1 00:00:01,280 --> 00:00:04,000 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,120 --> 00:00:12,880 Speaker 1: of I Heart Radios How Stuff Works. Hello, and welcome 3 00:00:12,920 --> 00:00:16,240 Speaker 1: to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. Wilson and I'm Holly Fry, 4 00:00:16,320 --> 00:00:22,160 Speaker 1: and it's time for some Unearthed in July. Uh. Unearthed 5 00:00:22,640 --> 00:00:26,520 Speaker 1: is a perpetually growing beast. It is if you are 6 00:00:26,600 --> 00:00:29,840 Speaker 1: new to the show. This used to be once a year, 7 00:00:29,880 --> 00:00:32,000 Speaker 1: and then it became twice a year, and it's when 8 00:00:32,040 --> 00:00:35,480 Speaker 1: we talk about things that have been literally or figuratively 9 00:00:35,680 --> 00:00:40,360 Speaker 1: unearthed over the past whatever black of time period. Uh. 10 00:00:40,400 --> 00:00:43,199 Speaker 1: It has been for a bit, uh, first half of 11 00:00:43,200 --> 00:00:46,000 Speaker 1: the year, second half of the year. But this July 12 00:00:46,960 --> 00:00:49,880 Speaker 1: there were so many cool things to talk about, way 13 00:00:50,120 --> 00:00:53,040 Speaker 1: more cool things than even could fit into a two 14 00:00:53,040 --> 00:00:55,360 Speaker 1: part episode. So I put up this poll on our 15 00:00:55,360 --> 00:00:57,640 Speaker 1: Facebook and Twitter to ask folks how they would feel 16 00:00:57,680 --> 00:01:01,840 Speaker 1: about maybe having unearthed four time the year or im 17 00:01:01,920 --> 00:01:05,200 Speaker 1: I suppose it could also be three, I don't know. Regardless, 18 00:01:06,240 --> 00:01:11,560 Speaker 1: In response to more Unearthed, it was an overwhelming yes. 19 00:01:11,920 --> 00:01:16,840 Speaker 1: Like approximately nine were in favor of four times of 20 00:01:16,840 --> 00:01:20,600 Speaker 1: the year unearthed, So it will either be quarterly or 21 00:01:20,680 --> 00:01:23,559 Speaker 1: thrice Herely, maybe we could coincide it with the number 22 00:01:23,600 --> 00:01:27,360 Speaker 1: of times I get my teeth cleaned every years. The 23 00:01:27,400 --> 00:01:31,560 Speaker 1: calendar basis well, and I didn't think about the possibility 24 00:01:31,600 --> 00:01:37,800 Speaker 1: of doing sort of trimester until literally talking just now 25 00:01:37,840 --> 00:01:41,160 Speaker 1: in my head. So everyone's hearing my internal reasoning With 26 00:01:41,319 --> 00:01:45,040 Speaker 1: that in mind. These Unearthed episodes are coming out at 27 00:01:45,040 --> 00:01:47,960 Speaker 1: the end of July, but they're really covering January through 28 00:01:47,960 --> 00:01:50,880 Speaker 1: the end of May because I was just so full 29 00:01:50,960 --> 00:01:54,400 Speaker 1: up on it at that point. So June will roll 30 00:01:54,480 --> 00:01:58,040 Speaker 1: into next time, sometime in the vicinity of late September 31 00:01:58,120 --> 00:02:01,240 Speaker 1: or early October will have another round um and then 32 00:02:01,240 --> 00:02:03,320 Speaker 1: in December or the start of January will have the 33 00:02:03,400 --> 00:02:05,120 Speaker 1: last part of the year, and then we'll sort of 34 00:02:05,160 --> 00:02:08,359 Speaker 1: see how all that goes in regards to next year's scheduling. 35 00:02:08,720 --> 00:02:10,640 Speaker 1: They may not all be two partikers. That will just 36 00:02:10,720 --> 00:02:14,760 Speaker 1: depend on whether this trend of stuff continues. Because there 37 00:02:14,840 --> 00:02:16,680 Speaker 1: was just so much interesting stuff to talk about. So 38 00:02:16,760 --> 00:02:20,079 Speaker 1: today we have a whole lot of updates and connections 39 00:02:20,080 --> 00:02:22,799 Speaker 1: to previous episodes of the podcast, and then we'll move 40 00:02:22,840 --> 00:02:26,119 Speaker 1: on to some things about Neanderthals and early humans and 41 00:02:26,320 --> 00:02:29,440 Speaker 1: the unearthed books, letters and works of art, and then 42 00:02:29,840 --> 00:02:31,880 Speaker 1: next time we will have some of the long time 43 00:02:31,960 --> 00:02:35,320 Speaker 1: listener favorites like the Edibles and Potables, and of course 44 00:02:35,400 --> 00:02:38,600 Speaker 1: the shipwrecks. Who doesn't love a good shipwreck. But first 45 00:02:38,639 --> 00:02:41,639 Speaker 1: we're going to talk about one of my favorite things, huh, 46 00:02:41,840 --> 00:02:45,640 Speaker 1: the Voyage Manuscript. We talked about this one on the 47 00:02:45,680 --> 00:02:49,640 Speaker 1: show in and then we updated that in Seen, and 48 00:02:50,040 --> 00:02:53,800 Speaker 1: it has appeared on Unearthed previously. And in May of 49 00:02:53,800 --> 00:02:57,000 Speaker 1: this year, a flurry of headlines reported that a researcher 50 00:02:57,080 --> 00:03:00,040 Speaker 1: from the University of Bristol had cracked the code on 51 00:03:00,080 --> 00:03:04,359 Speaker 1: the Voyage Manuscript. The researcher in question, Dr Gerard Cheshire, 52 00:03:04,400 --> 00:03:07,800 Speaker 1: published his paper in the journal Romance Studies under the 53 00:03:07,800 --> 00:03:11,000 Speaker 1: title The Language and Writing System of m S. Four 54 00:03:11,040 --> 00:03:14,680 Speaker 1: oh eight Voyage Explained, and in the paper he said 55 00:03:14,680 --> 00:03:17,200 Speaker 1: this work had taken him about two weeks while he 56 00:03:17,240 --> 00:03:20,919 Speaker 1: was working on his thesis as kind of the first 57 00:03:21,240 --> 00:03:25,120 Speaker 1: red flag. Here in a nutshell from the paper is 58 00:03:25,160 --> 00:03:27,000 Speaker 1: what he says. It was all about. Quote. So the 59 00:03:27,040 --> 00:03:30,240 Speaker 1: manuscript uses a language that arose from a blend of 60 00:03:30,280 --> 00:03:34,080 Speaker 1: spoken Latin or vulgar Latin and other languages across the 61 00:03:34,080 --> 00:03:37,960 Speaker 1: Mediterranean during the early medieval period following the collapse of 62 00:03:38,000 --> 00:03:43,200 Speaker 1: the Roman Empire, and subsequently evolved into the many Romance languages, 63 00:03:43,240 --> 00:03:47,080 Speaker 1: including Italian. For that reason, it is known as proto 64 00:03:47,320 --> 00:03:52,160 Speaker 1: Romance prototype Romance. It had long been hypothesized as the 65 00:03:52,320 --> 00:03:56,120 Speaker 1: logical link between spoken Latin and the Romance languages, but 66 00:03:56,280 --> 00:04:00,400 Speaker 1: no documented evidence had ever been found before. At the 67 00:04:00,480 --> 00:04:03,480 Speaker 1: end of the quote, he also concluded that this work 68 00:04:03,680 --> 00:04:06,920 Speaker 1: was a resource that was produced by Dominican nuns for 69 00:04:07,040 --> 00:04:10,440 Speaker 1: the use of Maria of Castile. In his words from 70 00:04:10,440 --> 00:04:14,720 Speaker 1: press releases surrounding the discovery quote, I experienced a series 71 00:04:14,760 --> 00:04:17,919 Speaker 1: of Eureka moments followed by a sense of disbelief and 72 00:04:18,000 --> 00:04:21,760 Speaker 1: excitement when I realized the magnitude of the achievement, both 73 00:04:21,800 --> 00:04:24,960 Speaker 1: in terms of its linguistic importance and the revelation about 74 00:04:24,960 --> 00:04:28,520 Speaker 1: the origin and content of the manuscript. What it reveals 75 00:04:28,600 --> 00:04:31,160 Speaker 1: is even more amazing than the myths and fantasies it 76 00:04:31,200 --> 00:04:34,760 Speaker 1: has generated. It is no exaggeration to say this work 77 00:04:34,800 --> 00:04:37,880 Speaker 1: represents one of the most important developments to date in 78 00:04:38,040 --> 00:04:44,279 Speaker 1: Romance linguistics. Almost immediately, though, linguists and medievalists got to 79 00:04:44,279 --> 00:04:48,440 Speaker 1: work debunking this entire thing, including various people writing essays 80 00:04:48,480 --> 00:04:51,400 Speaker 1: and tweets and whatnot about how that's not how Romance 