1 00:00:08,480 --> 00:00:11,920 Speaker 1: Hey, Daniel, did you ever want to be an astronaut? Well, yes, 2 00:00:12,039 --> 00:00:15,600 Speaker 1: but I didn't because I'm terrified of the danger and 3 00:00:15,640 --> 00:00:18,480 Speaker 1: the adventure. Yeah, I'm not ready to travel in the 4 00:00:18,520 --> 00:00:21,240 Speaker 1: space until it's safe and routine. Yeah, it is pretty 5 00:00:21,320 --> 00:00:23,439 Speaker 1: dark and scary out there, But isn't that kind of 6 00:00:23,440 --> 00:00:26,040 Speaker 1: the point of space exploration to go out there and 7 00:00:26,560 --> 00:00:29,560 Speaker 1: discover and find new things hiding in the darkness. Yeah, 8 00:00:29,600 --> 00:00:31,560 Speaker 1: and I want other people to go out there take 9 00:00:31,600 --> 00:00:33,519 Speaker 1: those risks, and then I can just read about it 10 00:00:33,520 --> 00:00:52,600 Speaker 1: in the newspaper. Hi am or Handmay, cartoonist and the 11 00:00:52,640 --> 00:00:56,639 Speaker 1: creator of PhD Comics. Hi. I'm Daniel Whitson. I'm a 12 00:00:56,680 --> 00:00:59,880 Speaker 1: particle physicist, and I'm a stay at home adventurer of 13 00:01:00,040 --> 00:01:04,399 Speaker 1: the mind couch Explorer. I'd like to explore this vast 14 00:01:04,480 --> 00:01:07,360 Speaker 1: universe from the comfort of my office. But welcome to 15 00:01:07,360 --> 00:01:10,560 Speaker 1: our podcast, Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe, a production 16 00:01:10,680 --> 00:01:13,280 Speaker 1: of I Heart Radio, in which we take you on 17 00:01:13,360 --> 00:01:17,959 Speaker 1: an exploration of all the amazing, crazy, monkers, beautiful, nasty, crazy, 18 00:01:18,040 --> 00:01:21,040 Speaker 1: weird things in this universe. Did I say crazy twice? 19 00:01:21,280 --> 00:01:25,000 Speaker 1: That's because the universe is that crazy. It's double crazy. 20 00:01:25,240 --> 00:01:27,760 Speaker 1: I feel like the things we're learning in science every year, 21 00:01:27,800 --> 00:01:31,000 Speaker 1: every decade, every generation are crazier than the things we 22 00:01:31,080 --> 00:01:33,399 Speaker 1: learned before. It's not just that we're learning more, but 23 00:01:33,480 --> 00:01:37,120 Speaker 1: the stuff we're revealing is just more bonkers than anything 24 00:01:37,160 --> 00:01:39,240 Speaker 1: we could have imagined. Don't you feel that way? Well, 25 00:01:39,240 --> 00:01:41,840 Speaker 1: do you think it's crazier than what we thought it 26 00:01:41,959 --> 00:01:45,240 Speaker 1: was before? You know, is it crazier than Greek gods 27 00:01:45,319 --> 00:01:50,040 Speaker 1: and Norse mythology? Well, I think it's maybe less creative, 28 00:01:50,160 --> 00:01:54,440 Speaker 1: but it's definitely crazier. Every generation has had to absorb 29 00:01:54,560 --> 00:01:58,400 Speaker 1: ideas which were very difficult to swallow because they completely 30 00:01:58,440 --> 00:02:00,640 Speaker 1: conflict with our view of the world. You know, the 31 00:02:00,760 --> 00:02:05,560 Speaker 1: universe is expanding, there is no sense of location and time. 32 00:02:05,680 --> 00:02:09,160 Speaker 1: You know, things are fundamentally random. Space curves like these 33 00:02:09,200 --> 00:02:11,240 Speaker 1: are hard things to get your mind around, and they 34 00:02:11,280 --> 00:02:14,240 Speaker 1: get harder and harder as we discover them. Yeah. We 35 00:02:14,280 --> 00:02:16,640 Speaker 1: are not the center of the universe, and the universe 36 00:02:16,760 --> 00:02:20,560 Speaker 1: is not like what we see around are where we are. Yeah, 37 00:02:20,600 --> 00:02:22,680 Speaker 1: and every time we look out into space we discover 38 00:02:22,800 --> 00:02:26,160 Speaker 1: new stuff, weird stuff. Places we thought were empty turned 39 00:02:26,200 --> 00:02:29,960 Speaker 1: out to be filled with interesting, fascinating, weird kinds of matter. 40 00:02:30,520 --> 00:02:32,840 Speaker 1: M Yeah, because that's kind of the history of humanity 41 00:02:32,880 --> 00:02:35,480 Speaker 1: and science. Right, Like, we look around and we assume 42 00:02:35,600 --> 00:02:39,000 Speaker 1: that the whole universe is kind of like where we're at. Right. 43 00:02:39,040 --> 00:02:42,240 Speaker 1: We thought the world was flat because everything seems flat 44 00:02:42,280 --> 00:02:45,120 Speaker 1: around us, And we thought that the Earth was the 45 00:02:45,200 --> 00:02:47,679 Speaker 1: center of the universe because everything seems to provolve around this. 46 00:02:47,840 --> 00:02:49,919 Speaker 1: But then as we learn more that we learn that 47 00:02:49,960 --> 00:02:52,520 Speaker 1: there are more and more different things out there. We 48 00:02:52,919 --> 00:02:56,440 Speaker 1: keep learning that the assumptions we make, that the generalizations 49 00:02:56,440 --> 00:02:59,560 Speaker 1: we make about what we learned here, cannot be applied everywhere. 50 00:02:59,560 --> 00:03:01,840 Speaker 1: And that's the exciting part. That's the moment of discovery, 51 00:03:01,880 --> 00:03:04,320 Speaker 1: when you realize, oh, I thought the universe was this way. 52 00:03:04,320 --> 00:03:07,040 Speaker 1: It turns out it's actually totally different in a way 53 00:03:07,160 --> 00:03:10,600 Speaker 1: I never imagine. We're intellectually maturing as a species by 54 00:03:10,680 --> 00:03:13,720 Speaker 1: discovering our universe and coming to grips with it. And 55 00:03:13,760 --> 00:03:15,960 Speaker 1: it's not always the way we liked it, but it 56 00:03:16,000 --> 00:03:18,200 Speaker 1: turns out to be quite fascinating to the other program 57 00:03:18,280 --> 00:03:21,520 Speaker 1: will be tackling one such idea that you know, maybe 58 00:03:21,520 --> 00:03:24,040 Speaker 1: a lot of people even today think is true, but 59 00:03:24,120 --> 00:03:27,040 Speaker 1: actually it turns out to be much more complex than that. 60 00:03:27,040 --> 00:03:29,520 Speaker 1: That's right, that darkness out there is more filled with 61 00:03:29,600 --> 00:03:33,600 Speaker 1: interesting stuff and rocks than you could have ever imagined. Yeah, 62 00:03:33,840 --> 00:03:37,120 Speaker 1: stuff that's out there hiding in the darkness, other worlds 63 00:03:37,160 --> 00:03:39,600 Speaker 1: out there looking at ours and wondering what would it 64 00:03:39,600 --> 00:03:41,800 Speaker 1: be like to be so close to a nice, warm, 65 00:03:41,840 --> 00:03:44,320 Speaker 1: toasty star. Yeah. So today on the program, we'll be 66 00:03:44,320 --> 00:03:53,520 Speaker 1: tackling the question are there planets without stars and not 67 00:03:53,640 --> 00:03:57,160 Speaker 1: just a movie stars? Right? We're talking about are there 68 00:03:57,280 --> 00:04:00,720 Speaker 1: places in the universe then don't have a son or 69 00:04:00,760 --> 00:04:03,360 Speaker 1: a star near them? I like the one you asked though, Like, 70 00:04:03,400 --> 00:04:06,480 Speaker 1: are their planets out there with only being C list actors? 71 00:04:07,680 --> 00:04:12,360 Speaker 1: That's right? Where everyone uh it only has five seconds 72 00:04:12,360 --> 00:04:15,160 Speaker 1: of fame. You can only be in one movie and 73 00:04:15,200 --> 00:04:18,000 Speaker 1: then your career is over. It's like turn limits for 74 00:04:18,000 --> 00:04:21,720 Speaker 1: for Hollywood actors. That's great, and then that'd be great 75 00:04:21,760 --> 00:04:27,359 Speaker 1: if we got rid of celebrity culture in our society. Yeah, well, 76 00:04:27,360 --> 00:04:29,680 Speaker 1: that won't appeal to any of our celebrity listeners, you know. 77 00:04:29,760 --> 00:04:32,440 Speaker 1: So Hey Brad Pitt, don't worry. You can still come 78 00:04:32,480 --> 00:04:35,800 Speaker 1: on the program. But apparently it works if you If 79 00:04:35,839 --> 00:04:38,240 Speaker 1: you speak badly about somebody don't want to come on 80 00:04:38,240 --> 00:04:43,680 Speaker 1: our show, then that's true. To defend themselves, maybe to 81 00:04:43,800 --> 00:04:46,800 Speaker 1: grab any kind of publicity they can. That's true. Stay 82 00:04:46,839 --> 00:04:49,800 Speaker 1: tuned for our episode in which science fiction authors come 83 00:04:49,800 --> 00:04:53,240 Speaker 1: on the show and respond to our critiques. And when 84 00:04:53,320 --> 00:04:55,720 Speaker 1: we're thinking about the broad universe, you know, you are 85 00:04:55,839 --> 00:04:58,200 Speaker 1: used to thinking about your planet is having one very 86 00:04:58,240 --> 00:05:01,719 Speaker 1: important feature, which is the on And every time you 87 00:05:01,720 --> 00:05:05,200 Speaker 1: think about a planet, you imagine, well, planets form around stars, right, 88 00:05:05,680 --> 00:05:08,800 Speaker 1: and so it's a bit mind bending to imagine that 89 00:05:08,880 --> 00:05:11,599 Speaker 1: the universe might be different. Yeah, a lot of people 90 00:05:11,640 --> 00:05:15,280 Speaker 1: might be surprised to learn that not every planet out 91 00:05:15,320 --> 00:05:18,919 Speaker 1: there is centered around the star. You may be shocked 92 00:05:18,920 --> 00:05:22,520 Speaker 1: to discover that rogue planets are not that rare. That 93 00:05:22,600 --> 00:05:27,360 Speaker 1: the universe may be chalk filled with these floating dark bodies. Yeah, 94 00:05:27,400 --> 00:05:29,960 Speaker 1: and that's the official physics name for them, right, like 95 00:05:30,360 --> 00:05:34,960 Speaker 1: a planet without a star. It's officially called a rogue planet. Yes, 96 00:05:35,040 --> 00:05:37,359 Speaker 1: but you will not be surprised to discover there is 97 00:05:37,400 --> 00:05:41,640 Speaker 1: some controversy about what exactly gets called a rogue planet. 