1 00:00:00,200 --> 00:00:27,520 Speaker 1: Ridiculous History is a production of iHeartRadio. Welcome back to 2 00:00:27,560 --> 00:00:30,840 Speaker 1: the show, fellow Ridiculous Historians. Thank you, as always so 3 00:00:31,040 --> 00:00:33,920 Speaker 1: much for tuning in. Let's hear it from one of 4 00:00:33,960 --> 00:00:37,200 Speaker 1: the best super producers in the game. Mister Max Williams 5 00:00:38,000 --> 00:00:45,000 Speaker 1: is mister Americ Max Boy. It's Max. 6 00:00:45,360 --> 00:00:45,519 Speaker 2: Uh. 7 00:00:46,000 --> 00:00:47,040 Speaker 1: That's facts. 8 00:00:47,360 --> 00:00:48,760 Speaker 2: That's the song, that's what it was. 9 00:00:49,440 --> 00:00:53,760 Speaker 1: That's also mister Noel Brown. They call me Ben Bullen. 10 00:00:53,880 --> 00:00:57,440 Speaker 1: We're here at the end of twenty twenty five where 11 00:00:57,520 --> 00:00:58,520 Speaker 1: versus the precipice? 12 00:00:58,600 --> 00:01:00,680 Speaker 2: Are we on the Precipice twenty six? 13 00:01:01,640 --> 00:01:07,319 Speaker 1: Yeah, we're recording on Thursday, December eighteenth, and at this 14 00:01:07,640 --> 00:01:11,880 Speaker 1: time of the year, you know what's since we're referencing songs, 15 00:01:12,000 --> 00:01:14,640 Speaker 1: you know, this is a time for reflection, looking back 16 00:01:14,800 --> 00:01:17,160 Speaker 1: play counting Crow's Long December. 17 00:01:17,240 --> 00:01:19,679 Speaker 2: I was gonna say, there is reason to believe that 18 00:01:20,360 --> 00:01:22,640 Speaker 2: maybe this year will be better than the last. It 19 00:01:22,680 --> 00:01:24,920 Speaker 2: is a reflect I didn't even put that together. It's 20 00:01:24,920 --> 00:01:27,640 Speaker 2: absolutely reflective song about the following year. 21 00:01:27,720 --> 00:01:27,920 Speaker 1: Ben. 22 00:01:28,080 --> 00:01:30,640 Speaker 2: You did this episode research and I think it's actually 23 00:01:30,640 --> 00:01:33,440 Speaker 2: really helpful for this time of year, especially given you know, 24 00:01:33,600 --> 00:01:37,120 Speaker 2: conditions that maybe we can harken back to a time 25 00:01:37,319 --> 00:01:41,600 Speaker 2: that was, you know, unequivocally measurably worse than the time 26 00:01:41,640 --> 00:01:42,759 Speaker 2: we're currently living in. 27 00:01:43,080 --> 00:01:43,840 Speaker 1: And also no. 28 00:01:44,240 --> 00:01:48,200 Speaker 2: Spoiler alert that we survived ah as a civilization. 29 00:01:48,360 --> 00:01:52,160 Speaker 1: Hey, there we go, folks, chin up, chest out, thanks 30 00:01:52,160 --> 00:01:54,360 Speaker 1: for joining us. It's the end of the year as 31 00:01:54,400 --> 00:01:57,440 Speaker 1: we know it, and we feel fine. 32 00:01:57,960 --> 00:01:59,760 Speaker 2: Have you seen them the most recent episode of Pluribus 33 00:01:59,840 --> 00:02:04,000 Speaker 2: been I have not, actually, so the cold open involves 34 00:02:04,080 --> 00:02:08,120 Speaker 2: the main character, Carol, singing in her car as she's driving, 35 00:02:08,200 --> 00:02:11,160 Speaker 2: trying to have a chin up attitude about the end 36 00:02:11,160 --> 00:02:12,800 Speaker 2: of the world, as is portrayed in that show more 37 00:02:12,919 --> 00:02:16,360 Speaker 2: or less, and she gets to the ni feel and 38 00:02:16,400 --> 00:02:19,079 Speaker 2: then it cuts off, and that's the cold open. I 39 00:02:19,120 --> 00:02:21,560 Speaker 2: just think it's such a clever Vince Gilligan little touch. 40 00:02:21,880 --> 00:02:25,440 Speaker 1: I love that guy. I love Vince, so we'll probably 41 00:02:25,480 --> 00:02:28,800 Speaker 1: meet him later on this show. We've noted this in 42 00:02:28,919 --> 00:02:32,840 Speaker 1: more somber moments, Nolan max that the world is ending 43 00:02:32,880 --> 00:02:36,320 Speaker 1: for someone somewhere at every second of every day. And 44 00:02:36,400 --> 00:02:39,919 Speaker 1: it's also true to your earlier point, Noel, that throughout history, 45 00:02:40,360 --> 00:02:47,320 Speaker 1: one group or another has inevitably claimed this year for real, 46 00:02:47,480 --> 00:02:50,040 Speaker 1: this tybet, guys, this year is the actual end of 47 00:02:50,080 --> 00:02:52,840 Speaker 1: the world is the worst year ever, it's a fall 48 00:02:52,840 --> 00:02:58,720 Speaker 1: of civilization, cats and dogs sleeping together, etc. We are 49 00:02:58,840 --> 00:03:03,240 Speaker 1: happy to report, folks to Know's earlier points that so 50 00:03:03,480 --> 00:03:08,400 Speaker 1: far throughout human history, all of those apocalyptic doomsday predictions 51 00:03:08,720 --> 00:03:10,800 Speaker 1: have been cartoonishly incorrect. 52 00:03:11,120 --> 00:03:13,079 Speaker 2: And kats and dogs sleeping together a good thing, sort 53 00:03:13,080 --> 00:03:15,120 Speaker 2: of like the lion lying down with the lamb? Or 54 00:03:15,240 --> 00:03:16,440 Speaker 2: is that is that a bad sign? 55 00:03:16,880 --> 00:03:18,680 Speaker 3: Cats and dog are a bad thing, which is sad 56 00:03:18,760 --> 00:03:21,320 Speaker 3: because if you go on YouTube you can find so 57 00:03:21,400 --> 00:03:23,200 Speaker 3: many great videos of cats and dogs. 58 00:03:23,320 --> 00:03:23,760 Speaker 1: They're great. 59 00:03:24,240 --> 00:03:26,240 Speaker 2: Come this morning, So you're saying, once we start seeing 60 00:03:26,280 --> 00:03:29,840 Speaker 2: cats and dogs getting along, then the end is nigh. Yes, okay, 61 00:03:29,919 --> 00:03:31,280 Speaker 2: we're seeing keep an eye. 62 00:03:31,560 --> 00:03:35,840 Speaker 1: That's what people had said, because they were They were 63 00:03:35,920 --> 00:03:40,160 Speaker 1: honestly being kind of dickish, a word I wouldn't usually use, 64 00:03:40,320 --> 00:03:44,560 Speaker 1: but on both Ridiculous History and our sister show Stuff, 65 00:03:44,600 --> 00:03:46,320 Speaker 1: they don't want you to know. We look at a 66 00:03:46,360 --> 00:03:50,040 Speaker 1: lot of those culty warnings. Please do check out our 67 00:03:50,200 --> 00:03:55,120 Speaker 1: previous episodes for more crazy stories of times people were 68 00:03:55,160 --> 00:03:56,560 Speaker 1: wrong about the end of the world. 