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Speaker 1: From Mediators World News Headquarters in Bozeman, Montana. This is

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Speaker 1: Kel's we Can review with Ryan kel Kellan now Here's Kel.

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Speaker 1: The oldest human artifacts in North America have been found

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Speaker 1: in Idaho, of all places. The archaeological team leading the

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Speaker 1: dig at Cooper's Landing Idaho verified all artifacts through two

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Speaker 1: different methods in order to prevent any bias and ensure

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Speaker 1: accuracy in dating test results. The results are back, proving

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Speaker 1: humans lived, hunted, and gathered in Idaho sixteen thousand, five

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Speaker 1: hundred years ago. This find pre dates other early human sites,

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Speaker 1: such as the famous New Mexico Clovis sites by at

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Speaker 1: least a thousand years. Everyone at this point is at

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Speaker 1: least casually familiar with the Bearing land Bridge and the

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Speaker 1: thought that humans started showing up in North America after

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Speaker 1: making a long frozen trek from Asia into what is

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Speaker 1: now Alaska, eventually following an ice free corridor down the

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Speaker 1: coast latitudes in the lower forty eight. This theory is

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Speaker 1: substantiated by the shared technology found at early human sites,

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Speaker 1: again like the Clovis point, which suggests that there was

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Speaker 1: a common human origin point rather than several groups originating

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Speaker 1: from different points. Well, this Sitan Cooper's Ferry, Idaho, located

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Speaker 1: on the Salmon River near its confluence with the Snake River,

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Speaker 1: major tributary of the Columbia River. You know, that really

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Speaker 1: big river that hits the Pacific. Is especially interesting because

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Speaker 1: some believe that it may eventually prove a different human

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Speaker 1: migration theory, the theory that people got to North America

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Speaker 1: much earlier, and not by foot, but by boat, following

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Speaker 1: what is called the Kelp Highway. This route is essentially

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Speaker 1: a water version of the Bearing land Bridge, where early

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Speaker 1: humans hugged the coastlines in primitive boats, sticking primarily to

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Speaker 1: roots thick with kelp for us. The kelp for us

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Speaker 1: would provide a consistent food source as well as a

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Speaker 1: safer means of sea travel, as the kelp will break

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Speaker 1: up some of the surf action, allowing for smoother sea travel.

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Speaker 1: The key artifacts found at Cooper's landing that potentially support

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Speaker 1: the Kelp Highway hypothesis or Western stemmed points. Western stem

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Speaker 1: points again predate Clovis points by roughly a thousand years,

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Speaker 1: which is cool, but that's not the most exciting link.

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Speaker 1: Very similar Western stempoints have been found in Japan, and

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Speaker 1: you guessed it, dated to sixteen thousand, five hundred years ago.

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Speaker 1: Now remember back to this origin theory, how shared technology

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Speaker 1: links groups of humans. How could we have very similar

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Speaker 1: technology from roughly the exact same time period at two

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Speaker 1: points separated by the Pacific Ocean at a time when

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Speaker 1: a significant porsche and of the possible land route was

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Speaker 1: covered in ice. If there weren't any boats present, if

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Speaker 1: you were traveling the coast in a primitive boat, making

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Speaker 1: a left turn and going up the Columbia Ways, maybe

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Speaker 1: all the way to Idaho, possibly on a river that

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Speaker 1: seemed more steel head and salmon than water, that option

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Speaker 1: could have looked a little bit better than just crossing

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Speaker 1: the Columbia at its historically dangerous mouth. Of course, other

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Speaker 1: than the fact that humans camped at Cooper's Ferry, Idaho,

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Speaker 1: sixteen thousand, five hundred years ago with western stempoints, this

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Speaker 1: is all just theory, I will tell you. Coincidentally, I

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Speaker 1: hiked and hunted only about fifty or so air miles

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Speaker 1: from this site just last week, and the only signs

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Speaker 1: of humans beyond myself we're an old pole tab cours

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Speaker 1: camp in a spot I thought naively no human could

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Speaker 1: have been. I guess I was only the second hunter

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Speaker 1: in that spot, potentially just missing each other by about

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Speaker 1: sixteen thousand, five hundred years. This week, we've got hurricanes, ants,

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Speaker 1: forehead breathing sea snakes, motor bicycles, and so much more.

