1 00:00:04,519 --> 00:00:09,560 Speaker 1: Everything that we know about in the universe, all the stars, galaxies, 2 00:00:10,160 --> 00:00:15,080 Speaker 1: gas and dust out there. You me, hamsters, hamsters, flamingos. 3 00:00:15,080 --> 00:00:18,520 Speaker 1: Tell me that it's just three things. Yeah, that's crazy. 4 00:00:18,880 --> 00:00:22,040 Speaker 1: You have all this complexity, not because the world itself 5 00:00:22,120 --> 00:00:24,079 Speaker 1: is complex, but the world is made out of a 6 00:00:24,120 --> 00:00:26,960 Speaker 1: small number of simple things, and it's the arrangement of 7 00:00:27,000 --> 00:00:29,520 Speaker 1: that stuff that gives a complexity. It's just three things 8 00:00:29,680 --> 00:00:43,519 Speaker 1: arranged in a bazillion different ways. Hi, I'm Jorge and 9 00:00:43,600 --> 00:00:47,120 Speaker 1: I'm Daniel, and this is Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe. 10 00:00:47,320 --> 00:00:50,680 Speaker 1: Our podcast about the universe and everything in it, in 11 00:00:50,680 --> 00:00:52,960 Speaker 1: which we try to take the whole universe, break it 12 00:00:53,040 --> 00:00:55,680 Speaker 1: into tiny pieces and insert them one at a time 13 00:00:55,920 --> 00:00:58,960 Speaker 1: into your brain, bit by bit. Today on the program, 14 00:00:58,960 --> 00:01:05,200 Speaker 1: we're gonna ask question what is the universe made out of? Right? 15 00:01:05,240 --> 00:01:07,640 Speaker 1: Sort of like, can you take the universe and break 16 00:01:07,760 --> 00:01:09,960 Speaker 1: that into tiny bits? And how far can you go? 17 00:01:10,120 --> 00:01:12,360 Speaker 1: And why do we even think that's possible? And why 18 00:01:12,440 --> 00:01:14,600 Speaker 1: is it like that? And what are those tiny little bits? 19 00:01:14,760 --> 00:01:18,160 Speaker 1: And why do they have such silly names. It's something 20 00:01:18,200 --> 00:01:20,280 Speaker 1: I like to think about, is how long have people 21 00:01:20,319 --> 00:01:23,760 Speaker 1: been asking this question? Clearly the Greeks thought about it, 22 00:01:23,800 --> 00:01:26,240 Speaker 1: they wrote about it. You know, they had crazy ideas 23 00:01:26,280 --> 00:01:28,959 Speaker 1: that were totally off base, but they thought about it. 24 00:01:29,000 --> 00:01:31,319 Speaker 1: To them, it was an important question. Yeah. And even 25 00:01:31,400 --> 00:01:34,320 Speaker 1: before that, I was reading you know, it's ancient cultures, 26 00:01:34,360 --> 00:01:36,560 Speaker 1: even before the Greeks had this question and they had 27 00:01:36,600 --> 00:01:39,280 Speaker 1: ideas about what the things were made out of. Well, 28 00:01:39,319 --> 00:01:41,480 Speaker 1: I wonder, you know, like the folks, for example, who 29 00:01:41,520 --> 00:01:44,280 Speaker 1: did those cave paintings in France thirty five thousand years ago. 30 00:01:44,319 --> 00:01:47,559 Speaker 1: They were capable of symbolic thinking, probably logic, definitely music. 31 00:01:48,200 --> 00:01:50,920 Speaker 1: Did they have these deep questions about this world they 32 00:01:50,920 --> 00:01:54,120 Speaker 1: found themselves in that made little sense to them? Yeah? Well, 33 00:01:54,200 --> 00:01:56,640 Speaker 1: I think it's crazy just to think about why even 34 00:01:56,720 --> 00:01:59,240 Speaker 1: ask the question, like what makes us think that the 35 00:01:59,360 --> 00:02:02,440 Speaker 1: universe is made out of stuff? You know? Like what 36 00:02:02,480 --> 00:02:05,040 Speaker 1: does it mean to even ask that question? Yeah? I 37 00:02:05,080 --> 00:02:08,320 Speaker 1: think it comes from a desire to organize. Like you 38 00:02:08,400 --> 00:02:11,280 Speaker 1: see stuff around you, right, I mean you see logs 39 00:02:11,360 --> 00:02:14,760 Speaker 1: and water and air and people, and you notice all 40 00:02:14,800 --> 00:02:17,760 Speaker 1: this stuff, and then you might wonder like, well this 41 00:02:17,840 --> 00:02:19,680 Speaker 1: stuff is kind of like that other stuff, and is 42 00:02:19,680 --> 00:02:21,880 Speaker 1: there some way I can organize it? Right? So I 43 00:02:21,919 --> 00:02:24,840 Speaker 1: think the first principle there is like looking for patterns, 44 00:02:24,840 --> 00:02:28,919 Speaker 1: looking for forum for reasons why you can understand why 45 00:02:28,960 --> 00:02:31,480 Speaker 1: this stuff is here. Yeah, and can I like take 46 00:02:31,520 --> 00:02:32,960 Speaker 1: some of this and mix it with some of that 47 00:02:33,080 --> 00:02:36,000 Speaker 1: and get something new or something different. Yeah, it's a 48 00:02:36,120 --> 00:02:38,680 Speaker 1: sort of a natural idea. But as usually, we went 49 00:02:38,680 --> 00:02:41,839 Speaker 1: out into the street and we asked you. We asked you, 50 00:02:41,919 --> 00:02:44,360 Speaker 1: what do you think the universe is made out of? 51 00:02:44,480 --> 00:02:47,080 Speaker 1: The deepest level of matters so far? Here's what you 52 00:02:47,120 --> 00:02:49,800 Speaker 1: had to say. What is everything made out of at 53 00:02:49,800 --> 00:02:55,720 Speaker 1: the smallest scale? Uh? On the smallest scale, I think 54 00:02:55,720 --> 00:02:58,880 Speaker 1: electrons are the smallest that I know of. I haven't 55 00:02:58,880 --> 00:03:02,600 Speaker 1: taking physics is like junior year from well, I guess 56 00:03:02,639 --> 00:03:07,280 Speaker 1: from my classes it would be like the atoms. Atoms? 57 00:03:07,720 --> 00:03:11,560 Speaker 1: Is it atoms? Um? It's made out of quarks and stuff? Right, 58 00:03:11,840 --> 00:03:15,000 Speaker 1: the quarks freak. I feel like I should know this. 59 00:03:15,040 --> 00:03:17,440 Speaker 1: I'm a chem major. Al Right, I think we got 60 00:03:17,440 --> 00:03:19,560 Speaker 1: our answer. I think we're done with this podcast. It's 61 00:03:19,560 --> 00:03:23,600 Speaker 1: Adams basically atoms and maybe something else. Yeah, everybody seems 62 00:03:23,639 --> 00:03:26,600 Speaker 1: to know about the atom. I think basically everyone's physics 63 00:03:26,720 --> 00:03:29,400 Speaker 1: education stops at high school. Basically most people unless you 64 00:03:29,440 --> 00:03:32,280 Speaker 1: go on to study physics it's like high school physics. 65 00:03:32,280 --> 00:03:35,880 Speaker 1: What do you remember is atoms? But that's not even physics, man, 66 00:03:35,880 --> 00:03:38,800 Speaker 1: that's chemistry. Atoms are chemistry, how they interact and stuff. 67 00:03:38,880 --> 00:03:41,960 Speaker 1: But it's fascinating that one of the deepest questions in physics, right, 68 00:03:42,200 --> 00:03:45,120 Speaker 1: what is the universe made out of? Is mostly answered 69 00:03:45,160 --> 00:03:47,720 Speaker 1: so far by chemistry. Like most of the progress we've 70 00:03:47,760 --> 00:03:51,440 Speaker 1: made is chemistry. What chemistry used to be kind of physics, right, 71 00:03:51,480 --> 00:03:54,400 Speaker 1: I mean it used to all just be natural sciences, right, 72 00:03:54,920 --> 00:03:57,560 Speaker 1: Like these distinctions are kind of recent. Yeah, I mean 73 00:03:57,600 --> 00:03:59,320 Speaker 1: it all used to be philosophy, right, all of it 74 00:03:59,400 --> 00:04:02,200 Speaker 1: grew out of posophy, That's what it all just used 75 00:04:02,240 --> 00:04:07,160 Speaker 1: to be thinking, you know, like love of thinking? What's 76 00:04:07,160 --> 00:04:09,760 Speaker 1: your job, Dad, I'm a thinker. I'm a lover of 77 00:04:10,320 --> 00:04:13,240 Speaker 1: think all day. So, but I think it's it's interesting 78 00:04:13,280 --> 00:04:15,880 Speaker 1: that you know, a huge part of the answer this 79 00:04:15,960 --> 00:04:18,600 Speaker 1: question what is the world made out of? Is answered 80 00:04:18,600 --> 00:04:21,040 Speaker 1: by what people said Adams. You