69 00:03:56,680 --> 00:03:58,960 Speaker 2: Oh yeah, they got it back where there's always some 70 00:03:59,040 --> 00:04:02,120 Speaker 2: caveat what what caused the little mix up and we'll 71 00:04:02,120 --> 00:04:03,880 Speaker 2: get it right the next time, and they never really do. 72 00:04:04,040 --> 00:04:06,240 Speaker 2: Just here we are, can either of y'all ever seen 73 00:04:06,320 --> 00:04:09,440 Speaker 2: in the wild someone carrying the end is nigh sign 74 00:04:09,480 --> 00:04:12,400 Speaker 2: on the that's the kind of thing you do see 75 00:04:12,440 --> 00:04:13,480 Speaker 2: like in Washington, d C. 76 00:04:14,360 --> 00:04:17,080 Speaker 1: Where the Yeah, yeah, I think the stick is lazy. 77 00:04:17,160 --> 00:04:21,240 Speaker 1: I miss the old sandwich boards. Landwich boards. 78 00:04:21,360 --> 00:04:23,200 Speaker 2: Yeah, yeah, it's like, you know, it's got a little 79 00:04:23,240 --> 00:04:26,520 Speaker 2: front and a back and potentially the individual is nude underneath. 80 00:04:26,520 --> 00:04:28,920 Speaker 2: You know, you never unless you can take a peek 81 00:04:28,960 --> 00:04:30,560 Speaker 2: from the side, which I would not advise. 82 00:04:30,800 --> 00:04:35,440 Speaker 1: Yeah, we don't advise, uh side eyeing sandwich board. 83 00:04:35,279 --> 00:04:38,960 Speaker 2: Profits sandwich board crazies. Well, okay, one person's crazy is 84 00:04:39,000 --> 00:04:41,159 Speaker 2: another person's profits, Yes, sir. 85 00:04:48,200 --> 00:04:51,479 Speaker 1: The next question, though, becomes okay, So first off, yes, 86 00:04:51,680 --> 00:04:55,320 Speaker 1: a lot of cult leaders will go and gather a 87 00:04:55,360 --> 00:04:58,720 Speaker 1: group of followers and say, yes, the world is ending 88 00:04:59,240 --> 00:05:03,840 Speaker 1: September seventeenth or December eighteenth, whatever, And then the date 89 00:05:03,920 --> 00:05:06,880 Speaker 1: comes to pass low and behold the world continues, and 90 00:05:06,920 --> 00:05:10,000 Speaker 1: they say, actually, we got the math a little wrong. 91 00:05:10,279 --> 00:05:13,799 Speaker 1: They'll usually kick it a few years in the future 92 00:05:14,120 --> 00:05:16,840 Speaker 1: or even a few months, and they'll say okay, no 93 00:05:17,040 --> 00:05:21,800 Speaker 1: for real this time, you guys, it's so January eighteenth totally. 94 00:05:21,920 --> 00:05:23,920 Speaker 2: And you know who's been popping up a lot lately 95 00:05:24,000 --> 00:05:27,320 Speaker 2: in the pop culture. That Marshall apple White cat remember him? Oh, 96 00:05:27,360 --> 00:05:29,240 Speaker 2: I thought you were going to say the shamwell guy, 97 00:05:29,839 --> 00:05:33,440 Speaker 2: he's around, But that Marshall apple White, the bigt heead date, Ye, 98 00:05:33,600 --> 00:05:34,400 Speaker 2: Heaven's Gate, dude? 99 00:05:34,800 --> 00:05:35,280 Speaker 1: That was that? 100 00:05:35,320 --> 00:05:37,839 Speaker 2: Was that a doomsday cult technically because they were really 101 00:05:37,920 --> 00:05:43,960 Speaker 2: they wanted to get transported away by extraterrestrials. Yes, and 102 00:05:44,000 --> 00:05:46,520 Speaker 2: it was an event that was timed with a passage 103 00:05:46,520 --> 00:05:48,440 Speaker 2: of a comment, so there is a day and date 104 00:05:48,760 --> 00:05:51,400 Speaker 2: to that. But you could argue that it's not apocalyptic 105 00:05:51,920 --> 00:05:54,600 Speaker 2: per se, and well it did all die. 106 00:05:54,839 --> 00:05:58,520 Speaker 1: They did think there was an apocalypse. The website is 107 00:05:58,560 --> 00:06:01,320 Speaker 1: still active because they left a couple of people behind. 108 00:06:01,560 --> 00:06:04,200 Speaker 2: God, I bet it's GeoCities af right. 109 00:06:05,279 --> 00:06:09,080 Speaker 1: Our next question, though, despite all these weird incorrect predictions, 110 00:06:09,120 --> 00:06:12,279 Speaker 1: our next question is a little tougher to dismiss. This 111 00:06:12,360 --> 00:06:17,479 Speaker 1: is the focus of our exploration today, folks. Was there 112 00:06:17,560 --> 00:06:22,320 Speaker 1: ever a worst year in history? Logically, if you look 113 00:06:22,360 --> 00:06:25,760 Speaker 1: at all the years of human civilization, there has to 114 00:06:25,800 --> 00:06:30,200 Speaker 1: be one, right, There has to be one worst year ever, 115 00:06:30,440 --> 00:06:32,799 Speaker 1: and a lot of us in the audience tonight we're 116 00:06:32,839 --> 00:06:37,359 Speaker 1: probably gonna say for various reasons. Yeah, guys, this is 117 00:06:37,400 --> 00:06:40,800 Speaker 1: the worst year, just like we said in twenty twenty four, 118 00:06:41,040 --> 00:06:43,720 Speaker 1: just like we said in twenty twenty three, twenty twenty two, 119 00:06:43,960 --> 00:06:48,360 Speaker 1: twenty twenty one, that's gonna scale two, right, twenty twenty 120 00:06:48,600 --> 00:06:51,360 Speaker 1: twenty nineteen. 121 00:06:51,560 --> 00:06:53,440 Speaker 2: I guess you got to kind of judge the president 122 00:06:53,640 --> 00:06:56,080 Speaker 2: based on the events of the past, and we're looking 123 00:06:56,120 --> 00:06:59,640 Speaker 2: a little farther back into the past for today's reference point. 