1 00:00:01,080 --> 00:00:04,040 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class from how 2 00:00:04,120 --> 00:00:13,960 Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:14,160 --> 00:00:17,320 Speaker 1: I'm trec Vie Wilson. Come, I'm Holly Frying. Today we're 4 00:00:17,320 --> 00:00:19,360 Speaker 1: going to talk about one of those people who have 5 00:00:19,520 --> 00:00:23,480 Speaker 1: been requested so many times. Yes, we cannot say all 6 00:00:23,480 --> 00:00:27,760 Speaker 1: the people who have requested would almost be its own podcast. Yes, 7 00:00:28,320 --> 00:00:31,320 Speaker 1: and that person is Jane Adams. And she's one of 8 00:00:31,320 --> 00:00:35,519 Speaker 1: those people who accomplished so much during her lifetime and 9 00:00:35,680 --> 00:00:38,800 Speaker 1: was so beloved for most of it that it's really 10 00:00:38,840 --> 00:00:41,440 Speaker 1: hard to sum her up in just a couple of sentences, 11 00:00:41,479 --> 00:00:43,440 Speaker 1: like we often try to do at the beginning of 12 00:00:43,479 --> 00:00:46,839 Speaker 1: our podcast. She was one of the foremost women in 13 00:00:46,920 --> 00:00:51,160 Speaker 1: America's progressive era, which is when thinkers and activists were 14 00:00:51,159 --> 00:00:53,840 Speaker 1: really working to address all these problems that had been 15 00:00:53,840 --> 00:00:59,240 Speaker 1: brought on by urbanization and industrialization. So progressives were working 16 00:00:59,280 --> 00:01:04,840 Speaker 1: to combat violence, poverty, greed, class warfare, racism, and a 17 00:01:04,880 --> 00:01:08,440 Speaker 1: lot of other social issues, and Jane Adams made meaningful 18 00:01:08,560 --> 00:01:12,759 Speaker 1: contributions to all of these. Yeah, her accomplishments were really prolific. 19 00:01:13,680 --> 00:01:15,400 Speaker 1: One of the big ones is that she co founded 20 00:01:15,480 --> 00:01:18,920 Speaker 1: Hull House, which was America's most well known and influential 21 00:01:19,000 --> 00:01:23,800 Speaker 1: social settlement. She also wrote eleven books and numerous articles, 22 00:01:23,880 --> 00:01:28,160 Speaker 1: and she was a frequent speaker on issues relating to women, children, immigrants, 23 00:01:28,160 --> 00:01:32,480 Speaker 1: and the poor. She founded or helped found social organizations 24 00:01:32,520 --> 00:01:36,000 Speaker 1: that still exist today, including the National Association for the 25 00:01:36,040 --> 00:01:38,440 Speaker 1: Advancement of Colored People otherwise known as the INN double 26 00:01:38,440 --> 00:01:41,520 Speaker 1: a CP, and the American Civil Liberties Unions. So when 27 00:01:41,560 --> 00:01:43,000 Speaker 1: you hear people talk about the a c l U, 28 00:01:43,319 --> 00:01:45,680 Speaker 1: Jane Adams had a big hand in its founding, and 29 00:01:45,840 --> 00:01:49,160 Speaker 1: she was also an officer or board member on many 30 00:01:49,240 --> 00:01:52,600 Speaker 1: many other organizations. Uh. And she was the first American 31 00:01:52,640 --> 00:01:57,280 Speaker 1: woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize. So yes, Tracy said, 32 00:01:57,320 --> 00:01:59,120 Speaker 1: not one that's easy to sum up in a sentence 33 00:01:59,200 --> 00:02:03,160 Speaker 1: or two. So her popularity was not completely universal, though 34 00:02:03,320 --> 00:02:05,920 Speaker 1: by World War One she was just as likely to 35 00:02:05,960 --> 00:02:09,240 Speaker 1: be called, in the words of FBI director Jaeder Hoover, 36 00:02:09,880 --> 00:02:13,680 Speaker 1: the most dangerous woman in America. We'll talk more about 37 00:02:13,720 --> 00:02:16,200 Speaker 1: that in the second part of this two parter, but 38 00:02:16,360 --> 00:02:19,040 Speaker 1: today we will look at Hull House and the social 39 00:02:19,080 --> 00:02:23,120 Speaker 1: settlement movement in America. So we'll start at the beginning, 40 00:02:23,880 --> 00:02:26,919 Speaker 1: which is where she was born. She was originally born 41 00:02:27,000 --> 00:02:29,800 Speaker 1: Laura Jane Adams in Cedarville, Illinois, and that was on 42 00:02:29,880 --> 00:02:33,520 Speaker 1: September six of eighteen sixty uh. Cedarville was a very 43 00:02:33,560 --> 00:02:37,240 Speaker 1: small farming community in the northwestern part of Illinois, not 44 00:02:37,440 --> 00:02:41,720 Speaker 1: far south from the Wisconsin state line. Her parents were 45 00:02:41,800 --> 00:02:45,560 Speaker 1: John Hueie Adams and Sarah Weber. Her father was a 46 00:02:45,560 --> 00:02:49,000 Speaker 1: well off industrialist. He owned a grain mill and had 47 00:02:49,080 --> 00:02:51,240 Speaker 1: interest in a bank as well as a number of 48 00:02:51,280 --> 00:02:54,840 Speaker 1: other investments, and he was a state senator for sixteen years. 49 00:02:55,720 --> 00:02:59,440 Speaker 1: Sarah died when Jane was two, and John remarried, this 50 00:02:59,520 --> 00:03:02,960 Speaker 1: time to widow named Anna Holdeman in eighteen sixty eight. 51 00:03:03,320 --> 00:03:07,720 Speaker 1: So they were really an educated, affluent family. And Jane 52 00:03:07,760 --> 00:03:10,960 Speaker 1: was born with this final defect, which was corrected resurgery 53 00:03:10,960 --> 00:03:13,919 Speaker 1: when she was quite young. But her health throughout her 54 00:03:14,000 --> 00:03:18,800 Speaker 1: life was often poor. She didn't really uh enjoy robust 55 00:03:18,840 --> 00:03:24,160 Speaker 1: good health. She started college at Rockford Female Seminary in 56 00:03:24,360 --> 00:03:28,079 Speaker 1: eighteen seventy seven. She served as class president for all 57 00:03:28,120 --> 00:03:30,640 Speaker 1: her four of her years there, and she edited the 58 00:03:30,680 --> 00:03:34,679 Speaker 1: school magazine and served as president of the literary Society. 