WEBVTT - SYSK Selects: Bioluminescence: A Bright and Shiny Fish 0:00:00.720 --> 0:00:04.200 Hey, everybody, it's me Josh, your dear friend, and for 0:00:04.240 --> 0:00:06.640 this week's s Y s K Selects, I've chosen How 0:00:06.720 --> 0:00:11.119 Bioluminescence Works. We released it originally in September of two 0:00:11.119 --> 0:00:14.360 thousand and twelve, and it's a straight ahead, super interesting 0:00:14.440 --> 0:00:17.960 science E episode the best kind. And for some reason, 0:00:18.440 --> 0:00:21.000 I sound so low key that it seems like I'm 0:00:21.000 --> 0:00:23.680 going to mount into the floor at any moment. No 0:00:23.800 --> 0:00:27.120 idea why. I hope you enjoy listening to it again 0:00:27.160 --> 0:00:32.360 as much as I did. Welcome to Stuff you Should 0:00:32.440 --> 0:00:41.320 Know from House Stuff Works dot com. Hey, and welcome 0:00:41.360 --> 0:00:45.199 to the podcast. I'm Josh Clark. There's Charles W. Chuck Bryant, 0:00:45.760 --> 0:00:49.080 and uh. You put us together and you get a 0:00:49.080 --> 0:00:51.159 little something called Stuff you Should Know. And that's what 0:00:51.280 --> 0:00:54.320 this is. Whether you like it or not, you have 0:00:54.440 --> 0:00:57.800 to listen to it. It's right, um, Actually, no one 0:00:57.800 --> 0:01:01.720 has to listen to this, Okay. It's part of both 0:01:02.000 --> 0:01:07.360 Obama's and Romney's platforms. Yeah, it's a part of Obamacare. 0:01:07.560 --> 0:01:09.000 You gotta listen to Stuff you Should Know, and you 0:01:09.000 --> 0:01:11.840 gotta get an RFD chip in your hand, and you 0:01:11.920 --> 0:01:14.680 have to give poor people all your money. None of 0:01:14.720 --> 0:01:16.840 that is true that you have to listen to the 0:01:16.840 --> 0:01:21.399 podcast and the Poor Pule party. Um chuck, Yes, how's 0:01:21.440 --> 0:01:24.200 it going? It's great. Are you feeling sick? Do you 0:01:24.240 --> 0:01:26.960 need any kind of care Obama or otherwise? Now? Are 0:01:27.000 --> 0:01:31.199 you feeling sick? I'm fine. Tents like my shoulder muscles 0:01:31.200 --> 0:01:33.320 are gonna pop right out of my skin. I went 0:01:33.360 --> 0:01:35.520 to that foot massage place on Beauford Highway the other day. 0:01:35.560 --> 0:01:39.920 You ever been there? Mm hm? Treat your feet? Is 0:01:39.920 --> 0:01:42.080 that what it's called. Yeah, that's a great name. They'll 0:01:42.120 --> 0:01:44.800 they'll do an hour on your feet for bucks if 0:01:44.840 --> 0:01:48.080 that's what you desire. Oh yeah, no, about a little 0:01:48.120 --> 0:01:50.480 bit bit into it, they'll ask you like, would you 0:01:50.520 --> 0:01:52.280 want to go half and half like half body half 0:01:52.320 --> 0:01:54.840 foot because basically they get you in there, they're going 0:01:54.880 --> 0:01:57.400 at your feet and you're like, you know, I don't 0:01:57.440 --> 0:01:59.400 know if I could do an hour on my feet. 0:01:59.640 --> 0:02:01.640 Each time has gotten their own massage at this point, 0:02:01.760 --> 0:02:03.960 right like they're just jelly cracked your toes. Yeah, so 0:02:03.960 --> 0:02:06.279 that you think, yeah, you know, I'll pay another twenty 0:02:06.280 --> 0:02:09.840 bucks for the body, right they give you t it's 0:02:09.840 --> 0:02:11.640 really nice. You should go. It does sound nice, but 0:02:11.680 --> 0:02:13.239 it's not like private, like you're in a big room 0:02:13.280 --> 0:02:16.480 with like fifteen recliners. Everyone's just sitting around and well 0:02:16.520 --> 0:02:19.239 we've gotten backrubs at the mall before. Yeah, that's true. 0:02:19.400 --> 0:02:21.000 You remember, I don't know how I got on this. 0:02:21.200 --> 0:02:24.760 Treat your feet Bufford Highway. Go eat some fun and 0:02:24.800 --> 0:02:27.119 then go get your foot massage where it's good fun 0:02:27.160 --> 0:02:29.960 around here. We're trying to figure that out. The Beauford Highway. 0:02:30.280 --> 0:02:34.320 Yeah where uh if you are we going to do 0:02:34.400 --> 0:02:39.400 this now? Okay? I like fun number two, um, which 0:02:39.480 --> 0:02:45.359 is past Claremont. Um, it's in a little shopping center. 