1 00:00:01,280 --> 00:00:04,320 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,360 --> 00:00:13,960 Speaker 1: of I Heart Radio. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:14,000 --> 00:00:17,919 Speaker 1: I'm Tracy V. Wilson and I'm Holly Fry. It is 4 00:00:18,040 --> 00:00:23,480 Speaker 1: time for Unearthed. Hooray uh if you are brand new 5 00:00:23,520 --> 00:00:27,160 Speaker 1: to the show. About four times a year, we take 6 00:00:27,200 --> 00:00:29,800 Speaker 1: a look at things that have been literally and figuratively 7 00:00:30,000 --> 00:00:33,440 Speaker 1: unearthed over the last few months. So even though this 8 00:00:33,520 --> 00:00:38,360 Speaker 1: is coming out later in October, UH, it does not 9 00:00:38,560 --> 00:00:44,080 Speaker 1: include things that have been unearthed in October. It's just 10 00:00:44,560 --> 00:00:48,040 Speaker 1: it ends at the end of September. UH. This episode, 11 00:00:48,080 --> 00:00:51,159 Speaker 1: because it's two parter, we're gonna have lots of updates 12 00:00:51,159 --> 00:00:56,800 Speaker 1: of previous episodes, some oldest things, animals. There were a 13 00:00:56,880 --> 00:01:00,680 Speaker 1: lot of animal finds this time around, and the graves 14 00:01:00,880 --> 00:01:04,360 Speaker 1: and the next time next episode will have the exclamations 15 00:01:04,400 --> 00:01:07,240 Speaker 1: and shipwrecks, and the books and letters and the edibles 16 00:01:07,240 --> 00:01:10,840 Speaker 1: and potables. A lot of long time favorite things are 17 00:01:10,840 --> 00:01:14,240 Speaker 1: going to be in that episode as well. So let's 18 00:01:14,240 --> 00:01:17,440 Speaker 1: get started, all right. So we've got a few updates 19 00:01:17,440 --> 00:01:20,840 Speaker 1: to kick us off. Craft store chain Hobby Lobby has 20 00:01:20,920 --> 00:01:27,039 Speaker 1: come up on Unearthed in and twenty first for agreeing 21 00:01:27,040 --> 00:01:30,160 Speaker 1: to pay a fine for having acquired historical and cultural 22 00:01:30,200 --> 00:01:33,800 Speaker 1: objects that had been brought into the US illegally, and 23 00:01:33,840 --> 00:01:37,399 Speaker 1: then for those items being repatriated to a rock, and 24 00:01:37,440 --> 00:01:40,760 Speaker 1: then most recently, for u S efforts to return one 25 00:01:40,840 --> 00:01:44,000 Speaker 1: particular object, which is known as the Gilgamesh Dream Tablet 26 00:01:44,040 --> 00:01:47,920 Speaker 1: to a rock. Some of these looted and stolen objects 27 00:01:47,960 --> 00:01:50,960 Speaker 1: were intended for display at the Museum of the Bible, 28 00:01:51,000 --> 00:01:54,160 Speaker 1: which is funded by Hobby Lobby founder Steve Green, and 29 00:01:54,200 --> 00:01:57,360 Speaker 1: in earlier installments of Unearthed, we also talked about the 30 00:01:57,400 --> 00:02:00,880 Speaker 1: discovery that none of the Dead Sea Scrolls fragments in 31 00:02:00,920 --> 00:02:04,840 Speaker 1: that museum's collection were actually authentic. So, yes, we've talked 32 00:02:04,840 --> 00:02:08,799 Speaker 1: a lot about Hobby Lobby. The Gilgamesh Dream Tablet that's 33 00:02:08,840 --> 00:02:13,160 Speaker 1: been part of that latest round of news. Hobby Lobby 34 00:02:13,240 --> 00:02:17,559 Speaker 1: purchased that through Christie's auction House, and Christie's had documentations 35 00:02:17,680 --> 00:02:21,960 Speaker 1: saying that the tablets purchasing history was all above board, 36 00:02:22,680 --> 00:02:26,640 Speaker 1: but that documentation had been forged. That is something that 37 00:02:26,720 --> 00:02:29,840 Speaker 1: Christie's has maintained that it did not know when it 38 00:02:29,960 --> 00:02:33,280 Speaker 1: sold the tablet the Hobby Lobby. So the latest Hobby 39 00:02:33,320 --> 00:02:37,120 Speaker 1: Lobby update, the Gilgamesh Dream Tablet was delivered to a 40 00:02:37,240 --> 00:02:41,639 Speaker 1: Rocky officials at a repatriation ceremony at the Smithsonian's National 41 00:02:41,720 --> 00:02:45,880 Speaker 1: Museum of the American Indian in September. It is one 42 00:02:45,880 --> 00:02:49,640 Speaker 1: of more than seventeen thousand other looted objects that the 43 00:02:49,720 --> 00:02:52,520 Speaker 1: US has agreed to return to a rock. That's a 44 00:02:52,560 --> 00:02:56,120 Speaker 1: lot of stuff, so much stuff. And when the headlines 45 00:02:56,240 --> 00:02:58,480 Speaker 1: first started floating around about all this, I was like, 46 00:02:58,560 --> 00:03:02,800 Speaker 1: didn't we talked about returning that already? Yes, we did, 47 00:03:02,919 --> 00:03:08,760 Speaker 1: but now it has been actually returned. Moving on, in August, 48 00:03:08,880 --> 00:03:14,160 Speaker 1: French President Emmanuel Macron announced that Josephine Baker would be 49 00:03:14,200 --> 00:03:19,519 Speaker 1: placed in the Pantheon this coming novem. The Pantheon became 50 00:03:19,560 --> 00:03:22,720 Speaker 1: a monument for the great men of France after the 51 00:03:22,760 --> 00:03:26,400 Speaker 1: French Revolution, and then Marie Curie became the first woman 52 00:03:26,480 --> 00:03:32,240 Speaker 1: to be honored there based on her own achievements. Josephine 53 00:03:32,240 --> 00:03:35,320 Speaker 1: Baker was born in the US but later moved to Paris, 54 00:03:35,440 --> 00:03:38,440 Speaker 1: where she became a spy for France during World War Two. 55 00:03:38,960 --> 00:03:41,480 Speaker 1: She will be the first black woman to be buried 56 00:03:41,560 --> 00:03:44,520 Speaker 1: at the Pantheon, and previous hosts of the show did 57 00:03:44,520 --> 00:03:49,480 Speaker 1: an episode on her in March. According to research published 58 00:03:49,480 --> 00:03:53,200 Speaker 1: in the journal Heritage Science. An iconic portrait of past 59 00:03:53,280 --> 00:03:58,040 Speaker 1: podcast subject Antoine Lovoisier and his wife mary Anne looked 60 00:03:58,120 --> 00:04:01,640 Speaker 1: much different in an earlier version. In the finished painting 61 00:04:01,720 --> 00:04:04,280 Speaker 1: is it's known today. The couple are dressed in relatively 62 00:04:04,360 --> 00:04:07,280 Speaker 1: simple clothing. He is in black and she is in white, 63 00:04:07,680 --> 00:04:11,440 Speaker 1: in a room with gray paneled walls. Antoine is sitting 64 00:04:11,440 --> 00:04:14,200 Speaker 1: at a table covered in a red drape, writing with 65 00:04:14,240 --> 00:04:18,120 Speaker 1: a quill and surrounded by scientific instruments. He's looking up 66 00:04:18,160 --> 00:04:20,640 Speaker 1: at his wife, who is standing over him, and she 67 00:04:20,839 --> 00:04:23,520 Speaker 1: is looking out at the viewer. They look very much 68 00:04:23,560 --> 00:04:29,120 Speaker 1: like a scientifically minded couple embodying the ideals of the Enlightenment. Yeah, 69 00:04:29,120 --> 00:04:34,320 Speaker 1: I wouldn't necessarily call their clothing in the setting austere, 70 00:04:34,640 --> 00:04:39,600 Speaker 1: but it's more restrained. Researchers used macro x ray fluorescence 71 00:04:39,800 --> 00:04:45,240 Speaker 1: spectroscopy and X ray spectrometry to see what was underneath 72 00:04:45,240 --> 00:04:48,920 Speaker 1: the finished painting, so what it looked like in earlier revisions, 73 00:04:49,400 --> 00:04:52,280 Speaker 1: and it appears that in an earlier version of the painting, 74 00:04:52,560 --> 00:04:56,960 Speaker 1: this couple is in much richer surroundings than more elaborate clothing, 75 00:04:57,480 --> 00:05:02,560 Speaker 1: including Marianne wearing a very large hat decorated with lots 76 00:05:02,560 --> 00:05:06,520 Speaker 1: of flowers and plumes, so this earlier version is more 77 00:05:06,560 --> 00:05:10,560 Speaker 1: of a depiction of Antoine Lavassier's role as a tax collector, 78 00:05:10,839 --> 00:05:13,159 Speaker 1: somebody who was moving in a lot wealthier and more 79 00:05:13,200 --> 00:05:18,080 Speaker 1: ostentatious rungs of society, rather than presenting him as an intellectual. 