81 00:04:51,480 --> 00:04:54,440 Speaker 1: language is developed and proto romance as described at the 82 00:04:54,480 --> 00:04:58,640 Speaker 1: paper is not a thing. Various scholars also reported that 83 00:04:58,680 --> 00:05:01,560 Speaker 1: they had received unfil lisited copies of a draft of 84 00:05:01,600 --> 00:05:04,520 Speaker 1: this paper going back to which is a no no 85 00:05:04,720 --> 00:05:06,680 Speaker 1: if you were planning to try to submit something to 86 00:05:06,760 --> 00:05:12,359 Speaker 1: Purity Journals. Within two days of that first announcement, the 87 00:05:12,440 --> 00:05:15,839 Speaker 1: University of Bristol had withdrawn its own press release about 88 00:05:15,839 --> 00:05:18,720 Speaker 1: the paper and distance itself from Cheshire, saying that this 89 00:05:18,800 --> 00:05:21,720 Speaker 1: was all his own work and not affiliated with university 90 00:05:21,880 --> 00:05:25,600 Speaker 1: or its resources. In a statement, the university also said 91 00:05:25,640 --> 00:05:28,600 Speaker 1: that it was going to quote seek further validation and 92 00:05:28,640 --> 00:05:33,760 Speaker 1: allow further discussions both internally and with the journal. So 93 00:05:33,960 --> 00:05:37,960 Speaker 1: to recap, every time you see a headline that says 94 00:05:38,080 --> 00:05:41,520 Speaker 1: someone has decoded the voytage Mandu script, just mentally add 95 00:05:41,560 --> 00:05:46,039 Speaker 1: in the words claims to have in there because it 96 00:05:46,160 --> 00:05:50,159 Speaker 1: happens with some degree of frequency. Huh. We love the 97 00:05:50,240 --> 00:05:53,560 Speaker 1: voytage of manuscript. I honestly don't know at this point 98 00:05:53,560 --> 00:05:55,560 Speaker 1: if I want anyone to crack it, because I kind 99 00:05:55,560 --> 00:05:58,760 Speaker 1: of like that it's this weird nutty thing. Yeah, but yeah, 100 00:05:58,920 --> 00:06:02,159 Speaker 1: but most of the time him it follows this pattern 101 00:06:02,200 --> 00:06:04,600 Speaker 1: of like I have figured it out, and other people 102 00:06:04,640 --> 00:06:09,320 Speaker 1: go hold on a minute, chief well, especially when somebody's 103 00:06:09,360 --> 00:06:11,200 Speaker 1: like I have figured it out and it took me 104 00:06:11,360 --> 00:06:14,680 Speaker 1: two weeks, and people casually did it on the side. 105 00:06:17,200 --> 00:06:20,680 Speaker 1: So also from the land of claims to have the 106 00:06:20,760 --> 00:06:24,520 Speaker 1: latest news on Amelia Earhart, very surprisingly to me, did 107 00:06:24,560 --> 00:06:28,279 Speaker 1: not come from the International Group for Historic Aircraft Recovery, 108 00:06:28,360 --> 00:06:31,960 Speaker 1: which is usually who is publicizing various alleged air heart 109 00:06:32,080 --> 00:06:36,280 Speaker 1: findings in members of a team known as Project Blue 110 00:06:36,279 --> 00:06:39,480 Speaker 1: Angel traveled to Bucca in Papua New Guinea to study 111 00:06:39,520 --> 00:06:43,279 Speaker 1: a possible crash site. They conducted a lot of underwater 112 00:06:43,400 --> 00:06:47,039 Speaker 1: measurements of what maybe her crashed airplane, and they also 113 00:06:47,040 --> 00:06:50,080 Speaker 1: found a flat piece of glass that might be a 114 00:06:50,200 --> 00:06:53,680 Speaker 1: lens from a plane. In January of this year, these 115 00:06:53,720 --> 00:06:56,839 Speaker 1: findings made news because they launched a go fund me 116 00:06:57,000 --> 00:07:00,599 Speaker 1: to pay for another expedition to do further study. As 117 00:07:00,720 --> 00:07:03,680 Speaker 1: is pretty much always the case, this story floated around 118 00:07:03,720 --> 00:07:06,520 Speaker 1: with a lot of they found it type headlines similar 119 00:07:06,600 --> 00:07:10,000 Speaker 1: to the Pointes Vainish script, but this is still unconfirmed 120 00:07:10,280 --> 00:07:13,160 Speaker 1: and one of many hypotheses about exactly what happened to 121 00:07:13,200 --> 00:07:16,160 Speaker 1: ear Heart. Our episode on her disappearance came out in 122 00:07:16,200 --> 00:07:20,160 Speaker 1: two thousand nine and that was updated in and Amelia 123 00:07:20,240 --> 00:07:24,680 Speaker 1: has also made lots of unearthed appearances. Yeah, it's almost 124 00:07:24,040 --> 00:07:27,640 Speaker 1: an every time thing, or at least it's now for 125 00:07:27,760 --> 00:07:33,480 Speaker 1: the Amelia Earhart segment. Previous hosts of this podcast did 126 00:07:33,520 --> 00:07:37,640 Speaker 1: episodes on the Bronte family back in and this year, 127 00:07:37,920 --> 00:07:40,480 Speaker 1: an unidentified woman at least I have not figured out 128 00:07:40,480 --> 00:07:44,119 Speaker 1: who exactly she was, showed up to antiques road show 129 00:07:44,200 --> 00:07:47,680 Speaker 1: in North Wales with a ring containing a lock of 130 00:07:47,760 --> 00:07:52,360 Speaker 1: Charlotte Bronte's hair. Everybody involved with looking at it was like, 131 00:07:52,400 --> 00:07:54,440 Speaker 1: I have no reason to doubt that this is what 132 00:07:54,560 --> 00:07:58,120 Speaker 1: it is. It's this tiny lock of braided hair that 133 00:07:58,160 --> 00:08:01,080 Speaker 1: fits down into the interior of the ring and the 134 00:08:01,160 --> 00:08:03,400 Speaker 1: outer layer of the ring kind of opens up like 135 00:08:03,440 --> 00:08:06,880 Speaker 1: a lid on a hinge. The inscription on the inside 136 00:08:06,880 --> 00:08:09,600 Speaker 1: of the ring has Charlotte Bronte's name and the year 137 00:08:09,680 --> 00:08:13,920 Speaker 1: of her death, and that wast And Densdale, who's the 138 00:08:13,920 --> 00:08:17,640 Speaker 1: principal curator of the Bronte Society and Bronte Parsonage Museum, 139 00:08:17,680 --> 00:08:20,320 Speaker 1: implied that that museum might be willing to purchase that 140 00:08:20,400 --> 00:08:23,520 Speaker 1: ring they had sufficient funds. I think the Antiques Road 141 00:08:23,560 --> 00:08:27,520 Speaker 1: show people were like, this is worth maybe five thousand pounds, 142 00:08:27,600 --> 00:08:32,520 Speaker 1: but since it's Charlotte Bronte, is it's worth maybe not pounds, 143 00:08:32,559 --> 00:08:35,600 Speaker 1: maybe euros. I don't know. I don't remember what the 144 00:08:36,000 --> 00:08:41,520 Speaker 1: dollar measurement they're using, right, uh, shifting gears a little bit. 145 00:08:41,600 --> 00:08:44,920 Speaker 1: A ram headed sphinx was unearthed in Egypt, dating back 146 00:08:44,920 --> 00:08:48,079 Speaker 1: to King Tut's grandfather A Menhotep the third. It is 147 00:08:48,160 --> 00:08:51,360 Speaker 1: unfinished and it was found in a carving workshop near Oswan, 148 00:08:52,000 --> 00:08:54,600 Speaker 1: and the reasons for its lack of completion are not clear. 