know that you can 81 00:04:21,080 --> 00:04:23,279 Speaker 1: even take the stuff around you and break it into 82 00:04:23,320 --> 00:04:26,520 Speaker 1: a fairly small number of bits then explain all of it. 83 00:04:26,880 --> 00:04:28,920 Speaker 1: And this idea can I like you said, it goes 84 00:04:28,960 --> 00:04:32,240 Speaker 1: back to the Greeks, like the Greeks positive, They wondered, like, 85 00:04:32,400 --> 00:04:34,800 Speaker 1: is everything made out of tiny little bits? Yeah? I 86 00:04:34,839 --> 00:04:37,120 Speaker 1: think that gives the Greeks way too much credibly. I mean, 87 00:04:37,200 --> 00:04:40,200 Speaker 1: I think there was a Greek democratus who had a 88 00:04:40,320 --> 00:04:43,480 Speaker 1: lot of ideas, one of which was this one, which 89 00:04:43,480 --> 00:04:45,760 Speaker 1: happened to be correct. Um. I think he had a 90 00:04:45,760 --> 00:04:47,919 Speaker 1: lot of other crazy ideas which were not correct. And 91 00:04:47,920 --> 00:04:49,960 Speaker 1: it's not like this idea was you know, took the 92 00:04:50,000 --> 00:04:52,960 Speaker 1: Greeks by storm and had a lot of consensus. You know, 93 00:04:53,080 --> 00:04:57,400 Speaker 1: sort of like if a thousand monkeys are typing on typewriters, 94 00:04:57,440 --> 00:04:59,640 Speaker 1: one of them will predict a correct theory of physics 95 00:04:59,680 --> 00:05:01,320 Speaker 1: and you can look back later and say, Wow, this 96 00:05:01,440 --> 00:05:05,000 Speaker 1: monkey was a genius. But that doesn't make all monkeys geniuses. 97 00:05:05,440 --> 00:05:07,680 Speaker 1: I'm saying. They kind of spread a lot of intellectual 98 00:05:07,760 --> 00:05:09,760 Speaker 1: ideas of the board there, you know, and yeah, one 99 00:05:09,800 --> 00:05:11,839 Speaker 1: of them stuck and turned out to be sort of true. 100 00:05:11,920 --> 00:05:14,000 Speaker 1: But doesn't mean they necessarily need to get credit for it. 101 00:05:14,040 --> 00:05:16,640 Speaker 1: But they sort of try to categorize these little bits, right, 102 00:05:16,680 --> 00:05:19,560 Speaker 1: Like they had ideas that there were five or four 103 00:05:19,680 --> 00:05:22,640 Speaker 1: kinds of stuff that the rest of the stuff was 104 00:05:22,720 --> 00:05:26,960 Speaker 1: made of, right, like earth, air, water, fire, and I 105 00:05:26,960 --> 00:05:29,560 Speaker 1: think that those are really two separate ideas that now 106 00:05:29,560 --> 00:05:32,719 Speaker 1: we've kind of combined. I mean, one idea was there's 107 00:05:33,160 --> 00:05:35,839 Speaker 1: a few basic kinds of stuff and everything is made 108 00:05:35,839 --> 00:05:39,480 Speaker 1: out of those, Right, That's a really fascinating idea. The 109 00:05:39,520 --> 00:05:42,680 Speaker 1: other idea that everything is made out of small pieces, 110 00:05:42,800 --> 00:05:45,479 Speaker 1: you know, the atoms bits of stuff. That's a totally 111 00:05:45,520 --> 00:05:48,000 Speaker 1: different idea, Like stuff can be made out of a 112 00:05:48,080 --> 00:05:51,159 Speaker 1: small number of other stuff like earth, fire, wind, But 113 00:05:51,320 --> 00:05:53,680 Speaker 1: those things don't necessarily need to be in little bits. Yeah, 114 00:05:53,800 --> 00:05:56,400 Speaker 1: they could be, you know, earth and fire and water 115 00:05:56,480 --> 00:05:59,919 Speaker 1: could be um elemental on their own. They could be 116 00:06:00,160 --> 00:06:02,200 Speaker 1: it can't be divided into little pieces that could be 117 00:06:02,240 --> 00:06:05,400 Speaker 1: like perfectly smooth no matter how much you zoom in, 118 00:06:05,720 --> 00:06:08,520 Speaker 1: they could always just be themselves. Right. There's this other 119 00:06:08,560 --> 00:06:10,240 Speaker 1: idea that if you zoom in on stuff, it turns 120 00:06:10,240 --> 00:06:12,680 Speaker 1: out it's made out of little building blocks. That's a 121 00:06:12,720 --> 00:06:15,920 Speaker 1: different idea. And now we have kind of both of them, right, 122 00:06:16,080 --> 00:06:17,520 Speaker 1: we have both of them. Were like, oh, it turns 123 00:06:17,560 --> 00:06:19,680 Speaker 1: out stuff it's made out of little building blocks, and 124 00:06:19,839 --> 00:06:22,320 Speaker 1: there's a few kinds of them. Right, But I guess 125 00:06:22,320 --> 00:06:25,239 Speaker 1: the question is what is that building? Blog are thinking 126 00:06:25,320 --> 00:06:27,560 Speaker 1: is a species is evolved on that, right, Like maybe 127 00:06:27,600 --> 00:06:29,440 Speaker 1: we used to think we were made out of little 128 00:06:29,440 --> 00:06:32,479 Speaker 1: bits of dust and then we got smaller into atoms, 129 00:06:32,880 --> 00:06:35,839 Speaker 1: and we've been getting smaller and smaller, right, Yeah, absolutely, 130 00:06:36,360 --> 00:06:39,320 Speaker 1: And um, I think it's incredible, as I was saying earlier, 131 00:06:39,320 --> 00:06:41,240 Speaker 1: and I can't stop talking about this because I think 132 00:06:41,240 --> 00:06:45,000 Speaker 1: it's underrated as a sort of human intellectual achievement that 133 00:06:45,080 --> 00:06:48,560 Speaker 1: you can boil down everything you've ever eaten or sat 134 00:06:48,640 --> 00:06:51,480 Speaker 1: on or tripped over or any human is ever interacted 135 00:06:51,520 --> 00:06:54,440 Speaker 1: with in terms of just the atoms, right, the hundred 136 00:06:54,480 --> 00:06:57,000 Speaker 1: basic building blocks. I mean, you go from like almost 137 00:06:57,080 --> 00:07:00,279 Speaker 1: infinite complexity down to just a hundred things. It's blows 138 00:07:00,320 --> 00:07:02,599 Speaker 1: my mind that that's even possible, Like why does the 139 00:07:02,680 --> 00:07:05,520 Speaker 1: universe work that way? Right? Right? And if you need 140 00:07:05,560 --> 00:07:08,320 Speaker 1: a reminder of your high school physics, so atoms are 141 00:07:08,360 --> 00:07:13,120 Speaker 1: the ones in the periodic table of elements like carbon, iron, oxygen, 142 00:07:13,200 --> 00:07:16,600 Speaker 1: those are atoms. Yeah, And not that long ago people 143 00:07:16,600 --> 00:07:19,600 Speaker 1: thought that that's the that's the universe. Everything you see 144 00:07:19,760 --> 00:07:22,960 Speaker 1: is made out of these hundred little things, right Yeah. 145 00:07:23,040 --> 00:07:25,800 Speaker 1: And as impressive as that was, right, um, I think 146 00:07:25,840 --> 00:07:30,320 Speaker 1: some people were wondering, why are there these patterns, right, like, yeah, 147 00:07:30,400 --> 00:07:32,560 Speaker 1: you have these hundred basic things and maybe that's it, 148 00:07:32,880 --> 00:07:35,400 Speaker 1: but maybe there are things inside those, like maybe those 149 00:07:35,440 --> 00:07:38,720 Speaker 1: things are made out of even smaller things. And the 150 00:07:38,760 --> 00:07:40,800 Speaker 1: clues we had there is that if you look at 151 00:07:40,840 --> 00:07:42,880 Speaker 1: the periodic table of the elements, it's not just a 152 00:07:43,000 --> 00:07:45,240 Speaker 1: hundred different things that are totally separate from each other. 153 00:07:45,480 --> 00:07:48,520 Speaker 1: There are patterns like things near each other in the 154 00:07:48,560 --> 00:07:52,800 Speaker 1: periodic table act in similar ways, which suggests that they're 155 00:07:52,840 --> 00:07:55,600 Speaker 1: made out of some smaller bits and that small changes 156 00:07:55,640 --> 00:07:58,600 Speaker 1: and how you assemble them make different atoms. Right, It's 157 00:07:58,600 --> 00:08:00,560 Speaker 1: like they had all these different elements and then they 158 00:08:00,640 --> 00:08:04,760 Speaker 1: started to characterize their property. They started to measure how 159 00:08:04,800 --> 00:08:07,160 Speaker 1: they reacted to different things and how much they weighed, 160 00:08:07,520 --> 00:08:09,720 Speaker 1: and it turned out, to their surprise that you can 161 00:08:09,760 --> 00:08:12,240 Speaker 1: put them like on a table, you can order them 162 00:08:12,280 --> 00:08:14,480 Speaker 1: in a certain way. Yeah, and I love when a 163 00:08:14,600 --> 00:08:17,320 Speaker 1: huge advance in science comes from something that's basic. It's 164 00:08:17,360 --> 00:08:19,240 Speaker 1: like how you write it on a piece of paper. 