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Speaker 1: But first I'm gonna tell you about my week. I

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Speaker 1: traveled out to eastern Oregon, lucky enough to have a

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Speaker 1: highly coveted private land bowl elk tag for Nature Conservancy

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Speaker 1: property known as the zoom Walt Prairie Preserve. Again, and coincidentally,

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Speaker 1: I was almost within sight of Cooper's Ferry, Idaho, above

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Speaker 1: the m Naha River which flows down to the Snake

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Speaker 1: just like the Salmon where Cooper's Ferry is located. I

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Speaker 1: looked at, and checked out, and discovered and found all

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Speaker 1: sorts of incredibly interesting things out on the zoom Walt

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Speaker 1: Prairie Preserve. I could fill up this entire episode with

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Speaker 1: all that knowledge, but the world keeps turning and my

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Speaker 1: little area of focus cannot take up our twenty minutes.

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Speaker 1: So I'll just hit you with a highlighter two right here,

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Speaker 1: right now. The rest of the story you'll be able

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Speaker 1: to catch at the Meat Eater dot Com. In a

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Speaker 1: special and upcoming video edition of Cal's weekend review. Trust me,

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Speaker 1: you won't be spared any details. Anyway, ants made a

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Speaker 1: serious impression on me this trip. First, we found big

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Speaker 1: grit aphids on thistle plants out on the prairie. These

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Speaker 1: aphids were at first impression being predated upon by red ants. However,

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Speaker 1: this was not the case upon closer inspection. The ants

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Speaker 1: were in fact tending to the aphids in order to

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Speaker 1: harvest their sugary excretions. Apparently, allow me to explain as

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Speaker 1: this mutualistic relationship we witnessed on the prairie is fascinating stuff.

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Speaker 1: Aphids a past to any plant grower or farmer, sometimes

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Speaker 1: known as plant lice, consume large quantities of fluid from

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Speaker 1: plants that excrete, a high sugar waste fluid referred to

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Speaker 1: as honeydew. Ants will go to extraordinary lengths to ensure

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Speaker 1: this afid produced sugar source keeps producing. Almost like a

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Speaker 1: dairy farmer tending their herd. Ants will actually stroke or

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Speaker 1: milk a fids with their antennae to promote the excretion

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Speaker 1: of honeydew, to the point where some aphids have quit

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Speaker 1: being able to excrete without ants. There are some human

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Speaker 1: relations and chip references I can make here, but let's

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Speaker 1: not go down that path. The ants will protect the

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Speaker 1: afids from predators such as ladybugs, as well as store

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Speaker 1: afied eggs inside ant mounds to protect them from winter temperatures.

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Speaker 1: When spring comes around, the ants will actually plant the

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Speaker 1: store at afied eggs on new food sources to start

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Speaker 1: the cycle all over again. The ants make sure the

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Speaker 1: a fids are safe and well fed in order to

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Speaker 1: get fed and return. Sounds like a pretty good system,

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Speaker 1: although when food sources get scarce and the AFID colony

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Speaker 1: is stressed to the point of trying to relocate in

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Speaker 1: hopes of finding better food, the ants have actually been

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Speaker 1: observed chewing the a fid's wings off, which doesn't sound

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Speaker 1: quite so Disney or mutualistic when you think of the

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Speaker 1: other aunt phenomenon we encountered out on the zoom Wall

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Speaker 1: prairie were tiny flying ant swarms. These little winged guys

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Speaker 1: and gals were about the size of a fingernail, clipping

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Speaker 1: the air above the prairie are. Last morning was thick

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Speaker 1: with them. When I say thick, I mean at first

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Speaker 1: glance the swarms appeared to be smoked or maybe a

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Speaker 1: huge flight of starlings in the distance, hundreds of thousands,

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Speaker 1: tens of millions. I really can't say. What I can

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Speaker 1: tell you is in the morning, they coded everything, clothing, faces, nostrils, ears, cameras,

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Speaker 1: binocular lenses. At one point I had to extract one

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Speaker 1: venturous wing damp from the eyeball of the preserve steward

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Speaker 1: chap dots and memorable for all parties as I had

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Speaker 1: to ask if he wanted to lick my finger, if

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Speaker 1: he was cool with me using my own saliva. You know,

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Speaker 1: saliva being used as a type of adhesive for picking

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Speaker 1: things out of people's eyeballs. Found it has a much

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Speaker 1: more appropriate viscosity for the task than tap water. Uh

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Speaker 1: no word yet if infected him with anything saliva or