149 00:08:54,840 --> 00:08:57,480 Speaker 1: It is possible that it was just basically a canceled 150 00:08:57,600 --> 00:09:00,240 Speaker 1: order with work on it stopped when a Menhotep die. 151 00:09:00,880 --> 00:09:03,960 Speaker 1: Amenhotep the third has come up on previous episodes on 152 00:09:04,440 --> 00:09:07,160 Speaker 1: King Tut and hot Chips, it that one, that last 153 00:09:07,160 --> 00:09:12,160 Speaker 1: one was really recently to move on. In May, Fulton County, Georgia, 154 00:09:12,280 --> 00:09:16,000 Speaker 1: District Attorney Paul Howard announced that he was reopening the 155 00:09:16,040 --> 00:09:19,880 Speaker 1: case into the murder of Mary Fagan, which passed so 156 00:09:20,040 --> 00:09:23,160 Speaker 1: to the show covered in twenty eleven. Leo Frank was 157 00:09:23,200 --> 00:09:25,800 Speaker 1: her supervisor at the National Pencil Company and he was 158 00:09:25,880 --> 00:09:29,080 Speaker 1: convicted of the crime. He was then lynched after his 159 00:09:29,120 --> 00:09:32,679 Speaker 1: sentence was commuted in nineteen fifteen, and in the years 160 00:09:32,720 --> 00:09:36,040 Speaker 1: since then, the general consensus has been that the culprit 161 00:09:36,160 --> 00:09:38,280 Speaker 1: was really a man named Jim Conley, who was a 162 00:09:38,360 --> 00:09:42,200 Speaker 1: janitor and was the prosecution's key witness. There have been 163 00:09:42,240 --> 00:09:45,200 Speaker 1: several attempts to clear Frank's name in the decades since 164 00:09:45,240 --> 00:09:48,600 Speaker 1: all this happened. This re examination is thanks to a 165 00:09:48,679 --> 00:09:52,640 Speaker 1: newly established Conviction Integrity Unit, which will look at previous 166 00:09:52,679 --> 00:09:55,880 Speaker 1: cases with questionable outcomes and make recommendations to the d 167 00:09:56,040 --> 00:09:59,959 Speaker 1: A about which may need to be evaluated. District attorne 168 00:10:00,040 --> 00:10:02,520 Speaker 1: these around the US have been creating these units to 169 00:10:02,520 --> 00:10:05,640 Speaker 1: try to exonerate people who are wrongly convicted and to 170 00:10:05,679 --> 00:10:09,640 Speaker 1: try to prevent similarly wrongful convictions in the future. A 171 00:10:09,800 --> 00:10:13,080 Speaker 1: ruling on this particular case is expected sometime next year. 172 00:10:13,720 --> 00:10:18,000 Speaker 1: In another reopened case, authorities in Russia have reopened the 173 00:10:18,040 --> 00:10:21,040 Speaker 1: case into the deat Love Past incident, which we talked 174 00:10:21,040 --> 00:10:25,040 Speaker 1: about on the podcast in October. This was a group 175 00:10:25,080 --> 00:10:27,920 Speaker 1: of students from your old Polytechnic Institute who died in 176 00:10:28,000 --> 00:10:31,760 Speaker 1: nineteen fifty nine under very strange circumstances. Their tent was 177 00:10:31,840 --> 00:10:35,280 Speaker 1: sliced open. Several of them had head wounds, and many 178 00:10:35,320 --> 00:10:38,600 Speaker 1: of their bodies were found in their underwear and without 179 00:10:38,600 --> 00:10:41,800 Speaker 1: any shoes on. An investigation was opened at the time, 180 00:10:41,840 --> 00:10:44,480 Speaker 1: but it closed after about three months, with the disaster 181 00:10:44,600 --> 00:10:49,960 Speaker 1: attributed to spontaneous power of nature. According to Alexander Curinoi 182 00:10:50,080 --> 00:10:53,760 Speaker 1: of the Prosecutor's General Office, the newly reopened investigation is 183 00:10:53,800 --> 00:10:57,040 Speaker 1: not totally open ended. It will try to determine whether 184 00:10:57,040 --> 00:10:59,920 Speaker 1: their deaths were the result of an avalanche, a snow slab, 185 00:11:00,200 --> 00:11:03,880 Speaker 1: or a hurricane. So this case was reopened in February 186 00:11:03,960 --> 00:11:06,840 Speaker 1: and an expedition was planned to the site for shortly thereafter. 187 00:11:07,240 --> 00:11:10,240 Speaker 1: We haven't gotten updates into any new developments since the 188 00:11:10,280 --> 00:11:15,079 Speaker 1: announcement came yet. In one of Unearthed episodes, we talked 189 00:11:15,080 --> 00:11:18,400 Speaker 1: about a nineteenth century Winchester rifle that had been found 190 00:11:18,440 --> 00:11:22,079 Speaker 1: just leaning on a juniper tree in Great Basin National Park, 191 00:11:22,120 --> 00:11:25,439 Speaker 1: where it had been for who knows how long. Authorities 192 00:11:25,520 --> 00:11:30,199 Speaker 1: ultimately determined it had been made in February two. Now 193 00:11:30,240 --> 00:11:32,760 Speaker 1: they have put it through a conservation process and given 194 00:11:32,760 --> 00:11:35,520 Speaker 1: it a new permanent home in the park visitor center. 195 00:11:36,240 --> 00:11:38,400 Speaker 1: The juniper tree that it had been leaning on was 196 00:11:38,520 --> 00:11:42,360 Speaker 1: later destroyed, unfortunately, in a wildfire, and in our last 197 00:11:42,480 --> 00:11:45,040 Speaker 1: update before we take a quick break, there is still 198 00:11:45,080 --> 00:11:49,080 Speaker 1: a lot of discussion happening about the proposed exhimation and 199 00:11:49,240 --> 00:11:53,000 Speaker 1: reburial of Francisco Franco, who we talked about last December. 200 00:11:53,600 --> 00:11:57,240 Speaker 1: Initially this exhimation was scheduled for June tenth of this year, 201 00:11:57,240 --> 00:11:59,920 Speaker 1: but in January, the prior at the Valley of the 202 00:12:00,080 --> 00:12:02,640 Speaker 1: Fallen where he's buried, said that he would not allow 203 00:12:02,720 --> 00:12:05,640 Speaker 1: that to happen. This is a developing story and it 204 00:12:05,640 --> 00:12:07,760 Speaker 1: would be weird to just leave it at that. So 205 00:12:08,160 --> 00:12:11,080 Speaker 1: here are the latest updates up through the day we're 206 00:12:11,120 --> 00:12:15,839 Speaker 1: recording this episode. On June four, Spain's Supreme Tribunal suspended 207 00:12:15,840 --> 00:12:18,880 Speaker 1: the exhamation plans, saying that the Franco family had the 208 00:12:19,000 --> 00:12:23,120 Speaker 1: right to appeal the decision. Then in July, Renzo Frettini, 209 00:12:23,240 --> 00:12:28,400 Speaker 1: who was the Vatican's ambassador to Spain, criticize the exhamation plan, saying, quote, Honestly, 210 00:12:28,480 --> 00:12:31,520 Speaker 1: there are so many problems in this world and in Spain, 211 00:12:32,000 --> 00:12:36,160 Speaker 1: why resuscitate him? I am saying they have resuscitated Franco. 212 00:12:36,720 --> 00:12:40,280 Speaker 1: Leaving him in peace would be better. God will judge him, 213 00:12:40,320 --> 00:12:43,040 Speaker 1: remembering something that has provoked a civil war does not 214 00:12:43,200 --> 00:12:46,840 Speaker 1: help to live better. This prompted the Spanish government to 215 00:12:47,000 --> 00:12:50,760 Speaker 1: formally complain to the Vatican. That's actually the only exhamation 216 00:12:50,800 --> 00:12:55,040 Speaker 1: we've got for these mid year Unearthed episodes, apart from 217 00:12:55,040 --> 00:12:58,440 Speaker 1: possible exhimations around the Hartford Circus fire, which we recently 218 00:12:58,440 --> 00:13:02,400 Speaker 1: talked about on a Saturday Classic. My exhumation Google alert 219 00:13:02,720 --> 00:13:09,199 Speaker 1: wasn't particularly productive January through May. Uh, so maybe there 220 00:13:09,200 --> 00:13:11,559 Speaker 1: will be more of that later in the year that 221 00:13:11,760 --> 00:13:13,440 Speaker 1: We've just talked about a lot of things though, so 222 00:13:13,520 --> 00:13:15,800 Speaker 1: we're gonna take a quick sponsor break before we have 223 00:13:16,040 --> 00:13:28,000 Speaker 1: even more updates. Not too long ago, we replayed a 224 00:13:28,120 --> 00:13:31,920 Speaker 1: past episode on Charles Dickens as a Saturday Classic. That 225 00:13:32,000 --> 00:13:37,000 Speaker 1: previous episode referenced him supporting two households, and previous hosts 226 00:13:37,000 --> 00:13:40,199 Speaker 1: Sarah and Bablina hinted that they would talk more about 227 00:13:40,200 --> 00:13:43,600 Speaker 1: that in a future podcast. Later on, listeners asked us 228 00:13:43,640 --> 00:13:46,560 Speaker 1: whatever happened to that future podcast because it did not 229 00:13:46,679 --> 00:13:50,000 Speaker 1: apparently exist. It turned out that it had never been 230 00:13:50,040 --> 00:13:52,520 Speaker 1: made just because of a basic lack of information, But 231 00:13:52,600 --> 00:13:55,480 Speaker 1: we were able to find a few tidbits about Dickens 232 00:13:55,600 --> 00:13:58,520 Speaker 1: having a long term affair with another woman while separated 233 00:13:58,559 --> 00:14:01,480 Speaker 1: from his wife but not divorce from her, and basically 234 00:14:01,520 --> 00:14:04,280 Speaker 1: supporting both of those households. We thought that was probably 235 00:14:04,320 --> 00:14:08,880 Speaker 1: what Sarah and Deblina were referring to. Well. University of 236 00:14:08,960 --> 00:14:12,280 Speaker 1: York professor John Bowen has combed through a set of 237 00:14:12,440 --> 00:14:15,959 Speaker 1: ninety eight documents in the Harvard Theater Collection. It doesn't 238 00:14:15,960 --> 00:14:18,800 Speaker 1: appear that anyone had carefully gone through or analyzed these 239 00:14:18,880 --> 00:14:21,680 Speaker 1: letters before Bowen got to them, and he wrote about 240 00:14:21,720 --> 00:14:25,040 Speaker 1: what he found in February. These were letters from Edward 241 00:14:25,120 --> 00:14:29,040 Speaker 1: Dutton Cook, who was a neighbor of Charles's estranged wife, Catherine. 