0:02:46.240 --> 0:02:48.360 Just look it up, Okay, I mean it's it's all good, 0:02:48.800 --> 0:02:51.880 all good fun. Um. Yeah, I don't know how we 0:02:51.919 --> 0:02:55.520 got on there. But some places on Bufford Highway, oh 0:02:55.520 --> 0:02:59.320 you use some money, seriously, at least some free fun. Um. 0:02:59.320 --> 0:03:02.680 This is nothing to do with bioluminescence. No, it doesn't. 0:03:02.760 --> 0:03:07.040 Although sometimes if you stir your foot around, chuck, you're 0:03:07.040 --> 0:03:12.840 gonna see some um fungus possibly rise to the top 0:03:13.040 --> 0:03:15.240 a couple of times. Yeah right, yeah, that's a good 0:03:15.240 --> 0:03:19.360 one too. And um, were those things still alive and 0:03:19.480 --> 0:03:24.680 not cooked, they possibly might glow. And where they glow, 0:03:25.000 --> 0:03:29.320 you would say look at those things. They're bioluminescing. That's right, 0:03:30.400 --> 0:03:33.000 because that's what they do. It is a life form 0:03:33.080 --> 0:03:37.800 that generates their own glow inside their body, their own light. Yeah, 0:03:37.920 --> 0:03:42.520 pretty awesome. Ye And um, you I read a different 0:03:42.680 --> 0:03:46.080 um study. It was like, what what's the deal with this? 0:03:46.320 --> 0:03:49.760 Because this is still very much a mystery. Um, we 0:03:49.800 --> 0:03:53.080 have an idea of how this goes down, but not 0:03:53.200 --> 0:03:57.040 in every case. We also don't understand why in a 0:03:57.080 --> 0:04:00.640 lot of cases. Um. And and it's because we don't 0:04:00.720 --> 0:04:04.600 understand how. And the thing is is, I don't think 0:04:04.640 --> 0:04:07.720 it's that it's out of the grasp of science to 0:04:07.800 --> 0:04:11.280 understand it. I think that when researchers are looking into this, 0:04:11.640 --> 0:04:14.360 they just they become so transfixed on the beautiful glow 0:04:14.400 --> 0:04:16.640 that they forget what they're doing and waste tons of time. 0:04:17.000 --> 0:04:18.080 And then all of a sudden they're like, oh, I 0:04:18.120 --> 0:04:21.160 gotta publish our parish. And then it's just like they 0:04:21.240 --> 0:04:24.760 just write why on a piece of paper and send 0:04:24.800 --> 0:04:28.719 it in, as Tracy Wilson of Pop Stuff Great Podcast 0:04:28.800 --> 0:04:31.600 points out, and Tracy's articles are always awesome. Yeah, oh man, 0:04:31.640 --> 0:04:35.640 they're comprehensive. You know, I never have to worry about it. Um. Sadly, 0:04:35.720 --> 0:04:42.560 sometimes scientists can either harm the light making magic when 0:04:42.560 --> 0:04:44.760 they try to study them it makes it hard to study, 0:04:45.080 --> 0:04:50.080 or the animal will exhaust it's light making glow capabilities 0:04:50.920 --> 0:04:54.200 out of like fear or defense or spite or spite, 0:04:54.520 --> 0:04:56.880 which will also make it hard to study. So those 0:04:56.880 --> 0:05:02.920 are a couple of reasons and the whole just why right, So, um, 0:05:03.040 --> 0:05:06.480 we do have a pretty good handle to some extent. 0:05:06.680 --> 0:05:11.720 But let's talk about what luminescence itself is, right with that. 0:05:12.680 --> 0:05:17.840 This light bulb right here in this ikea brand lamp. Um, 0:05:17.880 --> 0:05:21.120 it's incandescent. It's an incandescent light bulb. Chuck, I think 0:05:21.160 --> 0:05:24.120 this is an edison bulb too, is taking? Oh? Is 0:05:24.160 --> 0:05:27.080 it like the real old timey looking one that sort of? Um? 0:05:27.279 --> 0:05:32.240 So that is pretty simple. It has electricity that passes 0:05:32.400 --> 0:05:37.920 through a filment, just a thin metal piece of something metal, 0:05:38.839 --> 0:05:41.120 and that heats up, and it heats up so much 0:05:41.200 --> 0:05:45.400 that it gives off light, which is incredibly inefficient. And 0:05:45.800 --> 0:05:47.880 if say a jellyfish for to do this, it would 0:05:47.920 --> 0:05:52.279 catch fire even though it's under water. Right. So what 0:05:52.440 --> 0:05:55.560 um living organisms do when they want to give off 0:05:55.680 --> 0:06:00.800 