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Speaker 1: Brought to you by the reinvented two thousand twelve camera.

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Speaker 1: It's ready. Are you welcome to Stuff you Should Know

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Speaker 1: from house Stuff works dot com. This podcast is brought

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Speaker 1: to you by Go to Meeting, the best way to

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Speaker 1: hold meetings over the Internet. Reduce travel expenses, save time.

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Speaker 1: Just hold an online meeting with Go to Meeting. Try

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Speaker 1: it free, visit go to meeting dot com slash stuff. Hey,

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Speaker 1: and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh. There's Chuck where

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Speaker 1: right there? Oh, how's it going, Chuck? That's going great? Good.

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Speaker 1: I'm glad to hear it. I'm glad. I don't know

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Speaker 1: how many times a year you go to Tibet. These days,

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Speaker 1: I've cut it. I had to cut back to two

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Speaker 1: just because of finances in the economy. Yeah, I mean,

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Speaker 1: jet fuel is very expensive, very Do you ever fly

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Speaker 1: first class business class? Nothing? But oh wow, sometimes I

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Speaker 1: fly it in the cockpit that's awesome, which is above

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Speaker 1: first class? Actually, oh yeah, definitely. That's like pilot class.

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Speaker 1: Do you know a pilot is how you get in

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Speaker 1: or do you just kind of break in? You just

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Speaker 1: show up like, Hey, how's it going. I'm an amiable guy,

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Speaker 1: and they just they let me in there. Then they

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Speaker 1: locked the door, of course for safety reasons after you're in. Yes, yeah,

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Speaker 1: I can see that. Well, when you've been to Tibet, which,

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Speaker 1: as I'm sure you know, is the rooftop of the world. Right, Uh,

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Speaker 1: there's all sorts of villages like high up on these mountains,

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Speaker 1: and you toured any of them. No, I've never been

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Speaker 1: to Tibet. Okay, Oh, that all that was alive. Then

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Speaker 1: I thought you meant Tibet Georgia. You fly to Tibet, Georgia.

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Speaker 1: That's a short flight, it is. Okay. Well, no, no, chuck,

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Speaker 1: We're talking about Tibet, the the the much disputed province

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Speaker 1: outside of China, right, I'm not entirely certain is it

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Speaker 1: a part of China yet? I don't know, and I

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Speaker 1: actually look today and to see if it was in

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Speaker 1: fact a country, and I think technically they still have

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Speaker 1: to call it a region or a province. I got you,

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Speaker 1: And I know they have the government in exile right

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Speaker 1: by the Dalai Lama, who I actually saw once. Did

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Speaker 1: you know that, Yeah? I did. Yeah, Okay, So anyway,

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Speaker 1: we're that's the Tibet we're talking about where the Dalai

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Speaker 1: Lama hails from Okay. Um. Well, it turns out that

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Speaker 1: there's there's villages everywhere. I've never visited either, I've just

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Speaker 1: read about it. There's villages on the tops of these mountains,

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Speaker 1: which is why it's called the roof top of the world. UM.

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Speaker 1: And these people are living at like sixteen thousand feet

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Speaker 1: above sea level, which is really high. Denver are mile

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Speaker 1: high city, it's like five thousand feet above sea level.

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Speaker 1: So these people that make Denver look like nothing. It's

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Speaker 1: technically I think that the three point zero three mile

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Speaker 1: high country in the region, right, that's that's that's what

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Speaker 1: it's more commonly called. UM. So if you go, if

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Speaker 1: you're just you know, a regular sea level dweller like

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Speaker 1: you or I, uh, and we go visit to bed.

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Speaker 1: Especially when we're visiting like these highest villages, UM, generally

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Speaker 1: we would get hypoxia altitude sickness, which is like nausea, dizziness, vomiting,

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Speaker 1: shortness of breath. You can actually die from it. UM.

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Speaker 1: And so you're sitting there puking your guts out, wishing

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Speaker 1: you were dead. And all of these Tibetans are running

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Speaker 1: around happy as clams, spas are laughing at yet sure, yeah,

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Speaker 1: they're they're doing somersaults and pointing and laughing yet um,

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Speaker 1: and and so you're wondering what it's going on here,

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Speaker 1: like why aren't these people all, you know, dropping dead

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Speaker 1: of heart attacks left and right? And what's going on?

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Speaker 1: And obviously what you would think is, well, they're used

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Speaker 1: to it, which makes sense, right, Yeah, that's kind of

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Speaker 1: an easy way to explain it. It It is. It is,

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Speaker 1: but when you think about it, they shouldn't be used

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Speaker 1: to it. Humans shouldn't be used to hypoxia. So have

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Speaker 1: have you heard about how Tibetans avoid altitude sickness? I have, Josh.

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Speaker 1: I read your awesome article and it actually was really interesting.

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Speaker 1: I thought, oh yeah, I did too. Actually it was

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Speaker 1: one of those assignments where I was thinking this is

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Speaker 1: gonna suck, but it turned out really well. And that

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Speaker 1: actually has been my experience. The more I thought the

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Speaker 1: article was gonna suck, the better it turned out. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: I had the same experience. Actually, yeah, it's kind of cool.