242 00:14:29,560 --> 00:14:31,800 Speaker 1: Edward and his wife became friends with her, and she 243 00:14:31,920 --> 00:14:35,680 Speaker 1: shared various details about her marriage to Charles Dickens with 244 00:14:35,800 --> 00:14:39,240 Speaker 1: Edward toward the end of her life. Edward did not 245 00:14:39,440 --> 00:14:43,640 Speaker 1: keep this information, which was pretty personal private, He put 246 00:14:43,680 --> 00:14:45,840 Speaker 1: all kinds of details about it in letters to his 247 00:14:45,920 --> 00:14:50,280 Speaker 1: friend William moy Thomas. These details included the fact that 248 00:14:50,320 --> 00:14:53,960 Speaker 1: Dickens apparently tried to have his wife committed to an 249 00:14:54,000 --> 00:14:56,640 Speaker 1: asylum so that he could carry on this relationship with 250 00:14:56,680 --> 00:15:00,800 Speaker 1: another woman, and Bowen's words quote this is a stronger 251 00:15:00,840 --> 00:15:04,600 Speaker 1: and more damning account of Dickens's behavior than any other. 252 00:15:05,000 --> 00:15:09,680 Speaker 1: Their drama lives on UH. An expedition to Antarctica to 253 00:15:09,760 --> 00:15:12,320 Speaker 1: try to find the remains of Shackleton's ship and Durrance 254 00:15:12,360 --> 00:15:15,520 Speaker 1: set off early this year, but on February fourteenth, the 255 00:15:15,520 --> 00:15:17,920 Speaker 1: team announced that they had abandoned the search and they 256 00:15:17,960 --> 00:15:20,560 Speaker 1: were headed back home to avoid the risk of being 257 00:15:20,600 --> 00:15:24,160 Speaker 1: trapped by ice. The Endurance itself had been crushed by 258 00:15:24,200 --> 00:15:28,280 Speaker 1: ice in nineteen fifteen. Our episode on Shackleton's Race to 259 00:15:28,320 --> 00:15:31,680 Speaker 1: the South Pole is from way back in Yeah, Holly 260 00:15:31,720 --> 00:15:33,800 Speaker 1: and I not part of that episode, no, but it 261 00:15:33,840 --> 00:15:37,880 Speaker 1: does exist. Previous hosts also did a podcast on Kahokia 262 00:15:38,040 --> 00:15:40,960 Speaker 1: back in twenty eleven, and in a paper published in 263 00:15:41,200 --> 00:15:45,240 Speaker 1: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences this February, researchers 264 00:15:45,320 --> 00:15:49,040 Speaker 1: documented the connection between human feces from the site and 265 00:15:49,120 --> 00:15:52,880 Speaker 1: the population of Cochia, and environmental changes that were going on, 266 00:15:53,000 --> 00:15:56,200 Speaker 1: like droughts and floods. To do this, they studied sediment 267 00:15:56,280 --> 00:15:59,920 Speaker 1: layers from Horseshoe Lake, which is adjacent to Kahokia. As 268 00:16:00,080 --> 00:16:03,720 Speaker 1: people deficated in Kahokia runoff would have carried their feces 269 00:16:03,760 --> 00:16:06,240 Speaker 1: to the lake where they became part of the lake 270 00:16:06,280 --> 00:16:09,560 Speaker 1: beds layers of sediment, and they extracted cores of this 271 00:16:09,640 --> 00:16:12,960 Speaker 1: sediment to study those layers. What they found was that 272 00:16:13,000 --> 00:16:16,440 Speaker 1: the human waste and the products associated with them and 273 00:16:16,480 --> 00:16:21,080 Speaker 1: these layers corresponded to known increases and decreases in Kahokias 274 00:16:21,160 --> 00:16:25,560 Speaker 1: population and its eventual abandonment around fourteen hundred. And they 275 00:16:25,600 --> 00:16:29,479 Speaker 1: also found connections between all these population changes and environmental 276 00:16:29,480 --> 00:16:32,360 Speaker 1: factors like droughts and floods. There's also a new book 277 00:16:32,360 --> 00:16:36,440 Speaker 1: out on Kahokia this year called Feeding Kahokia, Early Agriculture 278 00:16:36,480 --> 00:16:39,680 Speaker 1: in the North American Homeland, and that's written by Gail Fritz, 279 00:16:40,240 --> 00:16:42,080 Speaker 1: and in a press release about the book, she was 280 00:16:42,160 --> 00:16:45,280 Speaker 1: quoted as saying, it's clear that the vast majority of 281 00:16:45,320 --> 00:16:48,480 Speaker 1: Cahokias farmers were women, and it's likely that their critical 282 00:16:48,520 --> 00:16:52,000 Speaker 1: knowledge of domesticated crops and wild food plants would have 283 00:16:52,040 --> 00:16:55,320 Speaker 1: earned them positions of power and respect at every level 284 00:16:55,320 --> 00:16:58,920 Speaker 1: of society. Yeah, that's not the only new book about 285 00:16:58,920 --> 00:17:01,880 Speaker 1: Cookia this year, but that one particularly caught my attention 286 00:17:01,920 --> 00:17:06,040 Speaker 1: because it really is sort of rethinking what his typically 287 00:17:06,119 --> 00:17:09,480 Speaker 1: been understood about, like the stratification of society and in 288 00:17:09,560 --> 00:17:14,600 Speaker 1: co Hokia and and who was at what level. Professor 289 00:17:15,040 --> 00:17:19,879 Speaker 1: in University College Cork has examined a sixteenth century administrative 290 00:17:20,000 --> 00:17:23,199 Speaker 1: manual that's been passed down through a local family and 291 00:17:23,240 --> 00:17:25,600 Speaker 1: it turns out that part of the binding of this 292 00:17:25,640 --> 00:17:29,119 Speaker 1: book is made from a fifteenth century Irish translation of 293 00:17:29,160 --> 00:17:32,560 Speaker 1: the Canon of Medicine by Ibn Sina, who is more 294 00:17:32,600 --> 00:17:36,480 Speaker 1: commonly known among English speakers as Avicenna. It was not 295 00:17:36,560 --> 00:17:39,919 Speaker 1: at all unusual for book binders to reuse parts of 296 00:17:39,960 --> 00:17:43,280 Speaker 1: other books in their bindings because vellum and other bookmaking 297 00:17:43,320 --> 00:17:47,280 Speaker 1: materials were very expensive, so book binders reclaimed things from 298 00:17:47,280 --> 00:17:50,919 Speaker 1: old books whenever they could. But this particular translation of 299 00:17:50,920 --> 00:17:54,960 Speaker 1: the Canon of Medicine is previously unrecorded in Irish medical history. 300 00:17:55,359 --> 00:17:59,119 Speaker 1: Our episode from Avicenna is from back in Yes, I 301 00:17:59,160 --> 00:18:00,920 Speaker 1: don't know who we've ever talked about it on the show, 302 00:18:00,960 --> 00:18:02,720 Speaker 1: but one of my jobs that I used to have 303 00:18:03,440 --> 00:18:06,560 Speaker 1: was working in a college library, repairing the book collection 304 00:18:06,640 --> 00:18:08,760 Speaker 1: as needed so you could stay in circulation. And I 305 00:18:08,840 --> 00:18:13,399 Speaker 1: often encountered things that were made of other books because 306 00:18:13,400 --> 00:18:15,400 Speaker 1: they had some piece of the collection that we're very old, 307 00:18:15,440 --> 00:18:19,120 Speaker 1: so we were trying to uh protect those and keep 308 00:18:19,200 --> 00:18:22,359 Speaker 1: the record of the history. But also again keep it 309 00:18:22,400 --> 00:18:25,679 Speaker 1: part of a circulating collection, so just verifying that that 310 00:18:25,800 --> 00:18:29,159 Speaker 1: is a accurate. Yeah. When I was when we were 311 00:18:29,160 --> 00:18:32,239 Speaker 1: in San Francisco, I went to the Bookbinder's Museum and 312 00:18:32,320 --> 00:18:35,840 Speaker 1: had this guided tour of the Bookbinder's Museum, and that 313 00:18:35,880 --> 00:18:37,760 Speaker 1: was one of the things they talked about, was how 314 00:18:37,800 --> 00:18:41,360 Speaker 1: many things were reclaimed but simultaneously, like if you were 315 00:18:41,400 --> 00:18:44,199 Speaker 1: shaving too much off of the edges of your paper 316 00:18:44,320 --> 00:18:47,280 Speaker 1: to try to reclaim that and make new paper, you 317 00:18:47,280 --> 00:18:50,200 Speaker 1: can get in big trouble because that was a quality issue. 