165 00:08:19,440 --> 00:08:22,440 Speaker 1: The first person to make the periodic tables, like, let's 166 00:08:22,560 --> 00:08:25,200 Speaker 1: organize our knowledge in this way. Oh my gosh, that 167 00:08:25,240 --> 00:08:27,720 Speaker 1: makes this obvious that there's a gap here and that 168 00:08:28,080 --> 00:08:31,280 Speaker 1: there's a pattern here. Right, Sometimes notation or just the 169 00:08:31,320 --> 00:08:34,240 Speaker 1: way you write things can lead to huge advances, right, 170 00:08:34,600 --> 00:08:36,320 Speaker 1: And I think that's just an extension of what we 171 00:08:36,320 --> 00:08:38,560 Speaker 1: were talking about earlier. Right. You know, why do people 172 00:08:38,600 --> 00:08:41,600 Speaker 1: even ever wonder how the universe was made? It's because 173 00:08:41,640 --> 00:08:43,960 Speaker 1: they looked at stuff and they wanted to understand it, 174 00:08:44,000 --> 00:08:46,480 Speaker 1: and they look for patterns and they organized it, and 175 00:08:46,480 --> 00:08:48,640 Speaker 1: then they wondered, you know, these things are similar. It's 176 00:08:48,679 --> 00:08:51,160 Speaker 1: the same logic that you just described applied to the 177 00:08:51,240 --> 00:08:54,200 Speaker 1: periodic table. You know, these things are gases and they're active, 178 00:08:54,200 --> 00:08:56,120 Speaker 1: and these things are really inactive, and these guys are 179 00:08:56,160 --> 00:08:58,880 Speaker 1: metallic and all that stuff. Why are there those patterns? 180 00:08:58,880 --> 00:09:01,480 Speaker 1: Why are they sing similarly each other and different from others? 181 00:09:01,520 --> 00:09:05,640 Speaker 1: Because patterns tell you that there are rules, right, Like 182 00:09:05,679 --> 00:09:09,320 Speaker 1: there's some kind of underlying order, we certainly hope, so 183 00:09:09,360 --> 00:09:12,959 Speaker 1: otherwise physics would be impossible. Um, and yeah, patterns are 184 00:09:13,000 --> 00:09:15,160 Speaker 1: the clues, right, said, like why is this like this? 185 00:09:15,240 --> 00:09:17,120 Speaker 1: It could have been different, So why is it in 186 00:09:17,160 --> 00:09:19,319 Speaker 1: this way? Why are these things all similar and they're 187 00:09:19,320 --> 00:09:22,720 Speaker 1: all different from those things are the opposite of those things? Right? 188 00:09:22,760 --> 00:09:25,200 Speaker 1: And then you use those patterns as as clues, as 189 00:09:25,320 --> 00:09:28,440 Speaker 1: as hints to say, you know, what could be inside here, 190 00:09:28,640 --> 00:09:32,000 Speaker 1: what's making these things act in this way? Like that's 191 00:09:32,040 --> 00:09:34,800 Speaker 1: the goal of signs, right, yeah, exactly, And it could 192 00:09:34,880 --> 00:09:37,560 Speaker 1: just be there is no answer. It is just the 193 00:09:37,559 --> 00:09:40,520 Speaker 1: way it is, right, That's that's possible. You know, at 194 00:09:40,520 --> 00:09:42,959 Speaker 1: some point we could run up against the wall. We said, like, 195 00:09:42,960 --> 00:09:45,200 Speaker 1: the universe is this way and there is no explanation, 196 00:09:45,720 --> 00:09:48,040 Speaker 1: and some people like that. I think that's a cop out, 197 00:09:48,120 --> 00:09:50,360 Speaker 1: like we could have stopped the periodic. They must be like, Okay, 198 00:09:50,440 --> 00:09:53,200 Speaker 1: that's it. The universe is made out of these hundred 199 00:09:53,200 --> 00:09:56,200 Speaker 1: things and that's all we know. Yeah, and nobody asks 200 00:09:56,200 --> 00:10:00,800 Speaker 1: any more questions. Yeah, exactly. That doesn't seem to be 201 00:10:00,880 --> 00:10:03,280 Speaker 1: very scientific. You know, I don't know if you know 202 00:10:03,320 --> 00:10:06,280 Speaker 1: about the anthropic principle, but that's the kind of argument 203 00:10:06,280 --> 00:10:08,480 Speaker 1: behind the anthropic principle. You know that the universe is 204 00:10:08,520 --> 00:10:11,360 Speaker 1: the way it is and some things are just randomly set, 205 00:10:11,920 --> 00:10:14,440 Speaker 1: and um, there's no point in asking any more questions, 206 00:10:14,480 --> 00:10:17,320 Speaker 1: so go away, please slam. I see, But I feel 207 00:10:17,360 --> 00:10:19,640 Speaker 1: like what's the point of science. It's to look for explanations, 208 00:10:19,640 --> 00:10:22,760 Speaker 1: So never give up, right, just keep looking and and 209 00:10:22,800 --> 00:10:25,160 Speaker 1: eventually you're going to find the reason and we did that, 210 00:10:25,240 --> 00:10:27,800 Speaker 1: and turns out everything in the periodic table is made 211 00:10:27,840 --> 00:10:30,880 Speaker 1: out of smaller bits and and not just that, but 212 00:10:30,960 --> 00:10:34,280 Speaker 1: the complexity goes down right. You you can explain all 213 00:10:34,320 --> 00:10:36,640 Speaker 1: the crazy stuff in your environment, the huge numbers of 214 00:10:36,679 --> 00:10:39,080 Speaker 1: things in terms of just a hundred building blocks. You 215 00:10:39,120 --> 00:10:41,400 Speaker 1: can explain those hundred building blocks in terms of a 216 00:10:41,480 --> 00:10:45,040 Speaker 1: smaller number of smaller particles, not a larger number. But 217 00:10:45,160 --> 00:10:48,040 Speaker 1: that that wasn't necessarily the case, right, Like what helped 218 00:10:48,040 --> 00:10:50,320 Speaker 1: scientists at the time think that there was such a 219 00:10:50,360 --> 00:10:53,800 Speaker 1: thing as atoms, like that there was a minimal bit 220 00:10:53,960 --> 00:10:56,600 Speaker 1: of the stuff we call carbon. Yeah, that's a great question, 221 00:10:56,600 --> 00:11:00,559 Speaker 1: and again the answer is chemistry. People were noticing, oh, 222 00:11:00,600 --> 00:11:03,520 Speaker 1: if you mix these things together, you need equal proportions 223 00:11:03,520 --> 00:11:06,000 Speaker 1: of this or this happens in ratios of three to two. 224 00:11:06,080 --> 00:11:09,760 Speaker 1: And a guy named Dalton who came up with this idea, 225 00:11:09,840 --> 00:11:12,559 Speaker 1: he's like, hmm. Turns out that there are these exact ratios, 226 00:11:13,160 --> 00:11:16,000 Speaker 1: and so it made sense then that things were made 227 00:11:16,000 --> 00:11:18,479 Speaker 1: out of these tiny pieces that they were then reorganizing 228 00:11:18,480 --> 00:11:21,800 Speaker 1: and fitting together. That was the first indirect piece of evidence, 229 00:11:21,840 --> 00:11:25,440 Speaker 1: because like, if carbon was let's say, infinitely divisible, you 230 00:11:25,440 --> 00:11:30,319 Speaker 1: wouldn't have these kind of exact ratios in chemical reactions, right, exactly, right, Yeah, 231 00:11:30,360 --> 00:11:31,840 Speaker 1: you could mix it with something else and you just 232 00:11:31,840 --> 00:11:33,880 Speaker 1: get a blend. Like you need the idea of a 233 00:11:34,000 --> 00:11:38,680 Speaker 1: unit of this stuff in order to explain these ratios 234 00:11:38,679 --> 00:11:42,319 Speaker 1: in chemical reactions. Yeah, exactly. I hadn't thought about that. Yes, 235 00:11:42,360 --> 00:11:45,360 Speaker 1: So that was the first clue, and then people discovered 236 00:11:45,360 --> 00:11:48,480 Speaker 1: the first particles um. It was actually with J. J. Thompson. 