98 00:05:41,839 --> 00:05:44,640 Speaker 1: Oh wow, physicists arguing about what to name something that's 99 00:05:44,720 --> 00:05:48,400 Speaker 1: so rare, not only arguing about whether something is a 100 00:05:48,400 --> 00:05:51,760 Speaker 1: good name, but like what exactly falls into this category? 101 00:05:52,000 --> 00:05:54,039 Speaker 1: You know, the whole Pluto, like is it a planet? 102 00:05:54,080 --> 00:05:57,120 Speaker 1: Is it not a planet? Thing? That's this same controversy 103 00:05:57,680 --> 00:06:02,400 Speaker 1: large interesting because I guess everything is sort of being 104 00:06:02,440 --> 00:06:05,600 Speaker 1: pulled by every star in the universe, So technically there 105 00:06:05,640 --> 00:06:08,320 Speaker 1: there isn't this a planet that's not being pulled by 106 00:06:08,440 --> 00:06:10,559 Speaker 1: a star. I like that. You're sort of saying every 107 00:06:10,560 --> 00:06:12,560 Speaker 1: planet is part of a sum solar system, even if 108 00:06:12,560 --> 00:06:16,240 Speaker 1: it's sort of distant from its star. Right, Well, technically, right, 109 00:06:16,760 --> 00:06:19,360 Speaker 1: don't all solar systems sort of overlap with each other? 110 00:06:19,480 --> 00:06:24,160 Speaker 1: Technically because the force of gravity is infinite has infinite reach. Yeah, 111 00:06:24,200 --> 00:06:26,480 Speaker 1: that's true. The force of gravity is infinite, but at 112 00:06:26,520 --> 00:06:28,360 Speaker 1: some point the force of gravity from these stars is 113 00:06:28,400 --> 00:06:32,800 Speaker 1: basically negligible and there's essentially no effect on these planets, 114 00:06:33,160 --> 00:06:37,880 Speaker 1: and they're more affected. Yeah, negligible, They're more affected by 115 00:06:38,000 --> 00:06:40,839 Speaker 1: the mass of the galaxy. So I think the distinction 116 00:06:40,880 --> 00:06:43,000 Speaker 1: is are you orbiting a star or are you orbiting 117 00:06:43,080 --> 00:06:45,240 Speaker 1: the center of the galaxy? All right, Well, I was 118 00:06:45,240 --> 00:06:48,000 Speaker 1: a little surprised to find out that there are road 119 00:06:48,040 --> 00:06:50,560 Speaker 1: planets out there, and that there are apparently not just 120 00:06:50,640 --> 00:06:52,760 Speaker 1: a few of them. But we were wondering how many 121 00:06:52,760 --> 00:06:55,280 Speaker 1: people out there knew the same fact that there are 122 00:06:55,320 --> 00:06:58,599 Speaker 1: planets out there in space without stars. So I walked 123 00:06:58,600 --> 00:07:01,120 Speaker 1: around campus a you see, Irvine, and I asked folks 124 00:07:01,160 --> 00:07:03,320 Speaker 1: what they thought and if they had a guess for 125 00:07:03,480 --> 00:07:06,480 Speaker 1: how many rogue planets there might be in the universe. 126 00:07:07,320 --> 00:07:10,240 Speaker 1: To think about it for a second, how many planets 127 00:07:10,240 --> 00:07:12,480 Speaker 1: out there in the universe? Would you, guys are out 128 00:07:12,520 --> 00:07:16,320 Speaker 1: there floating without a star. Here's what people had to say. 129 00:07:16,560 --> 00:07:19,360 Speaker 1: I have no clue how many there are. My guests 130 00:07:19,520 --> 00:07:22,240 Speaker 1: understanding from what I think I know is that they're 131 00:07:22,720 --> 00:07:24,840 Speaker 1: by one way or another of something flying by the 132 00:07:24,920 --> 00:07:28,120 Speaker 1: end up injected from the star that they'reth I have 133 00:07:28,200 --> 00:07:33,120 Speaker 1: not do you think does exists? I don't think. I 134 00:07:33,160 --> 00:07:37,560 Speaker 1: can't imagine that that would be not true, honestly, like 135 00:07:37,600 --> 00:07:39,760 Speaker 1: a lot of just like ten, I would have no 136 00:07:39,840 --> 00:07:41,920 Speaker 1: idea how to give a number, Um I would I 137 00:07:41,920 --> 00:07:44,040 Speaker 1: would actually have to say probably a lot, just because 138 00:07:44,080 --> 00:07:47,640 Speaker 1: gravity is so you can get a star really close 139 00:07:47,680 --> 00:07:49,880 Speaker 1: to another set of planets and then it throws them 140 00:07:49,920 --> 00:07:53,160 Speaker 1: off in space. So probably a lot, probably, I think. 141 00:07:53,160 --> 00:07:57,840 Speaker 1: So you think it's like seven or like a billion? Jeeus? Um, Well, 142 00:07:57,880 --> 00:07:59,680 Speaker 1: in a in a big universe, I don't know if 143 00:07:59,680 --> 00:08:03,560 Speaker 1: we could count. No, I think every planet. I think 144 00:08:04,280 --> 00:08:07,480 Speaker 1: interested pretty good mix of reactions. Yeah, a lot of 145 00:08:07,480 --> 00:08:10,360 Speaker 1: open minds. I love the people who say the universe 146 00:08:10,480 --> 00:08:13,160 Speaker 1: is so big you can never say no, you can 147 00:08:13,200 --> 00:08:15,640 Speaker 1: never say that something doesn't exist. I think that's a 148 00:08:15,640 --> 00:08:20,200 Speaker 1: great attitude because technically, in an infinite universe, anything can happen, right, 149 00:08:20,800 --> 00:08:24,840 Speaker 1: and anything is happening. Yeah, in an infinite universe, everything 150 00:08:24,880 --> 00:08:28,560 Speaker 1: that can happen eventually will happen and is happening somewhere. 151 00:08:28,920 --> 00:08:31,040 Speaker 1: So it's a good attitude. Now, we don't know the 152 00:08:31,080 --> 00:08:34,760 Speaker 1: universe is infinite, but it's definitely pretty big right somewhere 153 00:08:34,800 --> 00:08:36,960 Speaker 1: out there. There's a version of this podcast in which 154 00:08:37,040 --> 00:08:40,199 Speaker 1: you and I are the A List celebrities. That's not 155 00:08:40,440 --> 00:08:43,800 Speaker 1: this version. What are you saying? I don't I'm confused. 156 00:08:44,880 --> 00:08:49,839 Speaker 1: I think we're run out of letters letters. That's right 157 00:08:49,880 --> 00:08:55,920 Speaker 1: with the Triple A. We're the Triple We're Triple A celebrities, 158 00:08:56,000 --> 00:09:00,040 Speaker 1: which sounds good, but really, welcome to the minor the 159 00:09:00,080 --> 00:09:03,920 Speaker 1: Ego podcast, folks. Yeah, so, um, but people seem sort 160 00:09:03,920 --> 00:09:06,520 Speaker 1: of skeptical. I mean, some people said yes, but it 161 00:09:06,640 --> 00:09:10,560 Speaker 1: sort of seemed like yes, probably, but probably it's probably 162 00:09:10,559 --> 00:09:13,760 Speaker 1: not very common, that's right, and it's immediately a fascinating question. 163 00:09:13,800 --> 00:09:16,120 Speaker 1: It's the kind of thing you might not ever think about. 164 00:09:16,160 --> 00:09:17,960 Speaker 1: You think, oh, well, planet is of course they form 165 00:09:18,000 --> 00:09:21,960 Speaker 1: around stars, and that's reasonable because stars form from the 166 00:09:22,440 --> 00:09:25,800 Speaker 1: gravitational collapse of stuff, and plants do the same thing, 167 00:09:25,840 --> 00:09:28,720 Speaker 1: and so you should imagine they formed together. They're probably 168 00:09:28,760 --> 00:09:32,000 Speaker 1: associate with each other. You probably don't ever think that 169 00:09:32,040 --> 00:09:35,480 Speaker 1: there are dark bodies floating out there in between the stars. 170 00:09:35,720 --> 00:09:38,280 Speaker 1: But as soon as somebody suggested to you, then you 171 00:09:38,320 --> 00:09:40,960 Speaker 1: have to wonder, well do we know, how do we know? 172 00:09:41,120 --> 00:09:43,840 Speaker 1: Have we looked? Could we see them? And immediately it's 173 00:09:43,840 --> 00:09:46,360 Speaker 1: a question you need to know the answer to. Yeah, 174 00:09:46,480 --> 00:09:49,080 Speaker 1: because if it's a lot, then they would be pretty 175 00:09:49,280 --> 00:09:52,360 Speaker 1: uh interesting, I guess, or dangerous because what if one 176 00:09:52,360 --> 00:09:55,640 Speaker 1: of them hits us? Yeah, it's a little bit dangerous. 177 00:09:55,679 --> 00:09:58,080 Speaker 1: But also it just changes sort of your your view 178 00:09:58,200 --> 00:10:00,960 Speaker 1: of the universe. I mean, what if there are more 179 00:10:01,400 --> 00:10:04,800 Speaker 1: rogue planets out there than non rogue planets, then your 180 00:10:04,840 --> 00:10:07,280 Speaker 1: whole view of like what is a planet has to 181 00:10:07,320 --> 00:10:09,760 Speaker 1: all of a sudden change from oh, they're all around 182 00:10:09,800 --> 00:10:12,880 Speaker 1: stars to well, my sense of a planet is unusual 183 00:10:13,000 --> 00:10:15,280 Speaker 1: is a typical? Oh I see, it could be that 184 00:10:15,480 --> 00:10:19,160 Speaker 1: our kind of planet is the minority. Yeah, exactly, Just 185 00:10:19,240 --> 00:10:21,680 Speaker 1: like we discovered that our kind of matter is a 186 00:10:21,720 --> 00:10:24,600 Speaker 1: small fraction of all the matter in the universe. All 187 00:10:24,640 --> 00:10:27,320 Speaker 1: of a sudden, things we thought were typical are now weird. 188 00:10:27,520 --> 00:10:30,800 Speaker 1: It'd be like discovering their more continents out there. Or 189 00:10:30,920 --> 00:10:32,839 Speaker 1: you know, you grow up in your family eats a 190 00:10:32,880 --> 00:10:34,439 Speaker 1: dinner a certain way, and then you go to a 191 00:10:34,480 --> 00:10:36,959 Speaker 1: friend's house you discover, oh man, my family is weird. 