80 00:05:18,839 --> 00:05:22,800 Speaker 1: Our episode on Lavoisier was most recently a Saturday Classic. 81 00:05:22,839 --> 00:05:27,840 Speaker 1: In the Southern tomb in the funerary complex of King Joseph, 82 00:05:27,880 --> 00:05:31,200 Speaker 1: who we covered on the show in March, has been 83 00:05:31,240 --> 00:05:35,039 Speaker 1: open to the public after a restoration project. Although the 84 00:05:35,080 --> 00:05:39,000 Speaker 1: site is referred to as a tomb, Joseph's actual burial 85 00:05:39,000 --> 00:05:42,400 Speaker 1: place is a nearby step pyramid. We discussed that in 86 00:05:42,400 --> 00:05:45,640 Speaker 1: that episode of the show. This restoration work on the 87 00:05:45,640 --> 00:05:48,479 Speaker 1: tomb started back in two thousand and six. A lot 88 00:05:48,480 --> 00:05:52,159 Speaker 1: of the tomb is underground and this work involves stabilizing 89 00:05:52,200 --> 00:05:57,560 Speaker 1: and reinforcing the structure, installing lighting, and refurbishing the tiles, carvings, 90 00:05:57,560 --> 00:06:02,120 Speaker 1: and other decorative elements. And in our last update, history 91 00:06:02,160 --> 00:06:06,440 Speaker 1: Professor Cornelia Dayton of the University of Connecticut, who specializes 92 00:06:06,480 --> 00:06:10,920 Speaker 1: in legal history, has unearthed new information about past podcast 93 00:06:10,960 --> 00:06:15,440 Speaker 1: subject Phyllis Wheetley Peters and her husband John Peters, filling 94 00:06:15,480 --> 00:06:18,200 Speaker 1: in some gaps in the knowledge we've had about their lives. 95 00:06:19,000 --> 00:06:22,040 Speaker 1: As we talked about in that episode, we know virtually 96 00:06:22,080 --> 00:06:25,400 Speaker 1: nothing about Phillis's life before she was enslaved and taken 97 00:06:25,440 --> 00:06:28,160 Speaker 1: to Boston, and we also don't know much about her 98 00:06:28,160 --> 00:06:31,400 Speaker 1: life between her marriage and her death, and a lot 99 00:06:31,440 --> 00:06:34,560 Speaker 1: of what's been repeated about John Peters has been pretty 100 00:06:34,600 --> 00:06:39,200 Speaker 1: conjectural and in some cases really unkind. Dayton found details 101 00:06:39,240 --> 00:06:44,200 Speaker 1: that provide more specifics and contexts through eighteenth century legal papers. 102 00:06:44,880 --> 00:06:48,360 Speaker 1: This research was published as an open access paper, meaning 103 00:06:48,640 --> 00:06:52,159 Speaker 1: everyone can read it for themselves. It is titled Lost 104 00:06:52,279 --> 00:06:56,440 Speaker 1: Years Recovered John Peters and Phillis Wheetley, Peters and Middleton. 105 00:06:56,960 --> 00:07:00,000 Speaker 1: That's in the New England Quarterly, and Dayton has also 106 00:07:00,160 --> 00:07:04,000 Speaker 1: launched the Wheatly Peters Project to explore their lives while 107 00:07:04,040 --> 00:07:07,360 Speaker 1: they were living in Middletown, Massachusetts. That was between seventeen 108 00:07:07,400 --> 00:07:11,520 Speaker 1: eighty and seventeen eighty three. Our episode on Phillis Sweetly 109 00:07:11,640 --> 00:07:16,440 Speaker 1: came out on March five. So moving on, we now 110 00:07:16,480 --> 00:07:20,000 Speaker 1: have a few finds that are being described as the oldest. 111 00:07:20,800 --> 00:07:24,760 Speaker 1: First researchers in the Balkans have unearthed the oldest cosmetics 112 00:07:24,760 --> 00:07:28,600 Speaker 1: ever found in Europe, and there possibly even older than 113 00:07:28,640 --> 00:07:33,200 Speaker 1: the oldest known cosmetics from ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. These 114 00:07:33,240 --> 00:07:37,120 Speaker 1: were in small six thousand year old ceramic bottles that 115 00:07:37,200 --> 00:07:41,400 Speaker 1: were first found in ten and a recent analysis has 116 00:07:41,440 --> 00:07:44,600 Speaker 1: shown that they contained traces of sara site also called 117 00:07:44,640 --> 00:07:49,040 Speaker 1: white lead, along with animal fat, beeswax, and plant oils, 118 00:07:49,520 --> 00:07:51,680 Speaker 1: so I'll suggest that this was a substance meant to 119 00:07:51,680 --> 00:07:55,040 Speaker 1: be used on the skin. The team also found long 120 00:07:55,120 --> 00:07:58,520 Speaker 1: sin stone tools nearby, which may have been used to 121 00:07:58,680 --> 00:08:03,720 Speaker 1: extract the substance from these tiny models. When we say tiny, 122 00:08:03,880 --> 00:08:06,679 Speaker 1: some of these measured just a couple of centimeters long. 123 00:08:07,120 --> 00:08:09,880 Speaker 1: They're so small that at first researchers wondered if they 124 00:08:09,960 --> 00:08:12,640 Speaker 1: might be some kind of a children's toy. Some of 125 00:08:12,640 --> 00:08:16,000 Speaker 1: them also had holes in their handles, suggesting they might 126 00:08:16,040 --> 00:08:18,360 Speaker 1: have been worn on a string, maybe as a necklace 127 00:08:19,040 --> 00:08:23,000 Speaker 1: in my head, which is completely incorrect. By the way, 128 00:08:23,080 --> 00:08:26,840 Speaker 1: these are the samples that the cosmetics lady left at 129 00:08:26,840 --> 00:08:33,440 Speaker 1: their house. I like it. It's like prehistoric avon um. 130 00:08:33,640 --> 00:08:37,840 Speaker 1: Researchers have found southern Italy's oldest genetic evidence of your 131 00:08:37,880 --> 00:08:42,320 Speaker 1: senior pestus. That's the bacterium that causes plague. This find 132 00:08:42,400 --> 00:08:45,520 Speaker 1: came from two individual graves dating back to the fourteenth 133 00:08:45,520 --> 00:08:48,640 Speaker 1: century at the cemetery of the Abbey of San Leonardo, 134 00:08:48,960 --> 00:08:53,280 Speaker 1: which was located along and important crossroads for pilgrims, traders, 135 00:08:53,320 --> 00:08:57,280 Speaker 1: and other travelers. Analysis showed that they were both male. 136 00:08:57,520 --> 00:08:59,880 Speaker 1: One was between thirty and thirty five years old and 137 00:09:00,080 --> 00:09:03,720 Speaker 1: other was about forty five. There were coins on both 138 00:09:03,800 --> 00:09:06,440 Speaker 1: of these bodies. They were hidden in the clothing of 139 00:09:06,559 --> 00:09:08,840 Speaker 1: one and they were in a bag that was tied 140 00:09:08,880 --> 00:09:12,679 Speaker 1: around the waist of the other. This is unusual because 141 00:09:12,679 --> 00:09:16,199 Speaker 1: it suggested that nobody had looked at these bodies very 142 00:09:16,240 --> 00:09:19,120 Speaker 1: carefully before they were buried. They probably would not have 143 00:09:19,240 --> 00:09:22,280 Speaker 1: buried them with lots of money on them. So the 144 00:09:22,320 --> 00:09:25,400 Speaker 1: conclusion was maybe these people had been sick and people 145 00:09:25,440 --> 00:09:30,160 Speaker 1: were afraid of becoming infected themselves. So DNA analysis on 146 00:09:30,240 --> 00:09:33,040 Speaker 1: the teeth of these two bodies did find you're sending 147 00:09:33,040 --> 00:09:36,760 Speaker 1: a pestis DNA a very similar strain to what has 148 00:09:36,800 --> 00:09:40,200 Speaker 1: been found in later victims of the Black Death from 149 00:09:40,320 --> 00:09:43,559 Speaker 1: various parts of Italy. So we definitely knew that plague 150 00:09:43,600 --> 00:09:45,440 Speaker 1: was around in Italy before this point, but this is 151 00:09:45,440 --> 00:09:50,280 Speaker 1: the first genetic evidence. Archaeologists in China have unearthed the 152 00:09:50,320 --> 00:09:53,680 Speaker 1: oldest known coin making facility in the world, one that 153 00:09:53,800 --> 00:09:57,080 Speaker 1: is older than previous finds in what's now Turkey and Greece. 