete
Speaker 1: as exactly that, as representatives of the United States. So
Speaker 1: what I want to do in this session is explore
Speaker 1: the United States and these Olympic Games. We will first
Speaker 1: talk about where the modern Olympics come from, and we'll
Speaker 1: explore American participation in some of the early games. And
Speaker 1: I want to focus on one of the early games,
Speaker 1: in particular the first Olympic Games to be held in
Speaker 1: the United States eights and a lot of people don't
Speaker 1: know about these games. They were held in nineteen o
Speaker 1: four in St. Louis. All right. The Olympic Games were
Speaker 1: revived in eighteen ninety six through the energies of a
Speaker 1: French aristocrat, the Baron Pierre to Cooper Tan and Coopertan
Speaker 1: was a Frenchman who was very much influenced by the
Speaker 1: idea of muscular christian He believed that competitive sports built
Speaker 1: men of good sound character, and he revived the Olympic
Speaker 1: Games as a modern athletic festival for for a couple
Speaker 1: of reasons. First, he wanted to improve France. He wanted
Speaker 1: to encourage his fellow Frenchman to become more vigorously athletic
Speaker 1: and really to be more like the English and the Americans,
Speaker 1: people who took competitive sports seriously. They were the athletic
Speaker 1: model that Coopertan was trying to emulate. The second reason
Speaker 1: that Coopertan revived these games he wanted to create an
Speaker 1: athletic festival that would promote international cooperation throughout the Western world.
Speaker 1: He wanted to use sports to bring nations closer together,
Speaker 1: to heal the wounds of past conflicts and wars, and
Speaker 1: to make sure that no future conflicts and wars would occur.
Speaker 1: And I think this is interesting because immediately you have
Speaker 1: a a paradox or or at least attention at the
Speaker 1: modern Olympic Games. Cooper Tan and the organization that he creates,
Speaker 1: the International Olympic Committee, the IOC, they decided right away
Speaker 1: that individuals had to compete as representatives of nations. They
Speaker 1: had to wear a flag. Now it didn't have to
Speaker 1: be like this. I think how different the Olympics would
Speaker 1: be if athletes competed just as individuals, as global citizens
Speaker 1: of the world, rather than as representatives of a scific nation.
Speaker 1: You know what if the Olympics ignored the idea of
Speaker 1: nationalism rather than helped reinforce the idea of nationalism. Because
Speaker 1: one could argue that the Olympics don't heal international wounds,
Speaker 1: one could argue that all it does is exacerbate them.
Speaker 1: We'll talk about the Cold War in a in a
Speaker 1: future lecture, for example, and how that played out at
Speaker 1: the Olympic Games. But let's you and I play a
Speaker 1: game here right now. I submit, for the sake of argument,
Speaker 1: that the Olympics would be better, They would be more
Speaker 1: pure if athletes competed as individuals rather than as representatives
Speaker 1: of nations, you know, no flags. The Olympics would be
Speaker 1: better if we rooted for or against Bob or Sergey
Speaker 1: or Ishmael because of trade specific to them, rather than
Speaker 1: the fact that they just happened to be born in
Speaker 1: the United States or Russia or or Syria. Now, look,
Speaker 1: I'm not sure I believe this argument myself, But what
Speaker 1: if instead of the parade of nations, where every athlete
Speaker 1: represents a political entity, what if there was the parade
Speaker 1: of athletes where the shot putters of the world entered
Speaker 1: the stadium together, and then the swimmers together, and the
Speaker 1: gymnasts together, and so on. I think that would be
Speaker 1: pretty interesting, all of these different body types lumped together,
Speaker 1: and it would be an athletic statement of diversity and togetherness. Well, look,
Speaker 1: it doesn't matter what I think. I was never consulted,
Speaker 1: and so from the very start, the Olympics were a
Speaker 1: nationalist event. Athletes represented nations, and more than any other nation,
Speaker 1: it was the Americans who seized on the Olympic Games
Speaker 1: as a place where Americans could make statements about our
Speaker 1: national strength, you know. In when the first Olympic Games happened,
Speaker 1: the first modern Games, the United States was only twenty
Speaker 1: years old, and so for a relatively young nation, you know,
Speaker 1: looking to announce its presence, looking to take its place
Speaker 1: among the world's powers, the Olympic Games held immense promise.