192 00:10:37,400 --> 00:10:39,560 Speaker 1: We are and we don't use utensils at home or 193 00:10:39,559 --> 00:10:42,280 Speaker 1: whatever it is. You know, it's it's maturing in that 194 00:10:42,400 --> 00:10:46,360 Speaker 1: same way, right, It's expanding your horizon and your idea 195 00:10:46,400 --> 00:10:48,280 Speaker 1: of the universe. And that's why this is such a 196 00:10:48,360 --> 00:10:51,640 Speaker 1: fun opportunity to learn something new about the universe. All right, 197 00:10:51,679 --> 00:10:55,360 Speaker 1: so let's get into it. Daniel Wood exactly is a 198 00:10:55,480 --> 00:10:59,679 Speaker 1: rogue planet. Right, So let's begin with technical definitional stuff 199 00:10:59,679 --> 00:11:01,760 Speaker 1: that we could argue about easily for half an hour. 200 00:11:04,040 --> 00:11:06,760 Speaker 1: And and and very importantly, is there a first rogue 201 00:11:06,760 --> 00:11:10,960 Speaker 1: planet called rogue one? Well, the movie rights for that 202 00:11:10,960 --> 00:11:14,520 Speaker 1: one I've already been locked up, unfortunately. Yeah, Well they're 203 00:11:14,520 --> 00:11:18,480 Speaker 1: not definitely not making a sequel of that one. I 204 00:11:18,520 --> 00:11:20,800 Speaker 1: liked it. I liked it, but you know, Rogue two's 205 00:11:20,840 --> 00:11:23,360 Speaker 1: agent is not exactly getting a lot of traction in Hollywood. 206 00:11:24,000 --> 00:11:26,880 Speaker 1: But a rogue planet is a planet that's not orbiting 207 00:11:26,880 --> 00:11:29,680 Speaker 1: a star. And you said earlier, and you're right that 208 00:11:30,040 --> 00:11:34,199 Speaker 1: every planet feels the gravity from every star in the galaxy, 209 00:11:34,280 --> 00:11:36,320 Speaker 1: but you have to look at its motion, like the 210 00:11:36,320 --> 00:11:38,960 Speaker 1: motion of the Earth is that we are orbiting our star. 211 00:11:39,400 --> 00:11:41,600 Speaker 1: We're moving around our star. But if we were a 212 00:11:41,679 --> 00:11:44,680 Speaker 1: rogue planet, then our primary motion would just be around 213 00:11:44,720 --> 00:11:47,479 Speaker 1: the center of the galaxy. Would be the same category 214 00:11:47,559 --> 00:11:50,720 Speaker 1: as the stars, like our star orbits the center of 215 00:11:50,720 --> 00:11:53,800 Speaker 1: the galaxy. It's a planet that's not sort of trapped 216 00:11:53,920 --> 00:11:59,400 Speaker 1: by the gravitational well or pool of a star. Yeah, 217 00:11:59,520 --> 00:12:01,280 Speaker 1: we liked to in goo a Solar System as an 218 00:12:01,320 --> 00:12:05,720 Speaker 1: object because it's gravitationally bound that the dominant gravitational force 219 00:12:05,760 --> 00:12:08,240 Speaker 1: on every object in the Solar System is the Sun. 220 00:12:08,640 --> 00:12:11,040 Speaker 1: So it's like the Sun has its own little neighborhood 221 00:12:11,320 --> 00:12:15,000 Speaker 1: in which it's gravity is more powerful than any other gravity. 222 00:12:15,360 --> 00:12:18,600 Speaker 1: Or I guess maybe not not just that it's more powerful, 223 00:12:18,720 --> 00:12:22,920 Speaker 1: but it's powerful enough to to sort of trap things 224 00:12:23,640 --> 00:12:26,240 Speaker 1: in its vicinity. Yeah, it's a stable to let it 225 00:12:26,280 --> 00:12:29,439 Speaker 1: go exactly. But you know, the galaxy is big, and 226 00:12:29,559 --> 00:12:32,480 Speaker 1: there are a lot of stars, but they're not that many, 227 00:12:32,559 --> 00:12:35,880 Speaker 1: and so there's a lot of room out there between stars. Remember, 228 00:12:35,920 --> 00:12:38,960 Speaker 1: we're you know, light years away from the nearest star, 229 00:12:39,040 --> 00:12:41,440 Speaker 1: which makes a huge amount of space for stuff to 230 00:12:41,440 --> 00:12:43,800 Speaker 1: be floating between the stars. Oh, I see, So there's 231 00:12:43,800 --> 00:12:45,520 Speaker 1: a lot of room for you to be out there 232 00:12:45,800 --> 00:12:49,920 Speaker 1: without falling into the you know, the trap of the 233 00:12:50,000 --> 00:12:52,840 Speaker 1: gravitational pool of a star. Yeah, if you mapped the 234 00:12:52,840 --> 00:12:55,840 Speaker 1: Milky Way onto Earth, for example, you know, you have 235 00:12:55,920 --> 00:12:58,680 Speaker 1: like one house here in Los Angeles and another house 236 00:12:58,720 --> 00:13:01,520 Speaker 1: like in Kansas, and another house like in New York City, 237 00:13:02,000 --> 00:13:04,440 Speaker 1: and there'll be a lot of room between those that 238 00:13:04,520 --> 00:13:06,439 Speaker 1: you could rogue around it. Yeah, you can have a 239 00:13:06,520 --> 00:13:08,839 Speaker 1: rogue cabin in the woods and never have to get 240 00:13:08,880 --> 00:13:12,400 Speaker 1: close to anybody. And I guess more importantly, you could 241 00:13:12,440 --> 00:13:15,080 Speaker 1: be so far away from my house and your house 242 00:13:15,080 --> 00:13:18,120 Speaker 1: in Kansas, Dad, you wouldn't feel the need to sort 243 00:13:18,120 --> 00:13:20,559 Speaker 1: of go visit. Yeah, and you could largely ignore them. 244 00:13:20,559 --> 00:13:23,400 Speaker 1: You know, those stars would just be other slightly more 245 00:13:23,440 --> 00:13:25,880 Speaker 1: bright stars in the sky, and you wouldn't feel their 246 00:13:25,880 --> 00:13:28,920 Speaker 1: gravitational pull strongly enough to get sucked into one of them. 247 00:13:29,000 --> 00:13:30,839 Speaker 1: All right, So then what's the definition then that it's 248 00:13:30,920 --> 00:13:35,280 Speaker 1: it's a planet, meaning like a ball of stuff? Is 249 00:13:35,320 --> 00:13:37,920 Speaker 1: that what it means? What is exactly a planet? Yeah? 250 00:13:37,920 --> 00:13:41,320 Speaker 1: Well that's where it gets tricky, right. Um. These are 251 00:13:41,559 --> 00:13:46,640 Speaker 1: either things that were formed in other solar systems and 252 00:13:46,679 --> 00:13:51,480 Speaker 1: then ejected, or you could also think about stars that 253 00:13:51,600 --> 00:13:55,240 Speaker 1: never sort of got started, like failed stars. You know 254 00:13:55,280 --> 00:13:57,520 Speaker 1: what if a star never sort of turns on because 255 00:13:57,559 --> 00:14:00,400 Speaker 1: it's not big enough to burn, is that a rogue 256 00:14:00,400 --> 00:14:02,960 Speaker 1: planet or is that a failed star? Is a heated 257 00:14:03,000 --> 00:14:05,800 Speaker 1: debate in astronomy, But both of those things are out 258 00:14:05,840 --> 00:14:08,000 Speaker 1: there well in a way sort of Jube, isn't Jupiter 259 00:14:08,160 --> 00:14:10,280 Speaker 1: also kind of a failed star? Like it could have 260 00:14:10,280 --> 00:14:13,200 Speaker 1: been a star but it wasn't. Yeah, And if Jupiter 261 00:14:13,280 --> 00:14:15,960 Speaker 1: had formed far enough away from the Sun on its own, 262 00:14:15,960 --> 00:14:17,800 Speaker 1: if it was like the center of its own little 263 00:14:17,800 --> 00:14:21,760 Speaker 1: gravitational neighborhood, we would call it a sub brown dwarf star. 264 00:14:22,280 --> 00:14:24,480 Speaker 1: But because it formed around our star, we call it 265 00:14:24,520 --> 00:14:26,920 Speaker 1: a planet. And so there's a lot of energy spent 266 00:14:26,960 --> 00:14:30,160 Speaker 1: in astronomy arguing about these names and definitions. And wait, 267 00:14:30,160 --> 00:14:33,200 Speaker 1: you're saying that if Jupiter wasn't in our solar system, 268 00:14:33,240 --> 00:14:35,720 Speaker 1: if it was out there, it would be considered a 269 00:14:35,760 --> 00:14:38,200 Speaker 1: star even though it's not burning. Yeah, there's a whole 270 00:14:38,240 --> 00:14:41,880 Speaker 1: category of stars called brown dwarfs and sub brown dwarfs 271 00:14:41,920 --> 00:14:45,400 Speaker 1: that are just not big enough to ignite fusion and 272 00:14:45,480 --> 00:14:48,080 Speaker 1: to burn and to glow. But why still call them 273 00:14:48,080 --> 00:14:50,840 Speaker 1: a star if they're not ignited? I'm burning, see what 274 00:14:50,880 --> 00:14:52,960 Speaker 1: I mean. People have strong feelings about this, like you do. 275 00:14:53,040 --> 00:14:57,280 Speaker 1: Apparently in your mind you think, you think, if it's 276 00:14:57,280 --> 00:14:58,920 Speaker 1: got to be burning to be a star, right, Well, 277 00:14:58,960 --> 00:15:01,280 Speaker 1: other people think, oh know, it's a failed star. That's 278 00:15:01,280 --> 00:15:03,080 Speaker 1: a kind of star, all right, So that's kind of 279 00:15:03,120 --> 00:15:06,200 Speaker 1: the definition. It's a ball of stuff, or maybe the 280 00:15:06,200 --> 00:15:08,640 Speaker 1: definition is kind of fuzzy, but generally speaking, a rogue 281 00:15:08,640 --> 00:15:10,720 Speaker 1: planet is a ball of stuff. It could be gas. 282 00:15:10,840 --> 00:15:15,000 Speaker 1: Could be rock too, right, rocks or gas or you know, 283 00:15:15,000 --> 00:15:19,000 Speaker 1: it's compressed matter kind of um just to make it 284 00:15:19,000 --> 00:15:21,720 Speaker 1: different than a cloud. And it's floating out there in space, 285 00:15:22,320 --> 00:15:26,920 Speaker 1: not in the orbit of a star. Whatever that could mean. 286 00:15:29,480 --> 00:15:31,560 Speaker 1: That's right, it's a it's a dense blob of stuff. 