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Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff to Blow your Mind from how Stuff

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Speaker 1: Works dot com. Hey, welcome to Stuff to Blow your

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Speaker 1: my My My name is Robert Lamb and I'm Julie Douglas. Julie. Uh,

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Speaker 1: it's Halloween. Uh. There are a lot of issues that

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Speaker 1: one needs to be familiar with. You know, you need

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Speaker 1: to be be careful out there as your trick or treating.

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Speaker 1: Be careful of the cars that are driving around. If

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Speaker 1: you're driving, be careful of tricker treaters, and of course

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Speaker 1: be careful of the walking dead, particularly uh, the ancient

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Speaker 1: Egyptian mummies that may stir to lie in their very

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Speaker 1: museums throughout the world and then start walking the streets

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Speaker 1: because they tend to be they tend to be understandably

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Speaker 1: piste off. Before we go to the undead roaming around us,

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Speaker 1: I do want to point out, do not eat this

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Speaker 1: popcorn balls or candied apples, alright, folks, if it's not prepackaged,

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Speaker 1: don't put in your mouth because it might have a

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Speaker 1: spider in it. Well, there have been reasonably showing up

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Speaker 1: and stuff like those people are really people real, yeah,

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Speaker 1: all right, but let's get to the real right here,

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Speaker 1: because that's just sort of a sidebar, let's talk about

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Speaker 1: the debt. Yes, so the ongoing mummy crisis. So have

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Speaker 1: most of you familiar with this, You've got you know,

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Speaker 1: word of it on NPR, what have you. Uh? So

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Speaker 1: you have these dried up bodies. They were once the

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Speaker 1: honored dead of ancient Egypt, especially prepared for a journey

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Speaker 1: into the afterlife. And uh. And you can imagine they're thinking,

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Speaker 1: you know, when they lay down for their final rest,

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Speaker 1: they think they're gonna wake up in the second Aaru,

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Speaker 1: the fields of Russias. So they're gonna be on this

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Speaker 1: we on this fabricous journey into the afterlife where they

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Speaker 1: have all these magical powers and uh. And they can

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Speaker 1: sort of warp the world to their to their desires.

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Speaker 1: But instead they're waking up in like a Baltimore museum

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Speaker 1: or in some German grandfather's attic, and they're upset. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: they're they're in plexiglass. People are taking pictures of them. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: So what's happening here? Why are the ancient ancient Egyptian

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Speaker 1: mummies coming back to life? Well to understand and this,

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Speaker 1: we have to talk about something that exists, uh, not

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Speaker 1: only in the unnatural world of walking dead, but in

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Speaker 1: the natural world of actual organisms, and that of course

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Speaker 1: is an hydrobiosis. That's right. Before we get to anhydro biosis.

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Speaker 1: Let me just mention though, that that the way that

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Speaker 1: mummies were prepared really has a lot to do with this,

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Speaker 1: with the way that they were sort of reconstituted, and

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Speaker 1: as we know it um when we look at the

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Speaker 1: Egyptian mummification process, it's a pretty amazing thing that they did,

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Speaker 1: given that none of this was written down as far

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Speaker 1: as we know, but we do know that after the

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Speaker 1: lights were sort of shut out in the brain, that

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Speaker 1: the Egyptians would actually remove all internal organs from the body,

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Speaker 1: sometimes keeping the heart intact, and then the body was

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Speaker 1: salted for thirty days in order to remove the moisture

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Speaker 1: from the body. And then they had all sorts of

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Speaker 1: perfumed oils and resins put on their skin, and they

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Speaker 1: were wrapped several several several times. If they were super

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Speaker 1: fancy royal people, then they got the sarcophagus or they

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Speaker 1: got you some sort of painted face. So just keep

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Speaker 1: that in mind when we talk about this idea of

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Speaker 1: an hydrobiosis and some of the mummies that we see

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Speaker 1: out there on the street. Yes. Uh, an hydrobiosis means

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Speaker 1: life without water, and it is a state of actual

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Speaker 1: suspended animation in a dry meadow biologic condition. In other words,

