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Speaker 1: Hey, and welcome to short Stuff. I'm Josh. There's Chuck,

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Speaker 1: and there's Josh the other Josh, and this is short stuff.

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Speaker 1: Did I say that already? I don't know enough talk, Chuck.

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Speaker 1: Let's get to it. We're talking today about a man

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Speaker 1: who is shamefully or was shamefully overlooked by history, starting

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Speaker 1: to get his due, finally named Aristide de Susa Mendez

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Speaker 1: do amaral at Branches. I think I came awfully close.

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Speaker 1: My Portuguese is a little rusty, seeing as how I've

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Speaker 1: never spoken a word of it in my life, and

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Speaker 1: not bad. We can call him, uh, the Portuguese Oscar Schindler,

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Speaker 1: and that should give you a good idea of where

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Speaker 1: this episode is headed. Okay, Ariste di Susa Mendez, We're

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Speaker 1: just gonna leave it at that. Um. By the time

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Speaker 1: rolled around had become a career diplomat for Portugal, he

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Speaker 1: was trained as a lawyer and um. By the time

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Speaker 1: he was assigned to Bordeaux, France in night Um, he

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Speaker 1: had been all over the world. He was definitely a

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Speaker 1: senior diplomat in the diplomatic corps for for Portugal. That's right,

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Speaker 1: so uh. In nineteen thirty eight, like you said he

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Speaker 1: was in France. World War two comes knocking on his door.

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Speaker 1: Germany invades Poland, and Portugal was like, I really like,

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Speaker 1: we're Portuguese. We're not into this World War stuff. I

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Speaker 1: don't know if you got the memo, but we'd like

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Speaker 1: to remain sort of neutral and happy over here, growing

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Speaker 1: olives and drinking wine. Um. And so we're gonna we're

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Speaker 1: gonna distribute this thing called Circular fourteen that basically says,

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Speaker 1: all of our our consoles all over the world, you

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Speaker 1: need to deny travel into Portugal for for refugees. We

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Speaker 1: don't like that you're being persecuted, but we want to

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Speaker 1: stay out of this as much as possible. Um A

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Speaker 1: k A. We don't want to make Hitler mad, so

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Speaker 1: we're not gonna take your your refugee, including the Jewish people. Right.

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Speaker 1: And this is the Circular fourteen. It gots sent out

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Speaker 1: to all consulates in Europe. And um, that was supposed

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Speaker 1: to be that. But this this, this this came at

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Speaker 1: like a time chuck, when they were apparently the New

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Speaker 1: York Times estimated something between six and ten million people

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Speaker 1: moving around Europe because chaos was just starting to brew

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Speaker 1: as Germany invaded Poland and then invaded France. Um. It

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Speaker 1: was pushing and displacing a lot of people around who

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Speaker 1: are trying to get out of here. Um. And I

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Speaker 1: looked up, like that's a pretty big number, but like,

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Speaker 1: what is it in in today's terms? In Germany, ten

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Speaker 1: million people move around the country a year on their

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Speaker 1: train system. In a year, this was like at once

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Speaker 1: there were six to ten million people moving around, and

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Speaker 1: they were moving around chaotically. But again Portugal said, now

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Speaker 1: we're not taking part in this. Just just stand there, motionless,

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Speaker 1: silent and don't do any thing. They're gonna have to

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Speaker 1: figure out a different way. Uh and and if Germany

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Speaker 1: gets them, well then that's too bad. And this aristide

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Speaker 1: to Susa. Mendez said, I don't think I can do that. Yeah.

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Speaker 1: So he's in southern France. So that was a hot

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Speaker 1: spot for these refugees because they were thinking we can

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Speaker 1: from there just go into Spain then right into Portugal.

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Speaker 1: That's what Lauren but called it. In Casablanca, she she

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Speaker 1: flew to she flew to Lisbon, that's right. But you know,

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Speaker 1: I don't think they could fly into Lisbon at the time. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: they could. She hops on a plane at the end.

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Speaker 1: Well she did right, sure, Oh oh you're saying the

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Speaker 1: people who are seeking help from Susan Mendez, that's right, Sure,

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Speaker 1: sure got you. So he knows that if he goes

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Speaker 1: directly against his government, this is gonna be bad news

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Speaker 1: for him. It's gonna be bad news for his family.

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Speaker 1: He would be wilfully disobeying a direct order of Circular fourteen. Um.

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Speaker 1: But he befriended a Polish rabbi UH name chime Hurt

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Speaker 1: Kruga uh, and he offered visas to this guy in

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Speaker 1: his family. But Krueger was like, you know what, UM,

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Speaker 1: I don't. I'm gonna turn down this offer because what

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Speaker 1: you really need to do is save everybody that you can.