154 00:09:57,880 --> 00:10:00,600 Speaker 1: The site is in Henon Province and was aided through 155 00:10:00,640 --> 00:10:03,560 Speaker 1: ash residues at the site, which suggested that it was 156 00:10:03,600 --> 00:10:06,439 Speaker 1: in use between six forty and five fifty b C. 157 00:10:07,679 --> 00:10:10,120 Speaker 1: It appears that this started out as a tool making 158 00:10:10,160 --> 00:10:13,840 Speaker 1: facility before they started using clay molds to fashion coins. 159 00:10:14,559 --> 00:10:17,800 Speaker 1: The site is associated with the ancient city of Guangdong, 160 00:10:18,080 --> 00:10:21,559 Speaker 1: which was founded around eight hundred BC. Moving on to 161 00:10:21,679 --> 00:10:26,200 Speaker 1: our next topic. Several years ago, I sort of put 162 00:10:26,240 --> 00:10:31,400 Speaker 1: a moratorium on talking about coin hords on Unearthed because 163 00:10:31,400 --> 00:10:35,080 Speaker 1: there were just so many and unless there's something unusual 164 00:10:35,320 --> 00:10:38,400 Speaker 1: about a coin horde, they all they really start to 165 00:10:38,400 --> 00:10:41,560 Speaker 1: sound very similar. But there are a whole lot of 166 00:10:41,600 --> 00:10:44,040 Speaker 1: people who listened to the show now who were not 167 00:10:44,200 --> 00:10:48,240 Speaker 1: listening to the show back six or seven years ago 168 00:10:48,320 --> 00:10:52,160 Speaker 1: when I made that decision. Uh. And also, there were 169 00:10:52,240 --> 00:10:54,960 Speaker 1: so many coin hordes this time that it seemed like 170 00:10:55,000 --> 00:10:59,240 Speaker 1: a good opportunity to both showcase them and demonstrate why 171 00:10:59,559 --> 00:11:02,920 Speaker 1: I was ventually like, okay, no more, no more coin hords. 172 00:11:05,160 --> 00:11:08,840 Speaker 1: So in July, archaeologists working along the high speed rail 173 00:11:08,880 --> 00:11:12,719 Speaker 1: project known as HS two found a horde of hundreds 174 00:11:12,760 --> 00:11:16,559 Speaker 1: of coins in West London. These Roman era coins date 175 00:11:16,600 --> 00:11:19,720 Speaker 1: back to the first century BC, and they were found 176 00:11:19,800 --> 00:11:23,120 Speaker 1: thanks to a heavy rainstorm. The metal in the coins 177 00:11:23,200 --> 00:11:27,200 Speaker 1: caused a greenish blue discoloration in the soil. A metal 178 00:11:27,240 --> 00:11:31,160 Speaker 1: detectorist unearthed a horde of Viking coins on the Isle 179 00:11:31,200 --> 00:11:34,600 Speaker 1: of Man in April, but it didn't make headlines until July, 180 00:11:35,000 --> 00:11:38,360 Speaker 1: when the Isle of Man Coroner of Inquests declared this 181 00:11:38,400 --> 00:11:41,760 Speaker 1: horde to be a treasure. The horde contained eighty seven 182 00:11:41,800 --> 00:11:46,640 Speaker 1: silver coins, thirteen pieces of cut coins, and some other items. 183 00:11:46,679 --> 00:11:51,040 Speaker 1: This was actually the second Viking Age fine unearthed by 184 00:11:51,080 --> 00:11:54,360 Speaker 1: detectorates Cath Giles on the Isle of Man over the 185 00:11:54,360 --> 00:11:57,560 Speaker 1: span of about six months. Cath Giles seems to have 186 00:11:57,640 --> 00:12:00,439 Speaker 1: some good luck and skill with the metal detector Right 187 00:12:01,360 --> 00:12:04,520 Speaker 1: in July, archaeologists in Poland found more than one hundred 188 00:12:04,720 --> 00:12:08,440 Speaker 1: ninth century Carolingian deniers, which may have been hidden from 189 00:12:08,520 --> 00:12:12,160 Speaker 1: Viking raiders or collected as part of a ransom to 190 00:12:12,200 --> 00:12:15,720 Speaker 1: try to keep the Vikings from invading Paris. The Israel 191 00:12:15,800 --> 00:12:19,760 Speaker 1: Antiquities Authority announced the family on a camping trip, found 192 00:12:19,800 --> 00:12:23,280 Speaker 1: a horde of seventeen hundred year old coins on a 193 00:12:23,320 --> 00:12:26,840 Speaker 1: beach in August. These coins had been underwater for years 194 00:12:26,880 --> 00:12:29,400 Speaker 1: and they had coalesced into a mass that weighed about 195 00:12:29,440 --> 00:12:34,439 Speaker 1: six kilograms. In August, archaeologists in France announced the discovery 196 00:12:34,440 --> 00:12:37,880 Speaker 1: of twenty Roman denari in a pot or vase which 197 00:12:37,920 --> 00:12:41,120 Speaker 1: was hidden in a wall in the Ossitani region, and 198 00:12:41,280 --> 00:12:45,079 Speaker 1: in September, archaeologists in France announced the discovery of more 199 00:12:45,120 --> 00:12:48,720 Speaker 1: than two hundred gold coins during restoration work at a 200 00:12:48,720 --> 00:12:52,520 Speaker 1: house in Brittany. These date back to the seventeenth century, 201 00:12:52,640 --> 00:12:57,079 Speaker 1: during the reigns of Louis and fourteen. Archaeologists in the 202 00:12:57,200 --> 00:12:59,880 Speaker 1: United Arab Emirates found a horde of one thousand year 203 00:13:00,000 --> 00:13:02,520 Speaker 1: old silver coins which had been stored in an Abbysid 204 00:13:02,600 --> 00:13:07,120 Speaker 1: style pot. These coins bear the images of five different caliphs. 205 00:13:07,600 --> 00:13:11,360 Speaker 1: And lastly, amateur divers off the coast of Spain found 206 00:13:11,360 --> 00:13:15,880 Speaker 1: a horde of more than fifty hundred year old gold coins, 207 00:13:15,960 --> 00:13:19,920 Speaker 1: which were as many of the coin hordes are Roman. 208 00:13:20,760 --> 00:13:24,040 Speaker 1: And on that note, we will take a quick sponsor break. 209 00:13:32,240 --> 00:13:37,120 Speaker 1: There are so many animal finds this time around. First, 210 00:13:37,520 --> 00:13:41,360 Speaker 1: when archaeologists in Jerusalem found some shark teeth which were 211 00:13:41,400 --> 00:13:44,320 Speaker 1: mixed in with fish bones and pottery bits and other 212 00:13:44,520 --> 00:13:47,120 Speaker 1: materials that had been used to fill in a basement 213 00:13:47,240 --> 00:13:50,200 Speaker 1: almost three thousand years ago, they thought they were just 214 00:13:50,240 --> 00:13:53,840 Speaker 1: looking at food waste. Seems like a reasonable conclusion. But 215 00:13:53,960 --> 00:13:55,960 Speaker 1: when it was time for them to publish their paper, 216 00:13:56,240 --> 00:13:58,800 Speaker 1: one of the reviewers pointed out that one of the 217 00:13:58,800 --> 00:14:01,720 Speaker 1: teeth could not have come from a shark that people 218 00:14:01,800 --> 00:14:05,600 Speaker 1: living at that time might have eaten as food, because 219 00:14:05,640 --> 00:14:08,120 Speaker 1: it was from the Late Cretaceous period, from a shark 220 00:14:08,200 --> 00:14:11,360 Speaker 1: species that had been extinct for more than sixty million years. 