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Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production

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Speaker 1: of I Heart Radio. Hello, and welcome to the podcast.

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Speaker 1: I'm Tracy V. Wilson and I'm Holly Fry. We're coming

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Speaker 1: up on the fifty anniversary of the start of the

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Speaker 1: Delano Grape Strike and that strike leads to an international

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Speaker 1: boycott of table grapes. As grape workers in California, we're

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Speaker 1: trying to get better pay and working conditions and union

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Speaker 1: contracts that covered their work. This all happened just after

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Speaker 1: the end of the Brissero Program, which was an agreement

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Speaker 1: between the United States and Mexico to allow Mexican workers

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Speaker 1: to enter the United States to do agricultural work. We

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Speaker 1: actually covered that program on a previous episode of the show,

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Speaker 1: and we rerelease it as a Saturday Classic a couple

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Speaker 1: of weeks ago. Um the Brissero Program episode isn't necessarily

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Speaker 1: required to understand this one, but it does cover some

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Speaker 1: of the background that we're not going to be going

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Speaker 1: over again in detail today. But we do have some

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Speaker 1: other context to cover, and that is the evolution of

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Speaker 1: agricultural labor in California. The United States annexed California from

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Speaker 1: Mexico in eighteen forty six. At that point, California had

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Speaker 1: about a hundred and fifty thousand Indigenous residents and about

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Speaker 1: fourteen thousand non indigenous residents, most of whom were Spanish

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Speaker 1: or were Mexicans of European descent. California formally became part

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Speaker 1: of the US after the end of the Mexican American

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Speaker 1: War in eighteen forty eight. Then during the Gold Rush,

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Speaker 1: which started shortly after that, California's demographics changed really dramatically.

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Speaker 1: By eighteen seventy, which was just twenty years after California

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Speaker 1: became a US state, it had a population of more

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Speaker 1: than five hundred and sixty thousand. Although many people trace

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Speaker 1: their ancestry back to Spain or Mexico, only about four

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Speaker 1: percent of the population spoke Spanish. The state also had

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Speaker 1: made a really cold, coordinated, and systemic effort to eradicate

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Speaker 1: its indigenous population, so by eighteen seventy, California only had

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Speaker 1: about thirty thousand indigenous people. At this point, California also

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Speaker 1: had about fifty thousand Chinese residents. Many had originally come

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Speaker 1: to the US to help build the Transcontinental Railroad. When

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Speaker 1: the railroad was finished, many went on to work in agriculture,

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Speaker 1: and for a while Chinese immigrants were a major part

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Speaker 1: of the agricultural workforce of California. But as we have

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Speaker 1: discussed on several previous episodes, in the United States in

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Speaker 1: general and in California specifically, Chinese people faced increasing prejudice

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Speaker 1: and persecution. In the late nineteenth century, people were blaming

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Speaker 1: Chinese workers for job shortages and low pay. In eighteen

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Speaker 1: eighty two, the US passed the Chinese Exclusion Act, which

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Speaker 1: banned all immigration from China for ten years. Chinese people

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Speaker 1: who remained in the US after this were barred from

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Speaker 1: becoming citizens, and if they left the country, they had

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Speaker 1: to have certification to re enter. The agriculture industry still

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Speaker 1: needed workers, though, and as the number of Chinese workers dropped,

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Speaker 1: growers looked to Japanese workers instead. Many were highly skilled

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Speaker 1: and experienced farmers who worked together in tight knit crews

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Speaker 1: that introduced new cultivation techniques to the industry. One of

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Speaker 1: those was the short handled hoe, which was used for precise,

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Speaker 1: delicate tasks. Japanese workers alternated the use of a short

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Speaker 1: handled hoe with other tasks to prevent injury, strain, and fatigue.

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Speaker 1: Japanese agricultural workers were also really savvy about how they

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Speaker 1: were compensated for their work. They really understood that their

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Speaker 1: knowledge and their skills were making California farms a lot

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Speaker 1: more productive with better quality produce. And they also understood

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Speaker 1: that if they left, growers would not be able to

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Speaker 1: find anyone to replace them on really short notice. So,

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Speaker 1: for example, Japanese work crews often agreed to a lower

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Speaker 1: of pay at the start of the season, knowing that

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Speaker 1: the harvest would give them a lot of leverage to

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Speaker 1: negotiate for more. This meant that by nine oh seven,

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Speaker 1: Japanese immigrants had become the highest paid workers in California agriculture.

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Speaker 1: By that point, Japanese workers were facing similar discrimination to

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Speaker 1: what Chinese workers had before, and the US took multiple

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Speaker 1: steps to restrict immigration from Japan. This ultimately led to

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Speaker 1: the Immigration Act of ninety four, also known as the

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Speaker 1: Johnson Read Act. This act set quotas on how many

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Speaker 1: people could immigrate to the US from different countries, and

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Speaker 1: it banned immigration from most of Asia entirely. As the

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Speaker 1: number of Japanese farm workers in California dropped, the number

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Speaker 1: of workers from Mexico increased. Basically the same cycle. If

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Speaker 1: they had lost one immigrant community, another one was coming in,

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Speaker 1: and the short handled ho which had been one of

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Speaker 1: several tools that Japanese workers had used in the fields

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Speaker 1: that became almost the exclusive to cool for weeding and

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Speaker 1: cultivating in California. This work using the short handled hoe

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Speaker 1: came to be known as stoop labor. If you've ever

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Speaker 1: seen pictures of people doing this, you're literally bent over,

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Speaker 1: like you're touching your toes in the field for hours

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Speaker 1: at a time. Although growers claimed that this was really

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Speaker 1: because long handled hose could harm the plants, in reality,

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Speaker 1: it was also about making sure people were working and

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Speaker 1: working quickly. Supervisors could just look into the fields from

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Speaker 1: a distance and judge whether people were working by whether

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Speaker 1: they were stooped over, and since getting to the end

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Speaker 1: of a row meant workers got to stand up as

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Speaker 1: they moved to the next one, the short handled hoe

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Speaker 1: provided extra incentive to keep moving as efficiently as possible.

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Speaker 1: Mexican workers also faced a similar pattern of discrimination to

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Speaker 1: what Japanese and Chinese workers had before them, and there

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Speaker 1: were similar efforts to restrict immigration from Mexico. That is

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Speaker 1: something that is covered in that earlier episode on the

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Speaker 1: Briscero program. But during these same years, the United States

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Speaker 1: was also seeing a different wave of immigration that's central

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Speaker 1: to this story, and that is immigration from the Philippines.

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Speaker 1: Spain started colonizing the Philippine Archipelago in the sixteenth century.

