WEBVTT - India: Why Did Working Women Disappear? 0:00:11.320 --> 0:00:14.360 Archena Sahai runs a twenty four hour helpline from a 0:00:14.360 --> 0:00:17.520 tiny call center in the Indian city of beau Pal. 0:00:18.360 --> 0:00:21.800 It's called Childline India and it gets hundreds of calls 0:00:21.840 --> 0:00:25.279 a day horror stories from kids who tell Archina and 0:00:25.320 --> 0:00:28.360 her staff that they're being abused, are forced to work, 0:00:28.960 --> 0:00:32.080 or are in a number of other bad situations. When 0:00:32.159 --> 0:00:36.240 Archina can, she sends in help, calling in government services 0:00:36.360 --> 0:00:50.879 or the police helloa, what are you. When the pandemic hit, 0:00:51.200 --> 0:00:54.760 Archina was prepared for the helpline to be inundated, and 0:00:54.800 --> 0:00:58.360 it was. Some of the calls were what she expected 0:00:58.440 --> 0:01:03.360 from already vulnerable kids. Others caught her by surprise. Suddenly 0:01:03.600 --> 0:01:06.520 we started getting a lot of calls about child marriage. 0:01:06.800 --> 0:01:11.560 Child marriage. These calls were coming from girls, sometimes as 0:01:11.600 --> 0:01:14.840 young as twelve years old. They said their parents were 0:01:14.880 --> 0:01:17.480 forcing them to get married, even though child marriage is 0:01:17.520 --> 0:01:22.759 illegal under Indian law. Archinda tried to intervene, sometimes traveling 0:01:22.760 --> 0:01:25.960 to remote villages with her staff. We tried to talk 0:01:26.000 --> 0:01:28.199 to people and we said, keep why are you getting 0:01:28.240 --> 0:01:31.479 such young girls married. Many of the girls they didn't 0:01:31.520 --> 0:01:34.240 want it to get married. But when we tried to 0:01:34.319 --> 0:01:37.760 stop the community people. They said, why are you? People 0:01:37.800 --> 0:01:42.280 are stopping Let it happen. Across India, officials observed a 0:01:42.360 --> 0:01:47.639 similar trend in marriages among teenagers and young adults surged 0:01:47.720 --> 0:01:52.040 by as much as in some states. But Archinda noticed 0:01:52.120 --> 0:01:55.360 something else. The calls from young girls to child line 0:01:55.720 --> 0:01:59.280 would surge when death rates were highest. First logdown, they 0:01:59.280 --> 0:02:03.040 were around trip before marriages will be stopped. The second 0:02:03.080 --> 0:02:06.400 lockdown we found more of the marriages because there was 0:02:06.440 --> 0:02:09.920 so much of detrit parents thing. Once we give the 0:02:09.960 --> 0:02:13.840 girl married, at least my daughter is safe now. Archna 0:02:13.919 --> 0:02:17.560 had a theory in the poorest and most desperate places, 0:02:18.280 --> 0:02:23.200 marriage was seen as a lifeline. Dobless claims coming in, 0:02:23.360 --> 0:02:27.000 I mean really jumping from the week before pretty brutal. 0:02:27.120 --> 0:02:31.000 Three point two million record six point six million Americans 0:02:31.200 --> 0:02:35.000 filed for unemployment last week. Engian working women abo the 0:02:35.040 --> 0:02:38.600 worst impastage by the pandemic. We believe that we are 0:02:38.720 --> 0:02:44.280 the impacting one girl, one family, one village, one country 0:02:44.600 --> 0:02:47.880 at the time. Well, now to the billionaire boom. According 0:02:47.919 --> 0:02:53.160 to Bloomberg, supriocht charters are up over three d and 0:02:53.200 --> 0:02:57.560 a billionaire was created every six hours during this pandemic. 0:02:57.720 --> 0:03:00.560 No one not waiting in line for a of the test. 0:03:00.639 --> 0:03:04.720 With the public growth, it is time for a wealth 0:03:04.840 --> 0:03:14.920 tax in America. Welcome back to the paycheck. I'm Rebecca Greenfield. 