221 00:14:12,000 --> 00:14:14,320 Speaker 1: So the team took another look, and they discovered that 222 00:14:14,480 --> 00:14:17,679 Speaker 1: all twenty nine of the shark teeth that they had 223 00:14:17,720 --> 00:14:21,000 Speaker 1: found in this infill were fossils. They all dated back 224 00:14:21,320 --> 00:14:24,840 Speaker 1: to the Late Cretaceous. It's not unusual at all for 225 00:14:24,920 --> 00:14:28,880 Speaker 1: people to use all kinds of material as infill. Previous 226 00:14:29,000 --> 00:14:32,480 Speaker 1: editions of on Earth have even included things like wrecked ships. 227 00:14:32,480 --> 00:14:35,600 Speaker 1: But it is still not entirely clear why these fossils 228 00:14:35,640 --> 00:14:38,720 Speaker 1: were gathered all in one place before being used that way. 229 00:14:39,480 --> 00:14:42,520 Speaker 1: The nearest location where similar fossils have been found is 230 00:14:42,560 --> 00:14:47,080 Speaker 1: about eighty kilometers away. These teeth don't have wear marks 231 00:14:47,120 --> 00:14:49,800 Speaker 1: to suggest that they were ever used as tools, and 232 00:14:49,840 --> 00:14:52,600 Speaker 1: they also don't have holes or other markings to suggest 233 00:14:52,600 --> 00:14:56,080 Speaker 1: that they were mounted or used as jewelry. One idea 234 00:14:56,280 --> 00:14:58,600 Speaker 1: is that they were just somebody's collection, which may be 235 00:14:58,720 --> 00:15:02,080 Speaker 1: the most likely scenario, but there's really no hard evidence 236 00:15:02,120 --> 00:15:05,080 Speaker 1: to back that up. There's also if it was someone's 237 00:15:05,120 --> 00:15:09,280 Speaker 1: collection who decided to use that person's shark tooth collection 238 00:15:09,360 --> 00:15:13,640 Speaker 1: as in phil they're like, Oh, that person's gone now 239 00:15:13,680 --> 00:15:18,160 Speaker 1: and this stuff is in our way. Let's listen. It's 240 00:15:18,160 --> 00:15:20,000 Speaker 1: going to happen to all my Star Wars stuff. I 241 00:15:20,040 --> 00:15:23,600 Speaker 1: know it's going to happen. Next up, a team led 242 00:15:23,600 --> 00:15:27,000 Speaker 1: by researchers from the University of York has been studying 243 00:15:27,240 --> 00:15:32,200 Speaker 1: seventeenth century canine feces to learn more about the lives 244 00:15:32,240 --> 00:15:36,280 Speaker 1: of sled dogs and the humans who worked with them. 245 00:15:36,320 --> 00:15:39,400 Speaker 1: This work was part of ongoing work at the New 246 00:15:39,480 --> 00:15:44,640 Speaker 1: Laktuk Archaeological Site and what's now Alaska Knektuk Incorporated, which 247 00:15:44,680 --> 00:15:47,520 Speaker 1: is an Alaska Native village corporation, was part of this 248 00:15:47,600 --> 00:15:51,600 Speaker 1: project along with the University of Copenhagen. The University of 249 00:15:51,640 --> 00:15:55,640 Speaker 1: Aberdeen and the University of British Columbia. The team studied 250 00:15:55,640 --> 00:15:59,320 Speaker 1: the proteins in frozen paleo feces to figure out what 251 00:15:59,360 --> 00:16:03,560 Speaker 1: the dogs eat, finding evidence that they consumed the muscles, bones, 252 00:16:03,600 --> 00:16:07,360 Speaker 1: and intestines of various species of salmon. One of the 253 00:16:07,400 --> 00:16:11,160 Speaker 1: samples also contained a canid bone fragments, suggesting that the 254 00:16:11,240 --> 00:16:14,640 Speaker 1: dogs consumed the meat of other dogs after they had died, 255 00:16:15,120 --> 00:16:18,360 Speaker 1: or at least not on their bones. Some of these 256 00:16:18,360 --> 00:16:22,600 Speaker 1: details are tricky to puzzle out, though an Arctic communities, 257 00:16:22,680 --> 00:16:26,760 Speaker 1: dogs generally rely on humans for their food throughout the winter, 258 00:16:27,120 --> 00:16:30,360 Speaker 1: and that's something that requires a lot of resources, So 259 00:16:30,440 --> 00:16:33,800 Speaker 1: getting a sense of the diets of working sled dogs 260 00:16:33,960 --> 00:16:38,320 Speaker 1: carries over to how humans used and allocated. There's resources, 261 00:16:38,440 --> 00:16:42,040 Speaker 1: especially during the colder months, but during the summer the 262 00:16:42,240 --> 00:16:44,680 Speaker 1: dogs may be fed less often or not at all. 263 00:16:44,920 --> 00:16:47,240 Speaker 1: That means that their diets are made up of foods 264 00:16:47,280 --> 00:16:50,720 Speaker 1: that they hunt or scavenge for themselves. So when looking 265 00:16:50,760 --> 00:16:54,440 Speaker 1: at this species, it's not necessarily clear that what the 266 00:16:54,480 --> 00:16:57,960 Speaker 1: dogs ate was something a person intentionally fed to them 267 00:16:58,440 --> 00:17:02,360 Speaker 1: or something that they hunted or scavenge. Um. We really 268 00:17:02,400 --> 00:17:04,840 Speaker 1: couldn't remember if the next thing is something we have 269 00:17:04,880 --> 00:17:08,000 Speaker 1: ever talked about before, because we have talked about an 270 00:17:08,040 --> 00:17:11,480 Speaker 1: assortment of different pigeons and several different lost battalions on 271 00:17:11,520 --> 00:17:15,640 Speaker 1: the show. But on October four, nineteen eighteen, during World 272 00:17:15,680 --> 00:17:18,640 Speaker 1: War One, a group of U. S troops later nicknamed 273 00:17:18,640 --> 00:17:21,480 Speaker 1: the Lost Battalion had been cut off from the rest 274 00:17:21,520 --> 00:17:25,239 Speaker 1: of their unit and surrounded by Germans. Soon they were 275 00:17:25,280 --> 00:17:29,359 Speaker 1: caught in crossfire and being shelled by American artillery. Because 276 00:17:29,400 --> 00:17:33,480 Speaker 1: they didn't realize they were there, Major Charles W. Whittlesey 277 00:17:33,600 --> 00:17:38,000 Speaker 1: tried to use pigeons to send messages about what was happening. Finally, 278 00:17:38,160 --> 00:17:41,399 Speaker 1: the battalion's last bird, which was a pigeon named Cheremi, 279 00:17:41,960 --> 00:17:46,000 Speaker 1: made it, but only after being seriously injured. The message 280 00:17:46,040 --> 00:17:48,639 Speaker 1: got through, though, and the Lost Battalion was relieved on 281 00:17:48,680 --> 00:17:53,960 Speaker 1: October seven. Cheremy survived these injuries and lived for about 282 00:17:54,000 --> 00:17:58,119 Speaker 1: another eight months, becoming something of a media sensation. A 283 00:17:58,280 --> 00:18:01,439 Speaker 1: tax that ermisted at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural 284 00:18:01,560 --> 00:18:05,800 Speaker 1: History mounted the bird's remains in nine but there were 285 00:18:05,840 --> 00:18:10,040 Speaker 1: discrepancies in descriptions of whether Jeremy was male or female. 