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Speaker 1: finger related. Anyway, A bunch of cool experiences out there

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Speaker 1: on the zoom wall. Major thanks to the Nature Conservancy

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Speaker 1: for having me out looked forward to the Cow's we

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Speaker 1: can review video episode coming soon to the meat eater

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Speaker 1: dot com where you can see this stuff and much

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Speaker 1: much more. Very quickly before we get going, I had

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Speaker 1: a ton of folks right in on the big mouth buffalo,

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Speaker 1: the oldest documented freshwater fish, which is commonly and erroneously

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Speaker 1: referred to by folks such as myself as a big

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Speaker 1: mouth buffalo cart. However, it is actually not a cart.

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Speaker 1: The big mouth buffalo is, in fact a sucker. I

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Speaker 1: had a lot of folks right in thank you for

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Speaker 1: telling me how much you care. I think it's really cool,

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Speaker 1: how many fans of this very cool, long lived but

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Speaker 1: not so pretty fish are out there? And uh, last,

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Speaker 1: but not least, I would be doing you a major

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Speaker 1: disservice if I did not tell you about our new

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Speaker 1: super comfortable Captains for Clean Water shirt collaborative project between

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Speaker 1: Ed Anderson Meat Eater and Captain's for Clean Water. All

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Speaker 1: profits from this sharp looking hoodie will go to Captains

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Speaker 1: for Clean Water to help them lobby on behalf of

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Speaker 1: Florida's fisheries. On top of that, you can drop some

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Speaker 1: Cow's Weeken Review knowledge on everyone who comments on your

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Speaker 1: new good looking tarpen shirt. That tarpan is the only

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Speaker 1: member of the family Megalops and its cousins are in

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Speaker 1: the fossil record going back a hundred and fifteen million years.

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Speaker 1: They're also what is known as obligate air breathers, meaning

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Speaker 1: that even though this fish has gills, a tarpin needs

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Speaker 1: to get a sip of fresh air every so often,

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Speaker 1: and then when they are sufficiently wild, you can tell

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Speaker 1: them to go to the meat eater dot com and

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Speaker 1: get a good looking share to their own and support

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Speaker 1: conservation at the same time. That's a win win win

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Speaker 1: type of scenario. Alright, moving on, I'm hoping that by

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Speaker 1: the time you hear this that Hurricane Dorian has weakened

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Speaker 1: and ended its path of destruction. But as I record this,

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Speaker 1: the former category four, then Category five, then Category four,

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Speaker 1: then Category three, then Category two, then Category three storm

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Speaker 1: is aiming for the East coast. He Humans and other

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Speaker 1: terrestrial creatures, particularly those living on isolated islands like the Bahamas,

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Speaker 1: have little capacity to escape coming storms. Aquatic creatures, on

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Speaker 1: the other hand, can and do swim away from impending weather.

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Speaker 1: Contrary to bad horror movie lore, sharks, for example, have

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Speaker 1: an incredible capacity to sense and avoid systems. Multiple studies

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Speaker 1: have shown that sharks will move to deeper water away

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Speaker 1: from the paths of storms. In two thousand one, during

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Speaker 1: Hurricane Gabriel, fourteen of fourteen tagged black tip sharks did

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Speaker 1: just that. When the storm approached, they moved into deeper

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Speaker 1: water eventually migrating back to shallow water after the storm

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Speaker 1: had passed. Their innate ability to detect barometric changes prevents

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Speaker 1: the possibility of any real life shark NADOs, but while

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Speaker 1: a good science stand in the way of bad sci fi.

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Speaker 1: Other toothye critters, however, have been displaced by tropical storms.

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Speaker 1: In eighteen seventy seven, a rural South Carolinian witness something

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Speaker 1: straight out of a terror read movie when a reptile

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Speaker 1: fell from the sky in front of it turned out

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Speaker 1: to be an alligator, and the man went on to

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Speaker 1: find six other twelve inch alligators, all of which had

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Speaker 1: fallen from the sky after being picked up by a

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Speaker 1: waterspout six miles away. Although gators are an extreme example,

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Speaker 1: critters fall from the sky more often than one might think.

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Speaker 1: All over the globe, people have witnessed raining wildlife such

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Speaker 1: as spiders, worms, frogs, toads, fish, and in a few cases, jellyfish.