0:03:15.960 --> 0:03:19.480 One of the biggest and most devastating economic stories of 0:03:19.520 --> 0:03:24.640 the pandemic has been how it just decimated women. Women 0:03:25.240 --> 0:03:29.000 are more likely to face unemployment. Right now, the economy 0:03:29.040 --> 0:03:32.120 is still bouncing back from the pandemic, but for working 0:03:32.160 --> 0:03:35.440 women and mothers, it's a slow climb. This doesn't board 0:03:35.560 --> 0:03:38.280 very good for the future. As things have started to 0:03:38.320 --> 0:03:41.360 open up, the big question is when and how will 0:03:41.440 --> 0:03:46.160 women recover. In India, things don't look good. Even before 0:03:46.200 --> 0:03:49.240 the pandemic, it had one of the lowest labor force 0:03:49.320 --> 0:03:56.040 participation rates for women. Just by March that fell to 0:03:56.120 --> 0:04:00.520 less than ten This would be bad news anywhere. Getting 0:04:00.520 --> 0:04:04.720 more people in the workforce helps economies grow, but the 0:04:04.760 --> 0:04:10.520 scale is particularly stunning in India. Economists estimate that a 0:04:10.640 --> 0:04:14.800 female employment were brought on par with male employment, India's 0:04:14.800 --> 0:04:18.599 gross domestic product could expand by almost a third. But 0:04:18.720 --> 0:04:23.000 encouraging Indian women to work starts by prioritizing school and 0:04:23.120 --> 0:04:27.360 career over an early marriage. In some parts of the country, 0:04:27.720 --> 0:04:31.840 that campaign starts with girls as young as twelve. Archana Chaudhry, 0:04:31.920 --> 0:04:39.080 a reporter in Bloomberg's New Delhi bureau, has the story. 0:04:41.640 --> 0:04:45.480 Every morning, more than two thousand girls traveled to the 0:04:45.560 --> 0:04:50.480 Paddi Educational Society. It's in the banks of the Ganges 0:04:50.720 --> 0:04:57.680 in the town of Badadadadi means great grandfather, great grandmother, 0:04:58.360 --> 0:05:02.479 calling back to tradition, but the campus is actually modern 0:05:03.279 --> 0:05:08.039 with computer labs and basketball cords. Since two thousand, the 0:05:08.080 --> 0:05:10.960 school has tried to create opportunities for girls in the 0:05:11.000 --> 0:05:14.839 surrounding villages. This is it comes a bit of pocket 0:05:14.880 --> 0:05:18.000 of in there. Most families earn a few dollars that 0:05:18.080 --> 0:05:23.000 they're working as farmers. One room hugs are common. A 0:05:23.080 --> 0:05:26.320 single water buffalo might be a family's most valuable possession. 0:05:27.920 --> 0:05:30.280 For many of these families, girls can be seen as 0:05:30.279 --> 0:05:36.039 a financial burden, another amount to feed. That's where Paddada 0:05:36.080 --> 0:05:40.039 Padad comes in. It's goal is to keep girls in 0:05:40.080 --> 0:05:44.200 school against cultural forces that would have them get married 0:05:44.240 --> 0:05:49.040 in their teens. To date, more than three d students 0:05:49.040 --> 0:05:52.599 have graduated and gone on to lucrative jobs in I 0:05:53.040 --> 0:05:56.440 or the government. When I visited the campus on a 0:05:56.480 --> 0:05:59.680 recent day, one of the first signs I saw read 0:06:00.800 --> 0:06:05.680 I will select my future husband. Before the day began, 0:06:06.240 --> 0:06:10.360 students gathered in the courtyard. They sang in old Bollywood 0:06:10.440 --> 0:06:14.640 hymn about walking on the side of righteousness. They decided 0:06:14.680 --> 0:06:18.880 the Indian national anthem, and then together they made a promise, 0:06:24.240 --> 0:06:32.839 Very harry, it is I pledge that I will not 0:06:33.000 --> 0:06:38.200 marry before I'm twenty one years old. There in that courtyard, 0:06:38.640 --> 0:06:41.800 that's where I met Mother Shama. She was smiling and 0:06:41.920 --> 0:06:45.800 chatting with students. She has worked as a Hindi teacher 0:06:45.920 --> 0:06:49.719 at Padada Padadi for more than a decade. She grew 0:06:49.760 --> 0:06:53.240 up near the school in a family of educators. She 0:06:53.400 --> 0:06:56.919 knows the complicated tangle of factors that hold women down. 0:06:58.640 --> 0:07:01.120 Students at Padada pad they look up to mother, who 0:07:02.240 --> 0:07:04.680 they see her as their guardian, as a kind of 0:07:04.720 --> 0:07:08.800 