286 00:18:10,680 --> 00:18:13,040 Speaker 1: The Army Signal Corps referred to the bird as SHE, 287 00:18:13,640 --> 00:18:18,600 Speaker 1: while Smithsonian Records used HE. Articles written in nineteen nineteen 288 00:18:18,680 --> 00:18:22,320 Speaker 1: also disagreed with The Ladies Home Journal using HE and 289 00:18:22,680 --> 00:18:26,960 Speaker 1: American Legion Weekly using SHE. And of course, there's also 290 00:18:27,040 --> 00:18:29,879 Speaker 1: been some debate about whether this specific bird that wound 291 00:18:29,960 --> 00:18:33,600 Speaker 1: up in the Smithsonian's collection really is the same bird 292 00:18:33,640 --> 00:18:37,760 Speaker 1: that carried Major Wittlesey's message about the lost battalion. So 293 00:18:37,840 --> 00:18:42,000 Speaker 1: earlier this year, coinciding with the centennial of Cheremy being 294 00:18:42,040 --> 00:18:46,080 Speaker 1: put on display, the Smithsonian turned to DNA testing to 295 00:18:46,160 --> 00:18:50,119 Speaker 1: settle at least the question of the pigeons sex. So, 296 00:18:50,200 --> 00:18:54,240 Speaker 1: sex chromosomes in birds work a little differently than in humans, 297 00:18:54,280 --> 00:18:57,480 Speaker 1: and in humans, sex chromosomes are really just one part 298 00:18:57,600 --> 00:19:01,119 Speaker 1: of a complex process that involves other themes and hormones 299 00:19:01,160 --> 00:19:06,600 Speaker 1: and other factors. In birds, females typically have W and 300 00:19:06,840 --> 00:19:12,240 Speaker 1: Z chromosomes, while males have Z chromosomes only. Researchers looked 301 00:19:12,240 --> 00:19:15,639 Speaker 1: at Jeremy's chromosomes as well as those of four other 302 00:19:15,840 --> 00:19:18,760 Speaker 1: birds whose bodies were preserved at about the same time 303 00:19:18,880 --> 00:19:23,080 Speaker 1: and whose sex was already known, and their conclusion Jeremy 304 00:19:23,200 --> 00:19:26,680 Speaker 1: had only Z type chromosomes, so share I mean was 305 00:19:26,800 --> 00:19:31,359 Speaker 1: male Researchers at Iowa State University and u C Riverside 306 00:19:31,359 --> 00:19:35,159 Speaker 1: have looked into why humans have never domesticated the American 307 00:19:35,240 --> 00:19:39,040 Speaker 1: cotton tale rabbit. For comparison, there are all kinds of 308 00:19:39,080 --> 00:19:42,760 Speaker 1: domesticated breeds of European rabbit which can have very different traits, 309 00:19:42,800 --> 00:19:46,280 Speaker 1: but are all the same species. In particular, the team 310 00:19:46,280 --> 00:19:48,159 Speaker 1: looked at the use of rabbits in the city of 311 00:19:48,240 --> 00:19:52,000 Speaker 1: teot Wakan in what's now Mexico, where people clearly lived 312 00:19:52,000 --> 00:19:55,280 Speaker 1: with rabbits for more than a thousand years, feeding them, 313 00:19:55,320 --> 00:19:58,159 Speaker 1: housing them, using them as food or to feed to 314 00:19:58,200 --> 00:20:02,119 Speaker 1: carnivorous animals, and use in their fur, but never truly 315 00:20:02,200 --> 00:20:06,440 Speaker 1: domesticating them. So this team's conclusion is that it's all 316 00:20:06,480 --> 00:20:10,840 Speaker 1: about the rabbits social behavior, not the humans treatment of them. 317 00:20:11,400 --> 00:20:15,199 Speaker 1: European rabbits are social, they lived together in warrens in 318 00:20:15,240 --> 00:20:19,480 Speaker 1: a way that people can reasonably replicate for rabbits in captivity, 319 00:20:19,480 --> 00:20:23,359 Speaker 1: but American cotton sale rabbits are more solitary. They tend 320 00:20:23,400 --> 00:20:25,879 Speaker 1: to fight with each other if they are housed together, 321 00:20:26,520 --> 00:20:31,320 Speaker 1: and American cotton sales reproductive cycle also isn't as predictable 322 00:20:31,520 --> 00:20:33,800 Speaker 1: as it is for European rabbits, and that makes it 323 00:20:33,840 --> 00:20:38,200 Speaker 1: a lot harder for people to intentionally breed them. Researchers 324 00:20:38,200 --> 00:20:41,600 Speaker 1: on the Pacific Northwest coast have studied evidence of sea 325 00:20:41,640 --> 00:20:44,800 Speaker 1: otter prevalence in the area, something that connects to the 326 00:20:44,840 --> 00:20:48,879 Speaker 1: way First Nations people's managed both shellfish and their predators 327 00:20:48,960 --> 00:20:52,160 Speaker 1: during the Late Holocene era, and which is still relevant 328 00:20:52,200 --> 00:20:55,920 Speaker 1: to indigenous peoples who live in the area today. See 329 00:20:55,960 --> 00:20:58,639 Speaker 1: Honors were nearly eliminated from the area due to the 330 00:20:58,680 --> 00:21:01,760 Speaker 1: fur trade, but their number rebounded after they were protected 331 00:21:01,840 --> 00:21:06,000 Speaker 1: under conservation laws in both the US and Canada, but 332 00:21:06,160 --> 00:21:08,880 Speaker 1: that has made it difficult for indigenous peoples to use 333 00:21:08,920 --> 00:21:12,560 Speaker 1: shellfish as a food source because the increasing sea otter 334 00:21:12,640 --> 00:21:16,080 Speaker 1: population eats the shellfish before they come grow big enough 335 00:21:16,440 --> 00:21:20,760 Speaker 1: for humans to effectively use them as food. Indigenous communities 336 00:21:20,800 --> 00:21:24,080 Speaker 1: who live in this part of North America have maintained 337 00:21:24,160 --> 00:21:28,560 Speaker 1: that for centuries, they managed both the shellfish population and 338 00:21:28,720 --> 00:21:32,840 Speaker 1: the population of their predators, including sea otters. This included 339 00:21:32,960 --> 00:21:36,359 Speaker 1: hunting sea otters to lower their population in areas where 340 00:21:36,400 --> 00:21:39,720 Speaker 1: people were living, and also keeping the otters out of 341 00:21:39,840 --> 00:21:44,920 Speaker 1: areas that contained important shellfish beds. Researchers confirmed this by 342 00:21:44,960 --> 00:21:49,720 Speaker 1: comparing muscle shell sizes from six archaeological sites to shell 343 00:21:49,800 --> 00:21:53,840 Speaker 1: sizes in areas where sea otters do and don't live today, 344 00:21:53,920 --> 00:21:56,720 Speaker 1: and they found that the ancient muscle shells were comparable 345 00:21:56,800 --> 00:22:01,320 Speaker 1: to today's muscles from locations where there aren't many sea utters. Basically, 346 00:22:01,400 --> 00:22:03,920 Speaker 1: if there are lots of sea otters, the muscles don't 347 00:22:03,960 --> 00:22:06,720 Speaker 1: get as big because, as we said, the otters eat 348 00:22:06,760 --> 00:22:10,439 Speaker 1: them before they have a chance to the shot Healsuck 349 00:22:10,560 --> 00:22:14,560 Speaker 1: and Wakino First Nations provided logistical support in this research, 350 00:22:14,760 --> 00:22:18,840 Speaker 1: and some indigenous leaders from those nations also shared knowledge 351 00:22:18,840 --> 00:22:23,160 Speaker 1: that informed this study and in our last animal signed 352 00:22:23,440 --> 00:22:26,880 Speaker 1: researchers believe people in New Guinea may have been collecting 353 00:22:27,000 --> 00:22:30,600 Speaker 1: casuary eggs and raising the birds after they hatched as 354 00:22:30,600 --> 00:22:34,359 Speaker 1: long as eighteen thousand years ago, thousands of years before 355 00:22:34,359 --> 00:22:37,840 Speaker 1: people domesticated chickens or geese, and in the words of 356 00:22:37,920 --> 00:22:41,920 Speaker 1: lead author Christina Douglas, Assistant Professor of Anthropology and African 357 00:22:41,960 --> 00:22:45,640 Speaker 1: Studies at Penn State, quote, this is not some small foul. 358 00:22:46,040 --> 00:22:49,800 Speaker 1: It is a huge ornary, flightless bird that cannavissarate you. 359 00:22:50,640 --> 00:22:53,720 Speaker 1: So doing this would have required people to find the 360 00:22:53,800 --> 00:22:57,560 Speaker 1: castawary nests and remove the eggs just before it was 361 00:22:57,600 --> 00:23:00,639 Speaker 1: time for them to hatch, and then intense only cracked 362 00:23:00,680 --> 00:23:03,679 