287 00:15:31,600 --> 00:15:34,520 Speaker 1: Primarily orbiting the center of the galaxy instead of orbiting 288 00:15:34,520 --> 00:15:37,560 Speaker 1: another star. All right, let's get into how we can 289 00:15:37,600 --> 00:15:40,120 Speaker 1: see them even though it's dark out during space and 290 00:15:40,160 --> 00:15:42,360 Speaker 1: how many there are out there in the universe. But 291 00:15:42,480 --> 00:15:57,560 Speaker 1: first let's take a quick break. All right, I know 292 00:15:57,640 --> 00:16:01,320 Speaker 1: there are floating planets out there in the universe in 293 00:16:01,320 --> 00:16:04,880 Speaker 1: our galaxy that don't have a star. They're called road planets, 294 00:16:04,960 --> 00:16:07,880 Speaker 1: and there might be a lot of them. So first 295 00:16:07,920 --> 00:16:09,880 Speaker 1: of all, I guess, how do we even see them 296 00:16:09,880 --> 00:16:12,440 Speaker 1: if it's they're not burning bright and they're not near 297 00:16:12,440 --> 00:16:15,280 Speaker 1: a star for them to shine, Um, how do we 298 00:16:15,520 --> 00:16:18,360 Speaker 1: know they're there? It's tricky, right, These are dark objects. 299 00:16:18,400 --> 00:16:20,640 Speaker 1: They are not shining, they're not emitting light, and as 300 00:16:20,640 --> 00:16:22,680 Speaker 1: you say, they're not close enough to any star to 301 00:16:22,760 --> 00:16:26,960 Speaker 1: reflect light like like exoplanets are. So it's not easy 302 00:16:27,000 --> 00:16:28,720 Speaker 1: to spot them, which is why for a long time 303 00:16:28,760 --> 00:16:31,720 Speaker 1: we didn't even know that they existed. Um, but there 304 00:16:31,760 --> 00:16:34,960 Speaker 1: are two ways to see them. One is you get 305 00:16:35,040 --> 00:16:38,200 Speaker 1: really lucky, and one is close enough that we can 306 00:16:38,240 --> 00:16:42,840 Speaker 1: see them in the infrared. Remember, these things are not burning, 307 00:16:42,920 --> 00:16:45,720 Speaker 1: so they're not shining visible light, but they still have 308 00:16:45,840 --> 00:16:49,000 Speaker 1: some heat to them and everything in the universe that 309 00:16:49,080 --> 00:16:53,720 Speaker 1: has a temperature also radiates some energy, usually in the infrared, 310 00:16:54,240 --> 00:16:56,520 Speaker 1: and so sort of glowing in the infrared. And we 311 00:16:56,600 --> 00:17:00,160 Speaker 1: have infrared telescopes, I see, because we I think we're 312 00:17:00,240 --> 00:17:03,520 Speaker 1: used to thinking of like asteroids and things out there 313 00:17:03,560 --> 00:17:06,760 Speaker 1: in spaces being cold, but you could have, for example, 314 00:17:06,840 --> 00:17:09,280 Speaker 1: like the Earth is kind of warm by itself. The 315 00:17:09,320 --> 00:17:10,960 Speaker 1: Earth is kind of warm. And even if we were 316 00:17:11,040 --> 00:17:14,280 Speaker 1: ten or fifty kelvin. And I want to give props 317 00:17:14,280 --> 00:17:16,000 Speaker 1: to the person out there who wrote in to remind 318 00:17:16,000 --> 00:17:19,199 Speaker 1: me that it's not degrees kelvin, it's just kelvin. But 319 00:17:19,359 --> 00:17:21,520 Speaker 1: even if we were just ten or fifty kelvin, we 320 00:17:21,520 --> 00:17:25,960 Speaker 1: would still radiate. Everything that's above absolute zero radiates some energy. 321 00:17:26,000 --> 00:17:29,080 Speaker 1: It's called black body radiation. Oh, I see. It sort 322 00:17:29,119 --> 00:17:33,200 Speaker 1: of shines in the infrared. Yeah. And there's a telescope 323 00:17:33,240 --> 00:17:36,600 Speaker 1: called the Wise telescope w I S E, which is 324 00:17:36,600 --> 00:17:38,400 Speaker 1: really good at seeing this stuff, and it's really good 325 00:17:38,400 --> 00:17:41,080 Speaker 1: in the infrared. And so if it's close enough that 326 00:17:41,240 --> 00:17:44,240 Speaker 1: you can spot them directly with the Wise telescope, but 327 00:17:44,320 --> 00:17:46,560 Speaker 1: it has to be pretty close. So like if our 328 00:17:46,600 --> 00:17:49,280 Speaker 1: son suddenly went out and there was no more light 329 00:17:49,320 --> 00:17:51,920 Speaker 1: in our solar system, you could still maybe see the 330 00:17:52,040 --> 00:17:55,200 Speaker 1: Earth and all the other planets. Yeah, you could, precisely. 331 00:17:55,280 --> 00:17:58,159 Speaker 1: And we do this to study other solar systems. We 332 00:17:58,200 --> 00:18:00,000 Speaker 1: look at them in the visible light and we also 333 00:18:00,040 --> 00:18:02,360 Speaker 1: look at them in the infrared to try to get 334 00:18:02,359 --> 00:18:04,360 Speaker 1: a glimpse for like, what is the stuff out there 335 00:18:04,400 --> 00:18:07,359 Speaker 1: that's not blowing. It's still there, it's giving off different 336 00:18:07,400 --> 00:18:09,640 Speaker 1: kinds of radiation. So we have lots of different ways 337 00:18:09,640 --> 00:18:12,719 Speaker 1: of looking at the sky. The infrared, X ray, radio, 338 00:18:13,000 --> 00:18:15,240 Speaker 1: These are all just different kinds of light though. They're 339 00:18:15,240 --> 00:18:18,800 Speaker 1: all just different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. But different 340 00:18:18,800 --> 00:18:21,320 Speaker 1: things out there glow in different parts of these spectrums. 341 00:18:21,320 --> 00:18:23,480 Speaker 1: So the most direct way is to look for them 342 00:18:23,520 --> 00:18:26,320 Speaker 1: in the infrared. But they have to be really close by, 343 00:18:26,520 --> 00:18:28,520 Speaker 1: Oh I see, because otherwise it would be too faint 344 00:18:28,600 --> 00:18:30,919 Speaker 1: to see them. Yeah, Because these things are small and 345 00:18:31,000 --> 00:18:34,119 Speaker 1: pretty faint, and so they're pretty hard to spot. The 346 00:18:34,160 --> 00:18:36,600 Speaker 1: best way to see these things is to look for 347 00:18:36,640 --> 00:18:40,440 Speaker 1: a little star eclipse. What well, if you have a 348 00:18:40,480 --> 00:18:43,000 Speaker 1: big dark object somewhere out there in the universe and 349 00:18:43,000 --> 00:18:46,240 Speaker 1: it passes between you and a star, then what happens 350 00:18:46,359 --> 00:18:49,480 Speaker 1: It blocks the light from that star momentarily like a 351 00:18:49,560 --> 00:18:53,080 Speaker 1: one time eclipse. Yes, like a one time eclipse, one 352 00:18:53,080 --> 00:18:55,679 Speaker 1: time ever eclipse, one time ever. Yeah. And so you 353 00:18:55,680 --> 00:18:58,600 Speaker 1: can see these things if you very carefully watch all 354 00:18:58,600 --> 00:19:00,960 Speaker 1: the stars in the sky and wait for a blip. 355 00:19:01,200 --> 00:19:04,720 Speaker 1: But there's something really fascinating because you might expect that, 356 00:19:04,840 --> 00:19:07,560 Speaker 1: like a star eclipse would dim the star, that it 357 00:19:07,600 --> 00:19:10,199 Speaker 1: would go out for a minute and then come back, right, 358 00:19:10,200 --> 00:19:13,600 Speaker 1: that's you'd expect, But this is really weird. Gravitational effect. 359 00:19:13,600 --> 00:19:16,639 Speaker 1: If the rogue planet or whatever it is alien ship 360 00:19:16,960 --> 00:19:20,920 Speaker 1: is big enough, then it has a gravitational lensing effect. 361 00:19:20,960 --> 00:19:23,920 Speaker 1: It acts like a big lens in space. Because remember 362 00:19:24,240 --> 00:19:27,840 Speaker 1: gravity is the bending of space. So gravity can change 363 00:19:27,880 --> 00:19:30,720 Speaker 1: the direction of light. We'll just block the light, they'll 364 00:19:31,160 --> 00:19:33,520 Speaker 1: bend the light. I mean that sort of happens here 365 00:19:33,560 --> 00:19:36,200 Speaker 1: on Earth too when there's an eclipse, right, doesn't the 366 00:19:36,320 --> 00:19:38,560 Speaker 1: light sort of go around the Moon when it's blocking 367 00:19:38,560 --> 00:19:40,600 Speaker 1: the sign a little bit? It does a little bit. Yeah, 368 00:19:40,800 --> 00:19:43,520 Speaker 1: And in this case it can actually enhance the strength 369 00:19:43,520 --> 00:19:45,720 Speaker 1: of that star because it acts like a lens. It 370 00:19:45,800 --> 00:19:48,720 Speaker 1: gathers more light and it focuses it all on the Earth. 371 00:19:49,119 --> 00:19:51,639 Speaker 1: So what actually happens when you get a micro lensing 372 00:19:51,680 --> 00:19:54,160 Speaker 1: event they call it, is that the star gets brighter, 373 00:19:54,440 --> 00:19:57,920 Speaker 1: not just a darker or like darker and lighter. Yeah, 374 00:19:57,960 --> 00:20:00,520 Speaker 1: it actually gets brighter. It gets enhanced, right, it gets 375 00:20:00,560 --> 00:20:04,240 Speaker 1: amplified by this micro lensing, and so the very center 376 00:20:04,280 --> 00:20:06,720 Speaker 1: of it is blocked out. But you're gathering light from 377 00:20:06,720 --> 00:20:09,440 Speaker 1: nearby and focusing it onto the earth. You actually get 378 00:20:09,480 --> 00:20:12,000 Speaker 1: more of the starlight when it goes by. It's an 379 00:20:12,000 --> 00:20:15,760 Speaker 1: eclipse that makes it the start look brighter. Yeah, recisely. 380 00:20:15,800 --> 00:20:18,680 Speaker 1: It's really fun. And the telescope to see these things 381 00:20:18,800 --> 00:20:22,800 Speaker 1: has a really awesome name. It's called the OGLE telescope. 