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Speaker 1: And it was a really sort of monumental moment for uh,

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Speaker 1: for Susan Mendez because he was a devout Catholic and

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Speaker 1: this guy was a rabbi and you know they they

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Speaker 1: had their mind on the same thing. It's except the

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Speaker 1: rabbi was just saying like, be bold, and Susan Mendez

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Speaker 1: was in fear of his life basically yeah, because I

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Speaker 1: mean like him him not listening to the Circular fourteen

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Speaker 1: is not it wasn't like listening. You're not listening to

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Speaker 1: in order from like the Jimmy Carter administration. There was

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Speaker 1: a dictator running the show in Portugal at the time

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Speaker 1: and would continue to run the show until nine seventy

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Speaker 1: I believe. So it was a real conundrum that he

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Speaker 1: found himself in. But ultimately he consulted his own conscience

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Speaker 1: and he said, no, morally, I I have to do something.

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Speaker 1: I can't just sit by. And he did. He he he

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Speaker 1: took um, he took the advice of this rabbi and

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Speaker 1: at the in Bordeaux Um he's set up basically an

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Speaker 1: assembly line for for stamping and signing any and every

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Speaker 1: visa application into Portugal that was was handed to him

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Speaker 1: by anybody. He tried to get as many people safe

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Speaker 1: passage into Portugal as he he physically could. Yeah, and

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Speaker 1: I think, given what's uh, I'm going to get minor

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Speaker 1: political here, what's going on in this country today? We

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Speaker 1: should read this quote uh from Susan Mindez. I have

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Speaker 1: it all in my hands now to save the many

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Speaker 1: thousands of persons who have come from everywhere in Europe

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Speaker 1: and the hope of finding sanctuary in Portugal. They are

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Speaker 1: all human beings and their status in life, their religion

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Speaker 1: or color are all together immaterial to me. So let's

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Speaker 1: dwell on that during the message break and UH, we'll

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Speaker 1: be back right after this. I hope that that was

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Speaker 1: a UM. Everybody got a sixty second mid role from

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Speaker 1: the A C l U just now. So they're running

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Speaker 1: a lot of people through this thing. I mean, like

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Speaker 1: you said, it was like an assembly line, and they

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Speaker 1: were stamping visas like they were running out of stamps.

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Speaker 1: They were stamping visa so fast. Yeah, there's there's no

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Speaker 1: way that he didn't get a hand cramp on the rig. Uh.

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Speaker 1: Tens of thousands of people, UM, many thousands of which

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Speaker 1: were Jewish, were granted these visas under his authority. UH.

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Speaker 1: And it was later said it was perhaps the largest

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Speaker 1: rescue action by single individual during the Holocaust, and that

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Speaker 1: includes Oscar Schindler. That's huge, yeah, Schindler. I think UM

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Speaker 1: was responsible for making sure that twelve hundred people successfully

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Speaker 1: escaped the Holocaust. UM sus Amendez UH was responsible for

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Speaker 1: for likely many many thousands more than that, Like they've

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Speaker 1: identified so far at least thirty eight hundred recipients from

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Speaker 1: forty nine different countries. UM but they're like, there's there's

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Speaker 1: thousands and thousands more just from this assembly line that

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Speaker 1: they set up from I believe the beginning of May

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Speaker 1: until um July when Bordeaux was overrun by the Nazis

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Speaker 1: and the whole operation was broken up. So repercussions for sure. Uh.

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Speaker 1: July nineteen forty, he was recalled from Bordeaux to face

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Speaker 1: trial for in subordination and uh he basically says in court,

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Speaker 1: you know what, um, I answered to God, I would

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Speaker 1: rather stand with God against man than man against God.

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Speaker 1: And he was convinced that he was had a moral

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Speaker 1: defense and he was right, and he was convinced that

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Speaker 1: the actual constitution of Portugal prohibited persecution based on religion,

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Speaker 1: and he was right there as well. But it didn't

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Speaker 1: matter because, like you said, they were living under a dictatorship.

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Speaker 1: In in in October of nineteen forty, he was found guilty.