Speaker 1: the eggs open so that the chicks would imprint on 363 00:23:03,840 --> 00:23:08,040 Speaker 1: human beings rather than on a mother bird. Although people 364 00:23:08,119 --> 00:23:11,240 Speaker 1: would also boil eggs that were close to hatching and 365 00:23:11,280 --> 00:23:14,479 Speaker 1: then eat the embryo inside, most of the eggshells in 366 00:23:14,480 --> 00:23:17,480 Speaker 1: this study did not have any signs of burning or 367 00:23:17,520 --> 00:23:21,400 Speaker 1: being cooked, meaning that most likely they were indeed cracked 368 00:23:21,440 --> 00:23:25,400 Speaker 1: open to retrieve the living chickenside not to be used 369 00:23:25,440 --> 00:23:28,840 Speaker 1: as food. Thinking about food and eggs, do you want 370 00:23:28,880 --> 00:23:31,359 Speaker 1: to take a quick sponsor break before we come back 371 00:23:31,400 --> 00:23:43,840 Speaker 1: for this last segment, let's do next up. We have 372 00:23:43,960 --> 00:23:48,680 Speaker 1: several fines that are related to graves and grave sites. First, 373 00:23:49,280 --> 00:23:52,760 Speaker 1: some children playing in a sandbox in Poland found a 374 00:23:52,840 --> 00:23:56,640 Speaker 1: burial site dating back to some time between eleven hundred 375 00:23:56,720 --> 00:24:01,439 Speaker 1: and seven hundred BC. This site included human remains as 376 00:24:01,480 --> 00:24:04,360 Speaker 1: well as pottery. A lot of the pottery had been broken, 377 00:24:04,800 --> 00:24:08,159 Speaker 1: probably during the construction of this play area that the 378 00:24:08,200 --> 00:24:12,720 Speaker 1: sandbox was in, according to locals. A nearby archaeological site 379 00:24:12,760 --> 00:24:15,840 Speaker 1: was discovered years ago during construction of a pond and 380 00:24:15,920 --> 00:24:18,520 Speaker 1: a fence for a farm, but the map used to 381 00:24:18,560 --> 00:24:22,760 Speaker 1: market its location was not particularly precise. It is possible, 382 00:24:22,840 --> 00:24:25,880 Speaker 1: although not yet confirmed, that these two sites are related. 383 00:24:26,480 --> 00:24:29,320 Speaker 1: The news coverage that I found of this didn't say 384 00:24:29,359 --> 00:24:32,919 Speaker 1: what the children's reaction was when they found human remains 385 00:24:32,960 --> 00:24:36,320 Speaker 1: in their sandbox. I mean, it depends on the kid, right, 386 00:24:36,600 --> 00:24:41,280 Speaker 1: I really think it does. Some kids are ghoulish Halloween 387 00:24:41,359 --> 00:24:48,960 Speaker 1: children from day one, and others grew into it. Back 388 00:24:49,000 --> 00:24:52,240 Speaker 1: in nine, a crew digging for a water pipe in 389 00:24:52,320 --> 00:24:55,920 Speaker 1: Finland found a very old sword, and that discovery led 390 00:24:56,000 --> 00:24:59,480 Speaker 1: archaeologists to a grave site. The gray site was nearly 391 00:24:59,520 --> 00:25:02,280 Speaker 1: a thousand and years old, but it was not entirely 392 00:25:02,280 --> 00:25:05,960 Speaker 1: typical of similar graves in the area. It appeared to 393 00:25:06,000 --> 00:25:09,080 Speaker 1: contain one set of remains dressed in clothing that was 394 00:25:09,160 --> 00:25:12,159 Speaker 1: typical of women at the time, but the person had 395 00:25:12,200 --> 00:25:14,960 Speaker 1: also been buried with a sword, something that was more 396 00:25:15,000 --> 00:25:19,600 Speaker 1: associated with men's graves. Interpretations varied on whether that first 397 00:25:19,600 --> 00:25:22,640 Speaker 1: sword that was found was also part of this same grave. 398 00:25:23,440 --> 00:25:25,359 Speaker 1: This also seemed to be someone who was buried with 399 00:25:25,400 --> 00:25:28,560 Speaker 1: a lot of care, maybe someone wealthy. They were buried 400 00:25:28,680 --> 00:25:32,000 Speaker 1: in furs and feather bedding, and the sword, which had 401 00:25:32,040 --> 00:25:35,159 Speaker 1: no hilt was inlaid with silver. You know, they're not 402 00:25:35,160 --> 00:25:37,640 Speaker 1: sure if it was intentionally without a hilt, or if 403 00:25:37,640 --> 00:25:40,119 Speaker 1: the hilt had maybe been wooden and had rotted away. 404 00:25:41,040 --> 00:25:44,720 Speaker 1: Early interpretations of this grave site included that it had 405 00:25:44,800 --> 00:25:47,160 Speaker 1: really been the grave of two people, one a man 406 00:25:47,440 --> 00:25:50,200 Speaker 1: and one a woman, but that the man's remains hadn't 407 00:25:50,280 --> 00:25:54,159 Speaker 1: been found yet, or that that one person was a 408 00:25:54,200 --> 00:25:57,160 Speaker 1: woman and was buried in the grave with the sword 409 00:25:57,240 --> 00:25:59,840 Speaker 1: as an indication that she had been a leader or 410 00:26:00,040 --> 00:26:03,600 Speaker 1: maybe even a warrior. But new research in the European 411 00:26:03,680 --> 00:26:08,560 Speaker 1: Journal of Archaeology comes to a different conclusion. DNA analysis 412 00:26:08,600 --> 00:26:12,360 Speaker 1: revealed that the person's sex chromosomes were x x Y, 413 00:26:12,480 --> 00:26:16,040 Speaker 1: also known as klein Felter syndrome. We don't really know 414 00:26:16,080 --> 00:26:19,280 Speaker 1: what this person's body looked like. Klein Felter syndrome doesn't 415 00:26:19,280 --> 00:26:22,720 Speaker 1: necessarily look the same from one person to another, and 416 00:26:22,760 --> 00:26:25,959 Speaker 1: the remains in that grave were skeletal, but the researchers 417 00:26:26,000 --> 00:26:29,120 Speaker 1: concluded that the person's gender identity might not have fit 418 00:26:29,200 --> 00:26:31,960 Speaker 1: into a binary model, something we don't really have a 419 00:26:31,960 --> 00:26:34,760 Speaker 1: way to confirm at this point. But the items that 420 00:26:34,800 --> 00:26:37,120 Speaker 1: were placed in the grave and the care with which 421 00:26:37,160 --> 00:26:39,800 Speaker 1: the person was buried do suggest that they were very 422 00:26:39,880 --> 00:26:44,840 Speaker 1: highly respected in their community. Next up, back in, a 423 00:26:44,920 --> 00:26:48,240 Speaker 1: crew working at a golf course and Lincolnshire, England found 424 00:26:48,240 --> 00:26:52,560 Speaker 1: a Bronze age coffin. A team of archaeologists and archaeology 425 00:26:52,680 --> 00:26:55,479 Speaker 1: students happened to be doing field work in the area 426 00:26:55,640 --> 00:26:59,640 Speaker 1: and they came to assist. Historic England announced the results 427 00:26:59,640 --> 00:27:03,240 Speaker 1: of re ceercha into this find in September. The coffin 428 00:27:03,359 --> 00:27:05,879 Speaker 1: had been made from a hollowed out oak tree and 429 00:27:05,960 --> 00:27:08,240 Speaker 1: an axe was placed in it along with the person 430 00:27:08,320 --> 00:27:11,760 Speaker 1: being buried. The acts in particular is a rare find, 431 00:27:11,840 --> 00:27:15,080 Speaker 1: since both the wooden halft and the stone heads survived. 432 00:27:15,680 --> 00:27:18,400 Speaker 1: The coffin is about four thousand years old, and it's 433 00:27:18,400 --> 00:27:22,200 Speaker 1: one of only about sixty five similar coffins found in Britain. 