59 00:03:35,160 --> 00:03:39,000 Speaker 1: She graduated in eighteen eighty one. Uh. And you know, 60 00:03:39,120 --> 00:03:42,080 Speaker 1: just for reference, it was pretty uncommon for the time period, 61 00:03:42,200 --> 00:03:45,480 Speaker 1: even among affluent women to have achieved that. She was 62 00:03:45,520 --> 00:03:48,920 Speaker 1: also the valed Ectorian, and in eighteen eighty two, when 63 00:03:48,960 --> 00:03:52,080 Speaker 1: the school's program became accredited and it became known as 64 00:03:52,160 --> 00:03:55,520 Speaker 1: Rockford College for Women, she became the first person to 65 00:03:55,640 --> 00:03:59,200 Speaker 1: receive its back laureate degree, and today Rockford College for 66 00:03:59,240 --> 00:04:03,040 Speaker 1: Women is Rockford University. And Jane had been raised in 67 00:04:03,040 --> 00:04:05,760 Speaker 1: a Christian household, and her family had instilled in her 68 00:04:05,840 --> 00:04:09,440 Speaker 1: a deep sense of Christian values along with the sense 69 00:04:09,440 --> 00:04:13,520 Speaker 1: of importance of community involvement in the arts, and after graduation, 70 00:04:13,680 --> 00:04:16,240 Speaker 1: she wanted to find a secular way to put all 71 00:04:16,240 --> 00:04:19,560 Speaker 1: of those ideals into practice, rather than becoming a teacher 72 00:04:19,680 --> 00:04:22,119 Speaker 1: or a missionary, and at a time, those were really 73 00:04:22,160 --> 00:04:26,000 Speaker 1: the only two socially acceptable options for an educated woman 74 00:04:26,120 --> 00:04:29,920 Speaker 1: in terms of life work at this point in American history. 75 00:04:30,440 --> 00:04:32,840 Speaker 1: Her only other option really would have been to return 76 00:04:32,920 --> 00:04:37,080 Speaker 1: home and care for family. So, as you might imagine, 77 00:04:37,160 --> 00:04:40,240 Speaker 1: for someone who had gone to college and done so 78 00:04:40,600 --> 00:04:43,520 Speaker 1: very well to have such limited options, this was a 79 00:04:43,520 --> 00:04:46,880 Speaker 1: really frustrating time in her life, and she spent the 80 00:04:46,920 --> 00:04:49,760 Speaker 1: next few years trying to figure out what her path 81 00:04:49,839 --> 00:04:53,159 Speaker 1: would be. So she dabbled a little bit in travel 82 00:04:53,279 --> 00:04:56,400 Speaker 1: and medical study. She actually had to abandon her medical 83 00:04:56,440 --> 00:05:00,080 Speaker 1: study because of her health. She also read extens of 84 00:05:00,200 --> 00:05:02,800 Speaker 1: Lee and sadly was in and out of the hospital 85 00:05:02,880 --> 00:05:05,600 Speaker 1: during this time. This is a period of years of 86 00:05:05,920 --> 00:05:08,720 Speaker 1: soul searching and trying to figure out what she could 87 00:05:08,720 --> 00:05:12,440 Speaker 1: do that would be acceptable for her to do, that 88 00:05:12,560 --> 00:05:17,240 Speaker 1: would also fulfill her Yeah, and finally, while traveling in London, 89 00:05:17,320 --> 00:05:19,760 Speaker 1: it came to her all of these ideas and these 90 00:05:19,800 --> 00:05:24,159 Speaker 1: thoughts and desire she had coalesced into a decision to 91 00:05:24,240 --> 00:05:27,719 Speaker 1: start a social settlement. So let's talk about social settlements 92 00:05:27,760 --> 00:05:30,080 Speaker 1: for a minute. Yes, indeed, they got their start in 93 00:05:30,160 --> 00:05:33,520 Speaker 1: England in the eighteen eighties. The first was Toynbee Hall, 94 00:05:33,560 --> 00:05:36,960 Speaker 1: which was in East London and that actually still exists today. 95 00:05:37,279 --> 00:05:41,080 Speaker 1: And the idea behind them is that educated, middle class 96 00:05:41,120 --> 00:05:43,800 Speaker 1: people who were quite affluent compared to the people in 97 00:05:43,839 --> 00:05:47,880 Speaker 1: the neighborhood surrounding these settlements would move to a more urban, 98 00:05:48,040 --> 00:05:51,600 Speaker 1: lower income area and in doing so they would also 99 00:05:51,680 --> 00:05:54,919 Speaker 1: provide help and service to the people living there. The 100 00:05:55,120 --> 00:05:58,440 Speaker 1: residents of the settlement would stay there anywhere from say 101 00:05:58,480 --> 00:06:02,360 Speaker 1: a year to their entire lives, and they were generally 102 00:06:02,400 --> 00:06:05,359 Speaker 1: motivated by a desire to contribute to the community and 103 00:06:05,400 --> 00:06:08,320 Speaker 1: to try to bridge the gap between the different classes. 104 00:06:09,200 --> 00:06:11,719 Speaker 1: Some of the residents had jobs somewhere else in the city, 105 00:06:12,200 --> 00:06:15,560 Speaker 1: and most of them volunteered their time towards the services 106 00:06:15,600 --> 00:06:18,719 Speaker 1: that the settlement was providing to the neighborhood. So the 107 00:06:18,760 --> 00:06:21,880 Speaker 1: settlement would provide all kinds of support and aid to 108 00:06:21,920 --> 00:06:26,479 Speaker 1: the surrounding community, like classes and childcare and employment help 109 00:06:26,960 --> 00:06:31,760 Speaker 1: and libraries. They also often provided a place for logo 110 00:06:31,880 --> 00:06:33,920 Speaker 1: groups and clubs to meet, So it was a very 111 00:06:33,960 --> 00:06:37,560 Speaker 1: community building endeavor, and it's important to note that it 112 00:06:37,600 --> 00:06:41,080 Speaker 1: wasn't so much about charity. Even though some settlement houses 113 00:06:41,120 --> 00:06:44,719 Speaker 1: did provide things like meals and clothing and shelter, the 114 00:06:44,760 --> 00:06:49,080 Speaker 1: focus was really more um, intellectual and social usually, so 115 00:06:49,160 --> 00:06:52,200 Speaker 1: the houses tried to address the social and cultural and 116 00:06:52,240 --> 00:06:56,560 Speaker 1: intellectual needs of the community. So while other organizations were 117 00:06:56,560 --> 00:07:00,120 Speaker 1: more about people's physical poverty, Hull House and most so 118 00:07:00,160 --> 00:07:04,520 Speaker 1: their social settlements were really about addressing spiritual and intellectual poverty. 