light is something called cold light or bioluminescence, which is 0:06:01.000 --> 0:06:04.520 the combination of chemicals that produce light. It's like a 0:06:04.560 --> 0:06:07.080 glow stick but no heat. But it is just like 0:06:07.120 --> 0:06:09.720 a glow stick. You're combining two things that will make 0:06:09.720 --> 0:06:12.120 a glow exactly, except you don't have to shake up 0:06:12.160 --> 0:06:17.440 the jellyfish and they do not like that. Or it's 0:06:17.480 --> 0:06:19.400 like the glow sticks that I used to sell very 0:06:19.680 --> 0:06:23.279 uh often at Stone Mountain laser show. It's like the 0:06:23.320 --> 0:06:26.680 glower three summer that I used to dance with at Raves. 0:06:27.680 --> 0:06:29.760 You were a Raves and I was selling these things 0:06:30.320 --> 0:06:34.720 during like Lee Greenwoods, Lee Greenwood, Lee Green Would you 0:06:35.000 --> 0:06:37.280 Proud to be an American? Yeah? Boy, I heard that 0:06:37.320 --> 0:06:43.239 song five thousand times. Anyone who's never been to Stone Mountain, Georgia. 0:06:43.480 --> 0:06:44.880 They have a big rock there and they have a 0:06:44.960 --> 0:06:47.040 laser show on it during the summer. It's a big 0:06:47.160 --> 0:06:51.159 rock that has a basically the Confederate heroes carved into 0:06:51.200 --> 0:06:53.880 the side of it by the guy who did Mount Rushmore. 0:06:54.160 --> 0:06:56.240 How is that the same guy? Yeah? And they show 0:06:56.400 --> 0:06:59.760 a very corny laser show every summer since like the 0:07:00.160 --> 0:07:02.680 early nineteen eighties, and not just once this summer, like 0:07:02.800 --> 0:07:05.120 every night during the summer night. Yeah, that's why I've 0:07:05.120 --> 0:07:07.480 heard it ten thousand times. It's something and Chuck, you 0:07:07.480 --> 0:07:09.440 still work there. I think you left that out selling 0:07:09.480 --> 0:07:12.760 glow sticks. Glow sticks full circle. Yes, all right, let's 0:07:12.800 --> 0:07:16.560 quit stalling. Let's talk about bioluminescence. Okay, that's all over 0:07:16.600 --> 0:07:19.720 the place. Uh. Like you said, we don't know exactly 0:07:19.720 --> 0:07:21.640 how it works in all cases, but we do know 0:07:21.760 --> 0:07:26.400 that these animals do mix together different substances, just like 0:07:26.440 --> 0:07:30.120 a glow stick, wood and uh, to turn their little 0:07:30.160 --> 0:07:35.240 glow on and off. Um, here on the planet, not 0:07:35.360 --> 0:07:36.960 in the ocean, because that's where most of the stuff 0:07:37.000 --> 0:07:40.640 takes place here on planet Earth, on the dry land. Uh, 0:07:40.720 --> 0:07:44.000 you can have things glowing like fox fire, which is 0:07:44.560 --> 0:07:47.480 this fungus that feeds on rotting wood. You look at 0:07:47.480 --> 0:07:50.200 pictures of fox fire. Pretty cool. Yeah, it's eerie, doesn't 0:07:50.200 --> 0:07:52.760 look real, but it's real. It's very real. Um. The 0:07:52.880 --> 0:07:55.080 jack O lander mushroom you can google that as well. 0:07:55.640 --> 0:07:59.320 That's my favorite bioluminescent organism. Why just because it's the 0:07:59.360 --> 0:08:03.400 sample things land on Terra Firma. Because it's a perfectly 0:08:03.480 --> 0:08:06.040 named thing, the jack O lander and mushroom, Like it 0:08:06.080 --> 0:08:09.800 has that glow coming through the gills um and just 0:08:09.920 --> 0:08:12.360 the gills, so it looks like there's like this glow 0:08:12.400 --> 0:08:15.080 coming inside and there's like holes where it's coming out of. 0:08:15.120 --> 0:08:19.000 It's so neat. My favorite on Terra firma is the 0:08:19.080 --> 0:08:23.000 lightning bug a k a. The firefly here in the South, 0:08:23.040 --> 0:08:24.600 and I guess I'm not sure where else they calm 0:08:24.720 --> 0:08:28.480 lightning bugs, but definitely in the South. You'll see them 0:08:28.520 --> 0:08:30.560 come out every summer. And if you're a little kid, 0:08:30.600 --> 0:08:33.320 you can go around and catch them and put them 0:08:33.360 --> 0:08:36.320 in a jar and then and then release them. And 0:08:36.360 --> 0:08:38.839 in fact, you may be