237 00:11:48,520 --> 00:11:51,600 Speaker 1: He discovered the electron um. He was looking at cathode 238 00:11:51,679 --> 00:11:54,360 Speaker 1: ray tubes, which at the time was just this weird thing. 239 00:11:54,440 --> 00:11:56,520 Speaker 1: Cathode ray tubes are what used to be in television's. 240 00:11:57,040 --> 00:11:59,679 Speaker 1: They shoot these electrons from one side or the other 241 00:11:59,679 --> 00:12:03,280 Speaker 1: and they would make these glowing like raise inside them. 242 00:12:03,640 --> 00:12:05,480 Speaker 1: At the time, it's just like this weird effect people 243 00:12:05,480 --> 00:12:08,240 Speaker 1: who show inside shows and you know, magic shows and stuff. 244 00:12:08,240 --> 00:12:10,319 Speaker 1: Nobody understood it. But he started looking into it and 245 00:12:10,360 --> 00:12:12,440 Speaker 1: he discovered, oh, these razors actually made out of tiny 246 00:12:12,480 --> 00:12:14,880 Speaker 1: little particles um. He called them. He didn't call them 247 00:12:14,920 --> 00:12:18,439 Speaker 1: particles though, he called them corpus scules. And I'm really 248 00:12:18,440 --> 00:12:20,640 Speaker 1: glad that that name did not stick because it's an 249 00:12:20,720 --> 00:12:23,440 Speaker 1: ugly and hard to say. We should just go back 250 00:12:23,440 --> 00:12:25,880 Speaker 1: to that. I mean, why, why why wouldn't you want 251 00:12:25,880 --> 00:12:29,600 Speaker 1: to be of course, course corpuscule physics, because you can't 252 00:12:29,679 --> 00:12:32,319 Speaker 1: even say it. And that's exactly why. You see. It's 253 00:12:32,320 --> 00:12:34,840 Speaker 1: a mouthful, isn't that. One of my favorite things about 254 00:12:34,840 --> 00:12:37,000 Speaker 1: that discovery though, is that he discovered this one particle 255 00:12:37,360 --> 00:12:40,400 Speaker 1: and then immediately he thought maybe everything in the world 256 00:12:40,520 --> 00:12:43,359 Speaker 1: is built out of my corpus scules. He like generalized 257 00:12:43,400 --> 00:12:46,160 Speaker 1: to infinity. He's like, oh, I found one particle. This 258 00:12:46,240 --> 00:12:49,280 Speaker 1: is the particle that answers all the questions. Right, of course, 259 00:12:49,400 --> 00:12:51,800 Speaker 1: not everything is built out of electrons. I guess why 260 00:12:51,880 --> 00:12:54,240 Speaker 1: wouldn't he make that deep right? Like why would some 261 00:12:54,280 --> 00:12:56,360 Speaker 1: things be made out of little things? And why would 262 00:12:56,400 --> 00:12:58,920 Speaker 1: some other things not be made out of little things? Yeah? 263 00:12:58,960 --> 00:13:00,760 Speaker 1: Well he I guess he couldn't imagine that there might 264 00:13:00,760 --> 00:13:03,440 Speaker 1: be other kinds of particles out there also, and he 265 00:13:03,520 --> 00:13:06,000 Speaker 1: was hoping that his discovery was at the root of 266 00:13:06,040 --> 00:13:08,200 Speaker 1: all knowledge, right, which I guess is part of the 267 00:13:08,240 --> 00:13:10,920 Speaker 1: scientific fantasy for everybody. So we can forgive it. And 268 00:13:11,120 --> 00:13:13,120 Speaker 1: you know, he is the first guy to discover a particle, 269 00:13:13,240 --> 00:13:16,439 Speaker 1: so you know, credit to him. So he he thought, well, 270 00:13:16,600 --> 00:13:18,480 Speaker 1: what if everything's made out of little things. And then 271 00:13:18,480 --> 00:13:21,160 Speaker 1: we had the periodic table, and then we've ordered it 272 00:13:21,280 --> 00:13:24,559 Speaker 1: and we got the table, and then people started noticing patterns, 273 00:13:24,640 --> 00:13:27,120 Speaker 1: and that's when people thought, maybe these things are made 274 00:13:27,120 --> 00:13:29,120 Speaker 1: out of something else. Yeah, that started to be a 275 00:13:29,120 --> 00:13:32,240 Speaker 1: pretty compelling idea because you have all these elements of 276 00:13:32,280 --> 00:13:35,040 Speaker 1: periodic table. They're organized in that way. They nicely slot 277 00:13:35,080 --> 00:13:38,160 Speaker 1: into the periodic table that way and um. And then 278 00:13:38,200 --> 00:13:40,880 Speaker 1: people started busting the atoms open to see what's inside. 279 00:13:41,360 --> 00:13:43,480 Speaker 1: And he was Rutherford who first did that. He's like, 280 00:13:43,600 --> 00:13:47,520 Speaker 1: let's shoot a beam of radiation at some some matter 281 00:13:47,559 --> 00:13:49,480 Speaker 1: and see what comes out. And so he was the 282 00:13:49,480 --> 00:13:52,520 Speaker 1: first one to really break the atom open and to 283 00:13:52,559 --> 00:13:54,880 Speaker 1: see that there was that the atomant wasn't just like 284 00:13:54,960 --> 00:13:58,040 Speaker 1: a continuous blob that had a hard center, this nucleus 285 00:13:58,679 --> 00:14:01,440 Speaker 1: um of something inside of it. Oh, this is the 286 00:14:01,920 --> 00:14:05,080 Speaker 1: what is it? The gold X ray experiment gold foil 287 00:14:05,160 --> 00:14:08,079 Speaker 1: gold foil shot radiation at a really thin sheet of 288 00:14:08,120 --> 00:14:09,800 Speaker 1: gold foil, and he figured it would just go right 289 00:14:09,800 --> 00:14:11,520 Speaker 1: through and he was going to measure, like, you know, 290 00:14:11,559 --> 00:14:14,120 Speaker 1: how much you got bent whatever. But occasionally when he 291 00:14:14,160 --> 00:14:17,160 Speaker 1: shot at the gold foil um, some radiation would bounce 292 00:14:17,360 --> 00:14:20,760 Speaker 1: right back, directly back, and he said famously that it's 293 00:14:20,800 --> 00:14:23,680 Speaker 1: like shooting a bullet at a piece of tissue paper 294 00:14:23,720 --> 00:14:26,280 Speaker 1: and having it reflect back in your face. Right, made 295 00:14:26,360 --> 00:14:28,720 Speaker 1: no sense if you thought of the tissue was just 296 00:14:28,760 --> 00:14:31,320 Speaker 1: like smooth and continuous. It made a lot more sense 297 00:14:31,320 --> 00:14:33,680 Speaker 1: if you thought of it is like a chain link fence, right, 298 00:14:33,880 --> 00:14:36,840 Speaker 1: a bunch of really condensed little points with big gaps 299 00:14:36,840 --> 00:14:39,280 Speaker 1: in between, and occasionally you hit one of those points. 300 00:14:39,440 --> 00:14:43,560 Speaker 1: And that's when we realized that matter is not continuous 301 00:14:43,560 --> 00:14:46,160 Speaker 1: like a jelly, but actually like little thoughts that are 302 00:14:46,280 --> 00:14:49,640 Speaker 1: kind of arranged together, right, these little thoughts, and the 303 00:14:49,720 --> 00:14:53,960 Speaker 1: atom itself has this tiny little hardcore the nucleus. Adams 304 00:14:53,960 --> 00:14:59,840 Speaker 1: are hardcore. I totally set you up without even realizing. 