318 00:18:50,920 --> 00:18:56,160 Speaker 1: Guid Yeah. Uh, yeah, I legitimately, this sounds like something 319 00:18:56,160 --> 00:18:59,760 Speaker 1: I would be saying facetiously legitimately, Like the history of 320 00:18:59,760 --> 00:19:02,879 Speaker 1: book binding is fascinating. Even though there's there aren't a 321 00:19:02,880 --> 00:19:05,560 Speaker 1: lot of like big moments in it, there are just 322 00:19:05,640 --> 00:19:08,600 Speaker 1: a lot of different practices that shifted over the years 323 00:19:08,640 --> 00:19:12,720 Speaker 1: that have their own unique flavor an impact on the 324 00:19:12,720 --> 00:19:16,280 Speaker 1: way the industry worked going forward. Uh, maybe one day 325 00:19:16,320 --> 00:19:20,320 Speaker 1: we'll do an episode on that. It might be tricky, Uh. 326 00:19:20,520 --> 00:19:23,159 Speaker 1: Previous hosts of the podcast did an episode of a 327 00:19:23,359 --> 00:19:26,479 Speaker 1: rapa Nui also called Easter Island way back in two 328 00:19:26,560 --> 00:19:30,520 Speaker 1: thousand and eight, and then that was updated in recent 329 00:19:30,560 --> 00:19:33,679 Speaker 1: research there suggests that the island's famous statues may have 330 00:19:33,760 --> 00:19:37,720 Speaker 1: been intentionally placed near sources of fresh water, and this 331 00:19:37,760 --> 00:19:40,560 Speaker 1: gives a possible reason for why the islands statues and 332 00:19:40,640 --> 00:19:44,960 Speaker 1: shrines are in their particular locations. This research was focused 333 00:19:45,000 --> 00:19:48,639 Speaker 1: on the western portion of the island, and anthropologists Carl 334 00:19:48,760 --> 00:19:53,240 Speaker 1: Lippo reported that this proximity to the water wasn't always obvious, 335 00:19:53,320 --> 00:19:56,359 Speaker 1: because fresh water would emerge along the coast when the 336 00:19:56,359 --> 00:19:58,800 Speaker 1: tide went out. Was only there sometimes and it was 337 00:19:59,000 --> 00:20:01,639 Speaker 1: observing this powd and that they spotted the connection between 338 00:20:01,640 --> 00:20:04,440 Speaker 1: when water would emerge and where these statues and shrines were. 339 00:20:04,920 --> 00:20:07,719 Speaker 1: The team is hoping to expand their research to include 340 00:20:07,720 --> 00:20:10,479 Speaker 1: the rest of the island as well. In other Eastern 341 00:20:10,480 --> 00:20:14,760 Speaker 1: Island news, Norway announced a plan to return thousands of artifacts, 342 00:20:14,800 --> 00:20:18,080 Speaker 1: including the bones of Rapa Nui people uh those had 343 00:20:18,119 --> 00:20:20,359 Speaker 1: been removed from the island in the nineteen fifties by 344 00:20:20,400 --> 00:20:23,399 Speaker 1: Sore Higher Doll and higher Doll is most known for 345 00:20:23,440 --> 00:20:26,600 Speaker 1: the expedition aboard Contiki, which was meant to demonstrate that 346 00:20:26,680 --> 00:20:30,520 Speaker 1: people from South America could have settled the Polynesian islands. 347 00:20:31,200 --> 00:20:36,000 Speaker 1: I think I have that that expedition on my ideal 348 00:20:36,080 --> 00:20:38,120 Speaker 1: list for some point in the future. But it's also 349 00:20:38,160 --> 00:20:39,480 Speaker 1: one of those that every time I get to it, 350 00:20:39,520 --> 00:20:41,040 Speaker 1: I kind of go I feel like we've did it already, 351 00:20:41,040 --> 00:20:42,600 Speaker 1: but I don't think we did. I have done a 352 00:20:42,600 --> 00:20:44,719 Speaker 1: similar thing with it. I haven't scrimbled in a notebook, 353 00:20:44,720 --> 00:20:46,280 Speaker 1: And every time I look at it, I'm like, is 354 00:20:46,320 --> 00:20:47,639 Speaker 1: this to tell me to go back and look at 355 00:20:47,680 --> 00:20:48,960 Speaker 1: what we did? And then I look for it and 356 00:20:49,000 --> 00:20:52,520 Speaker 1: I can't find it. And this is one of the 357 00:20:52,560 --> 00:20:55,360 Speaker 1: things that comes along with joining a show after it's 358 00:20:55,359 --> 00:20:59,840 Speaker 1: been through other hosts and a long archive, sometimes with 359 00:21:00,000 --> 00:21:02,960 Speaker 1: things named in a way that aren't immediately obvious. Well, 360 00:21:03,000 --> 00:21:04,680 Speaker 1: and to be frank, I mean we have been doing 361 00:21:04,680 --> 00:21:07,080 Speaker 1: it long enough that there are episodes that we worked on. 362 00:21:07,160 --> 00:21:08,679 Speaker 1: I think it's come up before where I've been like, 363 00:21:08,720 --> 00:21:10,400 Speaker 1: I don't remember this at all, and You're like, you 364 00:21:10,440 --> 00:21:14,800 Speaker 1: did the research on that one. Yeah, it's easy to 365 00:21:15,040 --> 00:21:16,520 Speaker 1: I mean, you can't keep it all in your head. 366 00:21:16,600 --> 00:21:22,160 Speaker 1: Unfortunately I can't anyway, I certainly cannot. Back to some unearthings, 367 00:21:22,200 --> 00:21:26,720 Speaker 1: this is another previous Unearthed follow up. In Unearthed in 368 00:21:26,800 --> 00:21:30,840 Speaker 1: julyen we talked about the discovery in Alabama of a 369 00:21:30,880 --> 00:21:34,480 Speaker 1: ship that was believed to be the Clotilda. The Clotilda 370 00:21:34,520 --> 00:21:37,159 Speaker 1: was the last known ship to carry enslaved Africans to 371 00:21:37,160 --> 00:21:40,679 Speaker 1: the United States, which happened more than fifty years after 372 00:21:40,960 --> 00:21:44,560 Speaker 1: the US had outlawed the import of enslaved people from Africa. 373 00:21:45,160 --> 00:21:47,919 Speaker 1: The Clotilda was burned and sunk in July of eighteen 374 00:21:47,960 --> 00:21:50,960 Speaker 1: sixty after bringing a hundred enslaved Africans to the United 375 00:21:51,000 --> 00:21:54,240 Speaker 1: States because its owners wanted to destroy the evidence of 376 00:21:54,240 --> 00:21:57,359 Speaker 1: their crimes. It turned out pretty quickly that the ship 377 00:21:57,400 --> 00:21:59,960 Speaker 1: in question was not the right size to be the Cloetill. 378 00:22:00,600 --> 00:22:02,680 Speaker 1: That was something that we talked about on last year's 379 00:22:02,720 --> 00:22:06,560 Speaker 1: Unearthed in July as well, but the potential discovery sparked 380 00:22:06,600 --> 00:22:08,840 Speaker 1: a lot of interest in trying to find the ship. 381 00:22:09,400 --> 00:22:12,920 Speaker 1: In May, marine archaeologists announced that this time they did 382 00:22:12,960 --> 00:22:17,120 Speaker 1: find the Clotilda was located in Alabama's Mobile River. In 383 00:22:17,160 --> 00:22:21,679 Speaker 1: that same episode of Unearthed, in the same passage, we 384 00:22:21,800 --> 00:22:25,679 Speaker 1: also talked about the publication of Zora Neil Hurston's Barracoon, 385 00:22:25,800 --> 00:22:29,160 Speaker 1: which was based on her interview with a man known 386 00:22:29,160 --> 00:22:32,280 Speaker 1: as Couldjoe Lewis. He was believed to be the last 387 00:22:32,440 --> 00:22:36,480 Speaker 1: living survivor of the Clotilda, but that designation shifted this 388 00:22:36,560 --> 00:22:40,920 Speaker 1: year as well. In March, Hannah Durkin of Newcastle University 389 00:22:40,920 --> 00:22:44,480 Speaker 1: published a paper in the journal Slavery and Abolition in 390 00:22:44,480 --> 00:22:47,159 Speaker 1: which she notes that a woman named Rido she actually 391 00:22:47,200 --> 00:22:51,760 Speaker 1: lived until nineteen thirty seven. Lewis died in ninetive. That's 392 00:22:51,760 --> 00:22:55,040 Speaker 1: actually somebody that