434 00:27:22,800 --> 00:27:26,040 Speaker 1: Preservation work is ongoing for both the coffin and the axe, 435 00:27:26,440 --> 00:27:29,240 Speaker 1: something that is time consuming because both of those items 436 00:27:29,240 --> 00:27:33,280 Speaker 1: were water logged. We have talked about people buried together 437 00:27:33,560 --> 00:27:37,160 Speaker 1: on the show before this time. A burial found this 438 00:27:37,280 --> 00:27:40,639 Speaker 1: year in Shanshi Province seems to be that of a 439 00:27:40,680 --> 00:27:44,679 Speaker 1: couple who were buried together and intentionally posed in a 440 00:27:44,840 --> 00:27:48,399 Speaker 1: loving embrace. This fine dates back to some time between 441 00:27:48,400 --> 00:27:51,080 Speaker 1: the fourth and sixth centuries, and it's believed to be 442 00:27:51,119 --> 00:27:54,920 Speaker 1: the first burial of its kind discovered in China. There 443 00:27:54,920 --> 00:27:58,200 Speaker 1: are at least two other joint burials from the same 444 00:27:58,240 --> 00:28:00,800 Speaker 1: period that have been discovered in China, but not with 445 00:28:00,880 --> 00:28:05,720 Speaker 1: this apparently intentional positioning. This fine was written up in 446 00:28:05,760 --> 00:28:09,399 Speaker 1: a paper titled Eternal Love Locked in an Embrace and 447 00:28:09,480 --> 00:28:13,199 Speaker 1: sealed with a ring a Sindbay couple's joint burial in 448 00:28:13,440 --> 00:28:17,000 Speaker 1: north Way era, China that was in the International Journal 449 00:28:17,040 --> 00:28:23,280 Speaker 1: of Osteoarchaeology. Back researchers found a Byzantine warrior skull in 450 00:28:23,320 --> 00:28:25,960 Speaker 1: the grave of a five year old child who was 451 00:28:26,000 --> 00:28:29,160 Speaker 1: buried at a fort. It's not known whether the warrior 452 00:28:29,200 --> 00:28:32,080 Speaker 1: and the child were connected to each other in some way, 453 00:28:32,240 --> 00:28:34,880 Speaker 1: or if the child's grave was just a convenient place 454 00:28:34,920 --> 00:28:38,160 Speaker 1: to bury the head. The warrior had likely been killed 455 00:28:38,160 --> 00:28:41,040 Speaker 1: and decapitated when the Ottoman army took the fort roughly 456 00:28:41,120 --> 00:28:44,560 Speaker 1: six d fifty years ago, and their friends or family 457 00:28:44,680 --> 00:28:47,440 Speaker 1: probably didn't have access to the rest of the body 458 00:28:47,520 --> 00:28:51,120 Speaker 1: and had to bury that head in secret. Paper about 459 00:28:51,160 --> 00:28:55,120 Speaker 1: this burial site was published back in but a paper 460 00:28:55,160 --> 00:29:00,400 Speaker 1: in the Journal Mediterranean archaeology and archaeometry in set Timber 461 00:29:00,520 --> 00:29:05,560 Speaker 1: looked at this skull, specifically that the warrior had successfully 462 00:29:05,640 --> 00:29:09,600 Speaker 1: recovered from having a badly broken jaw. The jawbone had 463 00:29:09,600 --> 00:29:14,000 Speaker 1: been broken into, but somebody had stabilized the bone as 464 00:29:14,040 --> 00:29:18,680 Speaker 1: it healed by threading wire around this person's teeth. Based 465 00:29:18,680 --> 00:29:21,560 Speaker 1: on the lack of discoloration around the teeth from the wire, 466 00:29:21,760 --> 00:29:25,680 Speaker 1: it was probably made of gold. This basic technique was 467 00:29:25,720 --> 00:29:29,280 Speaker 1: described in writings that were attributed to Hippocrates that were 468 00:29:29,320 --> 00:29:33,880 Speaker 1: written centuries before this warrior's injury was treated based on 469 00:29:33,960 --> 00:29:37,320 Speaker 1: the condition of the jaw. This warrior lived for another 470 00:29:37,480 --> 00:29:41,560 Speaker 1: ten years after the jaw bone break, moving from graves 471 00:29:41,600 --> 00:29:45,360 Speaker 1: to gravestones. In August, an auctioneer planning in a state 472 00:29:45,400 --> 00:29:48,640 Speaker 1: auction discovered that a marble slab that had been used 473 00:29:48,720 --> 00:29:52,520 Speaker 1: to make fudge it was actually a gravestone. I feel 474 00:29:52,520 --> 00:29:55,480 Speaker 1: like that's a business model right there. It's really not 475 00:29:55,640 --> 00:29:59,640 Speaker 1: clear exactly how the gravestone came into the family's possession. 476 00:30:00,160 --> 00:30:02,560 Speaker 1: The woman who was using it was still living but 477 00:30:02,680 --> 00:30:06,040 Speaker 1: had Alzheimer's and her family was going through her belongings 478 00:30:06,080 --> 00:30:09,360 Speaker 1: after she had been moved into long term care. The 479 00:30:09,480 --> 00:30:14,200 Speaker 1: gravestone belonged to Peter J. Weller, who had died in Lansing, Michigan, 480 00:30:14,400 --> 00:30:18,360 Speaker 1: in eighteen forty nine. A little less than thirty years later, 481 00:30:18,560 --> 00:30:21,960 Speaker 1: his grave had been moved from Oak Park Cemetery to 482 00:30:22,080 --> 00:30:26,520 Speaker 1: Mount Hope Cemetery, and for some reason, the gravestone did 483 00:30:26,560 --> 00:30:29,600 Speaker 1: not make the move along with the body. When the 484 00:30:29,640 --> 00:30:33,000 Speaker 1: family and the auctioneer realized that they had his gravestone, 485 00:30:33,280 --> 00:30:38,040 Speaker 1: they contacted Friends of Lansing's Historic Cemeteries for help. Although 486 00:30:38,200 --> 00:30:41,120 Speaker 1: the organization was not able to find any living relatives 487 00:30:41,160 --> 00:30:44,000 Speaker 1: of Peter Weller, they did discover that he had two 488 00:30:44,080 --> 00:30:47,840 Speaker 1: daughters and a daughter in law buried at Mount Hope Cemetery. 489 00:30:47,960 --> 00:30:50,720 Speaker 1: They have now restored his gravestone and returned it to 490 00:30:50,760 --> 00:30:55,160 Speaker 1: the cemetery and restored his daughter's headstones as well. The 491 00:30:55,240 --> 00:30:58,600 Speaker 1: daughter in law stone had already been restored, and our 492 00:30:58,720 --> 00:31:01,520 Speaker 1: last thing to discuss us in this first part of 493 00:31:01,520 --> 00:31:06,360 Speaker 1: our Autumn Unearthed. The Colombian Harmony Cemetery was a black 494 00:31:06,400 --> 00:31:09,880 Speaker 1: cemetery established in Washington, d C. In eighteen fifty nine. 495 00:31:10,480 --> 00:31:14,840 Speaker 1: Some pretty prominent people were buried there, including past podcast 496 00:31:14,920 --> 00:31:18,520 Speaker 1: subject Maryanne shad Carry, who was a writer a lawyer 497 00:31:18,560 --> 00:31:22,480 Speaker 1: and an activist, and Elizabeth Keckley, who had been enslaved 498 00:31:22,520 --> 00:31:25,440 Speaker 1: from birth but purchased her own freedom in eighteen fifty 499 00:31:25,520 --> 00:31:29,800 Speaker 1: five and later became Mary Todd, Lincoln's dressmaker. More than 500 00:31:29,880 --> 00:31:35,600 Speaker 1: thirty five thousand people were ultimately buried at Columbian Harmony Cemetery. 