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Speaker 1: Then after the Spanish American War ended in eighteen ninety eight,

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Speaker 1: Spain ceeded Puerto Rico and Guam to the United States,

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Speaker 1: and it sold the Philippine Islands to the United States

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Speaker 1: for twenty million dollars. Filipino nationalists had already been engaged

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Speaker 1: in an uprising against Spanish colonial rule, and that uprising

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Speaker 1: continued as the US tried to take control. This led

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Speaker 1: to the Philippine American War, in which four thousand, three

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Speaker 1: hundred American and twenty thousand Filipino combatants were killed. More

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Speaker 1: than two hundred thousand Filipino civilians also died from violence, hunger,

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Speaker 1: and disease. Yes, this war was absolutely devastating for the

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Speaker 1: Philippines in terms of the loss of human life and

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Speaker 1: economy all of that. But once the Philippines were officially

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Speaker 1: a U S territory, that meant Filipinos were allowed to

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Speaker 1: enter the United States even when all of the other

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Speaker 1: immigration from Asia was banned. Between nineteen o six and

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Speaker 1: nineteen thirty five, the US saw a wave of migration

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Speaker 1: from the Philippines. Some of the new arrivals were students,

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Speaker 1: but a lot of them became agricultural workers or they

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Speaker 1: worked in other manual labor industries. During these years, more

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Speaker 1: than a hundred and twenty five thousand Filipinos moved to

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Speaker 1: the US territory of Hawaii to work in the sugar industry.

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Speaker 1: Most who arrived on the North American continent, which was

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Speaker 1: about forty five thousand people. They continued to work in

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Speaker 1: agriculture along the West Coast or in the fishing and

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Speaker 1: canning industry in the Pacific Northwest and Alaska Territory. Obviously,

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Speaker 1: not a hundred percent of people were doing these roles,

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Speaker 1: but it was a major source of employment for Filipino workers.

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Speaker 1: Many Filipinos who arrived in the US before the star

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Speaker 1: of the Great Depression planned for this to be a

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Speaker 1: temporary relocation. They would earn some money and then return

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Speaker 1: home to the Philippines, but that quickly proved to be impossible.

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Speaker 1: The rate of pay for agricultural workers seemed generous when

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Speaker 1: compared to what people could make in the Philippines, but

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Speaker 1: in the United States it was barely enough to live

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Speaker 1: off of There was just no way to save enough

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Speaker 1: money for the return trip, and at various points, including

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Speaker 1: during World War Two, other circumstances made it impossible. And

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Speaker 1: like all of the other agricultural workers that we have

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Speaker 1: already mentioned, Filipino workers faced extensive discrimination and hardship. They

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Speaker 1: were considered to be American nationals, but not citizens, so

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Speaker 1: they didn't have full citizenship rights. Several states, starting with California,

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Speaker 1: passed antim assasination laws that prohibited Filipinos from marrying people

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Speaker 1: of other races or nationalities. Since most Filipinos in the

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Speaker 1: United States were meant by an enorm percentage, this meant

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Speaker 1: that most of them could not marry at all, and

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Speaker 1: there was just also widespread racism, including racist violence. In

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Speaker 1: all of this. In nineteen thirty four, the US passed

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Speaker 1: the Tidings McDuffie Act, which set the stage for the

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Speaker 1: Philippines to become independent. It also set a quota of

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Speaker 1: just fifty five zero immigrants from the Philippines to the

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Speaker 1: United States per year. Although Filipinos already in the US

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Speaker 1: were allowed to become citizens. That also involved a quota

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Speaker 1: of only one people per year. That quota was in

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Speaker 1: place until nineteen sixty five, so this put many of

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Speaker 1: the Filipino men already in the United States in a

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Speaker 1: uniquely difficult position, and women also, but the focus of

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Speaker 1: this episode is really on men. They had been nationals,

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Speaker 1: but with this act they were aliens. Most of them

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Speaker 1: had planned for a temporary relocation, but instead they were

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Speaker 1: stuck in the United States, prohibited from marrying and barred

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Speaker 1: from becoming full citizens. With this quota, most couldn't buy

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Speaker 1: homes because of both money and real estate discrimination and

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Speaker 1: this change in their status to being aliens instead of nationals.

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Speaker 1: Although since the work that they were doing was migratory

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Speaker 1: and seasonal in the agricultural industry, buying a home would

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Speaker 1: also mean paying for property that you weren't living in

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Speaker 1: for a lot of the year. Also when having to

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Speaker 1: pay for housing somewhere else while you were working. UM.

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Speaker 1: There was a Repatriation Act that was passed during all

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Speaker 1: this um that that would have allowed people to return

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Speaker 1: to the Philippines without having to pay for it, but

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Speaker 1: there were just a lot of obstacles to it, and

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Speaker 1: only about two thousand people were able to do it

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Speaker 1: or chose to do it before it was declared unconstitutional

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Speaker 1: in nineteen forty. Many businesses and public accommodations in the

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Speaker 1: midst of all of this refused service to Filipinos, so

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Speaker 1: a lot of them spent most of their free time

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Speaker 1: at the few businesses that catered specifically to them. They

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Speaker 1: played cards at gambling houses, or they went to taxi

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Speaker 1: dance halls where they paid partners by the dance. This

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Speaker 1: led to a perception within the Anglo community that all

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Speaker 1: Filipinos cared about was cards and women. It's um if

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Speaker 1: you read stories from the people who were part of

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Speaker 1: this community, it's clear that like they loved to put

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Speaker 1: on a nice suit and go out and have a

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Speaker 1: good time, and the perception became like that's all you

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Speaker 1: care about, without really taking into consideration all of the

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Speaker 1: social factors that had sort of created a box that

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Speaker 1: this was the only recreation that was available. So this

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Speaker 1: generation of Filipino men became known as monongs not the

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Speaker 1: term of respect and the Ilocano language, and it roughly

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Speaker 1: means elder or elder brother. Like it's both a term

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Speaker 1: of endearment and a term of respect. By the time

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Speaker 1: of the strike that we're talking about today. Most of

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Speaker 1: them had been in the United States for decades. They

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Speaker 1: were in their fifties and sixties. And then we'll talk

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Speaker 1: about how this community in California organized to strike after

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Speaker 1: we take a quick sponsor break. California's agricultural workers had

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Speaker 1: been advocating for better pay and working conditions for decades

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Speaker 1: before the delaane O grape strike. Previous strikes had secured

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Speaker 1: some pay increases, usually of a few cents an hour,

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Speaker 1: but they hadn't led to things like union recognition or contracts,

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Speaker 1: or improvements to the working and the housing conditions that

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Speaker 1: workers were facing. Because this work was migratory, workers often

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Speaker 1: lived in camps that were provided by the growers. Often,

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Speaker 1: conditions in these camps just were not sanitary, without enough

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Speaker 1: showers or bathrooms to accommodate all the workers, Electricity was

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Speaker 1: limited to non existent. Workers often did not have access

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Speaker 1: to bathrooms or places to wash their hands or drinking

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Speaker 1: water in the fields either or if there were facilities,

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Speaker 1: they were often filthy and very poorly maintained. There had

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Speaker 1: also been some efforts to unionize farm workers, and for

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Speaker 1: decades they hadn't really been successful. Then in nineteen sixty,

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Speaker 1: the a f l C i O chartered the Agricultural

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Speaker 1: Workers Organizing Committee or a w o C, which started

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Speaker 1: trying to organize farm workers, in this case in California.

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Speaker 1: A w o C opposition to the Brissero program was

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Speaker 1: part of what led the United States government to let

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Speaker 1: that program lapse. At the end of nineteen sixty four,

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Speaker 1: Larry it Leong was tapped to head up the a

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Speaker 1: w o C local in Dalano, California. It Leong had

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Speaker 1: arrived in the United States from the Philippines in nineteen

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Speaker 1: twenty nine at the age of fifteen. He had hoped

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Speaker 1: to go to law school, but instead became a migrant worker.