119 00:07:04,720 --> 00:07:08,080 Speaker 1: So it was really improvement of a different kind. So 120 00:07:08,120 --> 00:07:12,640 Speaker 1: the overall approach within the settlement movement was not hey, 121 00:07:12,840 --> 00:07:16,400 Speaker 1: lets us rich, smart white people go move somewhere and 122 00:07:16,440 --> 00:07:19,360 Speaker 1: fix all the poor immigrants. Like there were definitely people 123 00:07:19,360 --> 00:07:22,520 Speaker 1: who joined the movement, individual people who had this attitude, 124 00:07:23,080 --> 00:07:26,640 Speaker 1: but really the focus was all about cooperation and community. 125 00:07:27,000 --> 00:07:30,400 Speaker 1: It was about offering support and services while also learning 126 00:07:30,440 --> 00:07:33,040 Speaker 1: from the people in the neighborhood. So it was meant 127 00:07:33,040 --> 00:07:35,920 Speaker 1: to be beneficial for everyone who was involved in it, 128 00:07:36,000 --> 00:07:40,640 Speaker 1: and not sort of this giant effort of of rich 129 00:07:40,680 --> 00:07:45,360 Speaker 1: people to go and fix up the poor people. Writing 130 00:07:45,400 --> 00:07:49,760 Speaker 1: for nonprofit Quarterly, Rick Hohen explains that Hull House quote 131 00:07:50,120 --> 00:07:54,000 Speaker 1: aimed to change the conditions of poor immigrant communities and 132 00:07:54,120 --> 00:07:58,680 Speaker 1: the mindsets of both the poor and the privileged. So 133 00:07:58,720 --> 00:08:02,040 Speaker 1: while some social sudd months were religiously affiliated, Hull House 134 00:08:02,200 --> 00:08:05,400 Speaker 1: was secular, and there were actually more than one hundred 135 00:08:05,440 --> 00:08:09,120 Speaker 1: such houses in the United States by nineteen hundred, and 136 00:08:09,160 --> 00:08:12,000 Speaker 1: more than four hundred by the time World War One started. 137 00:08:12,520 --> 00:08:15,120 Speaker 1: They declined a little bit after the First World War 138 00:08:15,160 --> 00:08:18,440 Speaker 1: and the Great Depression, and while there are still active 139 00:08:18,440 --> 00:08:23,280 Speaker 1: settlement houses today, community centers and other philanthropic organizations are 140 00:08:23,320 --> 00:08:28,360 Speaker 1: really much more common. Along with Ellen Gates, Star Jane 141 00:08:28,360 --> 00:08:31,440 Speaker 1: founded Hull House in Chicago's Near West Side in eighteen 142 00:08:31,520 --> 00:08:35,439 Speaker 1: ninety nine, this was a really poor and rough neighborhood. 143 00:08:36,080 --> 00:08:39,160 Speaker 1: Hull House was the second settlement house in the United States, 144 00:08:39,200 --> 00:08:41,920 Speaker 1: and it became one of the most influential, if not 145 00:08:42,120 --> 00:08:46,600 Speaker 1: the most influential, in the world. Ellen Star actually lived 146 00:08:46,600 --> 00:08:49,800 Speaker 1: there for nearly thirty years, and she was particularly active 147 00:08:49,840 --> 00:08:53,280 Speaker 1: in the Hull House's art programs. Jane lived there as well, 148 00:08:53,480 --> 00:08:56,240 Speaker 1: although travel and her health took her to many other 149 00:08:56,320 --> 00:09:00,440 Speaker 1: places as well, particularly in her later years. Later on, 150 00:09:00,559 --> 00:09:03,400 Speaker 1: she also stayed with Mary Roseate Smith, who was a 151 00:09:03,559 --> 00:09:08,360 Speaker 1: Hull House donor and volunteer. Most biographies described Mary and 152 00:09:08,480 --> 00:09:13,280 Speaker 1: Jane as companions or romantic friends, or describe their relationship 153 00:09:13,320 --> 00:09:15,360 Speaker 1: as a Boston marriage, which was sort of a word 154 00:09:15,720 --> 00:09:18,720 Speaker 1: for two women that owned a home together without men 155 00:09:18,760 --> 00:09:22,720 Speaker 1: there and Ellen and Jane had visited Toynbee Hall while 156 00:09:22,760 --> 00:09:25,040 Speaker 1: they were on a trip to London, and they decided 157 00:09:25,040 --> 00:09:27,840 Speaker 1: to follow a similar model for their settlement in Chicago. 158 00:09:28,840 --> 00:09:32,000 Speaker 1: Her goal was, in Jane's words quote, to provide a 159 00:09:32,040 --> 00:09:35,640 Speaker 1: center for a higher civic and social life, to institute 160 00:09:35,640 --> 00:09:39,920 Speaker 1: and maintain educational and philanthropic enterprises, and to investigate and 161 00:09:39,960 --> 00:09:44,199 Speaker 1: improve the conditions in the industrial districts of Chicago. They 162 00:09:44,240 --> 00:09:47,079 Speaker 1: started by renting an abandoned mansion that had been built 163 00:09:47,120 --> 00:09:50,839 Speaker 1: by Charles G. Hull in eighteen fifty six, although when 164 00:09:50,840 --> 00:09:54,520 Speaker 1: their landlord, Helen Culver, learned what they were up to there, 165 00:09:54,760 --> 00:09:57,720 Speaker 1: she stopped collecting the rent and eventually just gave the 166 00:09:57,720 --> 00:10:01,679 Speaker 1: building to them. That in Dever was largely self funded 167 00:10:01,679 --> 00:10:04,679 Speaker 1: through Jane's own inheritance her father had passed away in 