124 00:07:00,040 --> 00:07:01,680 Speaker 2: But to what you're saying, Ben, I mean, it is 125 00:07:01,720 --> 00:07:03,880 Speaker 2: easy to get caught up in the moment, say, gosh, 126 00:07:03,920 --> 00:07:06,719 Speaker 2: this year suck that it suck for me personally because 127 00:07:06,720 --> 00:07:09,720 Speaker 2: I had maybe some job issues or some money problems, 128 00:07:09,840 --> 00:07:14,000 Speaker 2: or family issues, romantic issues, family tragedies, whatever it might be. 129 00:07:14,400 --> 00:07:16,800 Speaker 2: We're looking at it much more big picture than that, 130 00:07:17,240 --> 00:07:18,840 Speaker 2: and I think a lot of the things that people 131 00:07:18,920 --> 00:07:22,680 Speaker 2: are hung up on now are pretty big picture. And 132 00:07:22,800 --> 00:07:24,560 Speaker 2: we're not a political show. We're not going to get 133 00:07:24,600 --> 00:07:26,440 Speaker 2: into the nuts and bolts of that. But there are 134 00:07:26,520 --> 00:07:30,080 Speaker 2: certainly quite a large percentage of the population that are 135 00:07:30,120 --> 00:07:33,120 Speaker 2: feeling a certain way about the right now. So We're 136 00:07:33,120 --> 00:07:35,760 Speaker 2: going to take you back, back, back, back back to 137 00:07:35,880 --> 00:07:38,440 Speaker 2: a time that I think we can all agree, for 138 00:07:38,520 --> 00:07:40,400 Speaker 2: various reasons, was worse. 139 00:07:41,160 --> 00:07:45,480 Speaker 1: Yes. Yeah, maybe future historians will look back and say, 140 00:07:45,720 --> 00:07:48,560 Speaker 1: you know, twenty twenty five, twenty twenty four, twenty twenty 141 00:07:48,560 --> 00:07:51,960 Speaker 1: three is a worse year whatever, whatever, But as we 142 00:07:52,000 --> 00:07:54,400 Speaker 1: are going to see, as you so beautifully set up 143 00:07:54,400 --> 00:07:58,840 Speaker 1: in today's episode. No, some current historians, quite a few, 144 00:07:59,160 --> 00:08:03,200 Speaker 1: have already picked a winner for the worst year in 145 00:08:03,320 --> 00:08:09,480 Speaker 1: human history. Five thirty six CE, they argue, was the 146 00:08:09,520 --> 00:08:15,760 Speaker 1: worst year ever knew me, right, Yeah, okay, here we go. 147 00:08:16,040 --> 00:08:19,480 Speaker 1: So the year we call five thirty six CE or 148 00:08:19,680 --> 00:08:22,600 Speaker 1: d x x x v I if you're. 149 00:08:22,520 --> 00:08:24,720 Speaker 2: Nasty now, Ben, I would argue, it would be pronounced 150 00:08:24,760 --> 00:08:28,400 Speaker 2: D triple x v I if you were nasty, right, 151 00:08:28,720 --> 00:08:29,400 Speaker 2: or the. 152 00:08:29,520 --> 00:08:35,880 Speaker 1: Adults only if you're nasty so, or if. 153 00:08:35,760 --> 00:08:39,360 Speaker 2: You're just down for some titillating erotic drama. 154 00:08:39,559 --> 00:08:44,559 Speaker 1: There we are. It's this year is already fairly unique. 155 00:08:44,640 --> 00:08:47,160 Speaker 1: It happened a long time ago. It's a leap year 156 00:08:47,200 --> 00:08:48,600 Speaker 1: in the Julian calendar. 157 00:08:49,440 --> 00:08:54,040 Speaker 2: Yeah, we could pretend ill right, maybe not. 158 00:08:54,120 --> 00:08:56,720 Speaker 1: I don't know why the Julian calendar. 159 00:08:56,760 --> 00:08:58,920 Speaker 2: The lead dear man, you know how much of an 160 00:08:58,920 --> 00:09:00,800 Speaker 2: issue I have with leap year. I don't fel like 161 00:09:00,920 --> 00:09:03,280 Speaker 2: aple feast if we're in a leap year. It just 162 00:09:03,320 --> 00:09:06,560 Speaker 2: feels like there's an ill wind blow in and Maxis 163 00:09:06,679 --> 00:09:07,520 Speaker 2: is nodding his head. 164 00:09:07,720 --> 00:09:08,079 Speaker 1: You got that. 165 00:09:08,520 --> 00:09:10,760 Speaker 3: Let's let let's see. Let's see you guys remember what 166 00:09:10,840 --> 00:09:13,200 Speaker 3: the difference between the leap year and Julian And. 167 00:09:15,480 --> 00:09:18,720 Speaker 1: It's ridiculous too. It's ridiculous so much so that we 168 00:09:18,760 --> 00:09:19,880 Speaker 1: did an episode about it. 169 00:09:19,920 --> 00:09:21,840 Speaker 2: I remember we did the episode. But it will never 170 00:09:21,920 --> 00:09:24,080 Speaker 2: be a thing that I'm able to internalize if. 171 00:09:23,960 --> 00:09:29,880 Speaker 3: You don't do a leap year when leap year's you know, 172 00:09:29,960 --> 00:09:32,679 Speaker 3: obviously every four years, but you don't do it when 173 00:09:32,679 --> 00:09:34,320 Speaker 3: it's a when it is a one hundred, so like 174 00:09:34,960 --> 00:09:38,679 Speaker 3: fifteen hundred, seventeen hundred, unless it's divisible. 175 00:09:38,320 --> 00:09:39,840 Speaker 2: By four hundred. 176 00:09:39,960 --> 00:10:07,720 Speaker 4: Yeah, so, and it's like, what are they doing here? 177 00:10:07,640 --> 00:10:08,560 Speaker 2: It is a fact? 178 00:10:09,160 --> 00:10:12,559 Speaker 1: So okay, at the time, people just called five p 179 00:10:12,679 --> 00:10:17,640 Speaker 1: thirty six CE the year after the consulship of Belisarius. 180 00:10:17,880 --> 00:10:20,080 Speaker 2: That sounds cool. Let's go with that. We'll say it 181 00:10:20,080 --> 00:10:23,240 Speaker 2: every time of the I do love a good year 182 00:10:23,280 --> 00:10:25,600 Speaker 2: of our Lord, which I know can vary depending on 183 00:10:25,640 --> 00:10:27,600 Speaker 2: the lord and the year. So if we wanted to 184 00:10:27,600 --> 00:10:29,679 Speaker 2: connect the dots and talk a little bit about what 185 00:10:29,760 --> 00:10:33,920 Speaker 2: this thing is, the Belisarius in question is our boy. 186 00:10:34,000 --> 00:10:37,640 Speaker 2: Flavius one of my favorite Roman names. I don't know why. 187 00:10:39,000 --> 00:10:43,640 Speaker 2: It just makes me think he's got swagger. Flavius Belisarius. Dude, 188 00:10:43,679 --> 00:10:47,679 Speaker 2: this guy is a proper war hero. He does have swagger. 