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Speaker 1: Before long, he was also organizing workers all along the

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Speaker 1: West Coast, including in the salmon industry in Alaska. He

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Speaker 1: was nicknamed seven Fingers because he had lost three fingers

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Speaker 1: in a work accident. This is like an almost legendary

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Speaker 1: story in terms of that nickname. It's not a clear

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Speaker 1: You'll see different accounts of of when the accident happened

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Speaker 1: and what was involved. Unlike most of the Filipino immigrants

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Speaker 1: of his generation, it leon was married. He actually married

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Speaker 1: several times. He was living with his family in the Stockton,

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Speaker 1: California neighborhood known as Little Manila before moving to Delano,

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Speaker 1: and that was about four hours away. As the a

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Speaker 1: w o C in the Delano area grew, most of

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Speaker 1: its members were Filipino. In nineteen sixty five, Filipino grape

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Speaker 1: workers demanded a pay increase while working in the Coachella

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Speaker 1: Valley southeast of Delano. They were being paid an average

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Speaker 1: of a dollar twenty cents an hour, and they asked

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Speaker 1: for a dollar forty cents, which had been the rate

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Speaker 1: for the brissero programs workers. What they got was an

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Speaker 1: increase of fifteen cents an hour. But this work was migratory,

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Speaker 1: so soon those fields were picked, the workers were moving on.

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Speaker 1: They had to negotiate their pay a again with the

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Speaker 1: next grower, and as the harvest moved north toward Delano,

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Speaker 1: the workers tried to get that same rate of pay

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Speaker 1: that they had gotten at their last job. The growers refused.

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Speaker 1: Filipino workers went to Italy, long and the a w

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Speaker 1: o C and Delano for help, and the union ultimately

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Speaker 1: voted to go on strike on September seven nine. They

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Speaker 1: demanded a dollar forty cents per hour plus twenty five

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Speaker 1: cents per box of harvested grapes and recognition of their union.

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Speaker 1: More than one thousand workers walked off the job on

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Speaker 1: September eight. California's agricultural workers at this point did include

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Speaker 1: people of multiple races and ethnicities, and that also applies

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Speaker 1: to the unions that we're talking about today. This included

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Speaker 1: black and Puerto Rican workers, as well as workers for

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Speaker 1: multiple Central and South American nations, but the two biggest

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Speaker 1: groups were Mexicans and people of Mexican ancestry and Filipinos.

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Speaker 1: And growers had a long story of pitting the Mexican

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Speaker 1: and Filipino workers against each other. If the Mexican workers

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Speaker 1: tried to go on strike, growers would hire Filipino replacement

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Speaker 1: workers and vice versa. And italy On knew that this

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Speaker 1: would undermine the aw O c S strike if it happened,

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Speaker 1: so he turned to the National farm Workers Association, which

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Speaker 1: had a predominantly Mexican and Mexican American membership, to see

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Speaker 1: if they would join the Filipino workers strike. The nf

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Speaker 1: w A had been established by Caesar Chavez and Dolores

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Speaker 1: Workta in nineteen sixty two. Chavez had been born near Yuma, Arizona,

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Speaker 1: in ninety seven, and his family had moved to California

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Speaker 1: after losing their farm during the Great Depression. After returning

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Speaker 1: from service in the Navy, he became involved in the

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Speaker 1: Latino civil rights organization called the Community Service Organization. Querta

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Speaker 1: was born in Dawson, New Mexico, and grew up in Stockton, California,

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Speaker 1: where she helped found the local chapter of the CSO

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Speaker 1: in nineteen sixty five. This organization that Chavez and Wheerta

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Speaker 1: had founded was still very young. It was still stabilizing

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Speaker 1: and getting its financial footing, and they were working toward

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Speaker 1: doing a strike. But Chavez really thought they were two

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Speaker 1: or three years away from that point. So when Italyong

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Speaker 1: asked Chavez if the n f w A would join

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Speaker 1: the a w o C strike, at first Chavez said no,

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Speaker 1: the n f w A was just not ready. However,

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Speaker 1: Chavez was also basically backed into a corner. He knew

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Speaker 1: that if the n f w A worked through the

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00:17:37,760 --> 00:17:40,800
Speaker 1: a w OC strike, the a w OC could do

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00:17:40,880 --> 00:17:44,199
Speaker 1: the same thing to them later on. Some n w

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00:17:44,359 --> 00:17:47,560
Speaker 1: A members also suspected that if Chavez didn't agree to

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Speaker 1: join this strike that he would never agree to a

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00:17:50,280 --> 00:17:55,800
Speaker 1: strike at all, So on September six, Mexican Independence Day,

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Speaker 1: the n f w A met at Filipino Hall in

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Speaker 1: Delano to vote on whether to join the strike. The

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Speaker 1: vote was unanimous in favor of striking, and the n

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Speaker 1: fw A members walked off the job the following Monday, September.

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Speaker 1: Less than a month later, the FBI started an investigation

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00:18:13,880 --> 00:18:18,440
Speaker 1: into purported communist infiltration of the National farm Workers Association

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Speaker 1: and Caesar Chavez, with the first memo on the subject

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Speaker 1: citing the supposedly subversive backgrounds of several other people, including

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Speaker 1: Larry italy On. This was prompted by the National farm

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Speaker 1: Workers Association being awarded a grant to teach citizenship and

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00:18:34,560 --> 00:18:39,119
Speaker 1: money management classes to farm workers in three California counties.

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Speaker 1: The text of this memo annoyed me a lot because

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Speaker 1: it really sounds like, yeah, we don't actually have files

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00:18:47,480 --> 00:18:49,840
Speaker 1: on any of these people, and the House and American

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Speaker 1: Activities Committee doesn't have files on any of these people.

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Speaker 1: None of these people have hit our radar before, but uh,

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Speaker 1: probably their communists, so we should open investigation. There are many,

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Speaker 1: many pages of FBI files on Caesar job Is at

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00:19:04,400 --> 00:19:08,600
Speaker 1: their site where all the FOIA documents are posted. Anyway,

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Speaker 1: moving on, Although the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee had been

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00:19:13,000 --> 00:19:15,159
Speaker 1: chartered by the a f l C i O and

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Speaker 1: the National farm Workers Association didn't have those kinds of ties,

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Speaker 1: the n f w a's membership was a lot bigger

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Speaker 1: than the a w C s. They were also just

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Speaker 1: a lot more Mexican than Filipino farm workers in this

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Speaker 1: part of California, so Chavez in the n f w

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Speaker 1: A became a lot more prominent and visible at the strike.

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Speaker 1: As the strike progressed, was almost like it just sort

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Speaker 1: of tacitly moved over to being more associated with him,

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Speaker 1: And there are accounts of the strike today that barely

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Speaker 1: mentioned Italy On or the Filipino workers or the other

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Speaker 1: Filipino organizers who were central to this strike, including Philip

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Speaker 1: Vera Cruz, who had helped establish the a w C.