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Speaker 1: While sharkacans aren't actually a thing, the destructive power of

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Speaker 1: hurricanes is difficult to overstate. Biblical rain, tidal surge and

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Speaker 1: a hundred and thirty mile per hour winds are plenty destructive,

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Speaker 1: as our low lying neighbors to the East are all

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Speaker 1: too aware. Right now, we don't know the full extent

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Speaker 1: of the damage Hurricane Dorian unleashed on the northern Bahamas,

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Speaker 1: but sources on the inside tell me that the destruction

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Speaker 1: in places like Grand Bahama and Abaco is almost unimaginable.

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Speaker 1: Those are fishing communities. And while it's going to be

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Speaker 1: quite some time before we learn the long term impacts

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Speaker 1: of a Category five storm camping over the top of

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Speaker 1: a small island chain and pummeling it for forty hours straight,

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Speaker 1: we know that lives have been lost, houses have been flattened,

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Speaker 1: and communities have been displaced. Hunters and anglers take care

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Speaker 1: of our own, so we're auctioning off a whole selection

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Speaker 1: of lures and flies, handmade by the meat Eater team

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Speaker 1: and donating every dime to Dorian relief efforts. Check out

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Speaker 1: the details on the meat Eater Instagram account coming soon.

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Speaker 1: If you think having a hole in your head is

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Speaker 1: a bad thing, check out the annulated sea snake. Sea

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Speaker 1: snakes can breathe through their skin, which is just one

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Speaker 1: adaptation a list of many that's incredible. Low oxygen arterial

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Speaker 1: blood flows directly beneath the skin. This low oxygen blood

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Speaker 1: sort of creates a vacuum, a strong enough vacuum to

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Speaker 1: actually pull oxygen through the snake skin out of the

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Speaker 1: relatively high oxygen dense sea water. What makes the annulated

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Speaker 1: snake unique, though, is the hole in the top of

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Speaker 1: its skull, and researchers just found out that, in fact

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Speaker 1: it is unique. Major blood vessels run through the hole

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Speaker 1: in the sea snake's head and continue on in a

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Speaker 1: complex network of veins just under the surface of the

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Speaker 1: forehead and snow. This complex web converges into a single

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Speaker 1: large vein that runs directly into the brain. It is

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Speaker 1: this concentrated oxygen gathering web with direct route to the

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Speaker 1: brain that allows this nine and a half foot long

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Speaker 1: sea snake to swim and hunt beneath the waves. So

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Speaker 1: if you live in Australia or Vietnam, happy swimming, Moving on,

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Speaker 1: and I'm gonna hit you with a big one from

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Speaker 1: our call to action desk right now, So pay attention.

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Speaker 1: Have you ever ridden a bicycle and thought to yourself,

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Speaker 1: would this be a heck of a lot easier if

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Speaker 1: there were a motor on this bike, something that would

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Speaker 1: help pedal or maybe do all of the pedaling for me. Well,

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Speaker 1: you aren't the only one. Back in the eighteen sixties,

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Speaker 1: just shortly after bicycles were invented, a few crafty individuals

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Speaker 1: started putting small steam engines on bicycles. Then in eighty

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Speaker 1: five to German inventors by the names of Dimeware and

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Speaker 1: may Boch put a petroleum based combustion engine on a bicycle.

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Speaker 1: Let me stop for a second and tell you what

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Speaker 1: old Melbote Toast was packing. We're talking single cylinder, two

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Speaker 1: d sixty four cubic centimeters, seven mile per hour top speed,

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Speaker 1: and a half of horsepower muscle. Alright, alright. Different versions

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Speaker 1: of bicycles with motors have come and gone throughout history,

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Speaker 1: with names like Douglas Cyclopeds, and of course the moped

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Speaker 1: popularized in the fifties. All of these motorized bicycles have

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Speaker 1: had some level of pedal assist or full power, with

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Speaker 1: the pedals acting as a place to just rest your feet,

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Speaker 1: with the exception of the moped. And now to fast

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Speaker 1: forward to the magical world of today, we have a

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Speaker 1: resurgence in people putting motors on bicycles. Only this time

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Speaker 1: they're getting real squarely on their definition of motor. Acting

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Speaker 1: Secretary of the Interior, David Bernhardt has just issued Secretarial

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Speaker 1: Order three three seven six, which states that electric bicycles

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Speaker 1: or e bikes are now allowed wherever bicycles are allowed