189 00:10:47,960 --> 00:10:50,760 Speaker 1: Yeah, he was a military commander. He was working for 190 00:10:50,800 --> 00:10:54,640 Speaker 1: the Byzantine Emperor at the time, Justinian the First. The 191 00:10:54,640 --> 00:11:00,280 Speaker 1: Western Roman Empire had already collapsed less than an undred 192 00:11:00,400 --> 00:11:05,200 Speaker 1: years prior. Belisarius plays a huge role in regaining a 193 00:11:05,200 --> 00:11:08,120 Speaker 1: lot of that territory for the Byzantine Empire. 194 00:11:08,600 --> 00:11:10,920 Speaker 2: Go did military cat right? Yeah seriously. 195 00:11:11,040 --> 00:11:14,839 Speaker 1: Yeah. Even now modern war historians will say he's one 196 00:11:14,840 --> 00:11:18,120 Speaker 1: of the greatest of all time or goat as we mentioned. 197 00:11:18,720 --> 00:11:22,080 Speaker 1: So it's new surprise that for a little bit of 198 00:11:22,200 --> 00:11:24,760 Speaker 1: history he had a whole year named after him. 199 00:11:25,559 --> 00:11:28,480 Speaker 2: I'm okay with that. It seems earned did others do 200 00:11:28,520 --> 00:11:33,640 Speaker 2: it or did he do it? He he did it himself. 201 00:11:33,679 --> 00:11:37,120 Speaker 2: He was the thought leader on that way. He killed 202 00:11:37,120 --> 00:11:39,320 Speaker 2: a lot of people in the process, and they named 203 00:11:39,320 --> 00:11:41,800 Speaker 2: a year after him. I will still argue that he did. 204 00:11:41,880 --> 00:11:44,520 Speaker 2: He put the work in, you know, he put the 205 00:11:44,600 --> 00:11:47,079 Speaker 2: work in. Yeah, he did the reps for sure. You 206 00:11:47,080 --> 00:11:50,520 Speaker 2: don't see these plaques, what plaques, the plaques in the 207 00:11:50,520 --> 00:11:54,120 Speaker 2: White House talking about talking about writing your own story again, 208 00:11:54,360 --> 00:11:56,680 Speaker 2: try to be political. I just think it's funny. I 209 00:11:56,720 --> 00:12:00,000 Speaker 2: just think we're seeing some Roman empire megalem miniaco bay 210 00:12:00,160 --> 00:12:03,480 Speaker 2: here in writing your own plaques. Other people sposed to 211 00:12:03,480 --> 00:12:04,160 Speaker 2: write those plaques. 212 00:12:04,160 --> 00:12:10,240 Speaker 1: Man, Yeah, I don't love it as an apolitical point. Uh, 213 00:12:10,480 --> 00:12:15,599 Speaker 1: the the leadership of the United States should represent all Americans. 214 00:12:15,840 --> 00:12:18,480 Speaker 2: It's true. And I just also somebody that I love 215 00:12:18,559 --> 00:12:21,720 Speaker 2: on YouTube the Internet today guys pointed out that whenever 216 00:12:21,760 --> 00:12:24,040 Speaker 2: I see a plaque, I expect for some real dignified 217 00:12:24,080 --> 00:12:27,600 Speaker 2: shit to be written, right, dignified. 218 00:12:27,640 --> 00:12:30,199 Speaker 1: Something like no shirt, no shoes, no service. 219 00:12:30,360 --> 00:12:32,920 Speaker 2: Also, well, you know what, I've never seen that engraved 220 00:12:33,120 --> 00:12:36,679 Speaker 2: into brass. But but a plastic plaque is still a plaque. 221 00:12:36,720 --> 00:12:38,439 Speaker 1: Oh we go to different gas stations. 222 00:12:38,480 --> 00:12:42,600 Speaker 2: Wow, okay, you go to the fancy boy gas way 223 00:12:42,679 --> 00:12:45,720 Speaker 2: up on the hill. Oh gosh, we'll fly golden commodes 224 00:12:45,760 --> 00:12:47,160 Speaker 2: in the Japanese toilet seats. 225 00:12:47,240 --> 00:12:50,840 Speaker 1: Oh geez, I wonder if there's golden the day, it 226 00:12:50,880 --> 00:12:51,640 Speaker 1: would be sick. 227 00:12:51,720 --> 00:12:55,480 Speaker 2: If there were more bidezing gas stations, it would keep things. 228 00:12:55,280 --> 00:12:59,200 Speaker 1: Cleaner, hopefully. Yeah, on paper it would work. 229 00:13:00,040 --> 00:13:01,720 Speaker 2: You real, they do have the days in every public 230 00:13:01,760 --> 00:13:04,000 Speaker 2: restroom is in the Middle East. Oh yeah, yeah, I 231 00:13:04,040 --> 00:13:06,520 Speaker 2: mean then they're like wands. They're they're handheld, they're on 232 00:13:06,559 --> 00:13:06,880 Speaker 2: the wall. 233 00:13:07,200 --> 00:13:11,360 Speaker 1: That's what shower nozzles. Uh. Five thirty six was a 234 00:13:11,400 --> 00:13:14,160 Speaker 1: long time ago. We do know a couple of things 235 00:13:14,160 --> 00:13:19,120 Speaker 1: about that year. It's when the Chinese Empress Dowager lieh 236 00:13:19,200 --> 00:13:23,040 Speaker 1: It was born. Probably, It's when the Emperor of Japan 237 00:13:24,200 --> 00:13:28,920 Speaker 1: on Kon died. It's when Pope I Goepettas died. But 238 00:13:29,080 --> 00:13:33,840 Speaker 1: those deaths alone are not what inspire historians to call 239 00:13:34,080 --> 00:13:38,840 Speaker 1: five three six the worst year. To answer that, to 240 00:13:38,880 --> 00:13:41,840 Speaker 1: figure out why people hate this year so much, we 241 00:13:41,960 --> 00:13:44,600 Speaker 1: got a journey back and we got to look at 242 00:13:44,600 --> 00:13:47,679 Speaker 1: the weather. One day, the sky goes dark. 243 00:13:48,080 --> 00:13:49,800 Speaker 2: Yeah, we are talking about some of the End is 244 00:13:49,920 --> 00:13:53,760 Speaker 2: nine kind of business here. In AD five thirty six, 245 00:13:54,080 --> 00:13:58,560 Speaker 2: when a mysterious cloud appeared over the Mediterranean basin, Ben, 246 00:13:58,960 --> 00:14:01,160 Speaker 2: I've got to just really quickly. The mysterious cloud has 247 00:14:01,160 --> 00:14:05,160 Speaker 2: triggered me. You know the character Galactus in the Fantastic 248 00:14:05,200 --> 00:14:10,120 Speaker 2: four universe, who's like a godlike entity, an eater of planets. 