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Speaker 1: Neither the nf w A nor the a w OC

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00:19:57,880 --> 00:20:01,600
Speaker 1: had the funding to support a prolonged strike, but support

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00:20:01,640 --> 00:20:05,640
Speaker 1: came in from other organizations. Members of the clergy encouraged

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00:20:05,680 --> 00:20:09,159
Speaker 1: their congregations to participate in the strike and to donate

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Speaker 1: to striking workers. Pete Seeger held a benefit concert. Religious

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Speaker 1: and community organizations held fundraisers and organized food drives to

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Speaker 1: help provide the hundreds and hundreds of pounds of food

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Speaker 1: that the striking workers needed every week. The Student Non

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Speaker 1: Violent Coordinating Committee and the Congress of Racial Equality donated

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00:20:28,520 --> 00:20:32,400
Speaker 1: two way radios so the unions could organize their picketing.

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Speaker 1: They wanted to pick it where the replacement workers were working.

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Speaker 1: This meant somebody that had to drive out in the

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Speaker 1: morning and scout the fields really early, looking for things

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Speaker 1: like stacks of boxes or a foreman's truck, which were

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00:20:45,800 --> 00:20:48,320
Speaker 1: clues that somebody was going to be there picking that day,

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Speaker 1: and then they would have to radio in for a

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Speaker 1: team of picketers to come out. The a f l

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00:20:52,840 --> 00:20:56,800
Speaker 1: c i O contributed five thousand dollars per months. Other unions,

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Speaker 1: including the Teamsters and the Longshoreman's and warehouse Men's Union,

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00:21:00,680 --> 00:21:04,000
Speaker 1: agreed to support the strike as well. Refusing to pack

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00:21:04,080 --> 00:21:07,119
Speaker 1: and ship the produce that strike breaking workers were picking.

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00:21:07,720 --> 00:21:12,480
Speaker 1: Growers resisted this strike aggressively. They brought in replacement workers

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Speaker 1: from other parts of California and Texas, and they also

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00:21:16,119 --> 00:21:21,000
Speaker 1: illegally brought in workers from Warez, Mexico. However, a lot

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Speaker 1: of the growers also docked These workers pay significantly to

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Speaker 1: cover transportation from where they had been living, as well

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Speaker 1: as housing and food, so a lot of them felt

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00:21:31,400 --> 00:21:34,199
Speaker 1: like they were being cheated and wound up joining the strike.

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Speaker 1: Growers also threatened the striking workers. They sprayed them with

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Speaker 1: fertilizer and pesticides. Growers also turned off the utilities at

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Speaker 1: the work camps, and they raised the rent there by

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Speaker 1: almost half, which led Chavez to call for a rent strike.

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Speaker 1: Many growers were using labor contractors to make work arrangements.

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Speaker 1: These were basically go betweens who were focused on filling

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Speaker 1: the growers labor needs as cheaply as possible, and in

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00:22:01,000 --> 00:22:03,520
Speaker 1: a technique that has been part of several strikes we've

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00:22:03,560 --> 00:22:06,520
Speaker 1: covered on the show before. Some of the contractors tried

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Speaker 1: to form their own competing union, which was approved by

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Speaker 1: the growers. An organization called Citizens for Facts from Delano

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Speaker 1: was formed to publish all kinds of articles, pamphlets, and

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Speaker 1: other materials all aimed at trying to discredit chavs and

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00:22:21,359 --> 00:22:24,399
Speaker 1: the strike. California law made it pretty clear that you

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00:22:24,480 --> 00:22:28,680
Speaker 1: could not be an employer and arrange a union like that.

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00:22:28,720 --> 00:22:32,879
Speaker 1: Did not count as a labor organization, so that competing

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Speaker 1: union approved by the growers did not last very long.

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Speaker 1: On March seventeenth, nineteen sixty six, about six months into

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Speaker 1: the strike, about seventy five farm workers started on a

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Speaker 1: two hundred fifty mile march from Delano to the California

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Speaker 1: capital of Sacramento. This was compared to both the Selma

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Speaker 1: to Montgomery March and to a religious pilgrimage. Caesar Chavez's

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Speaker 1: approach to all of this, to all of his work,

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Speaker 1: was really heavily influenced by his Catholic faith. So during

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00:23:05,160 --> 00:23:07,800
Speaker 1: the march, a banner was carried at the head of

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Speaker 1: the march that had a picture of the vision of

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00:23:10,720 --> 00:23:14,760
Speaker 1: Guadaloupe as well as the nfw A logo, And when

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00:23:14,760 --> 00:23:18,560
Speaker 1: the march arrived in Sacramento after twenty five days, there

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Speaker 1: were about ten thousand people gathered there in support of

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Speaker 1: the strike. Later that summer, the Western Conference of Teamsters,

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00:23:26,080 --> 00:23:29,160
Speaker 1: which had previously refused to cross the farm workers picket line,

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00:23:29,800 --> 00:23:33,840
Speaker 1: instead started working against them, colluding with growers to put

385
00:23:33,880 --> 00:23:38,000
Speaker 1: together sweetheart contracts. The farm workers unions had to scramble

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00:23:38,080 --> 00:23:41,520
Speaker 1: to keep their membership intact and to hold union elections

387
00:23:41,520 --> 00:23:43,959
Speaker 1: to try to keep the teamsters from undermining what they

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Speaker 1: were doing. This was one reason why the National farm

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00:23:47,200 --> 00:23:52,040
Speaker 1: Workers Association and the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee merged in

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Speaker 1: August of nineteen sixty six, forming the United farm Workers

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Speaker 1: Organizing Committee, which later became the United farm Workers. If

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00:24:00,280 --> 00:24:02,800
Speaker 1: you're not familiar with the term sweetheart contract, that's basically

393
00:24:02,880 --> 00:24:06,840
Speaker 1: when the employer colludes with the union to put together

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00:24:07,480 --> 00:24:11,200
Speaker 1: contract terms that are really favorable to the employer rather

395
00:24:11,240 --> 00:24:14,240
Speaker 1: than to the workers, which is sort of the opposite

396
00:24:14,840 --> 00:24:17,840
Speaker 1: what it's supposed to do. Um As all of this

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00:24:17,960 --> 00:24:23,200
Speaker 1: was happening, organizers were also arranging boycott's of California table grapes,

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Speaker 1: and we will talk about that after a sponsor break.

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Speaker 1: One component of the Delano grape strike was a secondary

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00:24:37,359 --> 00:24:42,359
Speaker 1: or sympathetic boycott. Instead of targeting the actual employers of

401
00:24:42,400 --> 00:24:47,600
Speaker 1: striking workers, secondary boycott's target other businesses, so in this case,

402
00:24:47,680 --> 00:24:51,639
Speaker 1: these were businesses that were processing or selling California grapes.