harming them just by catching them. 0:08:39.000 --> 0:08:40.960 But but you don't want to do if you're a kid, 0:08:41.559 --> 0:08:45.319 is like smash these things because it's just you know, 0:08:45.440 --> 0:08:47.080 that means you're gonna end up being a serial killer 0:08:47.120 --> 0:08:54.120 one day probably. Uh So the firefly is uh you know, 0:08:54.320 --> 0:08:56.760 you generally think of them as the adults lying around, 0:08:56.800 --> 0:08:59.520 but their little larva can glow as well on the ground, 0:09:00.200 --> 0:09:03.520 and a lot of people call um firefly lava glow worms, 0:09:03.520 --> 0:09:07.000 but glow worms are apparently another kind of fly. Larvae. 0:09:07.640 --> 0:09:12.560 Fireflies are fireflies or lightning bugs. That's right. Um centipedes millipedes, 0:09:12.600 --> 0:09:16.440 There's all all kinds of little things that can glow. Worms. Uh, 0:09:16.480 --> 0:09:20.880 there's some worms that give off a bioluminescent sludge and 0:09:20.920 --> 0:09:22.959 no one has any idea why is it their poop? 0:09:23.600 --> 0:09:29.160 And I don't think so. Remember the the the secretion 0:09:29.240 --> 0:09:33.240 they produce when they're mating and all that. It's probably 0:09:33.280 --> 0:09:35.040 like that. It probably comes from the ring. I can't 0:09:35.040 --> 0:09:37.160 remember the name of the ring. So that's on Earth. 0:09:37.200 --> 0:09:39.160 But if you really want to get down to some 0:09:39.200 --> 0:09:43.360 cool glowing creatures, you need to dive down into the 0:09:43.360 --> 0:09:46.880 ocean to the twilight zone, which I think we've talked 0:09:46.920 --> 0:09:48.960 about that, haven't we know we talked about it in 0:09:49.000 --> 0:09:53.640 biospeleiolo in caves. Yeah, there's different zones of light penetration 0:09:53.720 --> 0:09:57.000 in caves and in the ocean too, that's right. Um, 0:09:57.080 --> 0:09:59.840 the twilight zone is generally about six d and sixty 0:10:00.040 --> 0:10:06.920 to feet deep on th six. It depends because obviously 0:10:07.000 --> 0:10:10.120 different kinds of ocean water are gonna allow different amounts 0:10:10.120 --> 0:10:11.720 of light in. It depends on what the ocean floor 0:10:11.760 --> 0:10:16.120 looks like. But it is um. It is the this 0:10:16.320 --> 0:10:20.600 photic or poorly lit zone deeper than the eu photic 0:10:20.960 --> 0:10:27.079 sunlit zone or good zone or shallower than the aphotic 0:10:27.280 --> 0:10:31.120 midnight zone, which is like scary no light. That's a 0:10:31.120 --> 0:10:33.559 scary time down there. Those are the things down there 0:10:33.559 --> 0:10:38.840 that have like no eyes, right because there's no sam 0:10:38.920 --> 0:10:42.080 like with the caves. So um, yeah, I remember what 0:10:42.200 --> 0:10:46.120 was the Prometheus salaman? Yeah, just three ft long and 0:10:46.160 --> 0:10:48.560 doesn't have eyes. The scariest thing ever except for the 0:10:48.679 --> 0:10:51.160 cigar shark, which will actually get to in here. Okay, 0:10:51.240 --> 0:10:53.800 so is that the cookie cotter shark? Yeah? Man, the 0:10:53.920 --> 0:10:59.319 thing's frightening. Um. So in this uh, this twilight zone, 0:10:59.400 --> 0:11:05.840 the sphotic zone or mezo pelagic zone, mesopelagic zone, stop 0:11:05.920 --> 0:11:09.720 laughing at me. Uh there, this is where most of 0:11:09.760 --> 0:11:13.720 the bioluminescent organisms on Earth can be found. And the 0:11:13.840 --> 0:11:17.360 light that penetrates this area um is a blue green 0:11:17.720 --> 0:11:23.120 color because the red, yellow, orange. Yeah, the red, yellow 0:11:23.120 --> 0:11:26.000 and orange are absorbed by the seawater above and the 0:11:26.080 --> 0:11:28.679 violet is scattered, so the blue and the green are 0:11:28.720 --> 0:11:31.000 the ones that get through. So everything is just kind 0:11:31.000 --> 0:11:33.719 of color blue green, that's what the sunlight is. So 0:11:33.960 --> 0:11:38.680 most of the bioluminescent organisms in this um dysphotic zone 0:11:38.760 --> 0:11:43.560 dysphotic zone have evolved to produce light at that same 0:11:43.679 --> 0:11:48.120 