382 00:20:23,400 --> 00:20:27,920 Speaker 1: I thought I thought it was already too much to 383 00:20:28,000 --> 00:20:32,360 Speaker 1: have a wise telescope. W I s e this one. 384 00:20:32,680 --> 00:20:35,320 Speaker 1: I want to look at things called the OGLE if 385 00:20:35,359 --> 00:20:37,560 Speaker 1: you want to sit on the couch and ogle the universe, 386 00:20:37,880 --> 00:20:43,880 Speaker 1: and you do it using the optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment OGL. Wow, 387 00:20:44,720 --> 00:20:47,480 Speaker 1: you guys probably pop some champagne when you came up 388 00:20:47,520 --> 00:20:49,240 Speaker 1: with that name. So those are the two ways you 389 00:20:49,240 --> 00:20:51,680 Speaker 1: can see him. You can see them either through micro 390 00:20:51,760 --> 00:20:56,359 Speaker 1: lensing or anti eclipses or directly through the infrared. And 391 00:20:56,440 --> 00:20:58,399 Speaker 1: so what do we know about them? Do we know 392 00:20:59,200 --> 00:21:02,119 Speaker 1: are they sort of round like our planets necessarily, or 393 00:21:02,160 --> 00:21:05,800 Speaker 1: do they look like giant asteroids or what do we 394 00:21:05,880 --> 00:21:08,360 Speaker 1: expect them to look like? Yeah, we expect that they're 395 00:21:08,400 --> 00:21:12,080 Speaker 1: mostly round because anything that's big enough gravity will make 396 00:21:12,080 --> 00:21:15,399 Speaker 1: it round. You know, gravity is powerful, and if you've 397 00:21:15,400 --> 00:21:17,560 Speaker 1: got a bit that's sticking out, eventually it's going to 398 00:21:17,720 --> 00:21:20,480 Speaker 1: roll down. And so you have something that's big enough 399 00:21:20,520 --> 00:21:23,360 Speaker 1: to have strong gravity, it's going to get around. Oh, 400 00:21:23,440 --> 00:21:25,720 Speaker 1: I see, And you expect these to be big, right, 401 00:21:25,760 --> 00:21:28,760 Speaker 1: I guess if you're If you're calling them planets, there's 402 00:21:28,760 --> 00:21:32,280 Speaker 1: a certain size associated with that name, isn't there? Like 403 00:21:32,320 --> 00:21:35,879 Speaker 1: Pluto got demoted because it wasn't big enough. Yeah, But 404 00:21:35,880 --> 00:21:38,879 Speaker 1: the really amazing part is that probably there's a whole 405 00:21:38,920 --> 00:21:43,200 Speaker 1: spectrum of sizes, from like things bigger than Jupiter down 406 00:21:43,240 --> 00:21:46,920 Speaker 1: to Earth size things down to just rocks, and the 407 00:21:47,040 --> 00:21:51,359 Speaker 1: number is probably inversely proportional to the size. So there 408 00:21:51,400 --> 00:21:54,320 Speaker 1: are a certain number of Jupiter sized ones, and they're 409 00:21:54,320 --> 00:21:57,440 Speaker 1: probably more Earth sized ones, and then probably like a 410 00:21:57,680 --> 00:22:01,119 Speaker 1: xillion times more just box out there. But at some 411 00:22:01,160 --> 00:22:04,360 Speaker 1: point they're just called rocks. You wouldn't call them planets, right, 412 00:22:04,760 --> 00:22:07,800 Speaker 1: At some point they're called planets and then dwarf planets, 413 00:22:08,000 --> 00:22:11,480 Speaker 1: and then yeah, just comets or rocks or dust. Right, 414 00:22:11,720 --> 00:22:13,480 Speaker 1: and you know, some of these things have come to 415 00:22:13,560 --> 00:22:17,160 Speaker 1: our solar system. Remember Omama and the comment that came 416 00:22:17,240 --> 00:22:21,040 Speaker 1: through UM in December. These are just rocks from other 417 00:22:21,080 --> 00:22:23,800 Speaker 1: solar system that flew through our Solar system. Wow, there 418 00:22:23,800 --> 00:22:27,600 Speaker 1: are Jupiter size planets out there, just floating in space, 419 00:22:27,720 --> 00:22:31,000 Speaker 1: not being bound to any star, just doing their own thing. 420 00:22:31,280 --> 00:22:33,679 Speaker 1: And that was the question when people first thought about this. 421 00:22:33,720 --> 00:22:36,080 Speaker 1: They thought, are they out there? Let's go look for them, 422 00:22:36,400 --> 00:22:39,000 Speaker 1: and so they started using these two approaches, and what 423 00:22:39,119 --> 00:22:41,960 Speaker 1: they found sort of boggled the mind. Right, they found 424 00:22:41,960 --> 00:22:45,600 Speaker 1: more than they expected. Yeah, they found that there's something 425 00:22:45,680 --> 00:22:50,080 Speaker 1: like around one Jupiter sized rogue planet for every star 426 00:22:50,240 --> 00:22:52,760 Speaker 1: in the Milky Way. So there's hundreds of millions of 427 00:22:52,800 --> 00:22:56,600 Speaker 1: these Jupiter size rogue planets out there. Yeah, more like 428 00:22:56,640 --> 00:22:59,920 Speaker 1: a hundred billion, yeah, because it's not about a hundred 429 00:23:00,040 --> 00:23:02,800 Speaker 1: billion stars in the Milky Way. And a few years 430 00:23:02,800 --> 00:23:05,200 Speaker 1: ago there was a really exciting result. Some people said 431 00:23:05,240 --> 00:23:07,919 Speaker 1: that there might be like two to four Jupiter size 432 00:23:08,080 --> 00:23:11,479 Speaker 1: rogue planets out there for every single star, so like 433 00:23:11,720 --> 00:23:15,280 Speaker 1: hundreds of billions, and everybody was like reacted just the 434 00:23:15,320 --> 00:23:19,040 Speaker 1: way you did, like what And then another experiment did 435 00:23:19,080 --> 00:23:21,880 Speaker 1: some measurements and they came back to everybody, calm down. 436 00:23:22,240 --> 00:23:25,320 Speaker 1: It looks like there's probably just about one jupiter size road. 437 00:23:26,080 --> 00:23:28,040 Speaker 1: And I was like, that's still crazy. I mean, I 438 00:23:28,080 --> 00:23:31,159 Speaker 1: was thinking like there might be ten in the whole galaxy. 439 00:23:31,640 --> 00:23:34,800 Speaker 1: Turns out there's billions and billions of these things, and 440 00:23:34,840 --> 00:23:38,080 Speaker 1: those are the Jupiter sized ones. The milky ways litter 441 00:23:38,200 --> 00:23:41,520 Speaker 1: with these. Yeah, they're everywhere, and if as you go 442 00:23:41,640 --> 00:23:45,000 Speaker 1: down the mass scale right like Earth size planets, there 443 00:23:45,080 --> 00:23:48,439 Speaker 1: might be ten or even a hundred times as many. Wow, 444 00:23:48,880 --> 00:23:55,400 Speaker 1: it's just traffic out there. It's pretty messages stuff. Nobody's 445 00:23:55,440 --> 00:23:57,720 Speaker 1: cleaned up, right. We formed all these solar systems and 446 00:23:57,760 --> 00:24:00,440 Speaker 1: that all the leftover base are just still out there. 447 00:24:00,800 --> 00:24:03,200 Speaker 1: But you know, it gets more and more uncertain. As 448 00:24:03,240 --> 00:24:05,960 Speaker 1: the size of the object we're talking about gets smaller, 449 00:24:06,040 --> 00:24:09,280 Speaker 1: it's harder to see, and so we've seen fewer of them, 450 00:24:09,280 --> 00:24:12,760 Speaker 1: so we're making more of an extrapolation with more uncertainty. 451 00:24:13,040 --> 00:24:16,440 Speaker 1: We're in early days of understanding this, and in five, ten, 452 00:24:16,800 --> 00:24:19,520 Speaker 1: fifty years we'll have a much better handle on it. 453 00:24:19,680 --> 00:24:21,720 Speaker 1: But right now it's pretty uncertain. Are they going to 454 00:24:21,840 --> 00:24:23,800 Speaker 1: keep on floating out there? Or will will all of 455 00:24:23,840 --> 00:24:26,560 Speaker 1: these planets eventually kind of fall into a star. Think 456 00:24:26,600 --> 00:24:30,240 Speaker 1: about what happens when a big Jupiter's eye planet approaches 457 00:24:30,240 --> 00:24:34,280 Speaker 1: a star. It's not that easy to fall into orbit. Remember, 458 00:24:34,359 --> 00:24:37,440 Speaker 1: orbit requires being in the right location, having the right direction, 459 00:24:37,520 --> 00:24:40,959 Speaker 1: and the right velocity. Much more likely is that you 460 00:24:41,000 --> 00:24:43,000 Speaker 1: come into a solar system and you just sort of 461 00:24:43,040 --> 00:24:47,679 Speaker 1: like mess it up. Yeah, you perturb the gravitational, the 462 00:24:47,800 --> 00:24:51,000 Speaker 1: nice cozy gravitational orbits of everybody that's been there for 463 00:24:51,040 --> 00:24:53,800 Speaker 1: billions of years, and you make more rogue planets like 464 00:24:54,040 --> 00:24:55,879 Speaker 1: you come in and you bust up a family. If 465 00:24:55,880 --> 00:24:58,080 Speaker 1: a Jupiter sized planet came into our solar system, we 466 00:24:58,119 --> 00:25:00,560 Speaker 1: would probably lose a planet or two. Well, I hope 467 00:25:00,600 --> 00:25:05,879 Speaker 1: it's not Earth. They can take Pluto, Neptune. You know, 468 00:25:05,960 --> 00:25:09,240 Speaker 1: we don't even we don't even care about those. Wow, 469 00:25:09,320 --> 00:25:12,080 Speaker 1: they haven't even arrived yet. And you're and you're already 470 00:25:12,440 --> 00:25:17,360 Speaker 1: at the negotiating table offering up our neighbors. What has 471 00:25:17,480 --> 00:25:20,800 Speaker 1: urine has done for me lately? Oh? Come on, it's 472 00:25:21,000 --> 00:25:24,240 Speaker 1: comic fodder. Urine is really I would give away Neptune first, 473 00:25:25,040 --> 00:25:29,199 Speaker 1: I see it's less funny. I see you need you 474 00:25:29,240 --> 00:25:31,080 Speaker 1: want you want to planet around you can make fun 475 00:25:31,080 --> 00:25:33,280 Speaker 1: of it. Yeah, exactly, some some planet has to be 476 00:25:33,280 --> 00:25:34,960 Speaker 1: the butt of all of our jokes. So okay, So 477 00:25:35,000 --> 00:25:39,000 Speaker 1: it's not likely because they're if they're already floating out there, 478 00:25:39,040 --> 00:25:41,439 Speaker 1: you know, careening through space, it's unlikely for them to 479 00:25:41,600 --> 00:25:44,240 Speaker 1: stop at any particular start. They'll just kind of bounce 480 00:25:44,320 --> 00:25:47,200 Speaker 1: around from solar system to solar system. It is possible, 481 00:25:47,240 --> 00:25:49,800 Speaker 1: it's possible for our start to capture a new planet, 482 00:25:50,280 --> 00:25:52,560 Speaker 1: and people wonder about the history of our Solar system, 483 00:25:52,600 --> 00:25:55,080 Speaker 1: you know, like some of our planets have weird orbits. 