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Speaker 1: the specimen survives without water and without undergoing metamorphosis for

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Speaker 1: an extended period of time. Now we can look at

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Speaker 1: the year seventeen o two, the father of microbiology, Anthony

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Speaker 1: van Lewin Hook, who discovered that when dry and lifeless

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Speaker 1: dust or what looked to be lifeless dust from a

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Speaker 1: gutter roof which we rehydrated with clean water, small as

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Speaker 1: he calls it, amcules became active within an hour, variously

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Speaker 1: adhering to the glass, sometimes creeping along it, and sometimes

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Speaker 1: swimming about. So those were some of our first cues

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Speaker 1: about this process. Yeah, and we we see various examples

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Speaker 1: of this in the natural world. For instance, if you've

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Speaker 1: ever ordered a pack of sea monkeys, you've you've seen

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Speaker 1: I've seen this. Now sea monkeys will not last in

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Speaker 1: a package for ten thousand years. But uh, there are

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Speaker 1: there are other animals and organisms and plants out there

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Speaker 1: that do stretch the limit a little a little further.

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Speaker 1: For instance, there's there the so called resurrection plants. Uh.

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Speaker 1: Sometimes they go by the name resurrection plant rose of

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Speaker 1: Jericho uh simpera viva, meaning everlasting, and they are especially

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Speaker 1: good at anhydrobiosis, so they enter a dry, dormant state

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Speaker 1: between the rain, between rain seasons that may last years.

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Speaker 1: And elsewhere in the plant Kingdom, we've seen lotus seeds

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Speaker 1: that have germinated successfully after a millennium in the dust. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: that's what's so amazing about these resurrection plants is that

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Speaker 1: they could go for you know, years and years and years,

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Speaker 1: and when it finally rains, then they sort of flower

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Speaker 1: out and they absorb all of that rain. So it

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Speaker 1: is this rehydration process that's amazing to me. And then

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Speaker 1: we have nematode worms. Yeah, nematode worms are are also

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Speaker 1: capable of this and actually a number of multicellular animals

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Speaker 1: are known to uh to bounce back after this extended

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Speaker 1: period of dryness. Also, our friends the water bears. Yes,

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Speaker 1: I love these guys. They're about a millimeter long, their arthropods,

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Speaker 1: and they're found usually in moist places like moss and lychen,

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Speaker 1: but they can survive anywhere. Yeah, and we will, we

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Speaker 1: will definitely come back and do a full episode on

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Speaker 1: water bears at some point. In the future because they're

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Speaker 1: just too cool. Yeah. They can withstand temperatures ranging from

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Speaker 1: nearly absolute zero to above the boiling point of water.

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Speaker 1: They can hold up to massive doses of radiation as

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Speaker 1: as NASA has found out um over a century, over

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Speaker 1: a century without food or water, and they can even

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Speaker 1: exist in the vacuum of space. And to top it

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Speaker 1: all off, they're kind of cute. They they are kind

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Speaker 1: of cuddly looking, and they don't really quite look like

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Speaker 1: a bear. I guess they look as as much like

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Speaker 1: a bear as anything on that scale is going to

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Speaker 1: look like a bear. They just chubby, little cute things.

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Speaker 1: And they also have the awesomeness of an hydrobiosis. All right,

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Speaker 1: so what you're saying, Well, those are plants. Those are

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Speaker 1: some tiny animals. But but what about the the human body?

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Speaker 1: Is there any science, any natural world science that can

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Speaker 1: explain the unnatural resurrection of a dried out mummy. Well

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Speaker 1: we're gonna take a quick break and when we come

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Speaker 1: back we will discuss just that. Okay, we're back, and

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Speaker 1: we're talking about whether or not those mummies that we're

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Speaker 1: seeing in news footage, if if they are just walk

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Speaker 1: around because of anihydrobiosis or if it's some sort of

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Speaker 1: DARPA experiment gone wrong. Yeah, it's the thing about humans

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Speaker 1: and an anhydrobiosis. The the reason that our examples involved

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Speaker 1: very small animals and plant tissue is because there's a

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Speaker 1: great deal of desiccation damage that it can occur to

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Speaker 1: a tissue when it's dried out, even if it's you know,

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Speaker 1: expertly dried out, so that even it's not just a

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Speaker 1: simple matter of takeaway water and then add water back. Uh,

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Speaker 1: there are a number of other things that have to

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Speaker 1: be in play for that to be possible. That's right.