249 00:14:11,280 --> 00:14:13,920 Speaker 2: Do you know how the Fantastic Four franchise has been 250 00:14:13,960 --> 00:14:17,560 Speaker 2: sort of plagued in its depiction in cinema, Like the 251 00:14:17,600 --> 00:14:19,400 Speaker 2: original one I think was in the nineties and it 252 00:14:19,480 --> 00:14:22,280 Speaker 2: was made by Roger Korman and it was famously shelved 253 00:14:22,520 --> 00:14:25,040 Speaker 2: for money because it was so bad. Then the second 254 00:14:25,080 --> 00:14:26,840 Speaker 2: one was also bad, with Michael Chickliss as the thing. 255 00:14:26,960 --> 00:14:29,440 Speaker 2: Then the third one I've heard recently referred to as 256 00:14:29,480 --> 00:14:32,560 Speaker 2: the one where Galactus is a cloud because it was 257 00:14:32,600 --> 00:14:35,480 Speaker 2: like just the era where like in the most recent 258 00:14:35,560 --> 00:14:39,080 Speaker 2: one where he's this giant, you know, monstrosity, this like 259 00:14:39,120 --> 00:14:42,480 Speaker 2: what do you call it, like lovecrafting and you know, 260 00:14:43,000 --> 00:14:45,920 Speaker 2: entity transformer type figure, they didn't have the they didn't 261 00:14:45,920 --> 00:14:48,160 Speaker 2: have the tech for that in two thousand and one, 262 00:14:48,240 --> 00:14:50,320 Speaker 2: so they just made him a cloud. They were darkening 263 00:14:50,400 --> 00:14:51,200 Speaker 2: sterious cloud. 264 00:14:51,280 --> 00:14:55,720 Speaker 1: Yeah, they were harkening back to the Ultimate Galactus. Ultimate 265 00:14:55,960 --> 00:14:58,720 Speaker 1: we're talking about part of Marvel Universe, which is a. 266 00:14:58,720 --> 00:15:04,160 Speaker 2: Little bit it's historically a dark cloud is an ill 267 00:15:04,160 --> 00:15:05,760 Speaker 2: omen yes, very. 268 00:15:05,760 --> 00:15:09,200 Speaker 1: Much so, and people were getting super creeped out by 269 00:15:09,240 --> 00:15:14,920 Speaker 1: this dark, ultimate galactus level cloud, especially folks like a 270 00:15:15,040 --> 00:15:20,160 Speaker 1: Byzantine historian who's often quoted here. His name is pro Copious, 271 00:15:20,720 --> 00:15:25,360 Speaker 1: and he wrote, the Sun gave forth its light without brightness, 272 00:15:25,440 --> 00:15:29,000 Speaker 1: and it seemed exceedingly like the Sun in eclipse, for 273 00:15:29,120 --> 00:15:31,240 Speaker 1: the beams it shed were not clear. 274 00:15:31,880 --> 00:15:35,160 Speaker 2: Yeah, the went a bit of a route to get there, 275 00:15:35,240 --> 00:15:38,600 Speaker 2: but I think it's like blotting out the sun. He 276 00:15:38,640 --> 00:15:41,200 Speaker 2: also wrote that it seemed like the Sun was constantly 277 00:15:41,240 --> 00:15:44,120 Speaker 2: from that point on it eclipsed, and that during this 278 00:15:44,240 --> 00:15:48,040 Speaker 2: time here's are his words, men were free, neither from war, 279 00:15:48,360 --> 00:15:53,040 Speaker 2: nor pestilence, nor any other thing leading to death. All 280 00:15:53,080 --> 00:15:56,560 Speaker 2: things that are not good ben descended upon the planet 281 00:15:56,720 --> 00:15:59,920 Speaker 2: and where haralded by this dark, mysterious cloud. 282 00:16:00,440 --> 00:16:03,520 Speaker 1: Is crazy that there was not social media at the time. 283 00:16:03,640 --> 00:16:07,000 Speaker 1: People would have gone nuts on the internet if it existed. 284 00:16:07,480 --> 00:16:12,480 Speaker 1: This cloud. Yeah, this rules in and local climates are 285 00:16:12,680 --> 00:16:16,280 Speaker 1: cooling temperatures. In the summer of five point thirty six, 286 00:16:17,640 --> 00:16:22,640 Speaker 1: they fell several degrees celsius and this created the coldest 287 00:16:22,640 --> 00:16:27,600 Speaker 1: decade in the past two thousand, three hundred years. Snow 288 00:16:27,680 --> 00:16:31,640 Speaker 1: was falling in China in summer. In summer, there was 289 00:16:31,680 --> 00:16:36,280 Speaker 1: snow falling, crops were failing wide rife, as our pal 290 00:16:36,320 --> 00:16:37,320 Speaker 1: Frank would say. 291 00:16:37,360 --> 00:16:40,320 Speaker 2: You would And are you saying the climate was changing. 292 00:16:41,240 --> 00:16:43,240 Speaker 1: I'm saying the climate was chaotic. 293 00:16:43,440 --> 00:16:45,320 Speaker 2: It was, But I'm just saying, like in what we 294 00:16:45,360 --> 00:16:49,760 Speaker 2: see today that is often described as climate change, not unusual, 295 00:16:49,960 --> 00:16:54,440 Speaker 2: not like historically without precedent, like the Ice Age, for example, 296 00:16:54,560 --> 00:16:58,400 Speaker 2: represented a massive hiccup in the climate. We're talking about here, 297 00:16:58,440 --> 00:17:02,120 Speaker 2: would be unseasonable in the climate brought on by at 298 00:17:02,120 --> 00:17:03,600 Speaker 2: the time, surely they knew. 299 00:17:03,480 --> 00:17:08,600 Speaker 1: Not what Yeah, and at an incredibly fast rate is 300 00:17:09,760 --> 00:17:20,120 Speaker 1: overnight kind of stuff, big ol'ponk. From five forty one 301 00:17:20,359 --> 00:17:25,120 Speaker 1: to five forty two. A pandemic follows on. It's called 302 00:17:25,160 --> 00:17:28,680 Speaker 1: the plague of Justinian. Guessing Justinian didn't make that one 303 00:17:28,760 --> 00:17:30,840 Speaker 1: up himself. That's just you know, he was in charge. 304 00:17:31,119 --> 00:17:34,639 Speaker 1: He gets saddled with the plague blame. Yeah, he's unlike 305 00:17:34,880 --> 00:17:38,840 Speaker 1: our war hero. He's in the meeting and he's yelling, you, guys, 306 00:17:38,840 --> 00:17:40,640 Speaker 1: I asked for a plaque, not a. 307 00:17:40,560 --> 00:17:44,960 Speaker 2: Plague, exactly, with some dignified ish, not one hundred percent 308 00:17:45,040 --> 00:17:49,879 Speaker 2: this thing that we're talking about, this cavalcade. This agglomeration, 309 00:17:50,000 --> 00:17:53,800 Speaker 2: as you'd say, been of bad stuff, absolutely ripped through 310 00:17:54,000 --> 00:17:57,960 Speaker 2: the Eastern Roman Empire and wiped out a third to 311 00:17:58,640 --> 00:18:02,680 Speaker 2: half of the entire population of that region. So, as 312 00:18:02,720 --> 00:18:08,480 Speaker 2: you can imagine, this led to some political turmoil. Yeah, 313 00:18:08,600 --> 00:18:09,600 Speaker 2: downright biblical. 