403
00:24:52,040 --> 00:24:55,440
Speaker 1: These kinds of secondary actions were outlawed under the Labor

404
00:24:55,480 --> 00:24:59,159
Speaker 1: Management Relations Act of ninete that's also known as the

405
00:24:59,160 --> 00:25:03,600
Speaker 1: Taft Hartly Act. However, the Taft Hartley Act amended the

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00:25:03,680 --> 00:25:07,320
Speaker 1: nineteen thirty five National Labor Relations Act, and farm workers

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00:25:07,640 --> 00:25:11,320
Speaker 1: were exempt from that act. So while farm workers were

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00:25:11,359 --> 00:25:14,240
Speaker 1: not guaranteed the rights and protections that were outlined in

409
00:25:14,280 --> 00:25:17,919
Speaker 1: the National Labor Relations Act, their unions also were not

410
00:25:18,000 --> 00:25:22,920
Speaker 1: prohibited from calling for secondary boycotts. The farm workers started

411
00:25:23,000 --> 00:25:26,359
Speaker 1: by calling for a boycott of Georgia Corporation, which was

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Speaker 1: a major grape grower, and shen Ley Industries, which made

413
00:25:30,200 --> 00:25:33,800
Speaker 1: wine and spirits, and then from there, the farm workers

414
00:25:33,920 --> 00:25:37,399
Speaker 1: at first tried to encourage a boycott of only the

415
00:25:37,520 --> 00:25:41,000
Speaker 1: table grapes from growers who were refusing to negotiate with

416
00:25:41,080 --> 00:25:44,959
Speaker 1: the union. That turned out to be just impossible for

417
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Speaker 1: consumers to keep up with. Like people would go to

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Speaker 1: the grocery store and have no like who even grew

419
00:25:49,600 --> 00:25:52,840
Speaker 1: these grapes? I don't know. Uh So, by nineteen sixty eight,

420
00:25:52,880 --> 00:25:56,680
Speaker 1: the boycott had expanded to include all table grapes grown

421
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Speaker 1: in California. As was the case with the strike, the

422
00:26:00,040 --> 00:26:03,800
Speaker 1: union had support from other organizations in arranging and maintaining

423
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Speaker 1: this boycott. For example, in nineteen sixty five, the n

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00:26:07,480 --> 00:26:11,120
Speaker 1: double a CP distributed a flyer that read, quote California

425
00:26:11,160 --> 00:26:14,200
Speaker 1: table grapes were picked by people working ten hours a

426
00:26:14,280 --> 00:26:16,800
Speaker 1: day in the fields with no breaks and no toilets.

427
00:26:17,440 --> 00:26:20,200
Speaker 1: Even if everyone in the family works, the family can

428
00:26:20,240 --> 00:26:24,359
Speaker 1: only earn six hundred to eighteen hundred dollars a year.

429
00:26:25,000 --> 00:26:27,480
Speaker 1: The family is forced to go on welfare while the

430
00:26:27,480 --> 00:26:31,560
Speaker 1: growers earned millions help farm workers get off welfare and

431
00:26:31,600 --> 00:26:34,639
Speaker 1: get a living wage and decent working conditions through a

432
00:26:34,720 --> 00:26:39,159
Speaker 1: recognition of their union don't buy California table grapes. The

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Speaker 1: Black Panther Party also supported this boycott. In nineteen sixty nine,

434
00:26:43,480 --> 00:26:47,760
Speaker 1: the secondary boycott targeted Safeway stores, which were the biggest

435
00:26:47,880 --> 00:26:51,320
Speaker 1: purchaser of California table grapes after the U. S Department

436
00:26:51,320 --> 00:26:55,480
Speaker 1: of Defense. The Black Panthers supported the Safeway boycott both

437
00:26:55,560 --> 00:26:58,920
Speaker 1: out of solidarity with the farm workers, which they had

438
00:26:58,960 --> 00:27:01,479
Speaker 1: been in solidary with the farm workers from the beginning,

439
00:27:01,960 --> 00:27:05,439
Speaker 1: and also because safe Way had refused to donate to

440
00:27:05,480 --> 00:27:10,080
Speaker 1: their school breakfast programs. A safe Way store in Oakland, California,

441
00:27:10,119 --> 00:27:14,760
Speaker 1: closed during the boycott as Black Panthers picketed outside and

442
00:27:14,840 --> 00:27:19,320
Speaker 1: also offered to drive customers to another store that wasn't

443
00:27:19,400 --> 00:27:23,280
Speaker 1: selling boycotted grapes and then drive them home. Again afterward.

444
00:27:24,040 --> 00:27:27,480
Speaker 1: This was all part of ongoing mutual support between the

445
00:27:27,480 --> 00:27:32,760
Speaker 1: Black Panthers and the United farm Workers. I know, I

446
00:27:32,800 --> 00:27:36,119
Speaker 1: love it so much. Also, this is like kind of

447
00:27:36,160 --> 00:27:39,639
Speaker 1: these are two organizations that, like to an outside observer,

448
00:27:39,680 --> 00:27:42,840
Speaker 1: you wouldn't necessarily think would be working together because the

449
00:27:42,960 --> 00:27:47,880
Speaker 1: United farm Workers were all talking about non violent direct

450
00:27:48,000 --> 00:27:53,719
Speaker 1: action and the Black Panther Party's philosophy included self defense

451
00:27:53,720 --> 00:27:57,680
Speaker 1: with violence if necessary. And like Caesar Chavez, it was like, yes,

452
00:27:57,760 --> 00:28:00,600
Speaker 1: sometimes non violence can include standing up for somebody else,

453
00:28:00,920 --> 00:28:03,280
Speaker 1: which I thought was a great thing to say. And

454
00:28:03,320 --> 00:28:06,199
Speaker 1: it's also like we had rural farm workers and a

455
00:28:06,280 --> 00:28:10,600
Speaker 1: much more urban organization. They were not necessarily people you

456
00:28:10,600 --> 00:28:14,000
Speaker 1: would immediately think of as working together without knowing more

457
00:28:14,040 --> 00:28:18,160
Speaker 1: about it. Meanwhile, the Union was organizing on a national level.

458
00:28:18,720 --> 00:28:21,920
Speaker 1: For example, Doloras Whorta traveled to New York and convinced

459
00:28:21,920 --> 00:28:25,159
Speaker 1: the Central Labor Council, the Meat Cutters Union, and the

460
00:28:25,200 --> 00:28:29,639
Speaker 1: Seafarers Union to essentially blockade California's grape shipment in the

461
00:28:29,680 --> 00:28:34,040
Speaker 1: spring of nineteen She also organized a secondary boycott of

462
00:28:34,080 --> 00:28:38,080
Speaker 1: the A and P. Grocery store chain in Boston. Activists

463
00:28:38,200 --> 00:28:42,040
Speaker 1: staged a Boston grape party. Yes, we just love throwing

464
00:28:42,080 --> 00:28:48,080
Speaker 1: some stuff into the harbor. Women had been a huge

465
00:28:48,080 --> 00:28:50,920
Speaker 1: part of the grape strike from the beginning. In addition

466
00:28:50,960 --> 00:28:53,440
Speaker 1: to the leadership of people like Dolora s. Wuerta, a

467
00:28:53,520 --> 00:28:56,600
Speaker 1: lot of the Mexican grape workers were married, and especially

468
00:28:56,680 --> 00:28:59,840
Speaker 1: during the harvest, the entire family would be working in

469
00:28:59,840 --> 00:29:04,120
Speaker 1: the fields, including wives and children. So women marched and

470
00:29:04,280 --> 00:29:08,040
Speaker 1: organized during the boycott. They were also really instrumental in

471
00:29:08,240 --> 00:29:11,360
Speaker 1: rallying the support of middle class women who were doing

472
00:29:11,400 --> 00:29:16,120
Speaker 1: their families grocery shopping all over the country. On February fifteenth,

473
00:29:16,440 --> 00:29:20,600
Speaker 1: nineteen sixty eight, Caesar Chavez started a penitent fast, also

474
00:29:20,640 --> 00:29:23,720
Speaker 1: described as a hunger strike. It went on for twenty

475
00:29:23,720 --> 00:29:27,720
Speaker 1: five days, with a Catholic mass held nearby every day.