Zora Neil Hurston also knew about and 393 00:22:55,040 --> 00:22:58,199 Speaker 1: and wrote about, but it wasn't clear the timeline of 394 00:22:58,240 --> 00:23:01,320 Speaker 1: their deaths until now. We talked about bog butter in 395 00:23:01,320 --> 00:23:05,040 Speaker 1: our Butter versus Marjarine episode in Please Don't Eat Bog 396 00:23:05,080 --> 00:23:08,040 Speaker 1: Butter uh, and it's also come up on previous editions 397 00:23:08,040 --> 00:23:11,639 Speaker 1: of unearthed. Now researchers at the University of Bristol and 398 00:23:11,760 --> 00:23:15,640 Speaker 1: University College Dublin have dated thirty two bog butters from 399 00:23:15,640 --> 00:23:18,600 Speaker 1: the collection of the National Museum of Ireland. They wanted 400 00:23:18,640 --> 00:23:20,520 Speaker 1: to find out if this butter was really what we 401 00:23:20,560 --> 00:23:23,200 Speaker 1: think of as butter made from milk fat, or if 402 00:23:23,240 --> 00:23:26,520 Speaker 1: it was really h fat that had come from animal carcasses, 403 00:23:26,960 --> 00:23:30,880 Speaker 1: and turns out it was really dairy butter. This research 404 00:23:30,960 --> 00:23:34,080 Speaker 1: also suggests that the practice of putting butter in the 405 00:23:34,119 --> 00:23:39,000 Speaker 1: bogs goes back about fifteen hundred years earlier than previously thought. 406 00:23:39,400 --> 00:23:41,880 Speaker 1: The oldest sample that they were looking at was from 407 00:23:42,040 --> 00:23:46,520 Speaker 1: seventeen hundred BC. It's still not a pent clear whether 408 00:23:46,600 --> 00:23:48,920 Speaker 1: people were putting the butter in the bog to try 409 00:23:49,000 --> 00:23:51,520 Speaker 1: to preserve it, or if it was some kind of offering. 410 00:23:51,600 --> 00:23:54,840 Speaker 1: It is also totally possible that at some points in 411 00:23:54,960 --> 00:23:58,120 Speaker 1: history it was about food preservation and in other points 412 00:23:58,160 --> 00:24:00,440 Speaker 1: in history it was a more symbolic thing. They do 413 00:24:00,640 --> 00:24:03,400 Speaker 1: think that at any given time it was for one 414 00:24:03,520 --> 00:24:08,440 Speaker 1: purpose and not both. Still do not eat the bog butter. No, 415 00:24:10,359 --> 00:24:13,879 Speaker 1: thank you. We're gonna talk next time about people tasting 416 00:24:14,040 --> 00:24:17,720 Speaker 1: some things that had been unearthed. Uh just want to 417 00:24:17,800 --> 00:24:22,760 Speaker 1: reiterate that. In we did an episode on the Crescent 418 00:24:22,920 --> 00:24:26,760 Speaker 1: Hotel and Norman Baker, and this year excavation work at 419 00:24:26,800 --> 00:24:30,480 Speaker 1: the hotel unearthed more than four hundred glass bottles and 420 00:24:30,600 --> 00:24:33,520 Speaker 1: other glass vessels that date back to when the property 421 00:24:33,600 --> 00:24:37,119 Speaker 1: was Baker Hospital and Health Resort. These bottles appear to 422 00:24:37,280 --> 00:24:39,960 Speaker 1: have been used to store tumors and other specimens that 423 00:24:40,080 --> 00:24:44,359 Speaker 1: had been removed from patients preserved in alcohol. Mike Evans, 424 00:24:44,600 --> 00:24:47,840 Speaker 1: Station assistant archaeologists noted that the bottles that they found 425 00:24:47,920 --> 00:24:51,360 Speaker 1: looked identical to one shown in advertisements for the hospital 426 00:24:51,440 --> 00:24:55,399 Speaker 1: slash Resort. More than twenty bottles found still contain what 427 00:24:55,520 --> 00:24:58,320 Speaker 1: looks like tissue, although it is not clear whether they 428 00:24:58,400 --> 00:25:00,920 Speaker 1: are real human specimens or if there's some kind of 429 00:25:01,040 --> 00:25:05,280 Speaker 1: prop Yeah, it could have been either. Subsequent owners of 430 00:25:05,359 --> 00:25:09,840 Speaker 1: the property after it was this Hospital Slash Resort had 431 00:25:09,920 --> 00:25:12,960 Speaker 1: been told that all those old specimens had been taken 432 00:25:13,080 --> 00:25:17,480 Speaker 1: to the dump. They interpreted that is meaning some kind 433 00:25:17,560 --> 00:25:26,160 Speaker 1: of dump facility elsewhere rather than just being behind the building. Yeah, 434 00:25:26,200 --> 00:25:32,680 Speaker 1: there are so many uh uh sort of skin crawley questions. Yeah, 435 00:25:33,400 --> 00:25:36,000 Speaker 1: but there it is. We also have a few one 436 00:25:36,119 --> 00:25:39,119 Speaker 1: sentence updates of a collection of random episodes, So here 437 00:25:39,200 --> 00:25:42,560 Speaker 1: we go. Poems by Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow, along 438 00:25:42,600 --> 00:25:45,760 Speaker 1: with notebooks and photos, were auctioned off by Heritage Auctions 439 00:25:45,800 --> 00:25:49,200 Speaker 1: in Dallas on May fourth. The photo of Harriet Tubman 440 00:25:49,240 --> 00:25:51,440 Speaker 1: as a young woman, which we have talked about previously, 441 00:25:51,560 --> 00:25:55,000 Speaker 1: went on display at the Smithsonian's National Museum of African 442 00:25:55,040 --> 00:25:58,119 Speaker 1: American History and Culture. Uh, producer Casey and I got 443 00:25:58,200 --> 00:26:02,480 Speaker 1: to see that earlier this year. Sarah Burningham, executive producer 444 00:26:02,520 --> 00:26:06,439 Speaker 1: of the podcast Making Gay History Unearthed, previously unaired audio 445 00:26:06,960 --> 00:26:10,240 Speaker 1: of past podcast subject Buyard Ruston, which became part of 446 00:26:10,280 --> 00:26:13,760 Speaker 1: the podcast fourth season, and the last survivor of the 447 00:26:13,840 --> 00:26:16,720 Speaker 1: Doolittle Raid. Richard Cole, died on April ninth, at the 448 00:26:16,760 --> 00:26:20,080 Speaker 1: age of one hundred and three. After all of that, 449 00:26:20,440 --> 00:26:22,840 Speaker 1: because that also was a lot, we're going to take 450 00:26:22,840 --> 00:26:25,120 Speaker 1: a quick break and then move on to some non 451 00:26:25,359 --> 00:26:37,800 Speaker 1: episode update Unearthed. Okay, now we have a collection of things. 452 00:26:37,960 --> 00:26:42,200 Speaker 1: They're all related to Neanderthals and early humans. And first off, 453 00:26:42,880 --> 00:26:47,480 Speaker 1: archaeologists in Northeast Jordan's have found evidence that Neolithic humans 454 00:26:47,680 --> 00:26:50,760 Speaker 1: might have been hunting with dogs. They came to this 455 00:26:50,880 --> 00:26:54,760 Speaker 1: conclusion by studying the dog's presence at an archaeological site 456 00:26:54,880 --> 00:26:57,840 Speaker 1: known as shoe Bake six and that dates back to 457 00:26:58,000 --> 00:27:02,119 Speaker 1: about eleven thousand years ago. The dogs seem to have 458 00:27:02,240 --> 00:27:04,720 Speaker 1: been kept in an area mostly around the edges of 459 00:27:04,800 --> 00:27:07,480 Speaker 1: the settlement, but also we're just allowed to roam around 460 00:27:07,560 --> 00:27:11,159 Speaker 1: through everything. The inhabitants of Shoebake Was six used hares 461 00:27:11,280 --> 00:27:14,240 Speaker 1: for food and used their bones to make beads. And 462 00:27:14,320 --> 00:27:16,840 Speaker 1: there's an uptick in how many hairs were present at 463 00:27:16,880 --> 00:27:19,720 Speaker 1: the site, which coincides with when the dogs got there, 464 00:27:20,320 --> 00:27:22,720 Speaker 1: so the team's conclusion is that either people were using 465 00:27:22,800 --> 00:27:26,160 Speaker 1: dogs to help them hunt hares, or perhaps the people 466 00:27:26,200 --> 00:27:29,240 Speaker 1: and dogs were hunting hairs together, with the people using 467 00:27:29,280 --> 00:27:32,240 Speaker 1: the dogs hunting patterns to help their own hunt. And 468 00:27:32,400 --> 00:27:36,600 Speaker 1: other news. Modern day javelin throwers have helped a team 469 00:27:36,680 --> 00:27:40,119 Speaker 1: of researchers look into whether Neanderthals had the ability to 470 00:27:40,320 --> 