314 00:18:09,880 --> 00:18:13,760 Speaker 1: And at this point nobody knew what caused this. This 315 00:18:13,920 --> 00:18:17,920 Speaker 1: guy just went dim and dark, and most folks, if 316 00:18:17,920 --> 00:18:20,119 Speaker 1: you had a man on the street interview at this time, 317 00:18:20,440 --> 00:18:23,560 Speaker 1: they would say it's a punishment from their version of God. 318 00:18:24,040 --> 00:18:28,200 Speaker 1: They also did not have the privilege or the opportunity 319 00:18:28,359 --> 00:18:33,040 Speaker 1: to really investigate this horrific mystery because everybody was too 320 00:18:33,040 --> 00:18:35,560 Speaker 1: busy trying to stay alive, yeah, or just you know, 321 00:18:35,760 --> 00:18:40,399 Speaker 1: dying or die. Yeah. Yeah. Picture your ten favorite people, 322 00:18:40,720 --> 00:18:43,240 Speaker 1: five of them are gone. This is like, since we've 323 00:18:43,280 --> 00:18:48,199 Speaker 1: referenced Marvel films, this is like the Thanos snap, you 324 00:18:48,240 --> 00:18:48,960 Speaker 1: know what I mean. 325 00:18:49,160 --> 00:18:54,439 Speaker 2: The Thanos snap or the Bowlin pop. Yes, exactly, I 326 00:18:54,480 --> 00:18:59,080 Speaker 2: appreciate the Bullen pop. It would take centuries of later 327 00:18:59,240 --> 00:19:04,000 Speaker 2: research to figure out what happened and how this global 328 00:19:04,040 --> 00:19:10,160 Speaker 2: disaster came to be. Ever since the nineteen nineties, when 329 00:19:10,680 --> 00:19:15,959 Speaker 2: scientists looked at tree rings studies or Dendo chronology. They 330 00:19:16,400 --> 00:19:21,639 Speaker 2: found something interesting. They said, Wait, the summers around the 331 00:19:21,720 --> 00:19:25,639 Speaker 2: year five forty CE or AD, whatever your preference is, 332 00:19:25,840 --> 00:19:31,400 Speaker 2: we're unusually cold. What happened before we get to the. 333 00:19:31,320 --> 00:19:34,600 Speaker 1: Really dark, dangerous part here, folks, As we said at 334 00:19:34,640 --> 00:19:39,240 Speaker 1: the top, your safe humanity survived. Humanity went on to 335 00:19:39,320 --> 00:19:43,800 Speaker 1: invent all sorts of neat stuff like velcros, synthesizers, radio, 336 00:19:44,040 --> 00:19:45,159 Speaker 1: even podcasts. 337 00:19:45,280 --> 00:19:48,160 Speaker 2: Velcrow is just the best. Yeah, it's pretty, it's it's 338 00:19:48,200 --> 00:19:50,760 Speaker 2: a sticky wicked for sure. It makes a satisfying sound 339 00:19:51,119 --> 00:19:52,160 Speaker 2: when you separate the pieces. 340 00:19:52,320 --> 00:19:54,960 Speaker 1: Oh yeah, one for all our sensation of friends in 341 00:19:55,000 --> 00:19:59,000 Speaker 1: the crowd. Historians returned to this question of what made 342 00:19:59,040 --> 00:20:05,240 Speaker 1: five thirty six so specifically enormously cartoonishly bad, and they 343 00:20:05,280 --> 00:20:08,800 Speaker 1: started to crack some interesting theories. Noel, could we go 344 00:20:08,920 --> 00:20:11,320 Speaker 1: to the medieval historian Michael McCormick. 345 00:20:11,720 --> 00:20:15,679 Speaker 2: Man, we must. Michael McCormick is an authority on these matters, 346 00:20:15,680 --> 00:20:18,040 Speaker 2: and he had this to say, along with his pal, 347 00:20:18,200 --> 00:20:22,639 Speaker 2: a glaciologist named Paul Maiuski, and they're operating within an 348 00:20:22,720 --> 00:20:26,400 Speaker 2: organization called the Climate Change Institute of the University of Maine, 349 00:20:26,560 --> 00:20:30,280 Speaker 2: leading a team investigating all sorts of things, among them glaciers. 350 00:20:30,320 --> 00:20:34,679 Speaker 2: So we're talking about using glaciers to measure historical events. 351 00:20:34,680 --> 00:20:36,960 Speaker 2: Probably not exactly the same as like ice cores, but 352 00:20:37,040 --> 00:20:39,639 Speaker 2: you know, definitely there are things contained in glaciers that 353 00:20:39,680 --> 00:20:43,479 Speaker 2: are that represent events from the past, you know, various 354 00:20:43,520 --> 00:20:46,399 Speaker 2: compositions of minerals and chemicals and might whatever it might be. 355 00:20:47,000 --> 00:20:49,560 Speaker 2: So through an intense analysis of these ice it would 356 00:20:49,600 --> 00:20:52,320 Speaker 2: be ice cores from a glacier over in Switzerland, they 357 00:20:52,320 --> 00:20:58,600 Speaker 2: determined that the doomsday level events that swept Europe, Asia 358 00:20:58,680 --> 00:21:03,359 Speaker 2: and the Middle East, it was unavoidable and perhaps just 359 00:21:03,400 --> 00:21:08,800 Speaker 2: a taste of the awfulness to come timeline. I don't 360 00:21:08,800 --> 00:21:10,880 Speaker 2: know that we've gotten there yet, but yeah. 361 00:21:10,560 --> 00:21:14,040 Speaker 1: It's a real ristler coaster. Yeah, it's a real roller 362 00:21:14,040 --> 00:21:21,320 Speaker 1: coaster today. Like you said, inevitable, unstoppable, right, the all 363 00:21:21,359 --> 00:21:23,840 Speaker 1: pass have led you to me the answer to the 364 00:21:23,880 --> 00:21:27,160 Speaker 1: riddle of what made five thirty six just so bad? 365 00:21:27,840 --> 00:21:34,320 Speaker 1: Volcados not just one a combo move of multiple volcanic eruptions. 