476
00:29:27,880 --> 00:29:30,280
Speaker 1: Robert F. Kennedy, who was at the time a Senator

477
00:29:30,320 --> 00:29:32,720
Speaker 1: from New York and part of the Senate Labor Committee,

478
00:29:32,960 --> 00:29:36,120
Speaker 1: made multiple trips to Delano during the strike and was

479
00:29:36,200 --> 00:29:40,200
Speaker 1: present with Chaves when he ended his fast. The following June,

480
00:29:40,320 --> 00:29:43,920
Speaker 1: Kennedy was assassinated during a celebration at the Ambassador Hotel.

481
00:29:44,360 --> 00:29:48,760
Speaker 1: After winning the California and South Dakota presidential primaries. Both

482
00:29:48,760 --> 00:29:52,280
Speaker 1: Caesar Chavez and Dolor s Puerta had attended the celebration.

483
00:29:52,840 --> 00:29:57,400
Speaker 1: In October of nineteen sixty eight, Safeway stores successfully sued

484
00:29:57,480 --> 00:30:00,480
Speaker 1: to limit the number of picketers who could be outside

485
00:30:00,480 --> 00:30:04,760
Speaker 1: of their businesses, so the union changed tactics. Instead of

486
00:30:04,800 --> 00:30:08,280
Speaker 1: picketing the stores and groups, they would send individual people,

487
00:30:08,680 --> 00:30:11,760
Speaker 1: nicely dressed to talk to the shoppers, one at a time.

488
00:30:12,440 --> 00:30:15,440
Speaker 1: By that point, the boycott was successful enough that growers

489
00:30:15,480 --> 00:30:18,479
Speaker 1: were trying to sell their grapes in Europe instead, and

490
00:30:18,640 --> 00:30:22,320
Speaker 1: that led the boycott to go international. Delano Grape Workers

491
00:30:22,400 --> 00:30:27,160
Speaker 1: designated May tenth, nineteen sixty nine as International Boycott Day.

492
00:30:27,320 --> 00:30:30,280
Speaker 1: A proclamation on the day read in part, if this

493
00:30:30,400 --> 00:30:33,320
Speaker 1: road we chart leads to the rights and reforms we demand,

494
00:30:33,600 --> 00:30:37,480
Speaker 1: If it leads to just wages, humane working conditions, protection

495
00:30:37,560 --> 00:30:41,240
Speaker 1: from the misuse of pesticides, and the fundamental right of

496
00:30:41,280 --> 00:30:45,160
Speaker 1: collective bargaining. If it changes the social order that regulates

497
00:30:45,240 --> 00:30:48,080
Speaker 1: us to the bottom reaches of society, then in our

498
00:30:48,080 --> 00:30:52,320
Speaker 1: wake will follow thousands of American farm workers. Our example

499
00:30:52,440 --> 00:30:57,000
Speaker 1: will make them free. In nine seventy, after five years

500
00:30:57,040 --> 00:31:01,280
Speaker 1: of strikes and boycott's eighty five scent of table grape

501
00:31:01,320 --> 00:31:05,680
Speaker 1: ranchers and California signed contracts with the United farm Workers.

502
00:31:06,240 --> 00:31:08,600
Speaker 1: Most of the signings took place at the United farm

503
00:31:08,600 --> 00:31:12,160
Speaker 1: Workers headquarters in Delano, which is a compound known as

504
00:31:12,200 --> 00:31:15,120
Speaker 1: the forty Acres Built in Land that was acquired in

505
00:31:15,200 --> 00:31:19,120
Speaker 1: nineteen six six. It's no longer there their actual headquarters,

506
00:31:19,160 --> 00:31:22,680
Speaker 1: but it's on the National Register of Historic Places. These

507
00:31:22,960 --> 00:31:27,680
Speaker 1: contracts raised workers pay, protected them from pesticide exposure, and

508
00:31:27,880 --> 00:31:32,200
Speaker 1: established union run hiring halls rather than having workers come

509
00:31:32,200 --> 00:31:36,280
Speaker 1: in through those contractors. Growers also had to fund healthcare

510
00:31:36,400 --> 00:31:40,400
Speaker 1: plans and provide freshwater and toilets in the fields. These

511
00:31:40,440 --> 00:31:44,120
Speaker 1: contracts also set up funding for the Palo Agbayani Retirement

512
00:31:44,200 --> 00:31:47,120
Speaker 1: Village for migrant farm workers. It was named for a

513
00:31:47,120 --> 00:31:49,520
Speaker 1: worker who died of a heart attack during the strike.

514
00:31:50,160 --> 00:31:53,760
Speaker 1: The retirement village opened in nineteen five, although there was

515
00:31:53,840 --> 00:31:57,280
Speaker 1: some disagreement about how it was run. Among other things,

516
00:31:57,400 --> 00:32:00,680
Speaker 1: rent was higher than for an apartment in town. Rent

517
00:32:00,760 --> 00:32:02,680
Speaker 1: was also lower for people who had been in the

518
00:32:02,760 --> 00:32:06,360
Speaker 1: union for the whole strike, which some people regarded as unfair.

519
00:32:07,080 --> 00:32:09,000
Speaker 1: People were like, there were all kinds of reasons that

520
00:32:09,080 --> 00:32:12,840
Speaker 1: somebody might not be in the union for some point

521
00:32:12,920 --> 00:32:18,240
Speaker 1: during that time, many Filipino workers also saw the union

522
00:32:18,280 --> 00:32:22,280
Speaker 1: hall hiring system as a step backward for them. Previously,

523
00:32:22,360 --> 00:32:26,719
Speaker 1: Filipino workers had formed crews that often worked together for years,

524
00:32:27,160 --> 00:32:29,800
Speaker 1: with one of their own essentially acting as a foreman

525
00:32:30,080 --> 00:32:34,880
Speaker 1: and helping negotiate with growers and contractors. The hiring hall system,

526
00:32:35,040 --> 00:32:38,400
Speaker 1: which was meant to be more equitable, broke up those crews,

527
00:32:38,480 --> 00:32:41,280
Speaker 1: and it relegated men who had acted as foreman to

528
00:32:41,320 --> 00:32:45,000
Speaker 1: serve in a more junior status. In some cases, Filipino

529
00:32:45,120 --> 00:32:48,280
Speaker 1: workers weren't considered to have enough seniority in the union

530
00:32:48,560 --> 00:32:52,160
Speaker 1: to be prioritized for work assignments, even though they had

531
00:32:52,160 --> 00:32:54,520
Speaker 1: been working in the grape industry for decades. At that point,

532
00:32:55,240 --> 00:32:59,160
Speaker 1: there was an overall perception among Filipinos that this new

533
00:32:59,240 --> 00:33:02,840
Speaker 1: hiring system was unfair. Other people regarded it more as

534
00:33:02,880 --> 00:33:06,040
Speaker 1: like now everyone was on the same playing field. Many

535
00:33:06,120 --> 00:33:09,640
Speaker 1: Filipino workers also regarded the United farm Workers as more

536
00:33:09,680 --> 00:33:12,920
Speaker 1: focused on the needs of Mexican workers than on Filipinos.