168 00:10:04,720 --> 00:10:07,920 Speaker 1: eighty one and left her some money, and then later 169 00:10:08,080 --> 00:10:10,920 Speaker 1: it was funded through donations and then much later through 170 00:10:11,080 --> 00:10:16,040 Speaker 1: government funding, and it was staffed by volunteers, usually the 171 00:10:16,080 --> 00:10:19,040 Speaker 1: people living in a settlement house, where natives of the 172 00:10:19,080 --> 00:10:22,640 Speaker 1: country where the settlement house was located, and then often 173 00:10:22,679 --> 00:10:27,319 Speaker 1: the surrounding community had a really heavily immigrant population. When 174 00:10:27,320 --> 00:10:31,120 Speaker 1: it was founded, Hull Houses neighborhood was densely populated and 175 00:10:31,160 --> 00:10:34,120 Speaker 1: really low income, and it was largely made up of 176 00:10:34,200 --> 00:10:38,640 Speaker 1: impoverished immigrants from various European nations, including Italy and Greece. 177 00:10:39,480 --> 00:10:42,920 Speaker 1: Later on in the twenties, African Americans and Mexicans also 178 00:10:42,960 --> 00:10:46,360 Speaker 1: started to move into the neighborhood. One of Hull House's 179 00:10:46,559 --> 00:10:49,800 Speaker 1: first programs was actually a kindergarten uh and that was 180 00:10:49,840 --> 00:10:53,120 Speaker 1: followed by a daycare for infants and young children, and 181 00:10:53,160 --> 00:10:56,760 Speaker 1: then clubs for older children, and then classes and lectures 182 00:10:56,800 --> 00:10:59,720 Speaker 1: for adults. So they almost sort of started early and 183 00:10:59,720 --> 00:11:03,840 Speaker 1: then through it into older or not older age, but 184 00:11:04,000 --> 00:11:06,840 Speaker 1: aged up program. Yeah, it's scope kept getting broader and 185 00:11:06,880 --> 00:11:09,440 Speaker 1: broader as they went along. Yeah, and the classes eventually 186 00:11:09,440 --> 00:11:12,360 Speaker 1: included college level courses, and there was a really big 187 00:11:12,360 --> 00:11:17,000 Speaker 1: focus on civics and civic duty. Within two years, Hull 188 00:11:17,040 --> 00:11:20,920 Speaker 1: House was seeing two thousand people a week. That's a lot. 189 00:11:20,960 --> 00:11:23,160 Speaker 1: It's a lot of coming through a community house, well, 190 00:11:23,240 --> 00:11:26,240 Speaker 1: especially considering that there were never more than say, twenty 191 00:11:26,360 --> 00:11:29,079 Speaker 1: people living there as residents. To do all this work 192 00:11:29,320 --> 00:11:33,320 Speaker 1: at a given time, that's a lot of work. But 193 00:11:33,440 --> 00:11:38,040 Speaker 1: Hull House continued to grow. Eventually it comprised thirteen different 194 00:11:38,080 --> 00:11:40,760 Speaker 1: buildings and it took up half a city block, and 195 00:11:40,840 --> 00:11:44,440 Speaker 1: its first additional building was actually an art gallery, and 196 00:11:44,480 --> 00:11:47,640 Speaker 1: it also came to house, among other things, a library 197 00:11:47,760 --> 00:11:51,640 Speaker 1: and art studio, a music school, and an employment bureau. 198 00:11:51,880 --> 00:11:55,360 Speaker 1: Hull House also created the first public playground, gymnasium, and 199 00:11:55,480 --> 00:12:00,520 Speaker 1: swimming pool in Chicago. Hull House started out as really 200 00:12:00,559 --> 00:12:04,520 Speaker 1: a social and intellectual resource for the impoverished immigrant and 201 00:12:04,559 --> 00:12:08,440 Speaker 1: African American population of Chicago. But it grew into an 202 00:12:08,520 --> 00:12:13,679 Speaker 1: advocacy in lobbying organization fighting for labor reform, social reform, 203 00:12:13,800 --> 00:12:17,880 Speaker 1: and a variety of other progressive causes, including legal protections 204 00:12:17,920 --> 00:12:21,959 Speaker 1: for women, children, and the poor and other really disadvantaged 205 00:12:22,000 --> 00:12:26,000 Speaker 1: persons and groups. So rattling off all of the specific 206 00:12:26,080 --> 00:12:29,080 Speaker 1: legislation that hull House was part of would make this 207 00:12:29,200 --> 00:12:31,720 Speaker 1: into a long list podcast. It would just be like 208 00:12:31,840 --> 00:12:34,880 Speaker 1: bills and dates. But to sum it up, hull House 209 00:12:35,040 --> 00:12:38,120 Speaker 1: was really about protecting people and improving quality of life, 210 00:12:38,679 --> 00:12:43,360 Speaker 1: and that could reach into sanitation, working conditions, health care, 211 00:12:43,600 --> 00:12:47,720 Speaker 1: or even legal protections for at risk populations. For example, 212 00:12:47,720 --> 00:12:50,880 Speaker 1: a hull House actually helped to create the first juvenile 213 00:12:50,960 --> 00:12:54,240 Speaker 1: court in the US, and their efforts contributed to legal 214 00:12:54,280 --> 00:12:58,720 Speaker 1: protections for women and children in Illinois in as well 215 00:12:58,760 --> 00:13:01,640 Speaker 1: as the establishment of a federal Children's Bureau in nine 216 00:13:02,880 --> 00:13:05,640 Speaker 1: and then also the passage of a federal child labor 217 00:13:05,720 --> 00:13:09,359 Speaker 1: law in nineteen six. Those are all pretty huge accomplishments, 218 00:13:09,679 --> 00:13:14,400 Speaker 1: especially given how little there was just not a let 219 00:13:14,679 --> 00:13:17,600 Speaker 1: a lot of legislation in place at that time. Like 220 00:13:18,000 --> 00:13:21,719 Speaker 1: a lot of the really scary working conditions stories that 221 00:13:21,760 --> 00:13:24,440 Speaker 1: you hear about in history come from before that era, 222 00:13:24,640 --> 00:13:28,120 Speaker 1: when there was really