surrogate mother. One student, a sixteen year old, said she 0:07:08.880 --> 0:07:11.840 called motherho last year after her grandfather pressured her to 0:07:11.880 --> 0:07:15.880 get married. He was worried he might get sick during 0:07:15.880 --> 0:07:18.720 the pandemic and not live to see it. She spoke 0:07:18.760 --> 0:07:21.480 to me during her lunch break in a small classroom 0:07:21.920 --> 0:07:26.320 as other students shuffled around the hallway. There I was 0:07:26.480 --> 0:07:30.440 very upset. I couldn't focus on anything. So I told 0:07:30.520 --> 0:07:33.280 ma'am that my folks are pushing me to get married 0:07:33.560 --> 0:07:37.040 and I want to study. She said, I will come 0:07:37.080 --> 0:07:39.920 and talk with them. They cannot force you to get married. 0:07:40.440 --> 0:07:44.080 She came home and spoke to my grandfather. I also 0:07:44.160 --> 0:07:47.400 told him that I want to study, that I want 0:07:47.400 --> 0:07:51.240 to join the army. After all our efforts. He agreed. 0:07:52.080 --> 0:07:55.320 But Madhu Sharma told me, but Dadda Padadi's mission has 0:07:55.360 --> 0:07:59.040 become harder during the pandemic, when girls could no longer 0:07:59.080 --> 0:08:02.840 rely on the protect the bubble of the school. Administrators 0:08:02.840 --> 0:08:06.120 purchased tablets for older students to ease the transition to 0:08:06.240 --> 0:08:10.840 remote learning, and the school appointed teachers to visit villagers 0:08:10.880 --> 0:08:14.800 to collect assignments since most students did not have regular 0:08:14.840 --> 0:08:19.120 internet access or even phones. But as the lockdown went on, 0:08:20.160 --> 0:08:24.440 girls found ways to call mother. They were tearful and panicked. 0:08:25.560 --> 0:08:27.320 They told her their parents who are trying to get 0:08:27.320 --> 0:08:29.960 them married. Mother, who spoke to the girl's parents on 0:08:30.040 --> 0:08:34.040 their behalf part of her job is to dissuade them 0:08:34.080 --> 0:08:38.040 from following through with weddings. Families told her they had 0:08:38.080 --> 0:08:42.679 no other option. They worried that Grandma would get sick 0:08:43.040 --> 0:08:46.440 and not leave to see an exchange of vows. Money 0:08:46.559 --> 0:08:52.400 was also a factor. Restrictions and gatherings meant families could 0:08:52.440 --> 0:08:55.760 avoid the massive multi day weddings in favor of smallest 0:08:55.800 --> 0:08:59.679 ceremonies at home. There was also less pressure to be 0:08:59.840 --> 0:09:04.920 a large dowry. Since most businesses shut, brides had an 0:09:04.960 --> 0:09:08.640 easy excuse not to buy gifts for the groom's extended family. 0:09:09.360 --> 0:09:12.920 The tradition is illegal, but still coming across in there 0:09:13.480 --> 0:09:18.120 getting lockdown. During the lockdown, people thought that since children 0:09:18.120 --> 0:09:21.240 weren't going to school, we wouldn't find out what's going 0:09:21.280 --> 0:09:25.760 on for the students at Dada Padadi. The consequences of 0:09:25.760 --> 0:09:30.720 getting married before they finished school are especially pronounced. When 0:09:30.720 --> 0:09:34.120 a woman marries, she typically moves in with her husband 0:09:34.200 --> 0:09:38.800 and in laws. Mother said, women become dependent and lose 0:09:38.840 --> 0:09:43.760 ownership over their lives. A middle class woman in India 0:09:43.800 --> 0:09:46.199 doesn't have a home to call her own. At the 0:09:46.280 --> 0:09:51.319 husband's place. For every small thing, the mother in law says, 0:09:51.480 --> 0:09:54.480 is this what you've learned from your mother? And the 0:09:54.600 --> 0:09:57.920 husband tells her to leave his home after every little tiff, 0:09:59.160 --> 0:10:03.199 so that home isn't hers either in old age the 0:10:03.280 --> 0:10:07.760 home belongs to the sun. In two thousand fifteen, Prime 0:10:07.800 --> 0:10:12.640 Minister Moody started a campaign called Batti Bat, which roughly 0:10:12.679 --> 0:10:29.080 means save our daughters, Teach our daughters manunder It's an 0:10:29.120 --> 0:10:32.720 initiative aim at keeping girls in school and reducing sex 0:10:32.720 --> 0:10:38.000 selective abortion. The government has also tried to eradicate child marriage. 