305 00:15:00,480 --> 00:15:02,320 Speaker 1: I'm glad we don't live in a soft core world, 306 00:15:02,400 --> 00:15:08,200 Speaker 1: you know. Now we're now we're vying into um, not 307 00:15:08,320 --> 00:15:13,400 Speaker 1: say for chemistry. Not on that note. Let's take a 308 00:15:13,440 --> 00:15:27,520 Speaker 1: quick break. So that's kind of amazing that they came 309 00:15:27,600 --> 00:15:31,360 Speaker 1: up with this idea of the atomic nucleus and protons 310 00:15:31,400 --> 00:15:35,240 Speaker 1: and electrons without actually like seeing this stuff, right, just 311 00:15:35,320 --> 00:15:39,600 Speaker 1: from seeing the effects of it inexperiments. Yeah, but that 312 00:15:39,720 --> 00:15:41,600 Speaker 1: was the last time you could really see things. I 313 00:15:41,640 --> 00:15:44,280 Speaker 1: mean when you're talking about like visualizing, these things are 314 00:15:44,360 --> 00:15:48,080 Speaker 1: so tiny, so small that they're really impossible to see 315 00:15:48,240 --> 00:15:50,200 Speaker 1: directly in any sort of way. And the only kind 316 00:15:50,200 --> 00:15:52,560 Speaker 1: of seeing you can do is indirect. Right. You have 317 00:15:52,600 --> 00:15:54,720 Speaker 1: like an idea of what it looks like, You do 318 00:15:54,760 --> 00:15:57,440 Speaker 1: an experiment, You think about the result of the experiment 319 00:15:57,480 --> 00:15:59,960 Speaker 1: based if if your idea is correct, and you see 320 00:16:00,080 --> 00:16:03,320 Speaker 1: the results. So even today, when we're smashing protons together 321 00:16:03,960 --> 00:16:06,200 Speaker 1: at the large hit On collider, we have these huge 322 00:16:06,200 --> 00:16:08,720 Speaker 1: detectors that take pictures of the collisions, but we can't 323 00:16:08,760 --> 00:16:11,960 Speaker 1: see the particles directly. You know, they're they're too small 324 00:16:12,000 --> 00:16:15,200 Speaker 1: and things happen too fast, and so direct imaging is 325 00:16:15,200 --> 00:16:18,000 Speaker 1: is all but impossible at this scale. But these days 326 00:16:18,040 --> 00:16:20,840 Speaker 1: we can see atoms, right, Yeah, but depends what you 327 00:16:20,880 --> 00:16:24,520 Speaker 1: mean by seeing, right, you need to see an atom. 328 00:16:24,560 --> 00:16:26,640 Speaker 1: You need to bounce electrons off of it in order 329 00:16:26,640 --> 00:16:28,880 Speaker 1: to see its shape. And so that's is that really seeing? 330 00:16:28,920 --> 00:16:32,400 Speaker 1: I mean, you're again you're using you're bouncing particles off 331 00:16:32,440 --> 00:16:34,840 Speaker 1: of it, you're making measurements, and you're translating that into 332 00:16:34,840 --> 00:16:36,440 Speaker 1: an image later. I don't know if you know if 333 00:16:36,480 --> 00:16:39,000 Speaker 1: that really counts as seeing, but that's a whole different 334 00:16:39,000 --> 00:16:42,600 Speaker 1: philosophical discussion. They're smaller than the wavelength of light, so 335 00:16:42,800 --> 00:16:45,120 Speaker 1: you it's hard to say you're seeing it. Yeah, I 336 00:16:45,200 --> 00:16:47,040 Speaker 1: think it's it's reasonable to say you're seeing it, but 337 00:16:47,120 --> 00:16:49,760 Speaker 1: it requires you expand slightly your whole definition of what 338 00:16:49,760 --> 00:16:52,360 Speaker 1: it means to see something. Okay, so well let's break 339 00:16:52,360 --> 00:16:54,840 Speaker 1: it down for the listener then, So everything around you, 340 00:16:54,920 --> 00:16:57,200 Speaker 1: the universe that you can see in touch and smells, 341 00:16:57,200 --> 00:16:59,880 Speaker 1: made out of atoms, and atoms are made out of 342 00:17:00,520 --> 00:17:04,400 Speaker 1: an atomic nuclei with electrons flying around it. And then 343 00:17:04,680 --> 00:17:07,600 Speaker 1: the nucleus is made out of more things, right, right, exactly, 344 00:17:07,600 --> 00:17:09,639 Speaker 1: So the atoms are made out of protons and neutrons 345 00:17:09,640 --> 00:17:12,960 Speaker 1: and electrons. Protons and neutrons in the nucleus. The electrons, 346 00:17:13,040 --> 00:17:16,120 Speaker 1: we think so far, are just made of themselves. There's 347 00:17:16,160 --> 00:17:19,280 Speaker 1: nothing inside the electron. The electrons are just tiny dots 348 00:17:19,680 --> 00:17:21,640 Speaker 1: um as far as we know that we could be wrong. 349 00:17:21,720 --> 00:17:23,480 Speaker 1: We're probably all wrong, But as far as we know, 350 00:17:23,520 --> 00:17:27,080 Speaker 1: electrons are not made out of anything else inside the nucleus. However, 351 00:17:27,480 --> 00:17:30,440 Speaker 1: the proton and the neutron, these we already know are 352 00:17:30,480 --> 00:17:33,440 Speaker 1: made out of tinier stuff. And so the proton and 353 00:17:33,480 --> 00:17:36,520 Speaker 1: the neutron are both made out of corks. And there's 354 00:17:36,560 --> 00:17:38,399 Speaker 1: two kinds of corks that you need to make the 355 00:17:38,440 --> 00:17:41,240 Speaker 1: proton and the neutron is the up cork and the 356 00:17:41,359 --> 00:17:44,320 Speaker 1: down cork. Take two upcorks and down and you get 357 00:17:44,359 --> 00:17:46,840 Speaker 1: a proton, or two down corks and up and you 358 00:17:46,880 --> 00:17:49,280 Speaker 1: get a neutron. How do we know electrons are not 359 00:17:49,400 --> 00:17:53,880 Speaker 1: made out of smaller things maybe like electron quarks or something, Yeah, 360 00:17:53,960 --> 00:17:57,399 Speaker 1: little electronitos or something. Well, we don't know. All we 361 00:17:57,440 --> 00:17:59,680 Speaker 1: can say is that we've tried to look inside them 362 00:17:59,680 --> 00:18:02,159 Speaker 1: and we haven't seen anything yet. I mean, like, how 363 00:18:02,200 --> 00:18:03,920 Speaker 1: would you even how would you even look inside of 364 00:18:03,920 --> 00:18:06,200 Speaker 1: an electron? The same way we looked inside the atom 365 00:18:06,240 --> 00:18:08,120 Speaker 1: and saw that it had a nucleus, right, we saw 366 00:18:08,160 --> 00:18:10,600 Speaker 1: that it was made out of smaller pieces. You shoot 367 00:18:10,640 --> 00:18:13,200 Speaker 1: particles at it and you try to resolve some structure. 368 00:18:13,240 --> 00:18:14,840 Speaker 1: You say, oh, if I shoot at this part of 369 00:18:14,840 --> 00:18:17,199 Speaker 1: the electron, it bounces straight back. If I shoot at 370 00:18:17,240 --> 00:18:19,399 Speaker 1: this part, it goes right through. And so then you 371 00:18:19,440 --> 00:18:23,600 Speaker 1: can tell of the electron has some structure to it. Yeah, 372 00:18:23,640 --> 00:18:25,840 Speaker 1: But in order to see that structure, you have to 373 00:18:25,880 --> 00:18:28,520 Speaker 1: poke it with a fine enough needle, which means a 374 00:18:28,600 --> 00:18:33,240 Speaker 1: high enough energy particle. And so far, so far. Tune 375 00:18:33,240 --> 00:18:37,720 Speaker 1: in next week for the final story of the electron. Right, Um, 376 00:18:37,840 --> 00:18:40,120 Speaker 1: so far we haven't been able to break the electron 377 00:18:40,119 --> 00:18:43,400 Speaker 1: into pieces or to use a needle that's fine enough 378 00:18:43,440 --> 00:18:46,360 Speaker 1: to understand that there's more stuff here in the electron 379 00:18:46,400 --> 00:18:48,560 Speaker 1: than there. So far we it only looks like a 380 00:18:48,560 --> 00:18:51,679 Speaker 1: point to us. You imagine you have you're looking at 381 00:18:51,680 --> 00:18:54,600 Speaker 1: the Earth from space right using Google Earth. You know, 382 00:18:54,680 --> 00:18:56,359 Speaker 1: can you tell that the town is made out of 383 00:18:56,359 --> 00:18:59,120 Speaker 1: tiny houses? Will you keep zooming in and zooming in 384 00:18:59,359 --> 00:19:01,640 Speaker 1: and as long as you have more resolution, you can see, oh, 385 00:19:01,640 --> 00:19:03,720 Speaker 1: the town is made of houses, and houses made of rooms, 386 00:19:03,720 --> 00:19:06,040 Speaker 1: and rooms are made of furniture. But that's only if 387 00:19:06,080 --> 00:19:08,880 Speaker 1: you actually have that resolution. So for the electron, we've 388 00:19:08,920 --> 00:19:10,640 Speaker 1: zoomed in as far as we can and we can't 389 00:19:10,640 --> 00:19:13,360 Speaker 1: see anything smaller. But we haven't zoomed in all the way. 390 00:19:13,960 --> 00:19:16,920 Speaker 1: Build bigger colliders and zoom in further and maybe we'll 391 00:19:16,920 --> 00:19:19,280 Speaker 1: find something like you zoom in and it still acts 392 00:19:19,320 --> 00:19:22,760 Speaker 1: like like just one thing exactly. There's no weirdness about 393 00:19:22,760 --> 00:19:25,280 Speaker 1: the way it acts at different scales like there's no 394 00:19:25,359 --> 00:19:27,840 Speaker 1: texture there, that's right. There's no texture to the electron 395 00:19:27,960 --> 00:19:31,880 Speaker 1: so far, right exactly. But that's that's purely limited by 396 00:19:32,000 --> 00:19:35,760 Speaker 1: how powerful our microscopes are, how powerful our particle accelerators are, 397 00:19:35,760 --> 00:19:38,600 Speaker 1: which are modern day microscopes. But for the proteon and 398 00:19:38,640 --> 00:19:41,680 Speaker 1: the neutron, there is texture there, like there's actually a 399 00:19:41,760 --> 00:19:45,000 Speaker 1: little bits inside of it that you can see, yeah, exactly, 400 00:19:45,040 --> 00:19:46,679 Speaker 1: and we we can break them up, and we can 401 00:19:46,720 --> 00:19:49,000 Speaker 1: interact with those little bits, and we can measure them 402 00:19:49,040 --> 00:19:52,199 Speaker 1: and study them. So those are up corks and down corks, 403 00:19:52,240 --> 00:19:54,480 Speaker 1: and we know that if you rear, if you arrange 404 00:19:54,520 --> 00:19:56,440 Speaker 1: up corks and down corks in one way, you get 405 00:19:56,440 --> 00:19:58,560 Speaker 1: a proton. You arrange another way, you get a neutron. 