not any kind of accountability in 223 00:13:28,160 --> 00:13:31,800 Speaker 1: place at all for the way businesses approached the health 224 00:13:31,840 --> 00:13:35,800 Speaker 1: and safety of their workers. So Hull House attracted a 225 00:13:35,800 --> 00:13:38,960 Speaker 1: lot of really notable residents and volunteers, and a lot 226 00:13:39,000 --> 00:13:42,840 Speaker 1: of them moved on into other progressive era advocacy work 227 00:13:42,880 --> 00:13:46,200 Speaker 1: of their own. It became kind of an incubator for 228 00:13:46,280 --> 00:13:50,400 Speaker 1: other progressive reformers, especially women. And so we're going to 229 00:13:50,520 --> 00:13:53,079 Speaker 1: kind of tick through some of the really notable examples 230 00:13:53,120 --> 00:13:57,720 Speaker 1: and a couple of notes of their accomplishments. Florence Kelly 231 00:13:57,920 --> 00:14:00,800 Speaker 1: moved to New York's Henry Street Settlement and helped found 232 00:14:00,840 --> 00:14:04,800 Speaker 1: the Children's Bureau of the Federal Department of Labor. Julia 233 00:14:04,880 --> 00:14:07,760 Speaker 1: Lathrop was the first head of the Children's Bureau and 234 00:14:07,840 --> 00:14:11,240 Speaker 1: the first woman to head a federal agency. She helped 235 00:14:11,280 --> 00:14:14,480 Speaker 1: get federal funding for healthcare programs for infants and mothers 236 00:14:14,559 --> 00:14:18,400 Speaker 1: under the Shepherd Town or Maternity and Infancy Act. Alice 237 00:14:18,440 --> 00:14:22,360 Speaker 1: Hamilton's worked extensively on the issue of lead poisoning, which 238 00:14:22,440 --> 00:14:26,440 Speaker 1: led to improved safety standards. She also became an investigator 239 00:14:26,480 --> 00:14:28,280 Speaker 1: for the U. S Bureau of labor and was the 240 00:14:28,320 --> 00:14:32,280 Speaker 1: first woman to be on the faculty at Harvard. Sophie 241 00:14:32,320 --> 00:14:34,840 Speaker 1: and Isabel Breckinridge, who was the first woman to get 242 00:14:34,840 --> 00:14:37,800 Speaker 1: a PhD in political science from the University of Chicago 243 00:14:38,520 --> 00:14:40,880 Speaker 1: and the first woman to graduate from its law school, 244 00:14:41,440 --> 00:14:44,440 Speaker 1: helped found the Chicago Women's Trade Union League and the 245 00:14:45,040 --> 00:14:48,080 Speaker 1: Chicago chapter of the n double a CP. She also 246 00:14:48,120 --> 00:14:53,520 Speaker 1: wrote really prolifically about social work. Grace and Edith Abbott 247 00:14:53,520 --> 00:14:56,600 Speaker 1: were sisters that were involved, and Grace was the first 248 00:14:56,600 --> 00:14:59,520 Speaker 1: director of the Immigrants Protective League and actually held that 249 00:14:59,560 --> 00:15:03,160 Speaker 1: position or nine years. Edith served as president of the 250 00:15:03,240 --> 00:15:06,800 Speaker 1: National Conference of Social Work and the American Association of 251 00:15:06,840 --> 00:15:10,200 Speaker 1: Schools of Social Work. So as a family they really 252 00:15:10,240 --> 00:15:14,000 Speaker 1: achieved a great deal right well, and the whole of 253 00:15:14,080 --> 00:15:18,720 Speaker 1: Hull House. It continued to operate in this way for 254 00:15:18,760 --> 00:15:20,640 Speaker 1: several more years, and and it sort of can be 255 00:15:20,680 --> 00:15:25,520 Speaker 1: summed up as simultaneously providing actual assistance and resources to 256 00:15:25,680 --> 00:15:29,720 Speaker 1: this community of impoverished people and trying to work for 257 00:15:29,760 --> 00:15:33,560 Speaker 1: the greater good of other threatened populations through the rest 258 00:15:33,600 --> 00:15:37,440 Speaker 1: of the United States. Um and that continued to be 259 00:15:37,480 --> 00:15:40,520 Speaker 1: the case for many many years. Hull House actually existed 260 00:15:40,600 --> 00:15:45,840 Speaker 1: until its mission and its structure changed pretty significantly between 261 00:15:45,840 --> 00:15:48,560 Speaker 1: the twenties, which was the peak of the settlement movement 262 00:15:49,080 --> 00:15:52,240 Speaker 1: UH and the year before when we're recording this, when 263 00:15:52,240 --> 00:15:56,080 Speaker 1: it closed and Jane Adams actually died of cancer in 264 00:15:57,520 --> 00:15:59,560 Speaker 1: She had been ill for quite some time, so she 265 00:15:59,600 --> 00:16:02,560 Speaker 1: had a dually given up various aspects of her work 266 00:16:02,640 --> 00:16:05,480 Speaker 1: in leading Hull House and handed them over to other 267 00:16:05,520 --> 00:16:09,280 Speaker 1: people because she had been so devoted to the House 268 00:16:09,480 --> 00:16:12,600 Speaker 1: and to other progressive causes that it came to exemplify 269 00:16:12,760 --> 00:16:16,120 Speaker 1: she left really enormous shoes to fill. And during her 270 00:16:16,160 --> 00:16:18,840 Speaker 1: life Jane had been head Resident and she was in 271 00:16:18,880 --> 00:16:22,080 Speaker 1: control over the board, and after her death these duties 272 00:16:22,080 --> 00:16:25,880 Speaker 1: fell to two different people. Adina miller Rich became head 273 00:16:25,920 --> 00:16:29,080 Speaker 1: Resident and Louise to Covid Bowen became head of the 274 00:16:29,080 --> 00:16:34,000 Speaker 1: Board of Trustees. These two disagreed frequently and very passionately, 275 00:16:34,040 --> 00:16:37,960 Speaker 1: until Adina finally resigned. The Head Residents who came after 276 00:16:38,000 --> 00:16:42,160 Speaker 1: her seemed less dedicated to Jane's ideas of social progress 277 00:16:42,200 --> 00:16:45,160 Speaker 1: and more about seeing to the needs of the immediate community, 278 00:16:45,360 --> 00:16:48,840 Speaker 1: and it gradually became less of an advocacy organization and 279 00:16:48,880 --> 00:16:52,800 Speaker 1: more of a practical The focus shifted a little closer 280 00:16:52,800 --> 00:16:57,640 Speaker 1: to home in all of its operations. Hull House gradually 281 00:16:57,680 --> 00:17:00,840 Speaker 1: became more like a typical nonp fit that you would 282 00:17:00,880 --> 00:17:05,639 Speaker 1: see today. It moved from an almost entirely volunteer staff 283 00:17:05,760 --> 00:17:09,200 Speaker 1: to one that was largely paid and supplemented with volunteers. 