0:10:38.480 --> 0:10:41.920 Last year, Movies administrations passed a proposal to raise the 0:10:41.960 --> 0:10:45.240 legal marriage as for women from eighteen to twenty one, 0:10:45.679 --> 0:10:48.080 which is what it is for men. But in many 0:10:48.160 --> 0:10:52.640 villages the national laws are abstract and far away. Local 0:10:52.720 --> 0:10:56.960 customs are set and enforced by local punch arts, which 0:10:57.000 --> 0:11:02.320 is essentially a group of elders almost all men. And 0:11:02.360 --> 0:11:06.600 while movies campaign to educate India's daughters received lots of publicity, 0:11:07.559 --> 0:11:11.240 recent government audits found that much of the initiatives funds 0:11:11.480 --> 0:11:15.440 remained unspent. I spoke to chargeon Joe's who manages the 0:11:15.440 --> 0:11:19.719 Pa Dada Padi school. He said that initially when the 0:11:19.760 --> 0:11:26.320 school is founded, administrators encountered resistance. Families didn't understand why 0:11:26.480 --> 0:11:31.400 teachers cared so much about educating daughters. They will spend 0:11:31.400 --> 0:11:34.439 on any amount of money on boys, but they will 0:11:34.440 --> 0:11:39.240 not spend money on girls, even for food like milk. 0:11:39.360 --> 0:11:41.839 If they are buying one litter of milk, and if 0:11:41.880 --> 0:11:44.280 there are three girls and one boy, the boy will 0:11:44.320 --> 0:11:47.640 get the major portion of the milk. He's a boy. 0:11:47.800 --> 0:11:51.199 Girds are not supposed to how all these things, Chardon said, 0:11:51.720 --> 0:11:55.000 Marriage is an intense pressure point for families in the district. 0:11:56.040 --> 0:11:59.640 And while India's literacy rates arising and the number of 0:11:59.640 --> 0:12:03.640 people being in absolute poverty has decreased, when it comes 0:12:03.640 --> 0:12:11.079 to working women have lost ground. Mind cal Tranager Mazunda 0:12:11.520 --> 0:12:14.520 dug a little deeper into the numbers. What did you 0:12:14.559 --> 0:12:18.560 find drawn? It's interesting Archina, because what we're saying is 0:12:18.600 --> 0:12:22.880 that female labor participation fell by about a third in 0:12:22.880 --> 0:12:26.600 the years during the pandemic. In two thousand five, two 0:12:27.040 --> 0:12:29.760 of women were in the labor market, and by two 0:12:29.760 --> 0:12:35.319 thousand nine it dropped to around that's lower than any 0:12:35.360 --> 0:12:38.800 other country in the G twenty except for Saudi Arabia. 0:12:39.360 --> 0:12:42.400 As India's economy has grown, the women at the middle 0:12:42.440 --> 0:12:46.080 and top of the income ladder have stopped working for them. 0:12:46.120 --> 0:12:50.200 It's perceived as a marker of status. On the other hand, 0:12:50.320 --> 0:12:53.280 women at the lowest rungs of society is still are 0:12:53.360 --> 0:12:57.920 seen as potential earners. They often work menial or unpaid 0:12:57.960 --> 0:13:02.440 jobs that are far from the former economy. In other words, 0:13:02.480 --> 0:13:06.640 their labor isn't even counted. Rosa Abraham is an economist 0:13:06.679 --> 0:13:09.800 at a zen Braimes University in the city of Bengaluru. 0:13:10.480 --> 0:13:13.840 She said that either way, women have little choice in 0:13:13.840 --> 0:13:18.400 the matter. It is the unfortunate situation that the position 0:13:18.440 --> 0:13:21.559 to work is often not in the hands of the woman, 0:13:21.559 --> 0:13:25.400 who said, it is negotiated by social structors, by patriarchy. 