484 00:25:55,160 --> 00:25:57,840 Speaker 1: Is it possible they were captured? But if you just 485 00:25:57,920 --> 00:26:01,760 Speaker 1: shoot a planet at a star, most of the trajectories 486 00:26:01,760 --> 00:26:04,280 Speaker 1: will lead to it just being like whipped around and 487 00:26:04,359 --> 00:26:07,480 Speaker 1: shot out into space and probably losing some of its planets. 488 00:26:07,600 --> 00:26:09,840 Speaker 1: I guess. Then that gets us to the question of 489 00:26:09,880 --> 00:26:14,560 Speaker 1: how these planets even formed. If they are not in 490 00:26:14,600 --> 00:26:18,320 Speaker 1: a solar system, and they were, probably they can be 491 00:26:18,400 --> 00:26:20,560 Speaker 1: captured by a solar sism. Where did they even come from? 492 00:26:20,680 --> 00:26:23,040 Speaker 1: So let's tackle that question. But first let's take a 493 00:26:23,080 --> 00:26:38,640 Speaker 1: quick break, all right, So where do rogue planets come from. 494 00:26:38,720 --> 00:26:41,960 Speaker 1: Is there like a rogue planet factory somewhere? Is there 495 00:26:41,960 --> 00:26:45,440 Speaker 1: a rogue nation of planets where all of these planets 496 00:26:45,800 --> 00:26:48,800 Speaker 1: go rogue from their rogue nation. Well, it depends on 497 00:26:48,840 --> 00:26:51,520 Speaker 1: how you define a rogue planet. There is a big 498 00:26:51,560 --> 00:26:55,080 Speaker 1: population of them that were probably formed around a star, 499 00:26:55,720 --> 00:26:58,240 Speaker 1: just like Earth and Jupiter and all of our planets. 500 00:26:58,520 --> 00:27:00,679 Speaker 1: They were part of some big cloud out of gas 501 00:27:00,720 --> 00:27:03,359 Speaker 1: and dust and rocks which coalesced to form a star 502 00:27:03,560 --> 00:27:07,520 Speaker 1: and planets. But remember that's not like organized. Nobody planned 503 00:27:07,560 --> 00:27:10,240 Speaker 1: our Solar system, and so in the early days of 504 00:27:10,240 --> 00:27:13,400 Speaker 1: our Solar system, stuff was pretty chaotic. It's not like 505 00:27:13,600 --> 00:27:15,679 Speaker 1: everybody had cleared it up and say, everybody in this 506 00:27:15,800 --> 00:27:18,560 Speaker 1: lane become Earth and everybody over here. You had stuff 507 00:27:18,600 --> 00:27:22,520 Speaker 1: sort of bouncing around more. It was more disorganized, and 508 00:27:22,560 --> 00:27:26,280 Speaker 1: so stuff got ejected. So some planets that were formed 509 00:27:26,280 --> 00:27:28,720 Speaker 1: in the early days of our Solar system probably got 510 00:27:28,720 --> 00:27:31,600 Speaker 1: ejected are now out there and planets we have a 511 00:27:31,640 --> 00:27:34,760 Speaker 1: lost brother out there or sister. Yeah, we almost certainly do. 512 00:27:35,359 --> 00:27:38,359 Speaker 1: And it's almost certainly almost certainly we um. It's a 513 00:27:38,359 --> 00:27:41,920 Speaker 1: fun question to ask, like what fraction of planets end 514 00:27:42,000 --> 00:27:45,439 Speaker 1: up in stable orbits and what fraction get ejected? Um, 515 00:27:45,480 --> 00:27:48,359 Speaker 1: And you know we're looking at our Solar system billions 516 00:27:48,359 --> 00:27:51,399 Speaker 1: of years in. It's basically after everything has settled down, 517 00:27:51,600 --> 00:27:54,000 Speaker 1: you know, in our Solar system, people think, for example, 518 00:27:54,080 --> 00:27:57,480 Speaker 1: like Saturn and Jupiter might have once had different orbits 519 00:27:57,480 --> 00:28:00,480 Speaker 1: that might have been in a different order because we 520 00:28:00,560 --> 00:28:03,640 Speaker 1: had more things. Yeah, and that there was a third planet, 521 00:28:03,720 --> 00:28:07,639 Speaker 1: another icy giant, which got ejected from the Solar system. 522 00:28:07,680 --> 00:28:09,919 Speaker 1: Like you look at the organization of our Solar system 523 00:28:09,960 --> 00:28:11,960 Speaker 1: for clues, and you're like, this looks weird. You know, 524 00:28:12,000 --> 00:28:14,920 Speaker 1: would make more sense if this crazy thing happened. And 525 00:28:14,960 --> 00:28:19,359 Speaker 1: that's how we ended up with this configuration of our planets. Oh. Interesting, 526 00:28:19,480 --> 00:28:22,000 Speaker 1: that's right, because the Solar System didn't always look like 527 00:28:22,040 --> 00:28:25,480 Speaker 1: the Solar System. No. And remember Earth had a massive 528 00:28:25,520 --> 00:28:28,440 Speaker 1: collision with like a planet sized object which led to 529 00:28:28,480 --> 00:28:31,399 Speaker 1: the formation of the Moon. Where did that thing come from? Well, 530 00:28:31,440 --> 00:28:36,200 Speaker 1: probably our Solar system and so and now it's been obliterated. Okay. 531 00:28:36,200 --> 00:28:39,080 Speaker 1: So so that's one way you can create a rogue 532 00:28:39,080 --> 00:28:41,880 Speaker 1: planet out there in spaces. You it's born in a 533 00:28:41,880 --> 00:28:44,800 Speaker 1: Solar System along with other planets, but then the other 534 00:28:44,960 --> 00:28:47,440 Speaker 1: planets sort of get together and and kind of vote, 535 00:28:47,640 --> 00:28:51,360 Speaker 1: vote that planet out. That's right, planet survivor. But you know, 536 00:28:51,440 --> 00:28:53,320 Speaker 1: from that planets point of view, they're probably like, I 537 00:28:53,360 --> 00:28:55,960 Speaker 1: never wanted to be in a solar system anyway. It's 538 00:28:55,960 --> 00:28:58,960 Speaker 1: so much more exciting out here in the backwoods. I 539 00:28:59,040 --> 00:29:03,400 Speaker 1: see much cooler out here. It is much cooler out there. Um. 540 00:29:03,480 --> 00:29:05,880 Speaker 1: And it could also be, as we talked about earlier, 541 00:29:06,080 --> 00:29:09,560 Speaker 1: that something comes by and perturbs and nice stable solar system, 542 00:29:09,760 --> 00:29:12,080 Speaker 1: like a black hole comes near a solar system and 543 00:29:12,280 --> 00:29:14,800 Speaker 1: perturbs it and sucks out some of the planets, or 544 00:29:14,840 --> 00:29:17,920 Speaker 1: even just you know, another passing rogue planet. So solar 545 00:29:17,960 --> 00:29:20,640 Speaker 1: systems are not that stable. So so those are rogue 546 00:29:20,760 --> 00:29:23,360 Speaker 1: orphan planets I guess you could call um. Then you 547 00:29:23,360 --> 00:29:26,160 Speaker 1: can also have like true road planets or like uh, 548 00:29:27,200 --> 00:29:31,520 Speaker 1: independently formed road planets, feral planets, maybe we can say 549 00:29:32,080 --> 00:29:35,640 Speaker 1: native planets. These are the ones that you were saying 550 00:29:35,880 --> 00:29:38,600 Speaker 1: don't really count as a star, and they're called sub 551 00:29:38,600 --> 00:29:42,840 Speaker 1: brown dwarf stars, and they're just clumps of matter that 552 00:29:43,000 --> 00:29:45,760 Speaker 1: started to form together but didn't get enough to form 553 00:29:45,880 --> 00:29:49,719 Speaker 1: enough gravitational pressure that you would get hydrogen fusion at 554 00:29:49,760 --> 00:29:52,400 Speaker 1: the core of it, and so you never start to burn, 555 00:29:52,880 --> 00:29:56,200 Speaker 1: because you could just have dust out there and gas 556 00:29:56,320 --> 00:29:58,760 Speaker 1: and just have it. If there's nothing around it, it'll 557 00:29:58,840 --> 00:30:01,160 Speaker 1: just come together as a clump. It will come together 558 00:30:01,200 --> 00:30:04,400 Speaker 1: as a clump. Eventually gravity wins. Right. Gravity is so 559 00:30:04,480 --> 00:30:08,360 Speaker 1: weak but so patient, and it just pulls this stuff 560 00:30:08,360 --> 00:30:11,200 Speaker 1: together whatever you started with. And you know, you might 561 00:30:11,200 --> 00:30:13,000 Speaker 1: wonder like how does that start? And that's a whole 562 00:30:13,000 --> 00:30:16,600 Speaker 1: other fascinating topic. People think that these clouds of gas 563 00:30:16,600 --> 00:30:19,560 Speaker 1: and dust and maybe like a supernova shock wave passes 564 00:30:19,600 --> 00:30:23,160 Speaker 1: through it and that triggers the coalescing. Anyway, we'll talk 565 00:30:23,200 --> 00:30:26,200 Speaker 1: about that in another episode. But whatever you got around 566 00:30:26,200 --> 00:30:28,680 Speaker 1: you forms into a blob and if it's not bright 567 00:30:28,800 --> 00:30:31,440 Speaker 1: enough to burn into a star, then it becomes to 568 00:30:31,520 --> 00:30:35,000 Speaker 1: tonight to start fusion. Right, that's what you yeah, Because 569 00:30:35,000 --> 00:30:36,440 Speaker 1: you know, if you just have a rock out there, 570 00:30:36,440 --> 00:30:38,960 Speaker 1: it's not enough to start fusion. You need enough mass 571 00:30:39,000 --> 00:30:41,560 Speaker 1: that the gravity sort of takes over and you start 572 00:30:41,600 --> 00:30:46,240 Speaker 1: that star and then it's basically a sub brown dwarf star. Man, 573 00:30:46,680 --> 00:30:49,240 Speaker 1: I'm just gonna pass judgment right now, Daniel. I think 574 00:30:49,240 --> 00:30:52,880 Speaker 1: I don't think they should be called stars, alright, Just 575 00:30:53,040 --> 00:30:56,280 Speaker 1: climbing a sub brown dwarves or something. So would you 576 00:30:56,280 --> 00:31:00,479 Speaker 1: call them a rogue planet then? Yeah? Right? Independent? An 577 00:31:00,480 --> 00:31:04,120 Speaker 1: independent planet or yeah, why not? Is there an argument 578 00:31:04,120 --> 00:31:06,840 Speaker 1: against calling them a road planet? Well, some people think that, 579 00:31:06,880 --> 00:31:09,040 Speaker 1: you know, a planet is something that formed around a star, 580 00:31:09,480 --> 00:31:12,000 Speaker 1: and so that a rogue planet. I think the generally 581 00:31:12,040 --> 00:31:14,600 Speaker 1: acceptable term is that