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Speaker 1: There is a paper called ana hydro Biotic Potential in

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Speaker 1: Man Implications in Medicine which was published in Medical Hypotheses

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Speaker 1: by Pereira and Locus sent Us. Yes, Brazilian researchers who

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Speaker 1: believe that that that the anhydrobiosis is potentially an area

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Speaker 1: that we that we might exploit in order to preserve tissues.

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Speaker 1: Not so. I mean, we can you can get really

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Speaker 1: sci fi about it and imagine mummies being sent to

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Speaker 1: other planets, uh to colonize it and build space pyramids.

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Speaker 1: But for the most part they're interested in terms of uh,

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Speaker 1: we have donor organs wouldn't be to dry those out,

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Speaker 1: store those in in this in this this dry setting,

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Speaker 1: and then add water and implant them as needed. Now, yeah,

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Speaker 1: that this is their idea behind all this, that mammals

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Speaker 1: and humans have a cryptic ani hydrobiotic ability, which they

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Speaker 1: say has not been discovered yet because of an unknown

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Speaker 1: specific preconditioning stage that is necessary. They're saying it's there,

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Speaker 1: we sh haven't discovered it, and if we can, then

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Speaker 1: it could be a huge boon to the way that

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Speaker 1: we um operate on a medical level. Now, research blogger

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Speaker 1: aiden or Sten has called out a few problems with

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Speaker 1: this hypothesis. So that might make you feel a little

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Speaker 1: bit better about the mummies you see in the street.

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Speaker 1: I don't know, he says. First, and a hydrobiotic survival

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Speaker 1: is advantageous only if a species lives in a habitat

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Speaker 1: that is periodically desiccated, meaning dehydrated, and if the species

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Speaker 1: has no means of surviving the dry period, So he says,

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Speaker 1: with a few exceptions, and a hydrobiosis is normally seen

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Speaker 1: in microscopic animals and he's just larger animals, especially most humans,

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Speaker 1: UM can deal with the drying of our habitats by

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Speaker 1: migrating to a wetter habitat, or preventing body loss from

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Speaker 1: or or preventing water loss from their bodies. The second problem,

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Speaker 1: he says, is that it's really unlikely that the ability

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Speaker 1: to survive and anihydro biosis will be retained if there's

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Speaker 1: no need for it. Yeah, like, why keep that special

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Speaker 1: feature around in an organism if there's no benefit to it, Right,

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Speaker 1: That's exactly the saying. If a trait becomes unnecessary, it

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Speaker 1: may persist, be lost, or become a vestige. But really

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Speaker 1: there's probably not this ability to reconstitute our organs unless

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Speaker 1: there's magic involved, which is probably the case with these

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Speaker 1: these these mummies. They're there, So what's happening here? You know,

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Speaker 1: they're they're roaming the street. They're forcibly removing our brains

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Speaker 1: with coat hangers in some cases. And we can only

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Speaker 1: assume that what's happening is atmospheric moisture raises them from

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Speaker 1: their slumber in search of life giving water and you know,

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Speaker 1: a little little BC style vengeance, So you think it's

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Speaker 1: some equal parts reconstitution with the mummy's curse. They're trying

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Speaker 1: to avenge the people who have put men plexiglass and

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Speaker 1: stared at them. Yeah, because they're they're They're not supposed

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Speaker 1: to be waking up in a Baltimore mar museum or

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Speaker 1: a German attic. They're supposed to be waking up in

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Speaker 1: the afterlife, or at least wake up in their tombs

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Speaker 1: with all their stuff still there. But they're on the