0:13:26.080 --> 0:13:29.839 But the picture got even worse during the pandemic. During 0:13:29.840 --> 0:13:34.360 the first lockdown in women were several times more likely 0:13:34.400 --> 0:13:38.280 to lose their jobs than men. Rosa study which tracked 0:13:38.320 --> 0:13:42.319 the career trajectories of twenty thousand Indians during the pandemic 0:13:42.760 --> 0:13:45.679 found that many of the women never came back, so 0:13:45.840 --> 0:13:49.280 women there was no return to work. In fact, what 0:13:49.320 --> 0:13:54.000 we find was that if women lost work during the lockdown, 0:13:54.320 --> 0:13:57.640 they were eleven times more likely than men do not 0:13:57.800 --> 0:14:01.960 return to work. Rosa said things like increased domestic duties, 0:14:02.320 --> 0:14:05.839 the lack of child care options, and school shutdowns all 0:14:05.880 --> 0:14:09.680 help explain why women struggle to recover jobs and for 0:14:09.800 --> 0:14:13.520 young girls who were pushed out of classrooms and into marriage, 0:14:13.960 --> 0:14:17.240 their dreams of independence or a well paid office job. 0:14:17.760 --> 0:14:21.600 We were replaced with what Rosa calls distress led employment 0:14:22.440 --> 0:14:25.440 that means unpaid work in the home or taking care 0:14:25.480 --> 0:14:30.600 of relatives. It's not that women are entering salaried workers 0:14:30.720 --> 0:14:33.760 or as weege workers. They're not starting businesses. They are 0:14:33.800 --> 0:14:50.240 simply entering into their existing family farm. Back at the 0:14:50.240 --> 0:14:56.160 Padada Padadi Educational Society, Duma told me she understands that cycle. 0:14:56.360 --> 0:15:00.280 Intimately before the Bandama, she said that school might see 0:15:00.320 --> 0:15:03.680 only three child marriages a year. Over the past year, 0:15:04.440 --> 0:15:08.200 Mother says she's prevented a dozen. She recalled a fifteen 0:15:08.280 --> 0:15:10.960 year old who called her the peak of infections. In 0:15:11.680 --> 0:15:14.960 one the girl was sobbing her parents had decided to 0:15:15.000 --> 0:15:18.680 get her married, I say, Mother said. I went to 0:15:18.720 --> 0:15:21.880 her place and spoke with her mother and father. I 0:15:21.920 --> 0:15:25.520 first said, she's a small child and you don't have 0:15:25.600 --> 0:15:29.040 to pay any expenses on her behalf. You're lucky to 0:15:29.080 --> 0:15:32.160 have found a school where all you have to do 0:15:32.200 --> 0:15:35.600 is send her there, So why are you snatching away 0:15:35.600 --> 0:15:39.120 her dreams? Mother told me she stopped this marriage after 0:15:39.200 --> 0:15:45.160 one conversation, but others a trick here. Sometimes she has 0:15:45.200 --> 0:15:48.240 to go to the police or a district magistrate for help. 0:15:48.880 --> 0:15:52.480 In one instance, a family refused to reconsider its plans 0:15:52.520 --> 0:15:55.560 to marry off their fourteen year old. The school could 0:15:55.600 --> 0:15:58.840 go to the government's child welfare office, but they would 0:15:58.880 --> 0:16:03.160 need proof. They came up with a plan. The girl 0:16:03.200 --> 0:16:05.520 would hide a copy of the wedding invitation in the 0:16:05.560 --> 0:16:08.800 folds of her ka or a tunic and pass it 0:16:08.800 --> 0:16:10.960 on to another student, who would bring it to mother 0:16:10.960 --> 0:16:15.400 who soon after Mother who got a call from a 0:16:15.440 --> 0:16:19.240 young man who refused to give his name. He told 0:16:19.280 --> 0:16:22.360 mother who he had regardings of her phone conversations with 0:16:22.400 --> 0:16:28.360 a girl. Ah, he said, madam, this is not a 0:16:28.360 --> 0:16:30.960 good thing that you have done. He said the family 0:16:31.080 --> 0:16:34.640 was backed into a corner, that they've been preparing for 0:16:34.640 --> 0:16:37.600 the wedding, and her meddling would bring shame to the family. 