Speaker 1: The first of these modern Olympic Games, they took place
Speaker 1: in Athens, Greece, in s and this was fitting as
Speaker 1: this was essentially the site of the Ancient Olympics. Fourteen
Speaker 1: nations sent representatives. The United States sent fourteen athletes. Almost
Speaker 1: all of them came from the elite Eastern colleges like
Speaker 1: Harvard and Yale. Were the Eastern athletic clubs like the
Speaker 1: New York Athletic club. These were the the young Americans
Speaker 1: who had the time and the wealth to see their
Speaker 1: way across the Atlantic and then make their way to Greece.
Speaker 1: These athletes participated in events like wrestling and cycling, and swimming, gymnastics,
Speaker 1: track and field, and the United States did very well
Speaker 1: eleven gold medals, and this was the most from from
Speaker 1: any nation, though the Greeks they won the most medals overall.
Speaker 1: In the early Olympics, host nation they usually won the
Speaker 1: most medals as they had by far the most athletes
Speaker 1: in attendance. But the Greeks and the representatives from other
Speaker 1: nations they were aghast at the behavior of the American
Speaker 1: spectators who were there. They commented on the constant noises
Speaker 1: coming from a group of American sailors who were there
Speaker 1: in attendance sis boom bah, these young Americans like to chant.
Speaker 1: The official Greek report of these games, it refers to
Speaker 1: the quote absurd shouts coming from the American fans. A
Speaker 1: French newspaper reporter he described the American reuters as overgrown
Speaker 1: children Americans. The other people were saying, we're taking this
Speaker 1: all a little too seriously. Four years later, the second
Speaker 1: Olympic Games. They were in Paris. This is Cooper Tan's hometown.
Speaker 1: These games were held as part of the Paris World's Fair.
Speaker 1: Um they were the Olympic Games, but they were not
Speaker 1: a standalone event. They were a sporting festival that accompanied
Speaker 1: this World's Fair. I think the notable thing about these
Speaker 1: games is that it was here in Paris that women
Speaker 1: took part in the Olympics for the first time. An
Speaker 1: interesting story. The first American woman to win an Olympic
Speaker 1: event was Margaret Abbott, but she never knew she was
Speaker 1: an Olympic champion. Margaret Abbott was in Paris studying art
Speaker 1: and she enjoyed golf, so when she heard about this
Speaker 1: Paris golf tournament, she entered it and she won. But
Speaker 1: it's only recent research that has shown that this golf
Speaker 1: tournament was actually part of the official Olympic program. So
Speaker 1: Margaret Abbott is now recognized as the first American female
Speaker 1: Olympic champion, but she died decades ago before anyone even
Speaker 1: knew that. All right, then, the games I want to
Speaker 1: focus on. The next Olympic Games are going to take
Speaker 1: place in St. Louis four years later in En four.
Speaker 1: These are the Games. I want to focus on right
Speaker 1: the first American Olympics, the Baron Coopertan was interested in
Speaker 1: having the games in the United States. He had once
Speaker 1: traveled to the United States and he was very impressed
Speaker 1: with the thriving college sports culture over here, and Coopertan
Speaker 1: wanted the scope of his Olympic Games to grow. The
Speaker 1: first two games had been in Europe. This is so
Speaker 1: now it was time to go to a different continent.
Speaker 1: It all made the United States a pretty sensible choice
Speaker 1: as host nation for the nineteen o four Olympic Games.
Speaker 1: And the specific choice that the men in the International
Speaker 1: Olympic Committee made for nineteen o four, the choice they
Speaker 1: made was Chicago. In nineteen o one, the IOC, they
Speaker 1: awarded the Olympic Games to Chicago. But these Olympic Games
Speaker 1: never happened in Chicago, and that's because of a world's
Speaker 1: fair that was going on in St. Louis There was
Speaker 1: going to be in in nineteen o three, a Louisiana
Speaker 1: Purchase Centennial Exposition. This was a world's fair that would
Speaker 1: celebrate the Louisiana Purchase, the United States purchase of a
Speaker 1: giant swath of land from the French in eighteen o
Speaker 1: three Wright a purchase that instantly doubled the size of
Speaker 1: the United States. But then the organizers of this St.