wavelength from something like four four hundred seventy nine nanometers, 0:11:48.160 --> 0:11:50.920 which is like the blue green spectrum. That's right, So 0:11:51.520 --> 0:11:55.200 matches that sunlight, yeah, which is pretty cool. Yeah, well 0:11:55.280 --> 0:11:57.160 we'll get to it. But it can lead to some 0:11:57.240 --> 0:12:01.840 cool things like camouflage. So they but it also means 0:12:01.920 --> 0:12:04.880 that it travels farther light travels. That that type of 0:12:05.000 --> 0:12:07.559 light travels the farthest in water because it has a 0:12:07.600 --> 0:12:11.559 shorter wavelength than the other types. So an animal producing 0:12:11.640 --> 0:12:19.880 this could really cook down there. Basically, Uh, we're talking jellyfish, shrimp, krill, squid, 0:12:21.200 --> 0:12:23.800 other kinds of fish, marine worms, whatever the heck that is. 0:12:24.520 --> 0:12:27.720 They're exactly what you think it is. Yeah, what are 0:12:27.760 --> 0:12:29.839 those one worms called? It like come up out of 0:12:29.920 --> 0:12:34.120 the little tubes tube worms? Oh yeah, yeah, I believe 0:12:34.160 --> 0:12:37.079 that's what they're called. Um, either that or I just 0:12:37.200 --> 0:12:41.640 made some terrible like sixth grade joke, but um, they 0:12:41.800 --> 0:12:45.600 they they are like on the ocean bottom and they 0:12:46.000 --> 0:12:49.480 they have they just come out of these tubes and 0:12:49.559 --> 0:12:52.360 grab stuff and go back in there like three ft long. 0:12:53.440 --> 0:12:56.800 You've not seen this sea snake to me? Yeah, but 0:12:56.880 --> 0:12:59.920 there I think they're attached, or they may be attached 0:13:00.040 --> 0:13:03.040 to their tubes, or they just never come all the 0:13:03.080 --> 0:13:05.240 way out. I'm gonna have to look into that. Yeah. 0:13:05.720 --> 0:13:08.160 Uh so you talked about the blue green light is 0:13:08.200 --> 0:13:10.959 what they generally produce. Um. There is something called the 0:13:11.040 --> 0:13:15.320 loose jawfish which actually can make red light very deep 0:13:15.360 --> 0:13:17.360 in the ocean. But that's really unusual that can make 0:13:17.440 --> 0:13:21.400 red light, and it's um. A lot of species can't 0:13:21.400 --> 0:13:23.760 even see the color red down there because I don't 0:13:23.760 --> 0:13:25.480 know if they're just their brains aren't used to it 0:13:25.760 --> 0:13:28.280 because they never see it. So the loose jaw uses 0:13:28.360 --> 0:13:33.719 this thing um to to basically sneak up on people. Um, 0:13:34.120 --> 0:13:36.280 it's like Jane Gum at the end of Silence of 0:13:36.320 --> 0:13:39.480 the Lambs, and and like the fish are like Jodie 0:13:39.480 --> 0:13:44.600 Foster and Jamee Gum is the loose jaw fish coming 0:13:44.640 --> 0:13:47.080 up behind her like I can see you, you can't 0:13:47.120 --> 0:14:16.640 see me. So, like we said earlier, we don't know 0:14:16.920 --> 0:14:21.520 for sure why all these uh bioluminescent forms of life 0:14:21.520 --> 0:14:24.880 are down there doing their thing. Um. You did mention 0:14:24.960 --> 0:14:27.160 the earthworm that has the secretion. They don't know why 0:14:27.200 --> 0:14:32.200 they do that. The mushroom spores. They think that maybe 0:14:32.440 --> 0:14:35.400 it's um to attract insect to spread these spores. That's 0:14:35.440 --> 0:14:39.920 why the mushroom glows makes sense. Um. Sometimes and this 0:14:40.000 --> 0:14:43.880 one's kind of cute. Sometimes animals will light up when 0:14:44.080 --> 0:14:46.920 something nearby them lights up, which I think might just 0:14:47.040 --> 0:14:49.240 be a little like, hey, how you doing? I can 0:14:49.320 --> 0:14:52.360 glow too. Well, that's how fireflies are doing. Yeah, they're 0:14:52.520 --> 0:14:56.960 attracting mates right with a like a very specific pattern. 