284 00:17:10,080 --> 00:17:13,080 Speaker 1: In nineteen sixty one, the Hull House buildings were to 285 00:17:13,119 --> 00:17:18,119 Speaker 1: be demolished for University of Illinois campus, resulting in protests. 286 00:17:18,680 --> 00:17:21,479 Speaker 1: Two years later, the trustees of Hull House made plans 287 00:17:21,480 --> 00:17:25,800 Speaker 1: to decentralize its services. The original Hull mansion and dining 288 00:17:25,840 --> 00:17:28,960 Speaker 1: hall actually became museums, but the rest of the buildings 289 00:17:29,000 --> 00:17:32,880 Speaker 1: were finally demolished to make way for the university. At 290 00:17:32,920 --> 00:17:36,439 Speaker 1: this point, Hull House became the Hull House Association, with 291 00:17:36,520 --> 00:17:39,920 Speaker 1: its programs and its resources spread out to different community 292 00:17:39,920 --> 00:17:45,320 Speaker 1: and neighborhood centers around Chicago. This decentralization was really also 293 00:17:45,400 --> 00:17:48,720 Speaker 1: a massive shift in how Hull House worked and how 294 00:17:48,760 --> 00:17:52,960 Speaker 1: it needed to manage its money, which was operationally hard 295 00:17:53,000 --> 00:17:56,400 Speaker 1: to manage, and it didn't do it entirely successfully. By 296 00:17:56,480 --> 00:17:59,480 Speaker 1: nineteen sixty nine, it had an operational deficit of two 297 00:17:59,520 --> 00:18:03,720 Speaker 1: million dollar dollars. The various sites actually wound up competing 298 00:18:03,760 --> 00:18:06,920 Speaker 1: with one another for support, and by nineteen eighty five 299 00:18:07,640 --> 00:18:10,920 Speaker 1: it was operating from twenty nine different sites around Chicago, 300 00:18:11,480 --> 00:18:14,080 Speaker 1: many of which were drawing from the same basic pool 301 00:18:14,160 --> 00:18:19,159 Speaker 1: of donation resources, so it was tight. It was kind 302 00:18:19,200 --> 00:18:22,120 Speaker 1: of a zero sum game. Yeah, they weren't helping themselves. 303 00:18:23,400 --> 00:18:26,879 Speaker 1: In ninete, in an attempt to close this gap and 304 00:18:26,960 --> 00:18:29,600 Speaker 1: make sure it would just be able to continue to operate, 305 00:18:30,359 --> 00:18:34,760 Speaker 1: Hull House scaled its focus way back, started working primarily 306 00:18:34,840 --> 00:18:37,119 Speaker 1: on foster care, and it dropped a lot of the 307 00:18:37,119 --> 00:18:40,760 Speaker 1: programs that were related to employment and culture and the 308 00:18:40,800 --> 00:18:43,520 Speaker 1: other services that had been part of its original mission. 309 00:18:44,400 --> 00:18:47,359 Speaker 1: And then in two thousand nine, it really started aggressively 310 00:18:47,400 --> 00:18:51,920 Speaker 1: cutting costs, including the employee pension plan UH. It also 311 00:18:52,000 --> 00:18:55,400 Speaker 1: loosened restrictions on its endowment so that the organization could 312 00:18:55,480 --> 00:18:59,320 Speaker 1: use some of that money towards other purposes. But on 313 00:18:59,440 --> 00:19:03,399 Speaker 1: January nine, the leadership of Hull House announced that it 314 00:19:03,480 --> 00:19:07,800 Speaker 1: was closing and declaring bankruptcy following a decline in government funding. 315 00:19:08,760 --> 00:19:11,840 Speaker 1: In spite of efforts to bring in more private donors, 316 00:19:11,880 --> 00:19:14,399 Speaker 1: it was by that point getting as much as eighty 317 00:19:14,480 --> 00:19:17,480 Speaker 1: five of its funds from the governments This is a 318 00:19:17,520 --> 00:19:20,760 Speaker 1: complete shift from when it was founded and was entirely 319 00:19:20,840 --> 00:19:28,120 Speaker 1: funded by Jane adams uh inheritance and the work of donors. 320 00:19:28,720 --> 00:19:31,280 Speaker 1: Hull House tried to raise enough money from donors to 321 00:19:31,320 --> 00:19:33,640 Speaker 1: stay open, but it just wasn't able to do it. 322 00:19:34,359 --> 00:19:37,800 Speaker 1: A week after the announcement, Hull House ceased operations and 323 00:19:37,880 --> 00:19:40,919 Speaker 1: laid off its entire staff of three hundred people, and 324 00:19:40,960 --> 00:19:43,080 Speaker 1: that put an end to a hundred and twenty three 325 00:19:43,160 --> 00:19:46,120 Speaker 1: years of operation. And of course, there was a lot 326 00:19:46,200 --> 00:19:49,560 Speaker 1: of speculation about what Jane would have thought about Hull 327 00:19:49,600 --> 00:19:53,720 Speaker 1: House closing, and opinions on that front are kind of divided, 328 00:19:53,840 --> 00:19:57,359 Speaker 1: but there's a general consensus that given her history of 329 00:19:57,480 --> 00:20:01,119 Speaker 1: advocating for labor rights, she would have been organizing the 330 00:20:01,200 --> 00:20:04,640 Speaker 1: pro the employees who lost their job, who really were 331 00:20:04,680 --> 00:20:07,000 Speaker 1: given almost no notice and didn't get any kind of 332 00:20:07,040 --> 00:20:12,360 Speaker 1: severance and protest. There's now a Jane Adams Hull House Museum, 333 00:20:12,440 --> 00:20:15,240 Speaker 1: which is built on the original Hull House site in 334 00:20:15,320 --> 00:20:18,399 Speaker 1: the whole home and the residents dining Hall. They have 335 00:20:18,440 --> 00:20:21,480 Speaker 1: a really impressive website that includes all kinds of stuff 336 00:20:21,480 --> 00:20:23,360 Speaker 1: about the museum and about her and about the Hull 337 00:20:23,400 --> 00:20:26,200 Speaker 1: House and all of that. Very cool. There are also 338 00:20:26,359 --> 00:20:30,200 Speaker 1: still settlement houses today, although many of them are non residential. 