Speaker 1: Louis Exposition, again, originally scheduled for nineteen o three, they
Speaker 1: fell behind. They announced that they were not ready, and
Speaker 1: so they were going to postpone for a year, and
Speaker 1: this will take place in nineteen o four, and so
Speaker 1: there would be a clash with the Chicago Olympics that summer,
Speaker 1: two massive events competing for spectators with each other. Do
Speaker 1: you know that Judy Garland movie or the song Meet
Speaker 1: Me in St. Louis, It's about Americans going to this St.
Speaker 1: Louis Exposition in nineteen o four. Well, it turns out
Speaker 1: they were actually a little bit behind and starting to
Speaker 1: construct their stadium in Chicago, their Olympic stadium, and now
Speaker 1: faced with competition from a World's Fair in Chicago, they
Speaker 1: decided to just drop the whole thing. But never mind,
Speaker 1: they said the Louisiana Purchase Fair organizers in St. Louis, well,
Speaker 1: they told the Olympic Committee will be happy to take over.
Speaker 1: They said, we will make the Olympic Games part of
Speaker 1: this fair. They can be sporting events associated with our
Speaker 1: World's fair. Coopertan was not pleased. He had wanted the
Speaker 1: bigger city of Chicago. In his exact words, St. Louis
Speaker 1: was a quote mediocre town and he didn't want his
Speaker 1: games to be an appendage to a fair once again,
Speaker 1: you know, like a like a pie eating contest. Plus,
Speaker 1: this was the fair that was celebrating one of the
Speaker 1: great land swindles of all time, a deal in which
Speaker 1: his France definitely got the short end of the stick. Now,
Speaker 1: Kubertan was not happy, but he had no other options.
Speaker 1: It was late and someone had to host the games,
Speaker 1: so they went to St. Louis. But Kubertan, the head
Speaker 1: of the International Olympic Committee, he did not even attend
Speaker 1: the St. Louis Games of nineteen o four, and this
Speaker 1: set the pattern for what was to come, because almost
Speaker 1: nobody came. Six hundred and seventeen athletes participated in these
Speaker 1: Olympic Games, five hundred and twenty five of them were
Speaker 1: from the United States and almost all of the rest
Speaker 1: were from Canada. There was no French, Italian or Scandinavian
Speaker 1: presents whatsoever. St. Louis was just way too far from
Speaker 1: athletes from the rest of the world to journey to
Speaker 1: it was it was much too far from a major
Speaker 1: ocean port. So the American Olympic organizers, they were looking
Speaker 1: for ways to spice up their games, to increase interest
Speaker 1: in these games that had suddenly lost their international flair.
Speaker 1: And here's one of the things that they came up with,
Speaker 1: and I'm just gonna tell you right now, it ain't pretty.
Speaker 1: The guy who was running the nineteen o four St.
Speaker 1: Louis Olympic Games, it was an American named James Sullivan.
Speaker 1: And James Sullivan is a really important figure in the
Speaker 1: history of American sports. He was one of the driving
Speaker 1: forces behind the creation of the a AU, the the
Speaker 1: Amateur Athletic Union, and the AAU still exists today. And
Speaker 1: we're gonna talk more about that word and idea, amateurism.
Speaker 1: We're gonna talk a lot about that next time. James
Speaker 1: Sullivan was a real American patriot, or maybe I should
Speaker 1: say he was an American jingoist. Sullivan was the one
Speaker 1: who wanted to use these Olympic Games as a showcase
Speaker 1: for American athletic excellence, and he wanted to run laps
Speaker 1: around the rest of the world and demonstrate American dominance.
Speaker 1: But then almost no one else came to these games,
Speaker 1: so he had to come up with a different idea.