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Speaker 1: So chuck a little background on hypoxia, right, All it

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Speaker 1: is is um, it's it's a lack of oxygen in

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Speaker 1: the blood, right, and of course we need oxygen to

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Speaker 1: carry out all sorts of vital processes that you know,

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Speaker 1: staying alive and metabolization and all that. Sure, okay, um

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Speaker 1: so these people have been trying to figure out how, uh,

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Speaker 1: the Tibetans aren't hypoxic. Okay, yeah, I know it's coming.

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Speaker 1: They actually are hypoxic. I was kind of amazed by that.

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Speaker 1: It is. It's a little amazing these people are running

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Speaker 1: around their hypoxic that they're not displaying any symptoms. So

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Speaker 1: this of course raises a little bit of curiosity among researchers.

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Speaker 1: If Tibetans are hypoxic, how are they you know, not

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Speaker 1: showing symptoms right? Why aren't they just vomiting NonStop? What

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Speaker 1: a bad country that would be if I don't think

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Speaker 1: people would want to go to Tibet if that was

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Speaker 1: the case. The national flag is some guy like just

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Speaker 1: you knowing projectile vomitation. Um. So these researchers, they think

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Speaker 1: they were from the I can't remember where they were from,

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Speaker 1: maybe Emery or Case Western, Case Western, same thing. Yeah.

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Speaker 1: Um So these guys from Case Western go and they

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Speaker 1: actually they did this really hands on um investigation. They

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Speaker 1: used instruments that that can sense different types of particles

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Speaker 1: in air, and they asked Tibetans to breathe into this

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Speaker 1: to mouth briefly, and it's one of your favorite subjects, breathers. Right. Yeah, Well,

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Speaker 1: I mean if they're if they're being asked to mouth

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Speaker 1: breathe that as long as it's not like your default setting,

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Speaker 1: I don't have a problem with. Right. So they weren't

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Speaker 1: like your your arch enemy key for Sutherland famous mouth breathing. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: um yeah, so okay, they were mouth breathing, agreed, But

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Speaker 1: they were mouth breathing with case Western instruments in front

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Speaker 1: of them. Sure, and this is what the people found. Uh,

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Speaker 1: this mystery has been solved, and it's pretty interesting stuff. Um.

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Speaker 1: When we exhale, you know, we we exhale carbon dioxide.

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Speaker 1: That's like the big star of our exhalation. That's what

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Speaker 1: everybody knows about. We also exhale this stuff called nitric oxide,

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Speaker 1: which our body gets rid of as a as a

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Speaker 1: waste product right through respiration. Um. The thing is is

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Speaker 1: nitric oxide actually helps dilate blood vessels. Okay, so the

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Speaker 1: Tibetans of actually their bodies have acclimated to hypoxia by

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Speaker 1: keeping more of the nitric oxide in the body, so

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Speaker 1: their blood vessels are dilated more all the time, which

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Speaker 1: means their heart has to work class right, which it's

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Speaker 1: It makes it easier to deliver the oxygen throughout the body.

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Speaker 1: It's pretty cool. It is very cool. And Okay, so

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Speaker 1: now we have a perfect example of UM evolution and isolation. Okay. Uh,

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Speaker 1: some humans have gone up to where humans aren't supposed

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Speaker 1: to be and have adapted. Uh, They're not the only

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Speaker 1: group that's done that. There's some other groups, right indeed,

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Speaker 1: So uh, my hypothesis would be that that these other

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Speaker 1: groups would display the same phenotype, the same trait, right,

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Speaker 1: you would think people anyone living at a high altitude

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Speaker 1: anywhere in the world, because we evolve more or less

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Speaker 1: at sea level. Is that correct? Yeah, And we're we're

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Speaker 1: sea level species and we're a subtropical species. Yeah, that's

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Speaker 1: where we're supposed to be. We're beach commerce essentially pretty much. Yeah. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: but of course, you know, we've got the our Nordic

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Speaker 1: friends up north, you know, and uh, we have um

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Speaker 1: our friends down in Chile and and and these you

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Speaker 1: know people in Tibet. Humans live where we're not supposed

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Speaker 1: to live, and the Tibetans show that we can adapt exactly.

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Speaker 1: But when you think that we would all adapt the

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Speaker 1: same way given the similar situations, I would think so.

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Speaker 1: But we found out, or you found out through your research,

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Speaker 1: that's not the case. Yes, And actually this has been

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Speaker 1: known for a while. The Tibetan case, Western study was

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Speaker 1: I think it's in the last decade two five. There's

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Speaker 1: this Frenchman named Francois of y'all I believe, um. And

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Speaker 1: in eighteen ninety he visited the Andies. This is another

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Speaker 1: high altitude mountain and dwelling people martu Pechu, you know,

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Speaker 1: way back on the hills south right. Um. So he

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Speaker 1: goes down there because he had the same question you know,

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Speaker 1: a century or so ago. He wanted to know how

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Speaker 1: these people were living at high altitudes when you know

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Speaker 1: they should be suffering from hypoxia. Do you know what

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Speaker 1: he found out? I do? And was it that they

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Speaker 1: keep more nitric oxide? No, Actually he theorized and was correct.