0:14:57.280 --> 0:15:01.600 They use it to communicate like, hey, you're looking pretty good. 0:15:02.040 --> 0:15:05.680 Meet you by the fence post, right, yeah, um, let's 0:15:05.720 --> 0:15:10.400 go get some fun. So should we talk about the 0:15:10.680 --> 0:15:16.560 dino flagellates the dino flagellates, dina flagellates? Am I pronouncing 0:15:16.600 --> 0:15:19.360 it wrong? No? I think that was wrong? Okay? Uh? 0:15:19.440 --> 0:15:22.440 Well yeah, so have you ever seen Apollo thirteen? Yeah, 0:15:22.640 --> 0:15:25.400 you remember the part where um they had a problem. 0:15:25.920 --> 0:15:30.680 Is it Tom level? Gym level? Where gym level? And 0:15:30.960 --> 0:15:33.280 uh is hanging out with Bill Paxxton and they're talking 0:15:33.360 --> 0:15:37.400 about how they're just shooting the breeze while they're trying 0:15:37.440 --> 0:15:41.360 to stay alive, and um, he talks about how he 0:15:41.560 --> 0:15:45.640 was flying a mission, um coming in on an aircraft 0:15:45.720 --> 0:15:48.840 carrier and there was a blackout and he couldn't see 0:15:48.920 --> 0:15:50.960 where he was going. He couldn't find the aircraft carrier 0:15:51.000 --> 0:15:52.960 to land, and he's running low and fuel. Then all 0:15:53.000 --> 0:15:55.000 of a sudden he looks and he notices that there's 0:15:55.040 --> 0:15:57.880 a bunch of um. He calls it like glowing algae 0:15:58.000 --> 0:16:01.800 or whatever. But what he's talking about where dino flagelets 0:16:01.880 --> 0:16:05.080 that were kicked up by the wake of the aircraft carrier, 0:16:05.120 --> 0:16:07.760 and he used them as like a runway to guide 0:16:07.800 --> 0:16:09.760 him in. I remember that part. That's a great part, 0:16:09.840 --> 0:16:13.360 that whole movie from like start to finish with. But 0:16:13.720 --> 0:16:16.520 these dino flagelets create what's called the milky sea when 0:16:16.560 --> 0:16:19.960 you get enough of them together, when they're disturbed physically, 0:16:20.640 --> 0:16:22.600 they start to glow, and if you have a bunch 0:16:22.640 --> 0:16:24.640 of them, you can see him from space. Actually, in 0:16:24.720 --> 0:16:28.920 this article there's a picture of a pretty substantial milky 0:16:29.000 --> 0:16:32.680 sea off the coast of Africa. Pretty cool stuff. And 0:16:32.720 --> 0:16:34.680 if you google milky Sea two you can see some 0:16:35.320 --> 0:16:37.240 like that's cool looking. But I like the shots from 0:16:37.280 --> 0:16:42.480 like low flying planes, helicopters very cool looking and uh 0:16:42.800 --> 0:16:45.440 a little eerie, yeah, if that may say so. They 0:16:45.520 --> 0:16:48.560 have no idea again, why dino flage lates would glow 0:16:48.760 --> 0:16:53.080 when they're disturbed. Obviously they're like trying to register their complaint. 0:16:53.640 --> 0:16:56.960 They can't talk, you can't flip anyone off because they 0:16:57.040 --> 0:17:02.080 glow out of anger apparent. Um. They they there's a 0:17:02.160 --> 0:17:04.560 theory called the burglar alarm theory. I like this one. 0:17:05.000 --> 0:17:09.000 Or basically they think that, um, when dinoflage lets start 0:17:09.040 --> 0:17:13.520 to glow, it's because there's little fish eating on them, right, 0:17:13.920 --> 0:17:17.240 which is disturbing. They think that maybe they glow to 0:17:17.440 --> 0:17:20.439 basically alert larger fish that will come eat the smaller 0:17:20.520 --> 0:17:23.360 fish so they'll stop eating the dino flagelets, that there's 0:17:23.400 --> 0:17:27.160 little fish in the area. Pretty awesome, Like hey, help 0:17:28.680 --> 0:17:31.560 come eat this guy because you're bigger. Uh. Here's some 0:17:31.680 --> 0:17:34.239 other and you know, these are the ones that are 0:17:34.240 --> 0:17:36.920 the most understood because there is a lot of uncertainty. 