Speaker 1: And he came up with an idea, and this idea
Speaker 1: might be the most unfortunate moment in Olympic history and
Speaker 1: American sport history. James Sullivan came up with something called
Speaker 1: anthropology days. Okay, remember these Olympic Games were part of
Speaker 1: that nineteen or four World's Fair. Well, one of the
Speaker 1: exhibits at this fair, and I am not kidding here,
Speaker 1: they had at this fair what was essentially a humans zoo.
Speaker 1: This was a collection of exhibits in which so called
Speaker 1: primitive people and that's the word that they use, primitive
Speaker 1: people from around the world, um, would be put on display.
Speaker 1: They had people from around the world who lived in
Speaker 1: pens where they could be observed by the American fair goers.
Speaker 1: And exhibits like this human zoo are actually quite common
Speaker 1: at these turn of the twentieth century fairs, not just
Speaker 1: in the United States. And the idea behind them was this,
Speaker 1: by displaying these people, the exhibits were meant to suggest
Speaker 1: the superiority of the fair goers. You know, in this instance,
Speaker 1: it was look at those people and their straw huts
Speaker 1: and their animal skin loincloths, and look how civilized we
Speaker 1: Americans are. By contrast, there were Pigmies from Central Africa,
Speaker 1: Indians from the United States and Mexico. There were Syrians
Speaker 1: and Hawaii ends. Many of these were people from lands
Speaker 1: that had recently been conquered by the United States military.
Speaker 1: So we might think of these human beings almost as
Speaker 1: trophies from American conquests. One group of people I think
Speaker 1: stands out here the Igorrots from the Philippines. At that
Speaker 1: very moment, nineteen o four, the American military was pacifying
Speaker 1: the Philippines in the aftermath of the Spanish American War,
Speaker 1: and the Americans who came to the fair, they were
Speaker 1: especially interested in seeing the Igorats. And that's because they
Speaker 1: heard a story that the igarats eight dogs. It turns
Speaker 1: out that back in the Philippines, the Igorants rarely ate
Speaker 1: dog meat, but it was not unheard of. It was
Speaker 1: a delicacy of theirs. But then the story got out
Speaker 1: that the Igorants were dog eaters. So the city of St.
Speaker 1: Louis provided them with a supply of twenty dogs per week,
Speaker 1: right twenty stray dogs per week, and the fair organizers
Speaker 1: called the Igorrot village dog Town. And just so you know,
Speaker 1: it was at this fair that a new American food
Speaker 1: fad emerged. A German immigrant now living in St. Louis.
Speaker 1: He took the traditional German broad worst he placed it
Speaker 1: in an open bun, and in honor of the igorrots,
Speaker 1: he called it the hot dog. That's where it comes from.
Speaker 1: So now you know, after the break the calamity of
Speaker 1: the nineteen o four Olympic Marathon, all right, you're probably wondering,
Speaker 1: what does any of this have to do with the Olympics. Well,
Speaker 1: these exhibits were at the fair. I think this was
Speaker 1: bad enough. But then the American sportsman James Sullivan, he
Speaker 1: had an idea. James Sullivan firmly believed that it was
Speaker 1: the white American athlete who was at the top of
Speaker 1: the human hierarchy, you know, in terms of brains and
Speaker 1: braun And now he was going to be denied the
Speaker 1: opportunity to prove this because barely anyone else was showing
Speaker 1: up at these games. So we thought, why not prove
Speaker 1: white American athletic superiority by demonstrating the athletic inferiority of
Speaker 1: these non white, non American People's let's have the people
Speaker 1: in these exhibits play sports and the anthropologists from the
Speaker 1: nearby university they can study them while they do. And
Speaker 1: so that's what the Anthropology Days were. They were the
Speaker 1: anthropological and popular viewing of these people from around the
Speaker 1: world competing in both Olympic and non Olympic events. Let
Speaker 1: me give you a sense of how poorly thought out
Speaker 1: the Anthropology Days were. They asked the competitors, for example,
Speaker 1: to play water polo, but the competitors got to the
Speaker 1: pool and they refused to jump in. I mean many
Speaker 1: of them, like the American Indians from the Southwest, they
Speaker 1: didn't know how to swim. These people from around the world,
Speaker 1: they were asked to compete in sports they had never
Speaker 1: seen before, and so they did the high jump poorly.