00:27:44,879 Speaker 1: throw spears to hunt large animals from a distance. The 471 00:27:45,000 --> 00:27:49,440 Speaker 1: team from University College London made replicas spears using hand 472 00:27:49,600 --> 00:27:52,240 Speaker 1: tools that were modeled after hand tools used at the time. 473 00:27:52,760 --> 00:27:55,160 Speaker 1: The models for the spears were a set of ten 474 00:27:55,359 --> 00:27:58,080 Speaker 1: well preserved throwing spears that had been excavated in the 475 00:27:58,200 --> 00:28:02,240 Speaker 1: ninety nineties. Six avalon athletes took their turns with these 476 00:28:02,280 --> 00:28:04,960 Speaker 1: throwing spears and were able to hit a target from 477 00:28:05,040 --> 00:28:07,640 Speaker 1: up to twenty meters away, which was twice as far 478 00:28:08,040 --> 00:28:10,879 Speaker 1: as the researchers thought they could be thrown. And this 479 00:28:11,040 --> 00:28:13,920 Speaker 1: all adds to the growing body of evidence that Neanderthals 480 00:28:13,960 --> 00:28:16,320 Speaker 1: were probably a lot smarter and more a depth than 481 00:28:16,359 --> 00:28:19,200 Speaker 1: they have generally been given credit for. Now we have 482 00:28:19,680 --> 00:28:25,719 Speaker 1: just had a series of Neanderthal related things over the years, 483 00:28:27,000 --> 00:28:30,680 Speaker 1: which all kind of contradict the perception that that maybe 484 00:28:30,760 --> 00:28:35,000 Speaker 1: they were stereotypical cavemen. Right now, when someone uses that 485 00:28:35,160 --> 00:28:38,720 Speaker 1: word as an attempted slurred or insult, someone can come back. 486 00:28:38,800 --> 00:28:44,480 Speaker 1: It's like, yes, my javelin skills are on point. On 487 00:28:44,760 --> 00:28:47,960 Speaker 1: that same note, according to research that was published in 488 00:28:48,080 --> 00:28:52,160 Speaker 1: Science Advances, both Neanderthals and early humans were probably pretty 489 00:28:52,160 --> 00:28:56,240 Speaker 1: good at hunting small, fast moving game. They came to 490 00:28:56,320 --> 00:28:59,040 Speaker 1: this conclusion by studying animal bones and what is now 491 00:28:59,120 --> 00:29:02,959 Speaker 1: southeastern France. It was already pretty well established that these 492 00:29:03,040 --> 00:29:07,120 Speaker 1: populations hunted larger, often slower moving animals like deer, bison, 493 00:29:07,240 --> 00:29:09,680 Speaker 1: and horse. But it also looks like they were able 494 00:29:09,720 --> 00:29:12,479 Speaker 1: to hunt rabbits, which might have helped them survive when 495 00:29:12,600 --> 00:29:15,600 Speaker 1: larger game was more scarce. It was kind of connects 496 00:29:15,640 --> 00:29:19,160 Speaker 1: back over to the dogs and hairs being are the 497 00:29:19,240 --> 00:29:21,560 Speaker 1: dogs helping with the hair hunting, which is more about 498 00:29:21,920 --> 00:29:27,440 Speaker 1: early humans than about Neanderthal's. So moving on to the art, 499 00:29:27,520 --> 00:29:32,360 Speaker 1: books and letters. In January, The New Yorker reported on 500 00:29:32,480 --> 00:29:36,200 Speaker 1: a lost story by Sylvia Plath, which Plath wrote in 501 00:29:36,360 --> 00:29:41,280 Speaker 1: nineteen fifty two while attending Smith College. However, the Indiana 502 00:29:41,440 --> 00:29:45,240 Speaker 1: University Lily Library had a different take on this report. 503 00:29:46,040 --> 00:29:48,920 Speaker 1: In a short Twitter thread, they explained that this story 504 00:29:49,200 --> 00:29:52,920 Speaker 1: was in their collections and listed in the finding aid. 505 00:29:53,840 --> 00:29:58,760 Speaker 1: This thread ended with quote in parentheses whispers. You know 506 00:29:58,920 --> 00:30:02,280 Speaker 1: when materials are in libraries and archives, they are actually 507 00:30:02,360 --> 00:30:09,760 Speaker 1: the opposite of lost. Also in the it was there 508 00:30:09,800 --> 00:30:12,040 Speaker 1: in the library, but in this case it actually was 509 00:30:12,160 --> 00:30:16,160 Speaker 1: kind of lost territory. Michael Richardson of the University of 510 00:30:16,200 --> 00:30:20,120 Speaker 1: Bristol Special Collections Library found a set of thirteenth century 511 00:30:20,240 --> 00:30:25,200 Speaker 1: Old French parchments tucked into some sixteenth century books. These 512 00:30:25,280 --> 00:30:28,360 Speaker 1: texts include lots of names from our thury and legends, 513 00:30:28,440 --> 00:30:30,920 Speaker 1: and they're believed to be part of the Vulgate cycle 514 00:30:31,080 --> 00:30:33,840 Speaker 1: or Lancelot Grail cycle, which was one of Sir Thomas 515 00:30:33,920 --> 00:30:37,720 Speaker 1: Mallory's likely sources for Le Mard d'arthour. So yeah, they 516 00:30:37,800 --> 00:30:40,840 Speaker 1: knew about these sixteenth century books, but were surprised at 517 00:30:40,880 --> 00:30:44,000 Speaker 1: the thirteenth century inclusion. And the books that the fragments 518 00:30:44,040 --> 00:30:46,239 Speaker 1: were found in have their own history as well. They 519 00:30:46,280 --> 00:30:49,000 Speaker 1: are a four volume set of works by French poet 520 00:30:49,040 --> 00:30:53,160 Speaker 1: and reformer Jean Gerson. The pages were printed in Strasbourg 521 00:30:53,280 --> 00:30:56,120 Speaker 1: sometime between fourteen ninety four and fifteen o two, and 522 00:30:56,200 --> 00:30:59,440 Speaker 1: then they were bound in England sometime in the sixteenth century. 523 00:30:59,600 --> 00:31:02,760 Speaker 1: There's thirteen century fragments were bound in along with them. 524 00:31:03,080 --> 00:31:05,320 Speaker 1: In one of the findings that a lot of folks 525 00:31:05,400 --> 00:31:08,959 Speaker 1: told us about, researchers studied the remains of an unknown 526 00:31:09,040 --> 00:31:12,400 Speaker 1: woman buried in Germany about one thousand years ago and 527 00:31:12,520 --> 00:31:17,280 Speaker 1: found flax of lapis lazily pigment in her teeth. Logical conclusion, 528 00:31:17,640 --> 00:31:20,360 Speaker 1: she was an artist who worked in manuscript illuminations and 529 00:31:20,480 --> 00:31:22,640 Speaker 1: used her mouth to make the tip of her brush 530 00:31:22,720 --> 00:31:26,760 Speaker 1: have a fine point. Another logical conclusion, she must have 531 00:31:26,880 --> 00:31:29,640 Speaker 1: been very good at her work because lapis lazily pigment, 532 00:31:29,760 --> 00:31:33,760 Speaker 1: known as aquamarine, was extremely expensive and really hard to get, 533 00:31:33,920 --> 00:31:36,920 Speaker 1: so the people that were illuminating those manuscripts were not 534 00:31:37,040 --> 00:31:41,360 Speaker 1: all monks, as has often been popularly imagined. UH and 535 00:31:41,480 --> 00:31:45,360 Speaker 1: other news. Leonardo da Vinci's thumb print has been found 536 00:31:45,400 --> 00:31:48,880 Speaker 1: on a drawing called the Cardiovascular System and Principal Organs 537 00:31:48,920 --> 00:31:51,320 Speaker 1: of a Woman, which was drawn in fifteen o nine. 538 00:31:52,040 --> 00:31:54,840 Speaker 1: That work is in Britain's Royal Collection, and the ink 539 00:31:54,920 --> 00:31:57,320 Speaker 1: from the thumb print matches the ink from the drawing, 540 00:31:57,520 --> 00:32:00,160 Speaker 1: so they think he just picked up the pay age 541 00:32:00,200 --> 00:32:04,200 Speaker 1: with inky hands. Alan Donnithorne, who was a former paper 542 00:32:04,280 --> 00:32:07,360 Speaker 1: conservator at the collection, called it the collections quote most 543 00:32:07,520 --> 00:32:12,920 Speaker 1: convincing candidate for an authentic Leonardo fingerprints. Another gear switch, 544 00:32:13,360 --> 00:32:16,520 Speaker 1: the practice of writing in Japan may have developed between 545 00:32:16,600 --> 00:32:19,840 Speaker 1: three hundred and four hundred years earlier than previously thought. 