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Speaker 1: They um had more red blood cells, higher red blood

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Speaker 1: cell count. And that's important because red blood cells um

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Speaker 1: contain hemoglobin, which is sort of like the FedEx man

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Speaker 1: of your body. Hemoglobin delivers oxygen, right, so they have

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Speaker 1: their bodies produce more red bloods, more red bloods, so

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Speaker 1: it can. I guess every part per million of blood

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Speaker 1: can hold more oxygen than you know, yours are mine, right,

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Speaker 1: So okay, so we've got to um, high altitude dwelling

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Speaker 1: groups of people that have evolved in isolation but have

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Speaker 1: evolved to have a differently. Yeah, that's pretty interesting. Yes,

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Speaker 1: And there's a third. There is a third you want

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Speaker 1: to tell them about it? Yeah, this is the highlands

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Speaker 1: of Ethiopia, which I didn't realize Ethiopia had highlands. I

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Speaker 1: don't know much about that place, and I didn't either

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Speaker 1: actually until this very article, which is a great part

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Speaker 1: about our job. We learned things all the time. Um.

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Speaker 1: So they don't have either one of these, as you know. No,

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Speaker 1: and they're living in a high altitude as well. I

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Speaker 1: think the Tibetans live the highest up. But both the

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Speaker 1: Andean dwellers and the people who live in the Ethiopian highlands,

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Speaker 1: they're living in a high enough altitude that they should

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Speaker 1: be hypoxic. Right. And also with studies of them, they

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Speaker 1: haven't turned up any of the Ethiopian Highlanders, they haven't

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Speaker 1: turned up any kind of adaptation. Yeah, that's the one

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Speaker 1: that really is strange. They don't. They don't have any

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Speaker 1: kind of oxygen delivery system like extra red blood cells.

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Speaker 1: They don't maintain their and O levels more than normal people.

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Speaker 1: And it's possible that we just haven't found the fee

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Speaker 1: know type this this adapt taste true, we haven't figured

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Speaker 1: it out yet. But for all intensive purposes, these people

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Speaker 1: should be you know, dead, dying or you know, vomiting

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Speaker 1: at the very least, all right, but they're not. It's weird.

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Speaker 1: It's weird. Yeah, and you know, Josh, reading this article,

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Speaker 1: it made me wonder, um, and may there may be

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Speaker 1: studies on this. If if people from tibet um and

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Speaker 1: the Ethiopian highlands, if they have trouble when they come

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Speaker 1: down to sea level or below. Let's say they went

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Speaker 1: to Amsterdam for the weekend, which is half of Holland

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Speaker 1: resides below sea level. Yeah, I wonder if they have

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Speaker 1: problems breathing, or if if their body adapts to that

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Speaker 1: quickly or what, or if there'd be like a rush

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Speaker 1: of oxygen. Yeah, exactly, they get too much of it, right,

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Speaker 1: they might feel high all the time or something which

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Speaker 1: would be kind of cool. Of course it is answered

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Speaker 1: in yeah, right right. I think that they would probably

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Speaker 1: feel high no matter what. Yeah in hello to our

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Speaker 1: Dutch friends, we love you alright. So other than the

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Speaker 1: Ethiopian Highlanders, I mean, the questions have been asked and answered.

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Speaker 1: We know why the Tibetans aren't hypoxic, and we also

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Speaker 1: know why the why the andy and dwellers aren't hypoxes.

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Speaker 1: Right well, actually Tibetans are hypoxes, yes, how they deal

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Speaker 1: with it right, sure, So I think we'll probably revisit

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Speaker 1: it once we finally figure out what's going on with

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Speaker 1: the Ethiopian Highland. I think that's a great idea. And

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Speaker 1: stick around to find out which article that Chuck and

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Speaker 1: I think you should read in these trying economic times.

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Speaker 1: They'll save your finances. What's that article that that we

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Speaker 1: teased all of our listeners were right and these trying

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Speaker 1: economic times, I think one article people should read is

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Speaker 1: uh tent Top five things that devalue your house by

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Speaker 1: Jessica Toothman. Jessica Toothman fellow writer, and uh, now is

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Speaker 1: not the time to devalue your home. Everyone knows you

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Speaker 1: want to add value to your home or at least

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Speaker 1: you know, total line and keep it dead even exactly

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Speaker 1: and Toothman can tell you some some easy steps you

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Speaker 1: can take to keep your house from devaluing, depending on

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Speaker 1: how you read it, If you're looking to devalue your

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Speaker 1: house for semina farious reason, this could be a how

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Speaker 1: to guide for that as well. Like spite fantastic Well,

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Speaker 1: you can find all this stuff everything we've talked about

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Speaker 1: how stuff works dot com. For more on this and

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Speaker 1: thousands of other topics, visit how stuff works dot com.

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Speaker 1: Let us know what you think. Send an email to

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Speaker 1: podcast at how stuff works dot com. Brought to you

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Speaker 1: you