406 00:19:59,160 --> 00:20:01,920 Speaker 1: And so that means that everything in the periodic table 407 00:20:01,960 --> 00:20:06,200 Speaker 1: can be made out of up corks, down corks, and electrons. Right, 408 00:20:06,280 --> 00:20:09,440 Speaker 1: So mixtures of those three things make every atom, which 409 00:20:09,440 --> 00:20:13,080 Speaker 1: makes anything that anybody's ever eaten. It's to me, it's 410 00:20:13,080 --> 00:20:16,520 Speaker 1: incredible that all this complexity of stuff around us can 411 00:20:16,520 --> 00:20:19,119 Speaker 1: be described in just three particles. So what do we 412 00:20:19,200 --> 00:20:21,639 Speaker 1: even still talk about protons? I mean, a proton is 413 00:20:21,680 --> 00:20:25,240 Speaker 1: just you're saying, it's just the word for arrangement A 414 00:20:25,640 --> 00:20:28,800 Speaker 1: of these two quarks and a neutron is just arrangement 415 00:20:28,880 --> 00:20:32,200 Speaker 1: number B of the quarks, you know. Yeah, Well, sometimes 416 00:20:32,240 --> 00:20:35,560 Speaker 1: arrangements can be interesting. For example, Jorge is a particular 417 00:20:35,640 --> 00:20:39,520 Speaker 1: arrangement of protons and neutrons in Pasadena. Right, I think 418 00:20:39,560 --> 00:20:41,119 Speaker 1: you'd like to be referred to as Jorge and not 419 00:20:41,240 --> 00:20:44,520 Speaker 1: individually talk to your protons, right, yeah, don't talk to 420 00:20:44,560 --> 00:20:47,960 Speaker 1: my protons. Talk to me like I'm a person. Eyes 421 00:20:48,040 --> 00:20:52,240 Speaker 1: up here, e's up here, Daniel. Um. Yeah, Well, it 422 00:20:52,280 --> 00:20:54,840 Speaker 1: turns out that the corks are not just like hanging 423 00:20:54,880 --> 00:20:56,960 Speaker 1: out near each other and we call it a proton. 424 00:20:57,200 --> 00:21:00,479 Speaker 1: They are tightly bound together. They are held really firm together. 425 00:21:00,800 --> 00:21:03,480 Speaker 1: They move like a single thing. Unless you have a 426 00:21:03,520 --> 00:21:05,760 Speaker 1: huge amount of energy to look inside, to zoom in 427 00:21:05,840 --> 00:21:08,200 Speaker 1: to see that texture, to break it up, you're just 428 00:21:08,240 --> 00:21:09,959 Speaker 1: going to see a proton as a proton, even if 429 00:21:09,960 --> 00:21:12,200 Speaker 1: it's made out of three corks. It's like three tiny 430 00:21:12,280 --> 00:21:15,399 Speaker 1: lego pieces jam together so hard that you need an 431 00:21:15,440 --> 00:21:18,440 Speaker 1: expert to pride them apart. Well, this is a perfect 432 00:21:18,480 --> 00:21:31,760 Speaker 1: point to take a break. But yeah, that's a really 433 00:21:31,760 --> 00:21:34,479 Speaker 1: cool point you're making just just now, which is that 434 00:21:34,760 --> 00:21:38,159 Speaker 1: everything that we know about in the universe. It's just 435 00:21:38,240 --> 00:21:41,720 Speaker 1: three things arranged in a bazillion different ways. That's all 436 00:21:41,760 --> 00:21:46,520 Speaker 1: we are. We're just electrons, up courts and down course. Yeah, 437 00:21:46,600 --> 00:21:48,840 Speaker 1: it's all about the arrangements. And you know, there's a 438 00:21:48,840 --> 00:21:51,240 Speaker 1: lot of information in the arrangements. You know, if I 439 00:21:51,359 --> 00:21:54,399 Speaker 1: rearranged all of your particles into it just a puddle 440 00:21:54,400 --> 00:21:56,119 Speaker 1: on the floor, you would not be the same person. 441 00:21:56,760 --> 00:21:59,520 Speaker 1: So who you are is your arrangements, you know, it's 442 00:21:59,520 --> 00:22:01,760 Speaker 1: not just the elements that make you. You know, I 443 00:22:01,840 --> 00:22:03,760 Speaker 1: like to joke with my friends that if you ask 444 00:22:03,840 --> 00:22:06,200 Speaker 1: the particle physicists to write a cookbook, it will only 445 00:22:06,240 --> 00:22:09,280 Speaker 1: have three ingredients in every single recipe, right up quirks, 446 00:22:09,400 --> 00:22:15,320 Speaker 1: down quirks, and electrons, and every recipe would just say mix. No, 447 00:22:15,480 --> 00:22:18,080 Speaker 1: that's exactly the point, And all the hard work is 448 00:22:18,119 --> 00:22:20,920 Speaker 1: in the arrangements, right Who you are is not just upquorks, 449 00:22:20,920 --> 00:22:23,760 Speaker 1: down quirks, and electrons. It's your particular arrangement of those 450 00:22:23,800 --> 00:22:26,400 Speaker 1: and assembling those and into the particular thing that makes 451 00:22:26,440 --> 00:22:29,600 Speaker 1: you you. Right. And so that's the answer, is that 452 00:22:29,960 --> 00:22:31,840 Speaker 1: the things that we see around us in the universe 453 00:22:32,000 --> 00:22:34,280 Speaker 1: are not defined by the particles that make them up, 454 00:22:34,280 --> 00:22:37,160 Speaker 1: but by the arrangements of those particles. And so if 455 00:22:37,160 --> 00:22:40,159 Speaker 1: the whole goal of particle physics or asking this question 456 00:22:40,359 --> 00:22:42,400 Speaker 1: is to get some deep inside into the universe, then 457 00:22:42,480 --> 00:22:45,040 Speaker 1: that's it. You know, that the universe. Um, that the 458 00:22:45,040 --> 00:22:48,800 Speaker 1: complexity in the universe comes from arrangements. That's fascinating to me. Well, 459 00:22:48,800 --> 00:22:50,960 Speaker 1: I feel like this point is is kind of maybe 460 00:22:51,000 --> 00:22:54,080 Speaker 1: hard to grasp, So I was just thinking that, um, 461 00:22:54,160 --> 00:22:56,480 Speaker 1: maybe the way to really grasp it is that imagine 462 00:22:56,560 --> 00:22:59,560 Speaker 1: if it wasn't just three particles. Let let's say everything 463 00:22:59,600 --> 00:23:01,639 Speaker 1: in the u of Earth was made out of just 464 00:23:01,800 --> 00:23:08,760 Speaker 1: one particle, like particle Bob, and everything you me television, Like, 465 00:23:08,800 --> 00:23:11,480 Speaker 1: imagine if it was just one particle and everything you 466 00:23:11,480 --> 00:23:15,000 Speaker 1: see around you was just different arrangements of Bob, you know. 467 00:23:15,400 --> 00:23:18,200 Speaker 1: And that might still be the case. Right, We could 468 00:23:18,280 --> 00:23:21,119 Speaker 1: discover that the electron, the upcork, and the downcourt and 469 00:23:21,240 --> 00:23:22,920 Speaker 1: all the other particles, which by the way, we haven't 470 00:23:22,960 --> 00:23:25,520 Speaker 1: even talked about yet, are made out of one kind 471 00:23:25,560 --> 00:23:28,320 Speaker 1: of tiniest little particle. That could be the answer. Yea, yeah, 472 00:23:28,400 --> 00:23:30,760 Speaker 1: but it's not that different from three, right, Like three 473 00:23:30,800 --> 00:23:34,280 Speaker 1: is still fascinating, Like it's not just Bob. It's like Bob, 474 00:23:34,320 --> 00:23:37,000 Speaker 1: Sue and Mary everything. You know, it's just Bos, Sue 475 00:23:37,000 --> 00:23:40,960 Speaker 1: and Mary doing different things, and then you get this incredible, 476 00:23:41,000 --> 00:23:44,000 Speaker 1: amazing complexity, right. Yeah, And as you say, it could 477 00:23:44,000 --> 00:23:45,600 Speaker 1: have been different. It could have been that everything is 478 00:23:45,640 --> 00:23:47,919 Speaker 1: made out of its own thing and either that it 479 00:23:47,960 --> 00:23:49,480 Speaker 1: was made out of particles or not. You know, you 480 00:23:49,480 --> 00:23:52,200 Speaker 1: could have a world where every kind of thing, every 481 00:23:52,280 --> 00:23:54,080 Speaker 1: kind of person is made out of a different kind 482 00:23:54,119 --> 00:23:56,679 Speaker 1: of particles. You know, you have like three particles and 483 00:23:56,760 --> 00:23:59,639 Speaker 1: air particles and cat particles, and that's why cats are 484 00:23:59,640 --> 00:24:04,680 Speaker 1: so weird exactly. That's a huge clue about the universe. 