339 00:20:30,720 --> 00:20:32,720 Speaker 1: They sort of have the name, but but not the 340 00:20:33,240 --> 00:20:35,520 Speaker 1: function the same way and not the part where a 341 00:20:35,560 --> 00:20:39,120 Speaker 1: person was actually relocating to a community that was in need. 342 00:20:40,000 --> 00:20:42,879 Speaker 1: At least in the United States, community and neighborhood centers 343 00:20:42,920 --> 00:20:45,440 Speaker 1: have become a lot more common way of getting those 344 00:20:45,480 --> 00:20:49,960 Speaker 1: same sorts of resources into a community. So that is uh, 345 00:20:50,080 --> 00:20:54,560 Speaker 1: Jane Adams Hull House years, that element of her life. 346 00:20:55,080 --> 00:20:57,280 Speaker 1: In the next episode, we will talk about all of 347 00:20:57,320 --> 00:21:00,399 Speaker 1: that other stuff that Jane Adams did, because there was 348 00:21:00,440 --> 00:21:02,600 Speaker 1: really a lot of it. This is one of those 349 00:21:02,600 --> 00:21:05,800 Speaker 1: situations where we feel like we could have recorded eight 350 00:21:05,800 --> 00:21:10,119 Speaker 1: different episodes. Yeah, a really long series on Jane Adams. 351 00:21:10,400 --> 00:21:12,639 Speaker 1: If ever there were a historical figure that will make 352 00:21:12,680 --> 00:21:16,320 Speaker 1: you feel lazy, it's a Jane Adam, So you will 353 00:21:16,359 --> 00:21:20,679 Speaker 1: move to that next. Yes, I also have some listener 354 00:21:20,720 --> 00:21:23,800 Speaker 1: my own, please share. So this is from Bill, and 355 00:21:23,840 --> 00:21:26,360 Speaker 1: Bill says hello, Tracy and Holly. He talks about how 356 00:21:26,359 --> 00:21:29,320 Speaker 1: he's been listening for more than a year, and he 357 00:21:29,359 --> 00:21:32,840 Speaker 1: talks about several of our episodes. So he says, first 358 00:21:32,840 --> 00:21:35,280 Speaker 1: of all, I just listened to the ice Cream Podcast 359 00:21:35,680 --> 00:21:37,680 Speaker 1: While you did talk about the rise of ice cream 360 00:21:37,720 --> 00:21:40,320 Speaker 1: is a popular American food, you seem a little uncertain 361 00:21:40,320 --> 00:21:42,800 Speaker 1: as to why it has become such an American phenomenon 362 00:21:42,840 --> 00:21:45,960 Speaker 1: in the last century or two. I was initially puzzled 363 00:21:45,960 --> 00:21:48,080 Speaker 1: by this as I was listening to the podcast while 364 00:21:48,160 --> 00:21:51,920 Speaker 1: driving through rural northern Japan, and I passed several ice 365 00:21:51,920 --> 00:21:55,840 Speaker 1: cream shops and farms advertising homemade ice cream along the way. 366 00:21:56,840 --> 00:21:59,359 Speaker 1: I know, I'm just thinking about that makes me glad 367 00:21:59,440 --> 00:22:02,840 Speaker 1: that lunch is not too far away, he goes on 368 00:22:02,920 --> 00:22:06,040 Speaker 1: to say. But as I thought about it, an explanation 369 00:22:06,119 --> 00:22:10,160 Speaker 1: came to me milk prices. I live in Hokkaido, which 370 00:22:10,200 --> 00:22:14,720 Speaker 1: is basically Japan's dairy land. Even so, milk costs about 371 00:22:14,720 --> 00:22:18,439 Speaker 1: two yen a leader just about seven dollars and fifty 372 00:22:18,440 --> 00:22:22,000 Speaker 1: cents a gallon here. My sister, who lives in a 373 00:22:22,040 --> 00:22:25,240 Speaker 1: similarly rural town in Ohio, says that it is about 374 00:22:25,320 --> 00:22:27,040 Speaker 1: two and a half times what they pay for milk 375 00:22:27,040 --> 00:22:30,480 Speaker 1: at the grocery store. Other dairy products like butter and 376 00:22:30,560 --> 00:22:34,560 Speaker 1: cheese are similarly expensive here, even though they're made locally 377 00:22:34,600 --> 00:22:37,560 Speaker 1: and shipped to the rest of Japan. America has a 378 00:22:37,680 --> 00:22:41,440 Speaker 1: huge dairy industry, leading to lower prices on all dairy products, 379 00:22:41,440 --> 00:22:44,600 Speaker 1: ice cream included. In the case of countries like Japan 380 00:22:44,640 --> 00:22:47,680 Speaker 1: and China, they don't have as extensive of a dairy tradition, 381 00:22:48,160 --> 00:22:51,640 Speaker 1: while most countries with longer ice cream traditions don't have 382 00:22:51,680 --> 00:22:56,480 Speaker 1: the space for cattle farming necessary to bring prices so low. 383 00:22:57,760 --> 00:23:01,560 Speaker 1: So basically, Bill is theorizing of the reason the reason 384 00:23:01,720 --> 00:23:05,480 Speaker 1: ice cream is such an American pastime for eating because 385 00:23:05,480 --> 00:23:07,560 Speaker 1: we have so much milk. That makes so much sense. 