366 00:21:34,400 --> 00:21:37,399 Speaker 1: There was one that was believed to be properly in 367 00:21:37,480 --> 00:21:41,280 Speaker 1: Iceland maybe another way in North America that spewed ash 368 00:21:41,400 --> 00:21:45,240 Speaker 1: across the entirety of the northern hemisphere early in the 369 00:21:45,320 --> 00:21:50,359 Speaker 1: year of five thirty six, followed by two other massive eruptions, 370 00:21:50,480 --> 00:21:54,040 Speaker 1: one in five forty one in five forty seven. And 371 00:21:54,160 --> 00:21:57,919 Speaker 1: this team, they've got some great work published in a 372 00:21:58,000 --> 00:22:03,080 Speaker 1: journal called Antiquity. They say the repeated blows, followed on 373 00:22:03,200 --> 00:22:08,280 Speaker 1: by a plague, plunged Europe into economic stagnation that lasted 374 00:22:08,440 --> 00:22:13,080 Speaker 1: well until six forty and then there was a spike 375 00:22:13,720 --> 00:22:16,240 Speaker 1: they could find red again. They're reading the ice the 376 00:22:16,240 --> 00:22:18,720 Speaker 1: way you would read rings in a tree. They say 377 00:22:18,720 --> 00:22:23,200 Speaker 1: there's a spike in airborne lead that marks the resurgence 378 00:22:23,240 --> 00:22:27,000 Speaker 1: of silver mining. So Nola first. Our next question becomes 379 00:22:27,400 --> 00:22:31,600 Speaker 1: what makes these eruptions so dangerous? And maybe to answer that, 380 00:22:31,680 --> 00:22:34,879 Speaker 1: we get to lean on our house stuff works hats. 381 00:22:35,040 --> 00:22:38,200 Speaker 2: Yes, because they are quite sturdy, those how stuff works hats, 382 00:22:38,200 --> 00:22:40,480 Speaker 2: so we can lean right on them. When a volcano erups, 383 00:22:40,480 --> 00:22:44,439 Speaker 2: its spew sulfur something called bismuth, which sounds like a 384 00:22:44,440 --> 00:22:47,080 Speaker 2: material you might find in the pits of Hell and 385 00:22:47,160 --> 00:22:50,840 Speaker 2: other substances, way way up into the atmosphere, where they 386 00:22:51,080 --> 00:22:55,600 Speaker 2: become aerosolized and form like a kind of bubble, a veil, 387 00:22:55,680 --> 00:22:58,679 Speaker 2: as it's often referred to. That can reflect the Sun's 388 00:22:58,760 --> 00:23:03,520 Speaker 2: light back out into space, cooling the planet, which you know, 389 00:23:03,520 --> 00:23:06,600 Speaker 2: when you said cooling, that sounds like relatively monocuous, but 390 00:23:06,680 --> 00:23:09,159 Speaker 2: we're talking extreme levels of cooling. 391 00:23:09,280 --> 00:23:12,960 Speaker 1: Yes, yes, yeah, yeah, yeah, that's a great point about 392 00:23:13,600 --> 00:23:19,320 Speaker 1: cooling sounding way less catastrophic than it is. These guys 393 00:23:19,320 --> 00:23:23,000 Speaker 1: were able to match the ice record of those chemical 394 00:23:23,040 --> 00:23:26,560 Speaker 1: traces you know in this ice core with tree bring 395 00:23:26,680 --> 00:23:29,080 Speaker 1: records of climate. And this is where we go to 396 00:23:29,119 --> 00:23:32,440 Speaker 1: a guy named Michael Siggle who was at the University 397 00:23:32,480 --> 00:23:35,919 Speaker 1: of Berne for a long time, and they found something predictive. 398 00:23:36,000 --> 00:23:40,760 Speaker 1: They said, look every pretty much every unusually cold summer 399 00:23:41,520 --> 00:23:44,480 Speaker 1: over the past two thousand and five hundred years was 400 00:23:44,640 --> 00:23:50,040 Speaker 1: directly preceded by a volcanic eruption. That's what inspired Mayeuski 401 00:23:50,240 --> 00:23:55,400 Speaker 1: and McCormick. In twenty thirteen, Biyuski's team took this seventy 402 00:23:55,480 --> 00:23:59,280 Speaker 1: two meter long ice core from the Swiss Alps and 403 00:23:59,320 --> 00:24:05,080 Speaker 1: they used in ultra high resolution method to what's the 404 00:24:05,119 --> 00:24:07,520 Speaker 1: best way to say this, we're not experts. They took 405 00:24:07,600 --> 00:24:11,920 Speaker 1: a laser that could carve very tiny slices of ice, 406 00:24:12,480 --> 00:24:17,399 Speaker 1: and with that they were able to say, look at this, 407 00:24:18,520 --> 00:24:21,280 Speaker 1: at this period of time for just a few days 408 00:24:21,359 --> 00:24:24,120 Speaker 1: or a few weeks there was snowfall right or they 409 00:24:24,119 --> 00:24:29,119 Speaker 1: could tell the weather with that level of sophistication, accuracy 410 00:24:29,160 --> 00:24:32,800 Speaker 1: and fidelity, and it was a frightening time capsule. You know, 411 00:24:32,960 --> 00:24:36,960 Speaker 1: they saw two thousand years fall out from volcanoes, Saharan 412 00:24:37,080 --> 00:24:40,199 Speaker 1: dust storms, human activity, and it's right there in the 413 00:24:40,240 --> 00:24:43,000 Speaker 1: center of Europe. This is nuts, man, They were watching 414 00:24:43,040 --> 00:24:44,920 Speaker 1: an action movie montage. 415 00:24:45,280 --> 00:24:48,200 Speaker 2: Yeah, just like really slowly, like the paint drying version 416 00:24:48,280 --> 00:24:51,000 Speaker 2: of an action movie montage. But we're glad that there 417 00:24:51,000 --> 00:24:54,000 Speaker 2: are smarter people than us that can do the work 418 00:24:54,040 --> 00:24:57,200 Speaker 2: there with the ice cores and all of this analysis 419 00:24:57,200 --> 00:25:02,280 Speaker 2: that takes a lot of discipline, into detail and patience. 