a rogue planet something was around 582 00:31:14,600 --> 00:31:17,840 Speaker 1: a star and then got lost. It went rogue. You 583 00:31:17,880 --> 00:31:21,640 Speaker 1: can't you can't be born rogue in astronomy, apparently, I 584 00:31:21,800 --> 00:31:24,720 Speaker 1: see if by planet you mean something that forms around 585 00:31:24,720 --> 00:31:29,080 Speaker 1: a star, then technically I think that doesn't form with 586 00:31:29,080 --> 00:31:31,320 Speaker 1: it around a star is not a planet. But this 587 00:31:31,360 --> 00:31:33,600 Speaker 1: is all semantics, but it's just what people decided to 588 00:31:33,600 --> 00:31:35,920 Speaker 1: call this thing, so they can have words that they 589 00:31:35,960 --> 00:31:38,640 Speaker 1: communicate with and all mean the same thing. Or maybe 590 00:31:38,640 --> 00:31:40,800 Speaker 1: they just like arguing about this stuff at meetings. That's 591 00:31:40,840 --> 00:31:42,960 Speaker 1: probably true also, or maybe if what do you mean 592 00:31:43,000 --> 00:31:47,000 Speaker 1: by star is just like celestial objects, um, then this 593 00:31:47,120 --> 00:31:50,680 Speaker 1: could be sort of a non shining star. Yeah, and 594 00:31:50,720 --> 00:31:53,200 Speaker 1: these things sort of go the same way as the 595 00:31:53,280 --> 00:31:55,880 Speaker 1: rogue planets. That is, when it comes to stars. We 596 00:31:55,960 --> 00:31:58,680 Speaker 1: know more about bigger stars because they burn bright and 597 00:31:58,760 --> 00:32:01,680 Speaker 1: we can see them. It's hard to spot brown dwarfs 598 00:32:01,680 --> 00:32:04,280 Speaker 1: and sub brown dwarfs because they don't shine like stars. 599 00:32:04,720 --> 00:32:07,200 Speaker 1: We think that the number of these things grows very 600 00:32:07,280 --> 00:32:09,320 Speaker 1: quickly though, as you dial down the mass of the 601 00:32:09,320 --> 00:32:12,360 Speaker 1: object from bright star to sub brown dwarf to just 602 00:32:12,520 --> 00:32:16,000 Speaker 1: dark little blob. So there's a lot more sub brown 603 00:32:16,120 --> 00:32:19,200 Speaker 1: dwarfs out there than there are burning stars. There are 604 00:32:19,240 --> 00:32:21,400 Speaker 1: more failed stars and stars. Is that what you're saying? 605 00:32:22,320 --> 00:32:29,120 Speaker 1: Big surprise, right? There are more waiters than celebrities in Hollywood. Wow. 606 00:32:29,160 --> 00:32:33,239 Speaker 1: The analogies just keep keep on rewarding us here. It 607 00:32:33,240 --> 00:32:36,120 Speaker 1: turns out what we've learned here in Los Angeles does 608 00:32:36,160 --> 00:32:38,520 Speaker 1: apply to the rest of the universe. In this one case, 609 00:32:39,360 --> 00:32:42,040 Speaker 1: l A is the center of the universe. Obviously, it 610 00:32:42,120 --> 00:32:44,360 Speaker 1: has taught us something about template is a template for 611 00:32:44,360 --> 00:32:49,000 Speaker 1: the rest of the universe. That is terrifying. That is terrifying, alright, cool, 612 00:32:49,000 --> 00:32:52,400 Speaker 1: So it's pretty interesting to know, to understand, to to 613 00:32:52,560 --> 00:32:55,360 Speaker 1: have a sense that there are giant planets out there 614 00:32:55,400 --> 00:32:58,719 Speaker 1: floating in space without a home. You know, they're just 615 00:32:58,840 --> 00:33:01,840 Speaker 1: cruising through space like a like a spaceship. I guess, yeah, 616 00:33:01,920 --> 00:33:03,480 Speaker 1: And you have to wonder, like, what would it be 617 00:33:03,560 --> 00:33:05,680 Speaker 1: like to stand on the surface of that planet in 618 00:33:06,160 --> 00:33:10,160 Speaker 1: perpetual night. You have no seasons, you right, you could 619 00:33:10,200 --> 00:33:12,280 Speaker 1: do a lot of great astronomy, right because you have 620 00:33:12,320 --> 00:33:15,280 Speaker 1: no sun to interfere with your telescopes. You could have 621 00:33:15,320 --> 00:33:17,960 Speaker 1: a walk around that planet, go all the way around, 622 00:33:18,000 --> 00:33:20,120 Speaker 1: and you would only see the night sky with stars 623 00:33:20,120 --> 00:33:22,320 Speaker 1: in it. Yeah, but you could stay up all night long, 624 00:33:22,560 --> 00:33:32,920 Speaker 1: every night. You would never get a sunburn's right, that industry, 625 00:33:33,200 --> 00:33:37,400 Speaker 1: that industry would just not take off. Good for astronomers, 626 00:33:37,400 --> 00:33:40,400 Speaker 1: bad for practicing gamble. Yeah, and also makers a swimsuits, 627 00:33:40,440 --> 00:33:43,680 Speaker 1: probably because you know it'd be pretty cold. Right. We 628 00:33:43,800 --> 00:33:46,640 Speaker 1: rely on our Sun not just for sunlight but also 629 00:33:46,760 --> 00:33:51,280 Speaker 1: for the warmth, and it provides something like point nine 630 00:33:51,480 --> 00:33:54,680 Speaker 1: seven percent of the energy on the surface of the 631 00:33:54,680 --> 00:33:58,000 Speaker 1: Earth comes directly from the Sun. Really, but aren't there 632 00:33:58,080 --> 00:34:00,520 Speaker 1: planets in our Solar system that are like super hot 633 00:34:00,840 --> 00:34:02,960 Speaker 1: by themselves or is it all also from the Sun? 634 00:34:03,280 --> 00:34:05,800 Speaker 1: There are like Venus is super hot, but all that 635 00:34:05,920 --> 00:34:07,880 Speaker 1: energy comes from the Sun. And the reason it's super 636 00:34:07,920 --> 00:34:11,399 Speaker 1: hot is that has these thick clouds that trap that energy. 637 00:34:11,440 --> 00:34:14,080 Speaker 1: So all the surface energy from all the on all 638 00:34:14,080 --> 00:34:16,600 Speaker 1: the planets in our Solar system is almost all from 639 00:34:16,600 --> 00:34:18,600 Speaker 1: the Sun. But that's from on the surface, if you 640 00:34:18,640 --> 00:34:20,480 Speaker 1: wanted to live on the surface and have a view 641 00:34:20,480 --> 00:34:23,799 Speaker 1: of the night sky. But technically, could you in one 642 00:34:23,800 --> 00:34:26,800 Speaker 1: of these road planets, could you like evolve life inside 643 00:34:26,800 --> 00:34:29,240 Speaker 1: of it where where it is warm? You might because, 644 00:34:29,280 --> 00:34:31,440 Speaker 1: as you say, the core of our planet is warm, 645 00:34:31,440 --> 00:34:34,960 Speaker 1: and that's not from the Sun, that's from the gravitational pressure. Right, 646 00:34:34,960 --> 00:34:38,080 Speaker 1: the Earth is also being squeezed and melt the rock, 647 00:34:38,440 --> 00:34:41,360 Speaker 1: and from the radioactive decays that are happening inside that 648 00:34:41,480 --> 00:34:45,040 Speaker 1: rock that radiates a little bit of energy. And so 649 00:34:45,120 --> 00:34:47,960 Speaker 1: there is you know, there are hot spots underground. And 650 00:34:48,000 --> 00:34:50,279 Speaker 1: so if you're on one of these rogue planets safe 651 00:34:50,280 --> 00:34:53,760 Speaker 1: for example, the Earth went rogue, right, what would happen? Well, 652 00:34:54,040 --> 00:34:57,319 Speaker 1: their ocean good? Not good? Right? You throw away all 653 00:34:57,360 --> 00:35:00,960 Speaker 1: your sunscreen, Sorry about that, and the the oceans would 654 00:35:01,040 --> 00:35:04,759 Speaker 1: freeze and the atmosphere would like turn to snow and 655 00:35:04,800 --> 00:35:06,920 Speaker 1: just like accumulate on the surface of the Earth, which 656 00:35:06,960 --> 00:35:09,680 Speaker 1: would be crazy. But if you go down deep enough, 657 00:35:09,719 --> 00:35:12,080 Speaker 1: they would still be warmth, and so there might be 658 00:35:12,200 --> 00:35:15,319 Speaker 1: enough energy sort of bubbling up through the crust to 659 00:35:15,440 --> 00:35:20,080 Speaker 1: keep like a layer of water melted. Oh. Interesting, you 660 00:35:20,080 --> 00:35:23,040 Speaker 1: could have like underground oceans. Yeah, you could have underground 661 00:35:23,080 --> 00:35:25,240 Speaker 1: oceans that the Earth would be covered in layer of ice, 662 00:35:25,480 --> 00:35:27,879 Speaker 1: but a mile or maybe two miles down there could 663 00:35:27,880 --> 00:35:30,319 Speaker 1: still be water and it might be warm enough to 664 00:35:30,400 --> 00:35:33,239 Speaker 1: sustain life. So you would throw your sunscreen, but not 665 00:35:33,400 --> 00:35:36,600 Speaker 1: your swimsuit. Try to take your swimsuit or maybe your 666 00:35:36,640 --> 00:35:38,200 Speaker 1: wet suit, because I don't think it's going to be 667 00:35:38,360 --> 00:35:41,560 Speaker 1: very warm. But you could find like you know, cracks 668 00:35:41,600 --> 00:35:45,359 Speaker 1: in the Earth's mantle underground where there's geothermal energy, and 669 00:35:45,520 --> 00:35:48,040 Speaker 1: there are there is life the very bottom of the ocean, 670 00:35:48,040 --> 00:35:50,560 Speaker 1: clustered around these thermal vents. Yeah, and they don't have 671 00:35:50,600 --> 00:35:52,879 Speaker 1: any sunlight that you just live off of the hot 672 00:35:52,920 --> 00:35:55,640 Speaker 1: water from these events. They've been planning for this for 673 00:35:55,680 --> 00:35:58,399 Speaker 1: a long time. Yeah, they're ready for They're ready for Earth, 674 00:35:58,480 --> 00:36:01,319 Speaker 1: Bill Rode. They're the rogue life right there, ready to 675 00:36:01,360 --> 00:36:04,360 Speaker 1: take over when Earth goes rogue. There are the waiting 676 00:36:04,600 --> 00:36:06,759 Speaker 1: waiting to rise up. But I think what I what 677 00:36:06,800 --> 00:36:08,719 Speaker 1: I'm saying is that that that could happen in one 678 00:36:08,760 --> 00:36:10,879 Speaker 1: of these rogue planets out there. I mean, there could 679 00:36:10,880 --> 00:36:13,480 Speaker 1: be like a giant floating Jupiter out there in space. 