0:17:37.000 --> 0:17:40.879 Like we said like ten times. Um, but here's here's 0:17:41.000 --> 0:17:43.600 some of the reasons that they think they're doing this communication, 0:17:43.680 --> 0:17:47.119 which we've mentioned with the firefly or the lightning bug. Uh, 0:17:47.240 --> 0:17:49.920 to locate food, maybe to use it as an actual 0:17:50.040 --> 0:17:52.840 light to see in the dark. Pretty cool, or a 0:17:52.960 --> 0:17:58.879 spotlight to catch prey. Oh like temporarily blind something gotcha 0:17:59.200 --> 0:18:02.719 or no, like go find it. It's very dark in here. 0:18:02.800 --> 0:18:05.400 I need to see what fish are to attract prey, 0:18:05.840 --> 0:18:10.320 like the anglerfish. Like look at this bright glow, come here, chomp. Yeah, 0:18:10.359 --> 0:18:13.280 I love that one. What was that in Finding Nemo Man? 0:18:13.400 --> 0:18:15.399 That thing was scary. I didn't see that movie was 0:18:15.400 --> 0:18:18.520 a good one. Yeah, Camouflage. I don't watch any of 0:18:18.520 --> 0:18:21.200 those anymore because Emily doesn't like them. Oh, yes, she 0:18:21.240 --> 0:18:23.439 doesn't like Disney movies. She doesn't like any of those 0:18:23.440 --> 0:18:26.600 Pixar movies because it's always like some tragedy, like someone 0:18:26.720 --> 0:18:28.960 dies in its heartbreak and keep her away from Toy 0:18:29.080 --> 0:18:31.960 Story three. Dude, I can't even watch that movie. I 0:18:32.000 --> 0:18:33.760 made her watch up and she was just like a 0:18:34.480 --> 0:18:37.120 like a little blob of play floor. The first ten 0:18:37.200 --> 0:18:39.920 minutes are just so sad. Yeah, my god. But I 0:18:39.920 --> 0:18:41.760 always explained to her, like this is why they make 0:18:41.800 --> 0:18:44.360 these movies, so kids can learn how to cope with death, 0:18:44.400 --> 0:18:46.960 and then they see like it's all happy afterwards, you know, 0:18:47.680 --> 0:18:51.639 all right, Camouflage, this is the coolest one. Yeah, and 0:18:51.720 --> 0:18:54.000 the it's pretty It makes sense too, if you're in 0:18:54.080 --> 0:18:55.959 the ocean, and if you've ever like swum down ten 0:18:56.040 --> 0:18:59.359 or fiftet and looked up, open your eyes in the ocean. 0:18:59.440 --> 0:19:02.960 I've done it. Um. It's it's hard to see stuff 0:19:03.000 --> 0:19:05.000 below you, but it's easy to look up because you 0:19:05.040 --> 0:19:07.840 know the sunlight's penetrating down and see like the silhouette 0:19:08.400 --> 0:19:09.840 or in the case of Jaws, you see like the 0:19:09.840 --> 0:19:12.440 silhouette of the lady's legs on the raft. You know 0:19:12.560 --> 0:19:16.879 that's good eating. Um. If you have like in the 0:19:16.960 --> 0:19:21.919 case of what's it called counter elimination, you can actually 0:19:22.000 --> 0:19:24.720 produce spots on your underside to make it more difficult 0:19:25.280 --> 0:19:27.560 for a fish beneath you, a predator beneath you to 0:19:27.640 --> 0:19:30.040 look up and like make out what's going on. Like 0:19:30.160 --> 0:19:34.080 you won't have the the the perfect little silhouette outline 0:19:34.160 --> 0:19:36.720 of a yummy fish. It'll confuse it basically because you're 0:19:36.880 --> 0:19:40.400 cutting down in the contrast, pretty cool, like you're creating 0:19:40.560 --> 0:19:43.600 light that blends in with that same blue green light, 0:19:44.040 --> 0:19:46.720 and all of a sudden you disappear well or just 0:19:46.760 --> 0:19:50.720 breaks up your shape so you don't look like you should. Um. 0:19:50.800 --> 0:19:54.200 And then there's the opposite, the cookie cutter or cigar shark, 0:19:54.560 --> 0:19:56.960 which is the name I think you made up um no, 0:19:57.240 --> 0:20:01.320 that's real, which basically has the the reverse of that 0:20:01.480 --> 0:20:04.760 where the bottom, the underside of the cookie cutter shark 0:20:04.920 --> 0:20:08.480 glows except for this one spot in the middle that 0:20:08.960 --> 0:20:13.119 is dark that looks like a small fish, So of 0:20:13.600 --> 0:20:16.879 shark or some other animal looking up. We'll be like, 0:20:16.920 --> 0:20:18.560 I'm gonna go eat that fish, and then all of 0:20:18.600 --> 0:20:20.960 a sudden it's like, oh god, it's a cookie cutter 0:20:21.000 --> 0:20:24.760 slash cigar shark. And then the cookie cutter shark takes 0:20:24.800 --> 0:20:27.560 a bite out of them, the round bite. Yeah, that's 0:20:27.560 --> 0:20:29.520 why they call it the cookie cutter. It's like a 0:20:29.560 --> 0:20:33.080 little plug of flesh. And if you've ever seen google 0:20:33.320 --> 0:20:36.560 these dudes in their face, it's like the most frightening 0:20:36.600 --> 0:20:38.320 little thing you've ever seen in your life. Yeah, they're 0:20:38.359 --> 0:20:42.040 pretty terrifying. And you'll see pictures of like a shark 0:20:42.119 --> 0:20:43.760 or away all washed up on the shore with like 0:20:44.359 --> 0:20:47.680 hundreds of these little bite plugs taken out of them. Yeah, 0:20:47.720 --> 0:20:50.840 it's pretty awful. That's a that's a terrible way to go. Yeah, 0:20:50.920 --> 0:20:53.280 but good for you, cigar shark, because you're small and 0:20:53.520 --> 0:20:55.960 you're doing what you can. It's a tough world down there. 