537
00:33:13,480 --> 00:33:16,560
Speaker 1: When the two unions first merged, there were Filipinos among

538
00:33:16,600 --> 00:33:19,959
Speaker 1: the leadership, including Larry it Long and Philip Vera Cruz,

539
00:33:20,680 --> 00:33:24,360
Speaker 1: but over time the Filipino leadership left the organization, and

540
00:33:24,480 --> 00:33:27,040
Speaker 1: many Filipino members didn't feel as though they had a

541
00:33:27,120 --> 00:33:31,840
Speaker 1: voice anymore. This perception was worsened when Caesar Chavez visited

542
00:33:31,840 --> 00:33:36,400
Speaker 1: Philippines dictator Ferdinand Marcos in nineteen seventy seven and said

543
00:33:36,440 --> 00:33:40,080
Speaker 1: that he thought Marcos' martial law was quote really helping people.

544
00:33:40,960 --> 00:33:45,120
Speaker 1: Chavez's overall legacy, including his later years, is complicated, and

545
00:33:45,160 --> 00:33:47,880
Speaker 1: of course, the outside the scope of what we're talking

546
00:33:47,920 --> 00:33:50,800
Speaker 1: about here, Yeah, if if we did a whole episode

547
00:33:50,840 --> 00:33:53,040
Speaker 1: that was just on him, of course, stuff that we

548
00:33:53,040 --> 00:33:56,920
Speaker 1: would dive into. The legacy of the Delano grape strike

549
00:33:57,000 --> 00:34:00,440
Speaker 1: is also a little complicated. After the strike was over,

550
00:34:00,840 --> 00:34:03,840
Speaker 1: the United farm Workers moved on to trying to organize

551
00:34:04,040 --> 00:34:08,440
Speaker 1: lettuce workers. The lettuce growers were afraid of a replay

552
00:34:08,520 --> 00:34:11,040
Speaker 1: of the Delano strike in Boycott, and a lot of

553
00:34:11,080 --> 00:34:16,920
Speaker 1: them quickly signed labor contracts with the Teamsters instead. This

554
00:34:17,000 --> 00:34:21,279
Speaker 1: led to a huge and sometimes violent conflict between the

555
00:34:21,400 --> 00:34:24,879
Speaker 1: United farm Workers and the Teamsters, with the United farm

556
00:34:24,880 --> 00:34:30,360
Speaker 1: Workers prominence and prestige declining over time as the Teamsters

557
00:34:30,400 --> 00:34:34,040
Speaker 1: secured more and more of these contracts. By nineteen seventy four,

558
00:34:34,239 --> 00:34:37,400
Speaker 1: Jerry Brown was running for Governor of California with a

559
00:34:37,480 --> 00:34:41,120
Speaker 1: platform that included bringing peace to the fields because of

560
00:34:41,120 --> 00:34:45,000
Speaker 1: all this. At the same time, this strike also contributed

561
00:34:45,080 --> 00:34:48,800
Speaker 1: to the passage of the nineteen seventy five California Agricultural

562
00:34:48,960 --> 00:34:52,920
Speaker 1: Labor Relations Act, which was the first time agricultural workers

563
00:34:52,920 --> 00:34:57,000
Speaker 1: in the United States were given collective bargaining rights. However,

564
00:34:57,200 --> 00:35:01,399
Speaker 1: only a few states have similar legislation. Farm Workers are

565
00:35:01,440 --> 00:35:04,719
Speaker 1: still not covered by the National Labor Relations Act, and

566
00:35:04,800 --> 00:35:08,000
Speaker 1: they were excluded from the Fair Labor Standards Act until

567
00:35:08,080 --> 00:35:12,880
Speaker 1: nineteen sixty six. The Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection

568
00:35:12,920 --> 00:35:17,640
Speaker 1: Act of nineteen eight three offers some very basic protections,

569
00:35:17,680 --> 00:35:20,960
Speaker 1: including that employers have to register with the Department of Labor,

570
00:35:21,320 --> 00:35:24,840
Speaker 1: disclose information about pay an hour's upfront and in writing,

571
00:35:25,280 --> 00:35:29,399
Speaker 1: and meet basic standards for both transportation and housing. Yeah,

572
00:35:29,400 --> 00:35:32,120
Speaker 1: there's basic standards are things like like you have to

573
00:35:32,320 --> 00:35:35,080
Speaker 1: your vehicle has to be in a safe enough condition

574
00:35:35,200 --> 00:35:40,160
Speaker 1: to like pass whatever is the state inspection. The protections

575
00:35:40,200 --> 00:35:43,920
Speaker 1: that are offered in that act are obviously important that

576
00:35:44,040 --> 00:35:48,879
Speaker 1: they are not of the same scope as the protections

577
00:35:48,920 --> 00:35:51,319
Speaker 1: that people who are working in other industries get under

578
00:35:51,760 --> 00:35:55,439
Speaker 1: federal law. Um So, yeah, that's the Delano grape strike.

579
00:35:55,520 --> 00:35:58,680
Speaker 1: It was part of a huge farm worker movement that

580
00:35:58,800 --> 00:36:01,279
Speaker 1: was you know, all can acted to the rights of

581
00:36:01,680 --> 00:36:04,880
Speaker 1: farm workers and people who UM as the pandemic that

582
00:36:05,000 --> 00:36:07,799
Speaker 1: is ongoing right now, it's just highlighted for people are

583
00:36:07,800 --> 00:36:12,279
Speaker 1: absolutely essential workers UM and are frankly not valued enough

584
00:36:12,640 --> 00:36:15,279
Speaker 1: for that work. Do you have a listener mail for us,

585
00:36:15,280 --> 00:36:18,520
Speaker 1: Miss Tracy? I do. This is from Sama. I hope

586
00:36:18,560 --> 00:36:22,279
Speaker 1: I've said your name right, says Holly and Tracy. I

587
00:36:22,320 --> 00:36:23,920
Speaker 1: was just listening. I don't know why I said that

588
00:36:23,960 --> 00:36:27,279
Speaker 1: in such a tone. I'm like, what did I do wrong?

589
00:36:29,640 --> 00:36:31,440
Speaker 1: How do I just put on a little voice with it?

590
00:36:31,560 --> 00:36:35,280
Speaker 1: So okay? The emails. So I was just finishing listening

591
00:36:35,280 --> 00:36:37,560
Speaker 1: to the tear Gas episode when I realized I had

592
00:36:37,560 --> 00:36:39,200
Speaker 1: meant to take a few minutes to drop you a

593
00:36:39,239 --> 00:36:41,799
Speaker 1: note way back when I heard the B episode and

594
00:36:41,840 --> 00:36:44,279
Speaker 1: then never did. It's pretty rare that I have any

595
00:36:44,280 --> 00:36:47,120
Speaker 1: connection to episodes other than enjoyment, but you had two

596
00:36:47,120 --> 00:36:49,520
Speaker 1: episodes in a row that hit close to home for me.