680 00:36:13,520 --> 00:36:17,839 Speaker 1: It's actually like a spaceship full of life under the surface. Yeah, 681 00:36:17,920 --> 00:36:19,960 Speaker 1: and it doesn't have to be that life evolves on 682 00:36:19,960 --> 00:36:22,319 Speaker 1: a planet and then it goes rogue. I think you're saying, like, 683 00:36:22,520 --> 00:36:25,120 Speaker 1: could life evolve on a planet when it's a rogue 684 00:36:25,160 --> 00:36:26,960 Speaker 1: And I think the answer is yeah. You could have 685 00:36:27,320 --> 00:36:30,680 Speaker 1: a good water on a rogue planet and life could evolve, 686 00:36:30,880 --> 00:36:33,760 Speaker 1: and it could evolve under like a mile of ice 687 00:36:34,400 --> 00:36:37,479 Speaker 1: and never see the sky. Right, it might not even 688 00:36:37,520 --> 00:36:40,800 Speaker 1: be aware that the universe is larger than its ocean. 689 00:36:41,000 --> 00:36:43,400 Speaker 1: It would be like rogue life. And you have to wonder, like, 690 00:36:43,520 --> 00:36:46,680 Speaker 1: what kind of technology could you evolve? Like, could you 691 00:36:46,719 --> 00:36:50,680 Speaker 1: become intelligent? Could you evolve technology? Could you drill out 692 00:36:50,680 --> 00:36:52,680 Speaker 1: of the ice and then discover that? Imagine what that 693 00:36:52,719 --> 00:36:54,719 Speaker 1: would be like to be that kind of I want 694 00:36:54,719 --> 00:36:56,840 Speaker 1: to read a science fiction novel about life that evolves 695 00:36:56,840 --> 00:37:00,160 Speaker 1: on a rogue planet and develops the technology, drills as 696 00:37:00,160 --> 00:37:02,440 Speaker 1: of the ice, and then discovers Oh my gosh, the 697 00:37:02,560 --> 00:37:05,880 Speaker 1: university is so much bigger than we ever imagined. What 698 00:37:05,960 --> 00:37:08,799 Speaker 1: a moment. Right, There's a story that you and I 699 00:37:08,840 --> 00:37:11,319 Speaker 1: were talking earlier about. The writer thought Chiang, he has 700 00:37:11,360 --> 00:37:13,160 Speaker 1: a story I don't know if you read it, called 701 00:37:13,200 --> 00:37:15,399 Speaker 1: The Tower of Babel where that's kind of the plot 702 00:37:15,440 --> 00:37:18,360 Speaker 1: where they drill through the ceiling of heaven. Oh my gosh, 703 00:37:18,400 --> 00:37:21,240 Speaker 1: I want to read that story. That sounds awesome. Yeah. Alright, 704 00:37:21,239 --> 00:37:24,760 Speaker 1: So that that's kind of possible, is that there are 705 00:37:25,480 --> 00:37:27,720 Speaker 1: and and there are so many of these road planets 706 00:37:27,719 --> 00:37:30,600 Speaker 1: out there that it's it probably is maybe possible that 707 00:37:30,680 --> 00:37:33,000 Speaker 1: there is life and the life started in one of 708 00:37:33,000 --> 00:37:36,360 Speaker 1: these road planets. Yeah, it's very exciting for the possibility 709 00:37:36,360 --> 00:37:38,279 Speaker 1: of alien life, which you know, I'm a fan of. 710 00:37:38,640 --> 00:37:41,239 Speaker 1: You know, recently we've learned that there are a huge 711 00:37:41,320 --> 00:37:44,040 Speaker 1: number of planets around other stars. That was a big 712 00:37:44,080 --> 00:37:47,160 Speaker 1: moment just in astronomy in general, but also for us 713 00:37:47,160 --> 00:37:50,160 Speaker 1: who promote alien life, to realize that there are other 714 00:37:50,200 --> 00:37:53,680 Speaker 1: places for life in the universe around other stars. That 715 00:37:53,760 --> 00:37:56,840 Speaker 1: was exciting. Now we're learning that that's a tiny fraction 716 00:37:56,880 --> 00:37:58,640 Speaker 1: of all the planets out there, and that there's an 717 00:37:58,800 --> 00:38:02,319 Speaker 1: enormous number of these dark rogue planets, and I think 718 00:38:02,400 --> 00:38:05,120 Speaker 1: it's more challenging for life to form on a rogue planet, 719 00:38:05,239 --> 00:38:08,680 Speaker 1: but hey, you've got more opportunities also, right, there's a 720 00:38:08,880 --> 00:38:13,280 Speaker 1: there's like a hundred billion rogue planets the size of Jupiter. Yeah, 721 00:38:13,520 --> 00:38:16,080 Speaker 1: and maybe tend to a hundred times as many Earth 722 00:38:16,160 --> 00:38:19,240 Speaker 1: sized planets out there, and just in our solar systems, 723 00:38:20,040 --> 00:38:23,600 Speaker 1: I mean just in our galaxy that would be getting 724 00:38:23,640 --> 00:38:27,040 Speaker 1: kind of crowded. Just in our galaxy, I mean, I 725 00:38:27,040 --> 00:38:30,000 Speaker 1: mean the galaxy. There's hundreds and hundreds of billions of 726 00:38:30,000 --> 00:38:33,239 Speaker 1: these and and maybe there are hundreds of billions of galaxies. 727 00:38:33,239 --> 00:38:35,879 Speaker 1: So who knows, right there could be a rogue life 728 00:38:35,880 --> 00:38:37,920 Speaker 1: form out there. My money is that there is. I mean, 729 00:38:37,920 --> 00:38:40,440 Speaker 1: it just seems so much more likely. It seems so 730 00:38:40,480 --> 00:38:43,319 Speaker 1: impossible to imagine that nowhere out there, in any of 731 00:38:43,320 --> 00:38:46,480 Speaker 1: these planets has life begun. There's so many opportunities and 732 00:38:46,520 --> 00:38:49,600 Speaker 1: so many ways for life to happen we haven't even imagined. 733 00:38:50,040 --> 00:38:52,200 Speaker 1: I would definitely put my money on there being rogue 734 00:38:52,239 --> 00:38:55,440 Speaker 1: alien life. Can you imagine them bursting out of their 735 00:38:55,480 --> 00:38:59,399 Speaker 1: shell and be like WHOA what is this? Even crazier though, 736 00:38:59,480 --> 00:39:01,439 Speaker 1: is that like one of these rogue planets could pass 737 00:39:01,560 --> 00:39:05,120 Speaker 1: by our solar system, you know, within a few au 738 00:39:05,360 --> 00:39:08,040 Speaker 1: you know, just outside the edge of Pluto, and we 739 00:39:08,040 --> 00:39:10,680 Speaker 1: wouldn't even see it, and they might not even see us, 740 00:39:11,080 --> 00:39:13,000 Speaker 1: And so we could be like there could be like 741 00:39:13,080 --> 00:39:17,040 Speaker 1: cosmic neighbors and zooming by and we're not even paying attention. 742 00:39:17,280 --> 00:39:20,120 Speaker 1: And maybe, just maybe this happened a few billion years ago, 743 00:39:20,239 --> 00:39:23,200 Speaker 1: and maybe, just maybe an asteroid hit that road planet 744 00:39:23,200 --> 00:39:26,480 Speaker 1: and ejected a piece of rock with life that then landed. 745 00:39:29,000 --> 00:39:30,839 Speaker 1: I'm taking it too far, No, I like that. There 746 00:39:30,840 --> 00:39:34,080 Speaker 1: are a lot It's totally possible. It's possible for life 747 00:39:34,120 --> 00:39:36,839 Speaker 1: to have originated somewhere else and then come to Earth. 748 00:39:36,960 --> 00:39:39,279 Speaker 1: All right, Well, that's pretty interesting to know. It just 749 00:39:39,280 --> 00:39:41,920 Speaker 1: sort of makes you look at space and the night 750 00:39:41,960 --> 00:39:45,040 Speaker 1: sky differently. And in all those places where you only 751 00:39:45,080 --> 00:39:48,880 Speaker 1: see blackness, there could be planets out there, floating and 752 00:39:49,160 --> 00:39:52,440 Speaker 1: possibly with life. Yeah, and this life might not be 753 00:39:52,560 --> 00:39:55,200 Speaker 1: looking back at you. It might be hidden under two 754 00:39:55,239 --> 00:39:58,440 Speaker 1: miles of ice, looking up at the inside of its 755 00:39:58,440 --> 00:40:01,359 Speaker 1: ocean and wondering what l is out there? Right, that's 756 00:40:01,400 --> 00:40:05,239 Speaker 1: no interest in being famous like a star, only because 757 00:40:05,239 --> 00:40:07,680 Speaker 1: they don't even know it's possible. Once they get a 758 00:40:07,760 --> 00:40:13,040 Speaker 1: taste of it. Though, Once stay discovered television, it's all over. 759 00:40:13,920 --> 00:40:15,879 Speaker 1: Who doesn't want to be a star? All right, Well, 760 00:40:15,880 --> 00:40:19,680 Speaker 1: we hope you enjoyed that little tour into the blackness 761 00:40:19,840 --> 00:40:22,480 Speaker 1: of space and what could be out there. Waiting for 762 00:40:22,600 --> 00:40:25,160 Speaker 1: us to discover and as usual, you are in no 763 00:40:25,320 --> 00:40:27,719 Speaker 1: danger as you sit on your couch or sit in 764 00:40:27,760 --> 00:40:29,960 Speaker 1: the seat of your car and listen to us helping 765 00:40:30,000 --> 00:40:33,239 Speaker 1: you explore the universe. All right, We hope you enjoyed that. 766 00:40:33,320 --> 00:40:43,160 Speaker 1: See you next time. Before you still have a question 767 00:40:43,200 --> 00:40:46,640 Speaker 1: after listening to all these explanations, please drop us a line. 768 00:40:46,680 --> 00:40:48,839 Speaker 1: We'd love to hear from you. You can find us 769 00:40:48,840 --> 00:40:52,640 Speaker 1: on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram at Daniel and Jorge That's 770 00:40:52,640 --> 00:40:56,040 Speaker 1: one word, or email us at Feedback at Daniel and 771 00:40:56,160 --> 00:40:59,600 Speaker 1: Jorge dot com. Thanks for listening and remember that Daniel 772 00:40:59,640 --> 00:41:01,920 Speaker 1: and Jorge, Hey, Explain the Universe is a production of 773 00:41:02,080 --> 00:41:05,440 Speaker 1: I Heart Radio. From more podcast from my Heart Radio 774 00:41:05,600 --> 00:41:09,160 Speaker 1: visit the i heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever 775 00:41:09,280 --> 00:41:16,320 Speaker 1: you listen to your favorite shows. Yeah