0:20:56.200 --> 0:21:00.640 It's wildy, you know, it's diphotic and then off defenses 0:21:00.720 --> 0:21:04.320 the last reason. Um And basically, like a squid may 0:21:04.400 --> 0:21:07.040 release inc to cloud your vision, some of these things 0:21:07.119 --> 0:21:10.159 can release a cloud of a glowing cloud two uh, 0:21:10.800 --> 0:21:13.479 basically make you sit back and put on pink floyd 0:21:13.520 --> 0:21:15.399 and like chill out for a little while. Yeah, I 0:21:15.440 --> 0:21:17.320 looked it up. There's a shrimp. There's a type of 0:21:17.359 --> 0:21:21.640 shrimp that releases a bioluminescent clown and I couldn't get 0:21:21.680 --> 0:21:25.119 the name. I saw both fire breathing and vomiting shrimp 0:21:26.080 --> 0:21:29.440 for the common names. But yeah, it just spits it out. 0:21:29.960 --> 0:21:32.640 That's not what I would want. Order on the menu, 0:21:33.440 --> 0:21:37.160 the fried vomiting shrimp. Uh, and make sure there's extra 0:21:37.280 --> 0:21:41.440 poop in the main vein crowds. Um, So what's going 0:21:41.520 --> 0:21:46.280 on here? How? How is this magic happening? Well, just 0:21:46.840 --> 0:21:49.200 like we've mentioned with a light stick and involves two 0:21:49.240 --> 0:21:54.359 different substances mixed together to produce this reaction. Um. And 0:21:54.440 --> 0:21:56.440 there can be all different kinds of kinds of chemicals, 0:21:56.560 --> 0:22:00.400 but depending on the on the fish or the being, 0:22:00.960 --> 0:22:06.960 the being, the life, uh, the God's gift. The one 0:22:07.080 --> 0:22:10.080 is a a lucifer in and that's the light producer 0:22:10.240 --> 0:22:12.680 and the other is a lucif phrase and that is 0:22:12.800 --> 0:22:17.040 the enzyme that catalyzes it. So and those aren't specific 0:22:17.160 --> 0:22:19.800 things like you you wouldn't look at the chemical composition 0:22:19.840 --> 0:22:22.000 of something and be like, oh, that's a lucifer in. Yeah, 0:22:22.800 --> 0:22:25.720 something can be a lucifer and it's a generic term 0:22:25.880 --> 0:22:29.440 for something that produces light or something that catalyzes the 0:22:29.520 --> 0:22:33.639 production of light, the lucifhrase. That is correct, and they 0:22:33.720 --> 0:22:38.280 will mix together and a lot of times the lucifer 0:22:38.320 --> 0:22:40.960 in is something called a photo protein and it needs 0:22:41.000 --> 0:22:43.280 an eye on a charged ion to get things going. 0:22:43.480 --> 0:22:46.160 That would be the lucifhrase. That's right. But in all 0:22:46.240 --> 0:22:49.520 cases there's some sort of trigger. Could be mechanical, could 0:22:49.520 --> 0:22:53.080 be chemical, could be neurological startle, Yeah, it could be 0:22:53.200 --> 0:22:56.000 something they don't understand yet, but something triggers these two 0:22:56.600 --> 0:23:01.119 things to get together and make this reaction. One thing 0:23:01.200 --> 0:23:06.240 that I didn't realize was the word lucifer means lightbringer. Yeah, 0:23:06.480 --> 0:23:08.720 I never knew that, you mean. I um went on 0:23:08.840 --> 0:23:11.720 a little side tear last night trying to figure out 0:23:11.800 --> 0:23:16.000 why the devil would be named the light bringer? Did 0:23:16.080 --> 0:23:19.080 you find out? It's a mystery it's um Latin and 0:23:19.200 --> 0:23:24.720 it came years like centuries after Um the Old Testament 0:23:24.840 --> 0:23:27.800 was originally written, and I can't remember what version, but 0:23:27.920 --> 0:23:32.480 it was basically like added on by thin. I guess 0:23:32.520 --> 0:23:36.199