485 00:24:04,720 --> 00:24:07,200 Speaker 1: You know that the universe at its core is kind 486 00:24:07,200 --> 00:24:09,119 Speaker 1: of simple, and to me, that gives me a lot 487 00:24:09,160 --> 00:24:12,080 Speaker 1: of motivation. It tells me we can understand it. It 488 00:24:12,160 --> 00:24:15,080 Speaker 1: can be boiled down into a simple explanation. It would 489 00:24:15,080 --> 00:24:17,840 Speaker 1: be disappointing, if, you know, if you said, oh, I 490 00:24:17,840 --> 00:24:20,119 Speaker 1: want to understand the whole universe, and the explanation for 491 00:24:20,160 --> 00:24:23,320 Speaker 1: the universe was like a five million page long document. 492 00:24:23,640 --> 00:24:25,960 Speaker 1: I had to describe all these complicated things. It's just 493 00:24:26,080 --> 00:24:29,399 Speaker 1: Bob su very mix. Yeah, and it's all sort of 494 00:24:29,440 --> 00:24:32,840 Speaker 1: emergent phenomena, right, it's the consequences of this small set 495 00:24:32,840 --> 00:24:36,240 Speaker 1: of rules. It's like the game Go right. I love 496 00:24:36,280 --> 00:24:38,800 Speaker 1: that game because there's a very small number of pieces, 497 00:24:38,920 --> 00:24:41,280 Speaker 1: just black and white. It's a very small number of 498 00:24:41,359 --> 00:24:44,280 Speaker 1: rules for how you play, but the number of games 499 00:24:44,320 --> 00:24:47,040 Speaker 1: you can play is incredible. It's much more complicated than 500 00:24:47,160 --> 00:24:50,520 Speaker 1: Chess and UH and all of the gameplay. All the 501 00:24:50,560 --> 00:24:54,080 Speaker 1: complexity arises from how you arrange the pieces on the board, 502 00:24:54,440 --> 00:24:56,920 Speaker 1: not from having like a million different kinds of pieces 503 00:24:56,920 --> 00:24:59,360 Speaker 1: and special rules and cards you can draw. I think 504 00:24:59,359 --> 00:25:02,840 Speaker 1: you should talk to all physicists, like the American Physical 505 00:25:02,880 --> 00:25:06,879 Speaker 1: Society or the World Physics Congress and just convinced them 506 00:25:06,920 --> 00:25:10,879 Speaker 1: to rename the electron the up cork and the down cork, Bob, 507 00:25:10,960 --> 00:25:13,200 Speaker 1: Sue and Mary Like. I feel like that would happen 508 00:25:13,240 --> 00:25:17,800 Speaker 1: to tremendous impact on like people's understanding. The point you 509 00:25:17,840 --> 00:25:20,520 Speaker 1: make is interesting because it seems like it hasn't seeped 510 00:25:20,560 --> 00:25:22,879 Speaker 1: into everyday knowledge. Like the people we talked to on 511 00:25:22,880 --> 00:25:25,920 Speaker 1: the street, everybody knew about atoms. All know about atoms, 512 00:25:26,080 --> 00:25:28,560 Speaker 1: but almost nobody could even name the kind of particles 513 00:25:28,560 --> 00:25:30,800 Speaker 1: of his inside the atom, or anything deeper than that. 514 00:25:30,800 --> 00:25:34,320 Speaker 1: That's what I'm saying, yes, you're saying it's a marketing failure. 515 00:25:34,520 --> 00:25:37,800 Speaker 1: It's a branding problem Bob and Mary, and I bet 516 00:25:37,840 --> 00:25:39,560 Speaker 1: in three years you would ask people on the street 517 00:25:39,560 --> 00:25:41,520 Speaker 1: what is the universe made off? And people be like, Bob, 518 00:25:41,560 --> 00:25:43,359 Speaker 1: su would Mary exactly? And then you would get a 519 00:25:43,359 --> 00:25:45,880 Speaker 1: one cent royalty every time that happened. But that's really 520 00:25:45,880 --> 00:25:50,280 Speaker 1: your that's your secret plan here. Everything is branding. So 521 00:25:50,320 --> 00:25:52,320 Speaker 1: that's where we are as a human species. Right. First 522 00:25:52,320 --> 00:25:53,879 Speaker 1: we didn't know what thing for made up. Then we 523 00:25:53,920 --> 00:25:56,119 Speaker 1: made up stuff like earth, fire and wind, and then 524 00:25:56,160 --> 00:25:59,600 Speaker 1: we figure out Adams electrons, protons, and that's what we're 525 00:25:59,640 --> 00:26:02,159 Speaker 1: down to. And you're saying there could be more. We 526 00:26:02,160 --> 00:26:05,159 Speaker 1: could still break things down, possibly even further. That's right. 527 00:26:05,240 --> 00:26:07,600 Speaker 1: And as far as we know, the up cork, the 528 00:26:07,680 --> 00:26:10,720 Speaker 1: down cork, and the electron are not made of anything 529 00:26:10,800 --> 00:26:13,800 Speaker 1: smaller as far as we know. But that's only because 530 00:26:13,920 --> 00:26:15,919 Speaker 1: we have a limited capacity to look. You know, our 531 00:26:16,200 --> 00:26:18,640 Speaker 1: little zoom in knob is maxed out and we haven't 532 00:26:18,640 --> 00:26:22,359 Speaker 1: seen anything yet, but we have lots of hints that 533 00:26:22,440 --> 00:26:25,679 Speaker 1: they probably they are made out of something smaller. And 534 00:26:25,720 --> 00:26:28,119 Speaker 1: those hints are just like the hints we had. We 535 00:26:28,119 --> 00:26:30,160 Speaker 1: were looking at the periodic table a hundred years ago, 536 00:26:30,280 --> 00:26:32,640 Speaker 1: or when people are just looking at stuff around them 537 00:26:32,640 --> 00:26:35,320 Speaker 1: a thousand years ago. Oh, you mean like there's a 538 00:26:35,359 --> 00:26:38,280 Speaker 1: pattern between Bob Shu and Mary. You're saying like there's 539 00:26:38,280 --> 00:26:40,960 Speaker 1: suspiciously something going on there. Yeah, there's a lot of 540 00:26:41,040 --> 00:26:44,640 Speaker 1: unexplained patterns and phenomena that we don't understand. And one 541 00:26:44,640 --> 00:26:48,120 Speaker 1: of our greatest strategies for figuring out what's inside up cork, 542 00:26:48,160 --> 00:26:51,320 Speaker 1: down cork and electron is expanding the table. Is saying like, 543 00:26:51,400 --> 00:26:53,520 Speaker 1: let's make a new periodic table this time of the 544 00:26:53,520 --> 00:26:56,879 Speaker 1: fundamental particles, because there are other kinds of particles out there. 545 00:26:56,920 --> 00:26:59,440 Speaker 1: It's not just the upcork the down cork in the electron. 546 00:26:59,640 --> 00:27:03,000 Speaker 1: When we smash particles together, sometimes we make other kinds 547 00:27:03,040 --> 00:27:06,159 Speaker 1: of quarks and other kinds of electrons. You mean, like 548 00:27:06,240 --> 00:27:09,360 Speaker 1: sometimes a Peter will pop out or a Fred will 549 00:27:09,400 --> 00:27:12,600 Speaker 1: pop out, Yeah, or a fat Albert or something like that, exactly, 550 00:27:12,600 --> 00:27:15,440 Speaker 1: because some of these particles are big and heavy. Oh, 551 00:27:15,760 --> 00:27:18,040 Speaker 1: I see, But do you only need box when married 552 00:27:18,040 --> 00:27:21,359 Speaker 1: to make stuff? But there are other particles out there. Yeah, 553 00:27:21,440 --> 00:27:24,240 Speaker 1: So one question is what is the stuff around us 554 00:27:24,280 --> 00:27:27,520 Speaker 1: made out of? That's definitely, you know, a corkdown cork electron. 