546 00:32:20,480 --> 00:32:23,040 Speaker 1: This is based on the discovery of inkstones, some of 547 00:32:23,120 --> 00:32:25,720 Speaker 1: them unfinished, that date back to the second and first 548 00:32:25,800 --> 00:32:29,560 Speaker 1: centuries b CE. Previously, writing was believed to have been 549 00:32:29,600 --> 00:32:33,280 Speaker 1: brought to Japan from China in roughly the third century CE. 550 00:32:34,120 --> 00:32:37,560 Speaker 1: These ink stones were probably also introduced from China. It's 551 00:32:37,600 --> 00:32:40,280 Speaker 1: believed that they were first developed in China around three 552 00:32:40,520 --> 00:32:43,040 Speaker 1: d b C before being carried to Japan, and then 553 00:32:43,080 --> 00:32:46,400 Speaker 1: the earliest Japanese made ink stones would have probably been 554 00:32:46,480 --> 00:32:50,160 Speaker 1: copied from these Chinese stones before Japanese craftspeople developed their 555 00:32:50,160 --> 00:32:54,280 Speaker 1: own designs and methods. In May, the conservation charity English 556 00:32:54,360 --> 00:32:57,240 Speaker 1: Heritage announced that a painting long believed to be a 557 00:32:57,280 --> 00:33:00,560 Speaker 1: fake based on Bodacelli's Madonna of the Pomegranate, it was 558 00:33:00,600 --> 00:33:03,080 Speaker 1: actually a real bot of Celli. It was thought to 559 00:33:03,120 --> 00:33:05,880 Speaker 1: be a fake because of variations in the painting itself 560 00:33:06,120 --> 00:33:08,800 Speaker 1: and in the yellow pigments used to paint it. But 561 00:33:08,920 --> 00:33:12,760 Speaker 1: after X ray testing, infrared studies, and a pigment analysis, 562 00:33:13,240 --> 00:33:16,480 Speaker 1: researchers have concluded that the painting really was created in 563 00:33:16,560 --> 00:33:21,000 Speaker 1: Botticelli's workshop in Florence, although it was not necessarily exclusively 564 00:33:21,200 --> 00:33:24,959 Speaker 1: his work. Yeah, it was totally normal for a painter 565 00:33:25,400 --> 00:33:28,959 Speaker 1: to create multiple copies of the same thing, especially if 566 00:33:29,000 --> 00:33:32,400 Speaker 1: it was a commission. But everybody thought this one was 567 00:33:32,480 --> 00:33:34,960 Speaker 1: fake for a long time. We have a random thing 568 00:33:35,120 --> 00:33:38,360 Speaker 1: to just close out part one of Unearthed today, and 569 00:33:38,480 --> 00:33:41,840 Speaker 1: that's that archaeologists working ahead of a new high speed 570 00:33:42,000 --> 00:33:45,520 Speaker 1: rail line have unearthed the burial site of Matthew Flinders, 571 00:33:45,560 --> 00:33:49,360 Speaker 1: who was the first Europeans to circumnavigate the continent of Australia. 572 00:33:50,040 --> 00:33:53,120 Speaker 1: He died in eighteen fourteen and this line that he 573 00:33:53,320 --> 00:33:56,160 Speaker 1: was unearthed to make way for is going to run 574 00:33:56,280 --> 00:33:59,480 Speaker 1: from London to Birmingham. The construction has involved just a 575 00:33:59,680 --> 00:34:03,680 Speaker 1: math of archaeological project, with sixty different dig sites along 576 00:34:03,760 --> 00:34:06,240 Speaker 1: the length of the route. Flinders was known to be 577 00:34:06,320 --> 00:34:10,160 Speaker 1: buried at St James's Cemetery behind Houston Station, but the 578 00:34:10,239 --> 00:34:13,840 Speaker 1: cemetery also contained forty bodies and only some of the 579 00:34:13,920 --> 00:34:17,880 Speaker 1: graves were being excavated, so authorities weren't all that optimistic 580 00:34:18,000 --> 00:34:20,279 Speaker 1: that they were going to find his grave site. It 581 00:34:20,360 --> 00:34:23,040 Speaker 1: turned out that Flinders coffin was marked with a lead 582 00:34:23,120 --> 00:34:26,640 Speaker 1: plate that was still legible. Yeah, I found it pretty quickly, 583 00:34:26,680 --> 00:34:29,320 Speaker 1: it turned out. As a side note, there is always 584 00:34:29,560 --> 00:34:33,600 Speaker 1: a lot of train line and other construction related unearthing 585 00:34:33,680 --> 00:34:36,480 Speaker 1: going on, and so far this year we've also read 586 00:34:36,560 --> 00:34:40,360 Speaker 1: reports of a fourth century public fountain being unearthed steering 587 00:34:40,400 --> 00:34:44,680 Speaker 1: at rail construction, and the Thessalonici metro and a Roman 588 00:34:44,880 --> 00:34:49,040 Speaker 1: cemetery unearthed during work for a tram extension route in Strasbourg. 589 00:34:49,560 --> 00:34:52,680 Speaker 1: And we'll have more next time, more things unearthed, whole 590 00:34:52,719 --> 00:34:55,560 Speaker 1: other categories. Have you on earthed some mail for us? 591 00:34:56,040 --> 00:34:59,920 Speaker 1: I have unearthed some mail. It's from Shannon. Shannon has 592 00:35:00,000 --> 00:35:03,560 Speaker 1: written about Marie Lawrenson, and Shannon says, I listened to 593 00:35:03,640 --> 00:35:06,000 Speaker 1: your podcast in the car on my daily commute and 594 00:35:06,040 --> 00:35:09,440 Speaker 1: when Tracy described her reaction to seeing the Murray Lawrence 595 00:35:09,719 --> 00:35:12,840 Speaker 1: paintings at the Music to lawrenz Ury, I knew exactly 596 00:35:12,880 --> 00:35:15,440 Speaker 1: what she was talking about because I had the exact 597 00:35:15,560 --> 00:35:18,560 Speaker 1: same experience. When I was in Paris in January, I 598 00:35:18,680 --> 00:35:20,600 Speaker 1: knew it had to be the same painter. When I 599 00:35:20,719 --> 00:35:23,279 Speaker 1: got home, I pulled up my photos. I've attached my 600 00:35:23,440 --> 00:35:28,240 Speaker 1: favorite Lawrence m from the Ora Injury portrait Madame paul Yume, 601 00:35:28,800 --> 00:35:30,879 Speaker 1: although it's not nearly as good as the professional ones, 602 00:35:31,239 --> 00:35:34,000 Speaker 1: and sure enough it was the same painter. I take 603 00:35:34,080 --> 00:35:36,279 Speaker 1: photos of items I'm drawn to in museum so I 604 00:35:36,320 --> 00:35:38,040 Speaker 1: can go back and learn more about them later, but 605 00:35:38,160 --> 00:35:40,560 Speaker 1: I hadn't gotten back to this one yet. I was 606 00:35:40,719 --> 00:35:44,080 Speaker 1: fascinated to hear about Marie Lawrence and her life. I 607 00:35:44,200 --> 00:35:46,480 Speaker 1: was especially interested to hear that she was part of 608 00:35:46,520 --> 00:35:50,040 Speaker 1: the early Cubist movement. I generally don't enjoy Cubism, mostly 609 00:35:50,080 --> 00:35:53,280 Speaker 1: because Picasso was a misogynist and the gusto he shows 610 00:35:53,320 --> 00:35:57,760 Speaker 1: and breaking women up into pieces always makes me so mad. Anyway, 611 00:35:57,960 --> 00:35:59,960 Speaker 1: I found her work really drew me in, and I 612 00:36:00,120 --> 00:36:02,239 Speaker 1: stayed there a long time looking at her paintings the 613 00:36:02,280 --> 00:36:05,480 Speaker 1: attached in particular. Thank you so much for reminding me 614 00:36:05,840 --> 00:36:08,279 Speaker 1: about these paintings and giving me some insight into the artist. 615 00:36:08,360 --> 00:36:11,359 Speaker 1: As always love how sassy you ladies are. Shannon, Thank 616 00:36:11,400 --> 00:36:13,239 Speaker 1: you so much. Shannon, I just wanted to read this 617 00:36:13,360 --> 00:36:15,480 Speaker 1: because I always love when I find a kindred spirit 618 00:36:16,280 --> 00:36:19,440 Speaker 1: in our listener mail who similarly it was like, I'm 619 00:36:19,520 --> 00:36:22,320 Speaker 1: here for these paintings. Uh. If you would like to 620 00:36:22,400 --> 00:36:24,799 Speaker 1: write to us about this or any other podcast where 621 00:36:24,800 --> 00:36:27,120 Speaker 1: at History Podcasts that how Stuff Works dot com and 622 00:36:27,160 --> 00:36:29,680 Speaker 1: then we're all over social media. Had missed in History 623 00:36:29,719 --> 00:36:32,760 Speaker 1: and that was where you'll find our Facebook, Pinterest, Instagram, 624 00:36:33,040 --> 00:36:35,640 Speaker 1: and Twitter. 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