597
00:36:49,920 --> 00:36:52,760
Speaker 1: First the B episode. My niece has become an avid

598
00:36:52,840 --> 00:36:56,880
Speaker 1: B enthusiast. Specifically, she's created a four h project involving

599
00:36:56,960 --> 00:37:00,759
Speaker 1: creating mason By houses she distributes to people who make

600
00:37:00,800 --> 00:37:04,360
Speaker 1: a pledge to create pollinator friendly yards and gardens in

601
00:37:04,400 --> 00:37:08,120
Speaker 1: her home county in Minnesota. The B and B project

602
00:37:08,239 --> 00:37:10,560
Speaker 1: has been a lot of fun for her and has

603
00:37:10,560 --> 00:37:14,759
Speaker 1: opened several doors as well as several for H Fair ribbons.

604
00:37:14,800 --> 00:37:18,439
Speaker 1: She was recently named a four H pollinator and ambassador.

605
00:37:18,960 --> 00:37:22,560
Speaker 1: Second was the practice Baby episode we mentioned my alma

606
00:37:22,600 --> 00:37:26,880
Speaker 1: mater of the University of Wisconsin Stout previously Stout University.

607
00:37:26,960 --> 00:37:29,560
Speaker 1: It was named for a lumber baron. It is now

608
00:37:29,600 --> 00:37:34,080
Speaker 1: the quote premier polytechnic university of the US with growing

609
00:37:34,120 --> 00:37:37,080
Speaker 1: degrees and things like packaging. One of the most popular

610
00:37:37,120 --> 00:37:41,640
Speaker 1: degrees it offers is an golf course management. Yes really. Interestingly,

611
00:37:41,760 --> 00:37:46,040
Speaker 1: Stout still features some metal railings from Carnegie Steele in

612
00:37:46,080 --> 00:37:49,120
Speaker 1: Bowman Hall. Thanks for making mundane tasks in the drive

613
00:37:49,160 --> 00:37:52,200
Speaker 1: into work less mundane. I greatly appreciate it. Thank you

614
00:37:52,280 --> 00:37:56,480
Speaker 1: so much for this email. Uh. Having been a four

615
00:37:56,680 --> 00:37:59,800
Speaker 1: H kid, I love to hear about people's four age projects.

616
00:38:01,200 --> 00:38:05,120
Speaker 1: That sounds awesome. It sounds so good. Um when I

617
00:38:05,280 --> 00:38:08,480
Speaker 1: like when I was a child getting a ribbon at

618
00:38:08,480 --> 00:38:11,160
Speaker 1: the fair and something I had done for four H

619
00:38:11,440 --> 00:38:14,279
Speaker 1: was just like the highlight of my entire autumn. Now,

620
00:38:14,320 --> 00:38:17,400
Speaker 1: I want to know what you got ribbons in, UM.

621
00:38:17,440 --> 00:38:22,120
Speaker 1: I got ribbons for um a few different outfits that

622
00:38:22,239 --> 00:38:25,600
Speaker 1: I made UM for four h projects. I would have

623
00:38:25,640 --> 00:38:28,360
Speaker 1: been still in like late elementary school, I feel like

624
00:38:28,360 --> 00:38:31,239
Speaker 1: at that point, so they were very simple outfits. UM.

625
00:38:31,280 --> 00:38:34,240
Speaker 1: I don't think I I escalated in sewing skill nearly

626
00:38:34,280 --> 00:38:37,520
Speaker 1: as quickly as you did, UM, because I don't like

627
00:38:37,560 --> 00:38:40,200
Speaker 1: I had not even put in a zipper until I

628
00:38:40,239 --> 00:38:45,960
Speaker 1: was a grown adult person. I'm making surprised face, how

629
00:38:46,000 --> 00:38:53,760
Speaker 1: did your barbies get dressed? Um? So? And I think

630
00:38:54,719 --> 00:38:58,440
Speaker 1: I like I most remember the outfits because I had

631
00:38:58,440 --> 00:39:01,279
Speaker 1: to put them all together for four age projects with

632
00:39:01,320 --> 00:39:03,560
Speaker 1: like a little a little description of everything and like

633
00:39:03,640 --> 00:39:08,200
Speaker 1: little swatches of the material. I'm gesticulating as though listeners

634
00:39:08,200 --> 00:39:10,480
Speaker 1: can see what I'm doing with my hands. But then

635
00:39:10,560 --> 00:39:12,960
Speaker 1: also there were times that my dad would give my

636
00:39:13,040 --> 00:39:16,480
Speaker 1: brother uh and me a row in our garden that

637
00:39:16,600 --> 00:39:18,520
Speaker 1: was our row. And I think there might have been

638
00:39:18,560 --> 00:39:21,520
Speaker 1: some times that I entered produce that I had grown

639
00:39:21,920 --> 00:39:25,480
Speaker 1: nice and got like children's I know for sure there

640
00:39:25,480 --> 00:39:28,160
Speaker 1: were times that my dad entered produce he had grown

641
00:39:28,520 --> 00:39:34,000
Speaker 1: and got awards for yes. So yeah, that's our four

642
00:39:34,080 --> 00:39:39,360
Speaker 1: age family. I guess that's super appropriate for this episode

643
00:39:39,400 --> 00:39:43,000
Speaker 1: since a lot of four H kids are in rural

644
00:39:43,040 --> 00:39:46,520
Speaker 1: areas and are living more in farming oriented communities a

645
00:39:46,520 --> 00:39:48,880
Speaker 1: lot of the time. See, we had a little farm,

646
00:39:48,920 --> 00:39:52,320
Speaker 1: but I didn't do for H like I entered stuff

647
00:39:52,400 --> 00:39:54,560
Speaker 1: in the fair, but I did it as like an

648
00:39:54,560 --> 00:39:59,399
Speaker 1: independent am I remembering rightly that you were a campfire girl,

649
00:39:59,640 --> 00:40:02,960
Speaker 1: I was I camp fire girl. Um. Yeah, I got

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Speaker 1: to a point where my mom was like, you need

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00:40:04,800 --> 00:40:08,080
Speaker 1: to choose between four H and girl Scouts because it's

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Speaker 1: like two was too much. I think it might have

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Speaker 1: just been hurt too much for for her to manage

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Speaker 1: for me, not like too much load on me as

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Speaker 1: a person. I'm not driving you to everything all the time. Well,

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00:40:22,120 --> 00:40:24,400
Speaker 1: and because we were in a more rural area, everything

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00:40:24,440 --> 00:40:27,080
Speaker 1: that needed to be driven to was kind of far

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Speaker 1: so anyway, UM, if you would like to write to

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Speaker 1: us about this or any other podcast, where History podcast

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Speaker 1: at iHeart radio dot com and then we're all over

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Speaker 1: social media at miss in History is where you'll find

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Speaker 1: our Facebook and our Pinterest, and our Twitter and our Instagram,

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Speaker 1: and i heart radio app, and anywhere else to get podcasts.

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Speaker 1: Stuff you missed in History Class is a production of

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Speaker 1: I heart Radio. For more podcasts from i heart Radio,

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Speaker 1: visit the iHeart Radio app, Apple podcast, or wherever you

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Speaker 1: listen to your favorite shows. H