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Speaker 1: in national parks, as long as the motor on the

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Speaker 1: electric bicycle does not exceed seven hundred and fifty watts

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Speaker 1: or one horsepower. Secretarial Order three three seven six instructs

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Speaker 1: the Bureau of Land Management, the Bureau of Reclamation, and

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Speaker 1: the Wildlife Refuge System managed by the Department of Fish

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Speaker 1: and Wildlife to follow suit. Now I'm going to be

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Speaker 1: upfront with you and tell you that if you love

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Speaker 1: writing e bikes and that is your preferred method of recreating,

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Speaker 1: I think that's just fine. My boned pick here is

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Speaker 1: not with you. It is with the part of Secretarial

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Speaker 1: Order three three seven six or Secretary Bernhardt instructs the

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Speaker 1: directors for the National Park Service, the US Fish and

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Speaker 1: Wildlife Service, Bureau of Land Management, and the Commissioner of

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Speaker 1: the Bureau of Reclamation to expressly exempt all e bikes

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Speaker 1: as from falling under the definition of off road vehicle

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Speaker 1: and further to exempt e bikes from being to find

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Speaker 1: as a motor vehicle. Now, remember our history lesson on

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Speaker 1: putting motors on bicycles back in heck, back in the

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Speaker 1: eighteen sixties, let's call it a hundred and fifty years ago,

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Speaker 1: roughly folks put engines half the size on bicycles and

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Speaker 1: called them motorbikes. What is the point of calling a

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Speaker 1: motorbike a not motorbike? And what are the ramifications? Well,

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Speaker 1: some people have called this the end of the BLMS

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Speaker 1: management for human powered recreation. Some think that this is

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Speaker 1: a major win for access, citing the fact that the

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Speaker 1: elderly and handicap will be able to get more places easier.

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Speaker 1: This is what I know. One, if you have a

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Speaker 1: bicycle and you put a motor on it, it is

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Speaker 1: called a motorbike. That's not much of a stretch to

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Speaker 1: a huge art of funding for trails, trailheads and campsites

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Speaker 1: come from o h V or off highway vehicle stickers

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Speaker 1: and off highway vehicle registration fees. If Secretary Bernhardt is

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Speaker 1: correct and Secretarial Order three three seven six is successful

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Speaker 1: in providing access to more miles of trail to the

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Speaker 1: people who are apparently waiting with their electrically motorized bicycles,

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Speaker 1: where will the money come from to maintain and improve

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Speaker 1: the trail systems and trailheads. I am all for people

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Speaker 1: getting outside, but again, look at our history. Lesson in

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Speaker 1: eighty five, a single cylinder two hundred and sixty four

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Speaker 1: cubic centimeter engine was put on a bike which propelled

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Speaker 1: the bike at seven miles per hour with only half

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Speaker 1: a horse of power. Comparatively, a brand new two hundred

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Speaker 1: and forty eight point eight cubic centimeter KTM single cylinder

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Speaker 1: engine will have you running at eighty miles per hour

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Speaker 1: in no time. But I'll admit that's not exactly comparing

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Speaker 1: apples to apples. The point is technology evolves and will

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Speaker 1: soon be getting a lot more out of our one

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Speaker 1: horsepower or less electric bicycles than the law currently intends.

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Speaker 1: And e bike that falls under Secretary Burnhart's definition of

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Speaker 1: non motorized as a factory mac speed of twenty eight

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Speaker 1: miles per hour, and they'll soon be on non motorized trails.

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Speaker 1: Trails that already sustained the impacts of the bulk of

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Speaker 1: existing non motorized users hikers, backpackers, bird watchers, hunters, folks

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Speaker 1: who ride horses. These are the trails that get the

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Speaker 1: most used. These are the trails that need the most funding.

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Speaker 1: If this situation is concerning to you, I strongly suggest

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Speaker 1: you reach out to your duly elected officials and let

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Speaker 1: them know. Let them know that you value your public

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Speaker 1: lands and access, and we need more folks paying into

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Speaker 1: the system, not just barely peddling through it. Thanks a

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Speaker 1: bunch for listening. If you found something fun and interesting,

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Speaker 1: Please tell a friend or two. If you want to

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Speaker 1: harass me or tell me how I'm doing shooting me

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Speaker 1: an email at ask cal that's a s k C

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Speaker 1: a L at the Meat Eater dot com. I'll talk

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Speaker 1: to you next week.