Speaker 1: They threw the discus and the javelin poorly. The on
Speaker 1: dash it was chaos with so many languages being spoken.
Speaker 1: They had a hard time getting everyone set. And then
Speaker 1: the starting gun went off and frightened some of the runners.
Speaker 1: And then none of the runners knew they were supposed
Speaker 1: to break through the tape at the end, they all
Speaker 1: dove underneath it. It was a farcical experiment, but here
Speaker 1: was the conclusion as printed in the official report of
Speaker 1: the St. Louis Games quote the representatives of the savage
Speaker 1: and uncivilized tribes proved themselves inferior athletes. That was the
Speaker 1: scientific assessment, and the events confirmed James Sullivan's hypothesis. Yes,
Speaker 1: those quote unquote savages, maybe they could throw a spear,
Speaker 1: but they could not play a proper game of tennis
Speaker 1: or through the discus as far as a white man.
Speaker 1: Never mind that they had never seen a tennis racket
Speaker 1: or a discus in their life. But if playing skilled
Speaker 1: and agile tennis is your definition of what makes someone civilized,
Speaker 1: well then these people were uncivilized. So the anthropology days
Speaker 1: they were a disaster. They were a cruel farce masquerading
Speaker 1: as sport. And that's the way I want to describe
Speaker 1: the nineteen o four Olympic Marathon as well. A cruel
Speaker 1: farce masquerading as sport. This was one of the all
Speaker 1: time great Olympic fiascos. From start to finish, here's how
Speaker 1: the marathon played out in nineteen o four. This race
Speaker 1: was just under twenty five miles. The marathon was not
Speaker 1: made officially a twenty six mile, eight five yard event.
Speaker 1: Until the next Olympics, although one of the runners actually
Speaker 1: did run twenty six miles and that's because he had
Speaker 1: to run an extra mile while being chased by a
Speaker 1: stray dog. This gives you a sense of the craziness
Speaker 1: that's to come this marathon. It was. It was basically
Speaker 1: the Hunger Games, all right. First of all, the race
Speaker 1: took place in the middle of the day on August.
Speaker 1: It's hot in St. Louis. In August, estimates placed the
Speaker 1: heat end x right temperature plus humidity at one hundred
Speaker 1: and twenty five degrees And even though it was blazing
Speaker 1: hot and superhuman, there were only two water stations, one
Speaker 1: at the six mile mark and one at mile twelve.
Speaker 1: And that's because James Sullivan was in charge of the marathon,
Speaker 1: and he had another great idea. He decided to do
Speaker 1: a little research on what he called purposeful dehydration. What
Speaker 1: would happen if marathoners had almost no water. Sullivan would
Speaker 1: be arrested if he did that today. And then making
Speaker 1: it even worse, the marathon route. It was a collection
Speaker 1: of dusty Rhodes. You know, automobiles chugged alongside the runners,
Speaker 1: kicking up dust and suffocating them. Most of the competitors.
Speaker 1: They were middle distance runners, a men who would never
Speaker 1: run a marathon in their lives. And the guy I'm
Speaker 1: rooting for was a Cuban mailman, a guy named Felix
Speaker 1: Carba Hall. A couple weeks before the race, Carbo Hall,
Speaker 1: he took a steamship from Havana, Cuba. He took it
Speaker 1: to New Orleans and he disembarked, and he promptly lost
Speaker 1: all his money in a craps game, and so he
Speaker 1: walked the seven miles to St. Louis. Carbon Hall shows
Speaker 1: up at the starting line on this blistering hot day.
Speaker 1: He's wearing a long sleeved shirt, long dark pants, a beret,
Speaker 1: a pair of clunky boots. One of his fellow runners
Speaker 1: took pity on him and found a pair of scissors
Speaker 1: and at least cut off his trousers at the knee.