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Speaker 1: He was relieved of his duties and blacklisted by the

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Speaker 1: government for the rest of his life, and very, very

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Speaker 1: sadly died in nineteen fifty four at the Franciscan Hospital

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Speaker 1: for the Poor in Lisbon. Yes, not penniless. I noticed

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Speaker 1: this article said he was broke. I don't know how

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Speaker 1: much you dislike the word pennyless to describe somebody who

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Speaker 1: dies broke. I didn't not see that said penniless. There

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Speaker 1: was like I think in the Tesla episode we did,

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Speaker 1: you're like, I hate that word really, yeah, because you're like,

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Speaker 1: I'm sure he's got a penny I didn't know that

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Speaker 1: he was supposedly didn't have any money, but yeah, he

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Speaker 1: was broke. I mean like they they broke him. They

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Speaker 1: basically said, you're not gonna have any more government work, um,

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Speaker 1: and good luck finding anything but a government work in

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Speaker 1: a bureaucratic dictatorship. So he, uh, yeah, he was. He

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Speaker 1: was blacklisted, he was black bald, and he died in

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Speaker 1: poverty with his family also taken down with him. You know,

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Speaker 1: like this guy said, and he knew the risk, and

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Speaker 1: he said, I'm I'm going to put all these other

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Speaker 1: families in front of my own family. And like, if

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Speaker 1: you're a utilitarian, that makes a lot of sense because

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Speaker 1: even two families are worth more than one family. But still,

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Speaker 1: this is this guy's own family that he's putting under

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Speaker 1: the under the gun to help all of these others.

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Speaker 1: But he did not regret it. Towards the end of

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Speaker 1: his life, he said, I could not have acted otherwise,

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Speaker 1: and I therefore accept all that has befallen me with love.

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Speaker 1: How's that for a lesson? It is a great lesson.

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Speaker 1: And now he is typically mentioned along with Oscar Schindler,

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Speaker 1: who is no slouch himself. No, no, what he did,

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Speaker 1: but I mean, like Susan Mendez also deserves a decent

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Speaker 1: amount of credit as well. And slowly but surely it

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Speaker 1: started to come around. His daughter, Joanna Susa Mendez Um

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Speaker 1: really started to beat the drum to to revive for

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Speaker 1: father is standing in the world. In nineteen sixty six,

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Speaker 1: she got a petition approved so that her father would

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Speaker 1: be named a righteous among nations, which is what the

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Speaker 1: Yad Vashem, which is the Holocaust Memorial in Jerusalem. It's

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Speaker 1: an honor that they bestow on non Jews who went

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Speaker 1: to great links and placed themselves at great risk to

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Speaker 1: save people from the Holocaust. So that was a big

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Speaker 1: first step, and that took place in nineteen sixty six.

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Speaker 1: But they kept going and then eventually a daughter from

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Speaker 1: one of the people that he saved directly joined this too. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: I mean he was. He was honored a few times

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Speaker 1: in eighty seven, the US Congress um convinced the Portuguese

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Speaker 1: government to officially apologize. And then after these ancestors of

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Speaker 1: the survivors started coming forward, and they started digging these

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Speaker 1: people up and compiled of a list. So far, this foundation,

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Speaker 1: the Susan Mindees Foundation UM, which is co founded by

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Speaker 1: his grandchildren and descendants of the people that he saved,

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Speaker 1: which is just an amazing story. Uh. They've compiled a

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Speaker 1: list of about thirty eight hundred visa recipients in forty

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Speaker 1: nine different countries, and they are still on the lookout

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Speaker 1: for more people. It's like this big uh, sort of

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Speaker 1: dispersed family all over the world. Yeah. And and they

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Speaker 1: make the point too that not only did he save

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Speaker 1: all these people, you know, this minimum of thirty eight hundred,

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Speaker 1: but probably thousands and thousands and thousands more. He he

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Speaker 1: directly saved their lives, he also ensured the lives of

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Speaker 1: their offspring who hadn't even been born yet, who are

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Speaker 1: now born and have have, um, you know, managed to live,

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Speaker 1: who otherwise wouldn't have lived had it not been this

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Speaker 1: for the direct intervention of this guy. Amazing. Yeah, So

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Speaker 1: hats off Aristide Susan Mendez that's a great name. When

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Speaker 1: you're a great guy. We do a lot of hats

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Speaker 1: off in these shorties. I like it. I yeah. It's

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Speaker 1: kind of a celebratory series, isn't it. Yeah? Here and

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Speaker 1: there is for sure, or we talked about to some weird,

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Speaker 1: dumb thing that no one knows about ever understands. Right,

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Speaker 1: but that's what people like, right, that's right. Okay, Well

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Speaker 1: hopefully you like this one. UM. If not, don't tell us. Okay,

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Speaker 1: see you later. M H. Stuff you Should Know is

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Speaker 1: a production of iHeart Radios. How Stuff Works. For more

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Speaker 1: podcasts for my Heart Radio, visit the iHeart Radio app,

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