501 00:31:35,640 --> 00:31:38,920 Speaker 1: In the nineteen sixties, the cemetery was closed and all 502 00:31:38,960 --> 00:31:41,520 Speaker 1: of the bodies buried there were moved to Maryland, in 503 00:31:41,640 --> 00:31:44,520 Speaker 1: part to make way for a metro station, But the 504 00:31:44,600 --> 00:31:47,840 Speaker 1: gravestones were not moved with the bodies. They were sold 505 00:31:48,000 --> 00:31:51,080 Speaker 1: or given away, and most of them were lost. Then 506 00:31:51,120 --> 00:31:55,320 Speaker 1: in twenty sixteen, Virginia Senator Richard Stewart discovered some of 507 00:31:55,360 --> 00:31:58,200 Speaker 1: them on property that he had purchased. They had been 508 00:31:58,280 --> 00:32:02,239 Speaker 1: used to control erosion a along the Potomac River. This 509 00:32:02,320 --> 00:32:07,240 Speaker 1: is obviously an appalling situation, and in August fifty five 510 00:32:07,320 --> 00:32:11,520 Speaker 1: of those gravestones were moved to National Harmony Memorial Park 511 00:32:11,600 --> 00:32:14,840 Speaker 1: in Prince George's County, Virginia, where they will be part 512 00:32:14,880 --> 00:32:19,400 Speaker 1: of a memorial garden. Restorative justice nonprofit called the History, 513 00:32:19,480 --> 00:32:22,920 Speaker 1: Arts and Science Action Network has also been looking for 514 00:32:22,960 --> 00:32:26,680 Speaker 1: the living descendants of the people whose gravestones. These are 515 00:32:27,160 --> 00:32:31,720 Speaker 1: to research their histories. Virginia has approved a four million 516 00:32:31,720 --> 00:32:35,440 Speaker 1: dollar expenditure to recover and restore the headstones and to 517 00:32:35,480 --> 00:32:38,120 Speaker 1: create a memorial to the people who were originally buried 518 00:32:38,160 --> 00:32:41,880 Speaker 1: at the Columbian Harmony Cemetery. More work on this project 519 00:32:41,960 --> 00:32:44,760 Speaker 1: is expected this fall, and that is where we are 520 00:32:44,800 --> 00:32:48,800 Speaker 1: going to leave off for this installment of On Earth, 521 00:32:48,840 --> 00:32:53,000 Speaker 1: and we will pick up with lots more stuff on Wednesday. 522 00:32:53,120 --> 00:32:55,920 Speaker 1: Do you have a listener mail in the meantime? I do. 523 00:32:56,200 --> 00:32:59,760 Speaker 1: This is from Laura and it's about our Alistair Crowley episode, 524 00:33:00,320 --> 00:33:03,360 Speaker 1: and Laura wrote, Hi, Holly and Tracy, it was very 525 00:33:03,360 --> 00:33:07,200 Speaker 1: exciting to hear your recent episode on Alistair Crowley. I 526 00:33:07,240 --> 00:33:09,880 Speaker 1: will confess that I knew very little about him before 527 00:33:09,880 --> 00:33:13,240 Speaker 1: this episode, other than that he was an owner of 528 00:33:13,280 --> 00:33:16,120 Speaker 1: the Boleskin House, which I happened to visit a few 529 00:33:16,200 --> 00:33:18,720 Speaker 1: years ago on a trip to Scotland. I thought you 530 00:33:18,800 --> 00:33:21,320 Speaker 1: might find it interesting to know that the house has 531 00:33:21,360 --> 00:33:25,240 Speaker 1: a nearby cemetery where the Fraser clan of Outlander fame 532 00:33:25,320 --> 00:33:29,200 Speaker 1: has their family burial plots. Right near the Fraser gravestones 533 00:33:29,400 --> 00:33:31,920 Speaker 1: is a small shed which is rumored to have been 534 00:33:32,000 --> 00:33:35,160 Speaker 1: used for black magic rituals. Of course, we stuck our 535 00:33:35,200 --> 00:33:37,800 Speaker 1: heads in and took some pictures. There were some symbols 536 00:33:37,800 --> 00:33:39,959 Speaker 1: on the walls of the shed, but I truly couldn't 537 00:33:40,000 --> 00:33:42,440 Speaker 1: tell if they had been there for decades, where if 538 00:33:42,440 --> 00:33:45,240 Speaker 1: a recent visitor had made them. I found it to 539 00:33:45,280 --> 00:33:48,880 Speaker 1: be a delightful mashup of magic lore, outlander history, and 540 00:33:48,920 --> 00:33:52,240 Speaker 1: a bonus of loch Ness as the backdrop. My friend 541 00:33:52,240 --> 00:33:54,960 Speaker 1: and I only happened to discover this place because of 542 00:33:55,000 --> 00:33:58,040 Speaker 1: our Airbnb host, who wanted to make sure we took 543 00:33:58,040 --> 00:34:01,880 Speaker 1: the most interesting drive to our next station. I truly 544 00:34:01,920 --> 00:34:05,640 Speaker 1: appreciate the insight of locals on road trips. Later that day, 545 00:34:05,640 --> 00:34:08,279 Speaker 1: we also happened to see our first white, Harry cou 546 00:34:08,640 --> 00:34:10,719 Speaker 1: the only white when we saw during the trip a 547 00:34:10,760 --> 00:34:13,520 Speaker 1: photo of this cow is attached. We had been looking 548 00:34:13,520 --> 00:34:15,640 Speaker 1: to see Harry COO's the whole trip, and I happened 549 00:34:15,640 --> 00:34:17,719 Speaker 1: to spot this one on a hill while we were 550 00:34:17,800 --> 00:34:20,040 Speaker 1: driving past. I made sure to do a quickie turn 551 00:34:20,120 --> 00:34:22,840 Speaker 1: and go back for a photo. Thank you for you 552 00:34:22,840 --> 00:34:24,799 Speaker 1: your work on stuff you miss in history class. I 553 00:34:24,840 --> 00:34:26,680 Speaker 1: love learning from you both, and it's clear to me 554 00:34:26,719 --> 00:34:28,960 Speaker 1: as a listener how much effort and attention you put 555 00:34:29,000 --> 00:34:31,239 Speaker 1: into your work, Laura. So thank you Laura for this 556 00:34:31,320 --> 00:34:39,280 Speaker 1: email number one. This picture of the Harry cou Uh. 557 00:34:39,320 --> 00:34:44,000 Speaker 1: If you have not seen Harry Coo, it is a 558 00:34:44,239 --> 00:34:49,520 Speaker 1: very a cow with very long hair, which you know 559 00:34:50,000 --> 00:34:53,120 Speaker 1: it doesn't resemble most of the cows that I have seen, 560 00:34:53,760 --> 00:34:57,520 Speaker 1: uh in my life. Um. It reminded me a bit 561 00:34:58,000 --> 00:35:03,040 Speaker 1: of when I was in i Sland back some years ago. Um. 562 00:35:03,040 --> 00:35:07,840 Speaker 1: There are feral sheep in Iceland and we saw one, 563 00:35:08,280 --> 00:35:10,239 Speaker 1: I think only one the whole time we were there. 564 00:35:10,760 --> 00:35:13,840 Speaker 1: That looked like something out of a Miyazaki movie. And 565 00:35:13,960 --> 00:35:18,000 Speaker 1: like the look of its face and the like the sheer. 566 00:35:18,719 --> 00:35:22,759 Speaker 1: Uh Like it wasn't a like a densely packed well, 567 00:35:22,840 --> 00:35:26,640 Speaker 1: it looked more hairy like this like this cow does. Anyway, 568 00:35:26,680 --> 00:35:30,200 Speaker 1: it reminded me a bit of that. Also, Moleskan House 569 00:35:31,040 --> 00:35:34,000 Speaker 1: a word that I could swear I either looked up 570 00:35:34,080 --> 00:35:37,439 Speaker 1: or heard someone say. But if I did that, they 571 00:35:37,480 --> 00:35:41,600 Speaker 1: were wrong because we said it wrong on the show. Uh. 572 00:35:41,680 --> 00:35:44,560 Speaker 1: So again, thank you Laura for sending all of these pictures. 573 00:35:45,200 --> 00:35:50,880 Speaker 1: I could just look at this Harry coop all day. Uh. 574 00:35:50,920 --> 00:35:52,920 Speaker 1: If you would like to write to us about this 575 00:35:53,040 --> 00:35:55,759 Speaker 1: or any other podcast. We're at History Podcast at i 576 00:35:55,840 --> 00:35:58,920 Speaker 1: heart radio dot com, and we're also all over social 577 00:35:58,960 --> 00:36:01,360 Speaker 1: media at miss and Street. That's where you'll find our 578 00:36:01,560 --> 00:36:04,239 Speaker 1: Facebook and Twitter and Pinterest and Instagram. And you can 579 00:36:04,320 --> 00:36:07,319 Speaker 1: subscribe to our show on the I heart Radio app 580 00:36:07,760 --> 00:36:15,480 Speaker 1: or wherever else you'd like to get your podcast. Stuff 581 00:36:15,520 --> 00:36:17,480 Speaker 1: you missed in History Class is a production of I 582 00:36:17,640 --> 00:36:21,040 Speaker 1: heart Radio. For more podcasts from I heart Radio, visit 583 00:36:21,080 --> 00:36:23,960 Speaker 1: the i heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you 584 00:36:24,080 --> 00:36:25,360 Speaker 1: listen to your favorite shows.