386 00:23:07,600 --> 00:23:10,520 Speaker 1: I hadn't thought about it from the economic versus sort 387 00:23:10,520 --> 00:23:14,280 Speaker 1: of just general cultural right, but right makes complete sense. Well, 388 00:23:14,320 --> 00:23:17,880 Speaker 1: And we also got a note from another listener who 389 00:23:17,880 --> 00:23:19,880 Speaker 1: talked about how we didn't really go into the idea 390 00:23:19,920 --> 00:23:22,760 Speaker 1: of the soda fountain as sort of a place to 391 00:23:22,880 --> 00:23:25,680 Speaker 1: hang out in community. Um, which I think we might 392 00:23:25,680 --> 00:23:29,280 Speaker 1: have touched on tangentially. But yeah, that also played a 393 00:23:29,400 --> 00:23:33,560 Speaker 1: role in the world of ice cream. Uh So, Bill 394 00:23:33,600 --> 00:23:35,879 Speaker 1: goes on to say, my year old comment is related 395 00:23:35,920 --> 00:23:39,480 Speaker 1: to the ten Historical Hoaxes episode recorded by your predecessors. 396 00:23:39,920 --> 00:23:42,760 Speaker 1: One of those hoaxes was the newer Coli Stones, which, 397 00:23:42,800 --> 00:23:45,200 Speaker 1: regardless of their status as a hoax, are an interesting 398 00:23:45,240 --> 00:23:48,480 Speaker 1: historical tale in and of themselves. When they finished that 399 00:23:48,560 --> 00:23:52,360 Speaker 1: story on the podcast, they mentioned that the stones were 400 00:23:52,359 --> 00:23:56,200 Speaker 1: currently located in the Johnson Hummer House Museum in Ohio. 401 00:23:56,760 --> 00:23:58,840 Speaker 1: I was so disappointed that they left out the city 402 00:23:58,880 --> 00:24:02,840 Speaker 1: that the museum is in, my hometown, Coshakton. It's a 403 00:24:02,920 --> 00:24:05,480 Speaker 1: very small city, barely qualifying for the title based on 404 00:24:05,520 --> 00:24:08,439 Speaker 1: its population just there were the ten thousand mark, and 405 00:24:08,480 --> 00:24:11,560 Speaker 1: it's actually quite rural, considering that the nearest larger city 406 00:24:11,640 --> 00:24:14,159 Speaker 1: is a forty five minute drive away, and the nearest 407 00:24:14,160 --> 00:24:17,360 Speaker 1: city you've probably heard of is ninety minutes away. All 408 00:24:17,400 --> 00:24:19,600 Speaker 1: that considered, I would have been overjoyed to hear my 409 00:24:19,680 --> 00:24:22,800 Speaker 1: humble little hometown mentioned in a podcast I listened to you. 410 00:24:23,000 --> 00:24:26,160 Speaker 1: I had planned to write in but kept putting it off. Well, 411 00:24:26,160 --> 00:24:28,240 Speaker 1: now it happens, I know. Fast forward a year or 412 00:24:28,280 --> 00:24:30,960 Speaker 1: so to your podcast about Johnny apple Seed and your 413 00:24:30,960 --> 00:24:32,800 Speaker 1: reply to one of the listener males you read. You 414 00:24:32,840 --> 00:24:35,479 Speaker 1: mentioned a book on the history of Coshakton County with 415 00:24:35,520 --> 00:24:38,400 Speaker 1: an impressively long title as one of your major sources 416 00:24:38,400 --> 00:24:41,720 Speaker 1: for the podcast. Finally, my little corner of nowhere got 417 00:24:41,760 --> 00:24:43,920 Speaker 1: its brief moment in the sun. Thank you so much 418 00:24:43,920 --> 00:24:46,320 Speaker 1: for that, and it's really a strange feeling to hear 419 00:24:46,359 --> 00:24:50,400 Speaker 1: my hometown mentioned by anybody who wasn't born there. Kind 420 00:24:50,440 --> 00:24:53,200 Speaker 1: of goes on to talk about some podcast suggestions which 421 00:24:53,200 --> 00:24:55,639 Speaker 1: we will save in case we want to surprise people 422 00:24:55,800 --> 00:24:59,639 Speaker 1: with them later, and then says, thanks for making my 423 00:24:59,720 --> 00:25:03,640 Speaker 1: daily commute interesting and educational. So thank you so much. Bill. Yeah, 424 00:25:03,800 --> 00:25:06,600 Speaker 1: lots of interesting insights and thoughts. I love it. Yeah, 425 00:25:06,920 --> 00:25:10,119 Speaker 1: it kind of reminds me of uh, I like, I 426 00:25:10,200 --> 00:25:14,880 Speaker 1: like how people find such comfort in hearing their place. Yeah, 427 00:25:14,880 --> 00:25:18,919 Speaker 1: it's a little connection mentioned somewhere. If you would like 428 00:25:19,000 --> 00:25:21,440 Speaker 1: to write to us about this or any other podcast, 429 00:25:21,520 --> 00:25:25,120 Speaker 1: you can at History Podcast at Discovery dot com. We're 430 00:25:25,119 --> 00:25:28,560 Speaker 1: also on Facebook at facebook dot com slash history class 431 00:25:28,560 --> 00:25:32,119 Speaker 1: stuff and on Twitter at misston History. Are tumbler is 432 00:25:32,119 --> 00:25:34,280 Speaker 1: at mist in history dot tumbler dot com, and we've 433 00:25:34,320 --> 00:25:37,560 Speaker 1: been putting away on Pinterest. If you want to learn 434 00:25:37,560 --> 00:25:40,040 Speaker 1: a little more about some of what we've talked about today, 435 00:25:40,080 --> 00:25:41,840 Speaker 1: you can go to our website and search for the 436 00:25:41,840 --> 00:25:46,320 Speaker 1: word philanthropy and you will find how philanthropy works. You 437 00:25:46,320 --> 00:25:49,360 Speaker 1: can learn about that and so much more at our website, 438 00:25:49,680 --> 00:25:56,399 Speaker 1: which is how stuff Works dot com for more on 439 00:25:56,440 --> 00:25:58,920 Speaker 1: this and thousands of other topics. Does it How stuff 440 00:25:58,920 --> 00:26:12,560 Speaker 1: works dot com. Netflix streams TV shows and movies directly 441 00:26:12,600 --> 00:26:16,000 Speaker 1: to your home, saving you time, money, and hassle. As 442 00:26:16,000 --> 00:26:19,080 Speaker 1: a Netflix member, you can instantly watch TV episodes and 443 00:26:19,160 --> 00:26:22,800 Speaker 1: movies streaming directly to your PC, Mac, or right to 444 00:26:22,840 --> 00:26:25,800 Speaker 1: your TV with your Xbox three, sixty P S three 445 00:26:25,960 --> 00:26:29,760 Speaker 1: or Nintendo we console, plus Apple devices, Kindle and Nook. 446 00:26:30,080 --> 00:26:33,280 Speaker 1: Get a free thirty day trial membership. Go to www 447 00:26:33,400 --> 00:26:35,560 Speaker 1: dot Netflix dot com and sign up now.