555 00:27:27,720 --> 00:27:31,560 Speaker 1: Another question is what kinds of stuff can there be? Right, 556 00:27:31,880 --> 00:27:34,840 Speaker 1: because remember we're fourteen billion years into the universe, when 557 00:27:34,840 --> 00:27:38,119 Speaker 1: the universe is kind of cold and dispersed and everything 558 00:27:38,200 --> 00:27:40,840 Speaker 1: is spread out a lot earlier, you know, when things 559 00:27:40,840 --> 00:27:42,640 Speaker 1: were hot and dense, it could have been that other 560 00:27:42,720 --> 00:27:44,840 Speaker 1: kinds of stuff was dominant, that there was enough energy 561 00:27:44,880 --> 00:27:47,280 Speaker 1: to make heavier particles and they were flying around all 562 00:27:47,320 --> 00:27:49,959 Speaker 1: the time. And so we don't just want an answer 563 00:27:50,000 --> 00:27:52,440 Speaker 1: for today, you know, we want to answer for a 564 00:27:52,480 --> 00:27:54,760 Speaker 1: general answer when it tells us deep things about the 565 00:27:54,840 --> 00:27:57,399 Speaker 1: universe itself, not just what is it like now, you 566 00:27:57,440 --> 00:28:03,000 Speaker 1: mean back then when things were more hardcore. Exactly what 567 00:28:03,080 --> 00:28:05,200 Speaker 1: you're saying is that right now, everything's made out of 568 00:28:05,200 --> 00:28:07,280 Speaker 1: Bob should marry. But maybe at some point in the 569 00:28:07,400 --> 00:28:11,520 Speaker 1: universe things were made out of other kinds of particles. Yeah, 570 00:28:11,560 --> 00:28:14,440 Speaker 1: maybe the particles up corkdown cork and electron and Bob 571 00:28:14,440 --> 00:28:17,920 Speaker 1: should mary weren't as common, and more common were other 572 00:28:17,960 --> 00:28:21,560 Speaker 1: particles um that we can create now in particle colliders 573 00:28:21,560 --> 00:28:23,320 Speaker 1: and study to get a clue to like what the 574 00:28:23,320 --> 00:28:26,920 Speaker 1: possibilities are. And so that's the strategies like let's try 575 00:28:26,960 --> 00:28:29,359 Speaker 1: to make all the different kind of particles that are possible, 576 00:28:29,800 --> 00:28:31,960 Speaker 1: and that gives us a better handle on the patterns. 577 00:28:31,960 --> 00:28:34,040 Speaker 1: You know, you can see more of the pattern. You're 578 00:28:34,040 --> 00:28:36,080 Speaker 1: like putting together the weave, and you get more and 579 00:28:36,119 --> 00:28:37,760 Speaker 1: more stitches and you get an idea for how it's 580 00:28:37,760 --> 00:28:40,960 Speaker 1: fitting together, and that gives you more clues to figure 581 00:28:40,960 --> 00:28:43,800 Speaker 1: out like what could be underlying all of that, meaning 582 00:28:43,920 --> 00:28:46,120 Speaker 1: like maybe we'll find out that Bob, su and Mary 583 00:28:46,240 --> 00:28:51,160 Speaker 1: are made out of even small things like Tito ari 584 00:28:51,520 --> 00:28:57,040 Speaker 1: and and then yeah, if if you have to ask me, 585 00:28:57,120 --> 00:29:00,840 Speaker 1: I'm almost positive these particles know of are made of 586 00:29:00,920 --> 00:29:03,200 Speaker 1: smaller ones. That this is not the final answer. That's 587 00:29:03,240 --> 00:29:06,520 Speaker 1: your bed, that's your that's what you think absolutely. I mean, 588 00:29:06,560 --> 00:29:08,600 Speaker 1: it's just at the limit of current resolution. It's like, 589 00:29:08,880 --> 00:29:10,840 Speaker 1: you know J. J. Thompson saying everything is made out 590 00:29:10,880 --> 00:29:12,720 Speaker 1: of what I know, everything is made out of the electron. 591 00:29:12,760 --> 00:29:15,600 Speaker 1: It's it's ridiculous. It's so much hubris to say we 592 00:29:15,720 --> 00:29:18,200 Speaker 1: found the answer and we're probably done. There's so many 593 00:29:18,280 --> 00:29:20,520 Speaker 1: unexplained patterns, and you know, we can get into that 594 00:29:20,520 --> 00:29:23,280 Speaker 1: in a whole other podcast episode about all these hints 595 00:29:23,320 --> 00:29:25,400 Speaker 1: and the new particles that might be out there, but 596 00:29:25,520 --> 00:29:27,160 Speaker 1: it just doesn't make sense to me. If this is 597 00:29:27,200 --> 00:29:29,560 Speaker 1: the final story, Well, I guess we'll find out what 598 00:29:30,440 --> 00:29:32,640 Speaker 1: physicists can do it, you know, if we'll find out 599 00:29:32,720 --> 00:29:35,560 Speaker 1: what what kind of stuff they're made out of. Oh, physicists, 600 00:29:35,760 --> 00:29:39,120 Speaker 1: we can do it. You're made out of the right stuff, 601 00:29:39,680 --> 00:29:42,600 Speaker 1: that's right. Yeah, yeah, And so that's why we're trying 602 00:29:42,600 --> 00:29:45,680 Speaker 1: to tear these particles apart to see even deeper. And 603 00:29:45,720 --> 00:29:47,520 Speaker 1: you know, what would it mean if the universe is 604 00:29:47,560 --> 00:29:49,640 Speaker 1: made out of one kind of thing, Well, that would 605 00:29:49,640 --> 00:29:52,360 Speaker 1: tell you something really fundamental, that would say, like, look, 606 00:29:52,440 --> 00:29:56,200 Speaker 1: this is the basic element of reality, and everything else 607 00:29:56,200 --> 00:29:58,320 Speaker 1: that's around you that's an emergent phenomenon. That's just like 608 00:29:58,360 --> 00:30:00,680 Speaker 1: a way they're organized, or a rain stuff. You know, 609 00:30:01,160 --> 00:30:04,120 Speaker 1: it's like hurricanes and blenders. They're not basic elements of 610 00:30:04,160 --> 00:30:07,440 Speaker 1: the universe. They're just happened to be arrangements of basic elements. 611 00:30:07,760 --> 00:30:09,600 Speaker 1: And we want to know what's at the core, you know, 612 00:30:09,640 --> 00:30:12,960 Speaker 1: what defines the nature of reality itself. And so that's 613 00:30:13,000 --> 00:30:15,360 Speaker 1: the sort of the long term journey we're on, and 614 00:30:15,440 --> 00:30:17,560 Speaker 1: you know, we're pretty far along it, but we have 615 00:30:17,720 --> 00:30:20,160 Speaker 1: no idea what fraction of the way we have yet 616 00:30:20,160 --> 00:30:23,360 Speaker 1: to go. You know, are there five more layers of particles? 617 00:30:23,400 --> 00:30:25,320 Speaker 1: Are there a thousand more layers of particles? Is there 618 00:30:25,360 --> 00:30:27,480 Speaker 1: just one more layer of particle? We don't know. It 619 00:30:27,520 --> 00:30:30,479 Speaker 1: would be amazing to one day look at your neighbor, 620 00:30:30,680 --> 00:30:33,080 Speaker 1: you know, or people across the world and just say 621 00:30:33,080 --> 00:30:35,480 Speaker 1: to them like, hey, you and I were made of 622 00:30:35,520 --> 00:30:38,840 Speaker 1: the same thing. We're made out of this thing. That's right, 623 00:30:39,400 --> 00:30:42,000 Speaker 1: all right, Well, thank you very much, guys. I hope 624 00:30:42,040 --> 00:30:44,640 Speaker 1: you enjoyed this podcast. Yeah, thanks everyone for listening, and 625 00:30:44,680 --> 00:30:47,000 Speaker 1: thanks to all the up corks, down corks and electrons 626 00:30:47,040 --> 00:30:49,720 Speaker 1: inside you. And if you're called bobs who are merry, 627 00:30:49,880 --> 00:30:53,160 Speaker 1: We're sorry and we don't owe you any money, and 628 00:30:53,400 --> 00:31:05,480 Speaker 1: or you're welcome. Do you have a question you wish 629 00:31:05,520 --> 00:31:07,920 Speaker 1: we would cover, send it to us. We'd love to 630 00:31:07,960 --> 00:31:10,440 Speaker 1: hear from you. You can find us on Facebook, Twitter, 631 00:31:10,600 --> 00:31:14,560 Speaker 1: and Instagram at Daniel and Jorge One Word, or email 632 00:31:14,640 --> 00:31:24,600 Speaker 1: us to feedback at Daniel and Jorge dot com.