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Speaker 1: other side of the globe. You're right, No, it's it's

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Speaker 1: it's that's upsetting, and the violence is understanding, particularly the

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Speaker 1: Egyptian mummies, right, because they really bought into this idea

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Speaker 1: of the afterlife is a beautiful thing, not necessarily a

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Speaker 1: scary thing like we do more in our modern day

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Speaker 1: accounts of the afterlife. All right, Well, let's move on

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Speaker 1: to another organism, uh that you may encounter this Halloween,

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Speaker 1: another creature of the unnatural world that we can discuss

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Speaker 1: with examples from the natural world, and that of course,

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Speaker 1: is the troll. Now you you you originate from Michigan,

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Speaker 1: from the Northern United States? Do you have trolls in Michigan? Well,

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Speaker 1: not that I know of, But I have to rethink

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Speaker 1: some of the terrain because I was looking at Oslo

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Speaker 1: born Folkloi's lie Luna Larsen, who lives in Minnesota, and

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Speaker 1: she's the author of The Troll with No Heart in

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Speaker 1: His Body, And she says that troll remains are found

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Speaker 1: all over the place in Minnesota, which makes you really

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Speaker 1: want to go back to Michigan and check this out.

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Speaker 1: She says that if you look at piles of rocks

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Speaker 1: that could be burst trolls, and we'll talk more about that,

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Speaker 1: gnarled tree roots are especially prevalent, and those are ancient trolls,

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Speaker 1: and then strange land formations that could be actually the

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Speaker 1: supine troll bodies, so you could actually see perhaps some

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Speaker 1: of the vertebra of that troll worked into the landscapes.

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Speaker 1: Is there everywhere, We're just not looking for him. Well yeah,

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Speaker 1: and it makes me want to go on like the

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Speaker 1: troll Tour of Minnesota. They if anybody is listening in

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Speaker 1: Minnesota and you guys need a boost there in your tourism,

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Speaker 1: you got to do that. Yeah, get on it. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: all right. So trolls are are interesting organisms. We start

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Speaker 1: looking at the different tales that that inform us about them. Um,

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Speaker 1: for instance, um, you know, we're all for mebe was

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Speaker 1: sort of the idea of a grotesque culking troll. Uh,

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Speaker 1: this monstrous ogre like beasts. But did you know that,

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Speaker 1: according to some accounts, Uh, the troll wives are sometimes

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Speaker 1: beautiful redheads. I've heard about this. In fact, I think

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Speaker 1: that you did a blog post about this, warning people

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Speaker 1: of this, and you are actually had a reference picture

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Speaker 1: of Christina Hendrix. Yes, she might be a troll wife. Uh.

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Speaker 1: You know, she looks beautiful, she looks human, she's got

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Speaker 1: red hair, right, But if you approach her then a

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Speaker 1: large male troll might attack you. You know what I

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Speaker 1: love about this trope is that it perfectly plays into

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Speaker 1: the old trope of the hooker with the john and

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Speaker 1: the pimp. Yah. Yeah, you know, you learn a customer

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Speaker 1: and then in the customer's wall it gets stolen. It's

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Speaker 1: sort of the same thing with these trolls. Yeah. And

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Speaker 1: if if we're to try and understand this scenario, because

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Speaker 1: ultimately we're talking about another species in which one gender

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Speaker 1: of the species looks like a gender of our species,

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Speaker 1: that it seems kind of crazy, But we see similar

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Speaker 1: situations in the natural world, and we call it aggressive mimicry. Uh,

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Speaker 1: not unlike that practiced by a female of Photinus fireflies.