0:16:39.000 --> 0:16:42.240 He threatened to blackmail her and turned the community against 0:16:42.280 --> 0:16:48.640 her if she continued. He said she'd regretted. Ah. He said, 0:16:49.000 --> 0:16:50.880 you are going to find out in a few days 0:16:51.160 --> 0:16:54.440 who I am and how strong I am. Mother, who 0:16:54.480 --> 0:16:58.240 was used to death threats. In one instance, a family 0:16:58.280 --> 0:17:02.240 had threatened to shoot her. This time, she wondered if 0:17:02.240 --> 0:17:05.520 the entire village would come after her. When she went 0:17:05.600 --> 0:17:08.359 to the police station, Mother said, officers told her not 0:17:08.440 --> 0:17:12.119 to worry. The next day, the young man called again, 0:17:12.560 --> 0:17:16.080 and mother Who drew him into a conversation. She was 0:17:16.119 --> 0:17:19.080 surprised by what she learned. He was just a teenager 0:17:19.160 --> 0:17:27.639 himself a farmer. He hadn't even finished school. I said, child, 0:17:28.080 --> 0:17:30.640 then it is not your fault. I spoke to him 0:17:30.680 --> 0:17:33.960 with a smile and told him that the problem was 0:17:34.160 --> 0:17:38.400 his lack of education. After that call, Mother told me 0:17:38.640 --> 0:17:41.720 the threats stopped. The wedding was called off, and the 0:17:41.760 --> 0:17:46.160 girl went back to school. Of fourteen weddings planned during 0:17:46.160 --> 0:17:51.040 the pandemic, Mother Who and other administrators stopped all but two. 0:17:52.560 --> 0:17:55.560 Many girls, say Mother Who gives them permission to imagine 0:17:55.560 --> 0:17:59.320 a different future for themselves, to strive for a life 0:17:59.359 --> 0:18:03.600 of independent and freedom, to seek out fulfilling jobs, and 0:18:03.680 --> 0:18:08.000 to live with dignity. When girls stole their education at 0:18:08.000 --> 0:18:14.879 Badada Badai, they each blunt is sattling on campus. Years later, indeed, 0:18:14.880 --> 0:18:19.159 it turn as women with their own paychecks. Those seedlings 0:18:19.160 --> 0:18:33.920 have sprouted into trees. The Pardada Partory School can't alone 0:18:34.000 --> 0:18:37.240 fight the weight of the cultural expectations that millions of 0:18:37.280 --> 0:18:41.240 Indian women face. Prime Minister Moti is trying to push 0:18:41.240 --> 0:18:45.520 India into what he calls um writ call or a 0:18:45.600 --> 0:18:49.080 golden era of growth. But in April of this year, 0:18:49.400 --> 0:18:53.480 India reached a disconcerting milestone. The majority of its nine 0:18:54.000 --> 0:18:57.960 million person labor force had stopped looking for jobs Entirely. 0:18:58.800 --> 0:19:03.120 Many of those people we're women. Next week, on the Paycheck, 0:19:03.280 --> 0:19:07.080 we had to a place that's owned almost entirely by 0:19:07.119 --> 0:19:10.320 one man. One of my biggest fears is that the 0:19:10.359 --> 0:19:14.000 people of this community will be the ones that would 0:19:14.000 --> 0:19:17.000 be caring for the elite rich that can't afford to 0:19:17.040 --> 0:19:20.200 actually live here one day. And that's our full purpose. 0:19:20.880 --> 0:19:23.720 Thanks for listening to the Paycheck. If you like our show, 0:19:23.840 --> 0:19:26.080 please head on over to Apple Podcasts or where ever 0:19:26.119 --> 0:19:29.880 you listen to podcasts to rate, review and subscribe. This 0:19:29.920 --> 0:19:33.480 episode was hosted by me Rebecca Greenfield and reported by 0:19:33.560 --> 0:19:37.159 Archana Chaudrey and Rona Joy at Mazoomdar. It was edited 0:19:37.160 --> 0:19:40.440 by Kai Schultz and Janet Paskin, with help from Francesca Levi, 0:19:40.680 --> 0:19:43.959 Rakhia Soluja, and Met We also had editing help from 0:19:44.040 --> 0:19:48.160 Danielle Balbi, Shelly Banjo, Kristin V. Brown, Gilda de Carly, 0:19:48.440 --> 0:19:52.280 Nicole Flato, and Elisa McDonald. This episode was produced by 0:19:52.280 --> 0:19:55.800 Gilda de Carly and sound engineered by Matt Guime. Our 0:19:55.800 --> 0:19:59.440 original music is by Leo Sidrin. The voiceovers you heard 0:19:59.440 --> 0:20:04.160 were by Marry Joseph and Tamina Balvarda mooned special thanks 0:20:04.160 --> 0:20:08.320 to Magnus Henrickson beginnin to Keeper, Margaret Sutherland, and Stacy Wong. 0:20:08.880 --> 0:20:12.600 Francesca Levy is Bloomberg's head of Podcasts. See you next week.