Speaker 1: And I gotta say carbon Hall did all right. He
Speaker 1: didn't win, but despite slowing down to chat with spectators,
Speaker 1: despite stopping to pick apples from an orchard, rotten apples,
Speaker 1: which made him vomit, and then despite taking a nap
Speaker 1: during the race, a nap, he finished fourth. He almost
Speaker 1: mettled I love Felix Carba Hall. In the end, the
Speaker 1: marathon turned out to be between two Americans. Their names
Speaker 1: were Fred Lords and Thomas Hicks. And these guys Lords
Speaker 1: and Hicks, they were actual trained long distance runners, but
Speaker 1: they were struggling with the conditions as well. A few
Speaker 1: miles in Thomas Hicks, he was in the lead, but
Speaker 1: he was suffering. It was hot, and he desperately wanted water.
Speaker 1: His coaches instead, they gave him a mix of whiskey,
Speaker 1: egg whites and strict nine. You know, stryct nine in
Speaker 1: small doses has an amphetamine like effect, and it was
Speaker 1: used as an athletic stimulant back then. I mean, Hicks
Speaker 1: was basically doing crystal meth at this point. So exhausted
Speaker 1: and and and poisoned, Hicks begins to fade, but don't
Speaker 1: give up on him yet, alright. Also suffering was the
Speaker 1: other American, Fred Lords. At the nine mile mark, Lords
Speaker 1: started cramping badly, and so Lords, he did the smart thing.
Speaker 1: He quit. He gives up running. He waves down one
Speaker 1: of the accompanying automobiles, gets in, he says, take me
Speaker 1: to the finish line. He gets in the car and
Speaker 1: he's waving it at spectators. And fellow runners as he
Speaker 1: drives on. And then after writing in this automobile for
Speaker 1: eleven miles, and I will repeat that, after writing in
Speaker 1: this automobile for eleven miles, Lord suddenly thinks to himself, Hey,
Speaker 1: I feel pretty good. So he hops out of the
Speaker 1: car and he starts running towards the finish and lo
Speaker 1: and behold. Not surprisingly, Lord's was the first person to
Speaker 1: enter the stadium and cross the finish line, though he
Speaker 1: had only run fourteen of the miles. But the crowd
Speaker 1: didn't know this that they roared, They were ecstatic. An
Speaker 1: American had one, Fred Laurds was basking in their cheers.
Speaker 1: Alice Rose, the daughter of the President Teddy Roosevelt. She
Speaker 1: was just about to put a laurel wreath on his
Speaker 1: head when someone came forward and said, more or less,
Speaker 1: I just saw that dude riding in a car. Just
Speaker 1: like that, the chairs turned to booze, and Fred Lords
Speaker 1: was disqualified. So now it's the other American, Thomas Hicks,
Speaker 1: remember him? I mean here he comes sort of as
Speaker 1: Hicks near the finish line. He was so dehydrated he
Speaker 1: was hallucinating. He had no idea where he was babbling incoherently.
Speaker 1: The rat poison they were giving him didn't help either.
Speaker 1: I'm sure his trainers held him up, one on each side,
Speaker 1: and they dragged him into the stadium and across the
Speaker 1: finish line. Thomas Hicks was the winner, gold medal to
Speaker 1: the nearly unconscious Thomas Hicks. That's the St. Louis Marathon.
Speaker 1: That's St. Louis four, the first Olympics in the United States.
Speaker 1: A bit of a fiasco. And here is the cherry
Speaker 1: on top. As bad as it was for those who
Speaker 1: were told to participate in the anthropology days, and as
Speaker 1: bad as it was for those poor heat stroke marathoners,
Speaker 1: it was even worse for the water polo players. Within
Speaker 1: six months of their Olympic competition ending, four Olympic water
Speaker 1: polo players were dead. They contracted typhoid from the lagoon
Speaker 1: where they played their water polo matches. And it turns
Speaker 1: out this lagoon was also the body of water where
Speaker 1: all the animal waste from the fair exhibits was being dumped,
Speaker 1: and by August, when the water polo event occurred, the
Speaker 1: lagoon was a festering pool of bacteria and disease. I'll
Speaker 1: say it again, uh sports, that's all for now. Next time,
Speaker 1: on the Untold History of Sports in America, presented by
Speaker 1: One Day University, we examine one of the greatest athletes
Speaker 1: in American history, Jim thorpe H