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Speaker 1: They mimic the mating dances of Photinas ignitius fireflies, and

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Speaker 1: they lure them end and then devour them. So the

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Speaker 1: fam female role may appear as a beautiful woman as

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Speaker 1: a means of attracting male humans which they're mini folk

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Speaker 1: than you know, brutalize and or eat. Yeah, and now

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Speaker 1: a less aggressive act. Of course, you can look at

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Speaker 1: the viceroy butterflies, which actually mimic the same color and

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Speaker 1: pattering of the monarch butterflies, which are toxic. Um. Of

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Speaker 1: course we don't have any luring in here, but you

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Speaker 1: see all these examples in nature where uh, creatures can

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Speaker 1: sort of morph a little bit, or they can mimic

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Speaker 1: in order to either survive or attack. Yeah, the African

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Speaker 1: swallowtail butterfly actually has like several different female morphs that

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Speaker 1: exist within the specie. There's some that that that look

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Speaker 1: like another butterfly species. There are some that look more

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Speaker 1: like there are more masculine in appearance. Um, it's I

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Speaker 1: think an all told, they're fourteen different varieties of morphs

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Speaker 1: in that particular species is pretty amazing, it really is.

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Speaker 1: I mean, can you imagine being able to morph into

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Speaker 1: something like fourteen different looks for yourself, fourteen different variety

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Speaker 1: of of of female like morpho, morphologically distinct. It's it's

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Speaker 1: it's pretty crazy. But in the insect world, you quickly

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Speaker 1: find that what seems crazy in the human world, what

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Speaker 1: something that is the stuff of folk tales in the

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Speaker 1: human world, is just everyday life in the insect world, right,

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Speaker 1: And it makes that troll, the female troll masquerading as

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Speaker 1: Christina Hendrix, seems really sort of like pretty you know,

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Speaker 1: one oh one comparison. All Right, we're gonna take a

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Speaker 1: quick break and when we get back, we're going to

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Speaker 1: talk about the troll Hunter documentary. Hey, we're back. So

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Speaker 1: we're talking about trolls. We're talking about the ways that

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Speaker 1: we can look to the natural world to understand the

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Speaker 1: denizens of the unnatural world. And so with trolls, who

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Speaker 1: probably you know, most people are not that familiar with

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Speaker 1: the whole troll life situation. But but far more likely

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Speaker 1: you know, that sunlight will turn them to stone. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: these are subterranean creatures. They cannot be out in daylight.

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Speaker 1: There are a couple of different theories that were put forward,

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Speaker 1: and we have seen some of the effects of them

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Speaker 1: actually exposed to light. And I say that documentary Troll

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Speaker 1: Hunter from and this was dealing with the Norwegian trolls,

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Speaker 1: the jott Ners, the wringlefinches, and the Tussa lad as

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Speaker 1: well as the mountain Kings. Yeah. According to the film,

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Speaker 1: the noncturnal troll cannot convert vitamin D, which you know

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Speaker 1: most of us in the daylit world received from sunlight.

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Speaker 1: They can't convert that into calcium. So when the troll

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Speaker 1: absorbs vitamin D from direct sunlight or UV rays, their

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Speaker 1: bodies rapidly suffer from acute vitamin D toxicity or we

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Speaker 1: also call this hyper vitamin osis D. And we see

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Speaker 1: this in humans, right, Yeah, this is in the natural world.

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Speaker 1: This is an actual real thing. Um. The causes are

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Speaker 1: typically you're looking at an excess of vitamin D that

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Speaker 1: abnormally boost levels of calcium in the blood. It can

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Speaker 1: severy severely damaged bone, soft tissues and kidneys over time,

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Speaker 1: and it's almost always caused by forms of vitamin D

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Speaker 1: need a doctor's prescription. So generally what's happening is you're

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Speaker 1: taking too much vitamin D is a supplement and you're

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Speaker 1: experiencing uh stuff like you know, these symptoms, but also constipation,

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Speaker 1: decrease appetite, et cetera. And generally the way you fix

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Speaker 1: it is you stop taking all that extra vitamin D. Now,

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Speaker 1: we don't know about the constipation and trolls, but we

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Speaker 1: do know that in younger trolls, the excess vitamin D

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Speaker 1: causes an intense and painful build up for gas in

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Speaker 1: its stomach and veins, and this results in a full

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Speaker 1: body fragmentation. In other words, they explode, floating troll all

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Speaker 1: over the place. Now, in the older trolls, though, according

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Speaker 1: to the troll Hunter, the veins are too constricted. They

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Speaker 1: cause the expansion to occur in the creatures bones, and

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Speaker 1: this reaction causes the creatures entire body to calcify, to

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Speaker 1: turn into stone, to use the language of folklore. Yes,

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Speaker 1: now this is all all good and well, um, but

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Speaker 1: they are roaming among us, so it's something to look

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Speaker 1: out for, especially the Christina Hendrix of them. Yeah, watch

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Speaker 1: out for the for the for the troll wives. Um.

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Speaker 1: And you know you mentioned a wife slop, when I

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Speaker 1: wonder if we're gonna know they have wife slop. Sure

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Speaker 1: they have celebrity wife slop. Have they considered troll wife

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Speaker 1: swop as a television show. I'm sure you've seen some

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Speaker 1: of the buzz on the Internet that there's been some

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Speaker 1: theories put forth that there have been troll wives on

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Speaker 1: their already and we just didn't know it because again

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Speaker 1: they're aggressive mimicry. Well, that's gonna make my rewatching of

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Speaker 1: those series all all the more interesting now. Yeah, so

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Speaker 1: you know you've got your mummy friends out there. We

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Speaker 1: should treat them kindly because again, they didn't want to

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Speaker 1: be something that we just glcked at in museums or

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Speaker 1: as you say, in German attics. And uh, we have

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Speaker 1: learned a lot from from mummies. I mean we've been

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Speaker 1: able to look at their DNA and look at disease.

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Speaker 1: We've been able to to even look at their diets.

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Speaker 1: You know. So they've given us a lot. We need

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Speaker 1: to give them a hand that their gifts to science

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Speaker 1: and gifts to archaeology, even as they sometimes strangle archaeologists

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Speaker 1: and scientists. Trolls, on the other hand, as we know,

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Speaker 1: just on the Internet, they're there to be avoided. They're

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Speaker 1: not given us much. Yeah, I don't know why so

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Speaker 1: many of them have Internet connections, I mean, because they're

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Speaker 1: under bridges, even like if they're using wireless, it's got

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Speaker 1: to disrupt your signal a bit. You know. These these

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Speaker 1: are things that we should probably look at certain corporations

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Speaker 1: and begin to ask them questions about why they're able

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Speaker 1: to have access. Why are you granting internet access to trolls,

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Speaker 1: to nocternal monsters, something that we could uncoverag they're probably

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Speaker 1: sending the wives into the store to get them. That's

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Speaker 1: my bet. That's the other perk of that kind of mimicry,

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Speaker 1: because you can you then use the wife that appears

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Speaker 1: human to infiltrate uh, you know, human systems. Wow, this

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Speaker 1: is yeah. I mean I I I'm telling you, I

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Speaker 1: was about to say, as a woman, I would never say,

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Speaker 1: don't trust another woman. I'm gonna look twice next time.

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Speaker 1: But I exit that office store and I look at

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Speaker 1: my my female co workers because possibly they could be

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Speaker 1: exhibiting this aggressive mimicry. Ladder milk. All right, Well there

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Speaker 1: you go, um, a couple of unnatural creatures that we

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Speaker 1: are looking at through the guise of natural science. So

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Speaker 1: let us know what you think about all that, particularly trolls,

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Speaker 1: particularly mummies, and the possible science behind them, as explored

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Speaker 1: in various bits of media. We'd love to hear from

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Speaker 1: you and uh and certainly we hope everyone out there

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Speaker 1: has a happy Halloween. If you want to check out

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Speaker 1: other Halloween related stuff that we've put out, and we

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Speaker 1: tend to put out Halloween related stuff all year long,

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Speaker 1: this is how you do it. You can go to

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Speaker 1: stuff aboule your mind dot com, that's our mothership. You

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Speaker 1: can also go to various social media outlets and moving Facebook, Twitter,

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Speaker 1: and Tumbler and you can always get in touch with

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Speaker 1: this and you can do so by sending us an

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Speaker 1: email at blow the Mind at discovery dot com. For

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