420 00:25:02,600 --> 00:25:06,040 Speaker 2: So each of these samples, some fifty thousand from each 421 00:25:06,200 --> 00:25:09,879 Speaker 2: meter of the core, were analyzed for about a dozen 422 00:25:10,000 --> 00:25:14,320 Speaker 2: different elements of you know, checking to see where they 423 00:25:14,359 --> 00:25:17,640 Speaker 2: fell in the timeline that you can you know, kind 424 00:25:17,640 --> 00:25:20,639 Speaker 2: of put put together from analyzing these ice cores. The 425 00:25:20,680 --> 00:25:25,720 Speaker 2: approach enabled the team to pinpoint specific storms, specific volcanic eruptions, 426 00:25:25,760 --> 00:25:30,440 Speaker 2: and lead pollution down to the month with absolute precision, 427 00:25:30,520 --> 00:25:33,240 Speaker 2: or at least really really close to being right on 428 00:25:33,280 --> 00:25:36,600 Speaker 2: the money within a month or possibly even less within weeks, 429 00:25:36,680 --> 00:25:39,480 Speaker 2: so more research was to follow. 430 00:25:40,200 --> 00:25:43,520 Speaker 1: Yeah, here's what we found. It seems that the wind 431 00:25:43,680 --> 00:25:47,560 Speaker 1: and weather systems back then in five thirty six must 432 00:25:47,600 --> 00:25:51,560 Speaker 1: have been just right, just perfect for an apocalypse. It 433 00:25:51,680 --> 00:25:56,680 Speaker 1: guided the plume of this volcanic eruption southeast across Europe 434 00:25:57,080 --> 00:26:02,040 Speaker 1: later into Asia, and this vulcan canic fog rolled across 435 00:26:02,080 --> 00:26:06,439 Speaker 1: the land. There was, to be fair, there was nothing 436 00:26:06,600 --> 00:26:10,600 Speaker 1: civilization could have done to prevent this, and if something 437 00:26:10,720 --> 00:26:15,000 Speaker 1: like this happened today, there is little that modern civilization 438 00:26:15,160 --> 00:26:19,040 Speaker 1: could do to stop it. We're we're basically four volcanoes 439 00:26:19,080 --> 00:26:21,560 Speaker 1: away from the end of the world, for sure. 440 00:26:21,600 --> 00:26:23,960 Speaker 2: And I guess we think of things we could do 441 00:26:24,160 --> 00:26:27,120 Speaker 2: as a society, as a civilation civilization to prevent these 442 00:26:27,200 --> 00:26:30,199 Speaker 2: kinds of things. I think the mind often jumps to 443 00:26:30,720 --> 00:26:34,840 Speaker 2: conservation efforts, and you know, reducing pollution and closing the 444 00:26:34,840 --> 00:26:37,160 Speaker 2: hole in the ozone layers of This is beyond any 445 00:26:37,240 --> 00:26:40,080 Speaker 2: of that, Yeah, right, Ben, This is not man made 446 00:26:40,160 --> 00:26:44,240 Speaker 2: or contributed to by any activity of human beings. 447 00:26:44,440 --> 00:26:47,320 Speaker 1: Yeah, this is past the pay grade of the Homo 448 00:26:47,359 --> 00:26:51,320 Speaker 1: sapien for sure. We don't want to lose hope, you know, 449 00:26:51,440 --> 00:26:54,000 Speaker 1: we want, we want to dream big. It's a long 450 00:26:54,040 --> 00:26:57,199 Speaker 1: December for everyone. There's a meason to believe, there's a 451 00:26:57,280 --> 00:27:01,760 Speaker 1: reason to believe there's something new and on the horizon, hopefully. 452 00:27:02,119 --> 00:27:05,560 Speaker 1: Five point thirty six was certainly unusual, It was certainly tough. 453 00:27:05,680 --> 00:27:09,240 Speaker 1: It led to a terrifying decade of chaos, but humanity 454 00:27:09,440 --> 00:27:13,600 Speaker 1: soldiered on. And the same research that taught humans about 455 00:27:13,680 --> 00:27:20,680 Speaker 1: volcanic eruptions also gives insight into how and when civilization recovered, 456 00:27:20,680 --> 00:27:24,080 Speaker 1: because the same ice that tells the story of disaster 457 00:27:24,920 --> 00:27:28,680 Speaker 1: tells the story of humanity getting back on its feet. 458 00:27:28,920 --> 00:27:31,120 Speaker 2: Well, I think we all love a good comeback story. 459 00:27:31,200 --> 00:27:34,959 Speaker 2: I mean, obviously, you know, with the atomic bombs dropped 460 00:27:35,000 --> 00:27:40,040 Speaker 2: on Japan, it was an absolute horrific event that's annihilated 461 00:27:40,359 --> 00:27:43,040 Speaker 2: most aspects of that civilization. But we also know that 462 00:27:43,080 --> 00:27:46,400 Speaker 2: the recovery and the rebuilding of Japan led to insane 463 00:27:46,440 --> 00:27:49,320 Speaker 2: advances and led to them being like top of the 464 00:27:49,359 --> 00:27:53,400 Speaker 2: heap in terms of technology and innovation and culture. And 465 00:27:53,480 --> 00:27:56,879 Speaker 2: you know, I just I love a rebuilding story rising 466 00:27:56,960 --> 00:27:59,600 Speaker 2: from the ashes. So we have that here, of course. 467 00:28:00,080 --> 00:28:04,359 Speaker 1: Yeah, yeah, let's go to Kyle Harper, a medieval and 468 00:28:04,480 --> 00:28:09,720 Speaker 1: Roman historian at the University of Oklahoma. He says, if 469 00:28:09,760 --> 00:28:13,680 Speaker 1: you look through these ice cores, you have a new 470 00:28:13,800 --> 00:28:17,440 Speaker 1: kind of record for understanding one of the most beautiful 471 00:28:17,440 --> 00:28:22,520 Speaker 1: words here, understanding the concatenation of human and natural causes 472 00:28:22,880 --> 00:28:25,560 Speaker 1: that led to the fall of the Roman Empire. And 473 00:28:26,040 --> 00:28:28,880 Speaker 1: Kyle says, if we could be familiar with you here, 474 00:28:28,960 --> 00:28:33,160 Speaker 1: Kyle Kyle says, this also shows us the earliest stirrings 475 00:28:33,240 --> 00:28:37,280 Speaker 1: of a new medieval economy. There was a spike. It 476 00:28:37,400 --> 00:28:41,600 Speaker 1: led in six point forty. There's another great name we 477 00:28:41,680 --> 00:28:45,280 Speaker 1: got to bring up here in an archaeologist called Christopher 478 00:28:45,560 --> 00:28:47,600 Speaker 1: love Luck. What a cool last day. 479 00:28:47,600 --> 00:28:50,600 Speaker 2: Sounds like a Harry Potter character, Very very cool. But 480 00:28:50,880 --> 00:28:54,040 Speaker 2: this also is connected to a story that we talked about, 481 00:28:54,240 --> 00:28:56,800 Speaker 2: I believe it was this year on our sister pod. 482 00:28:57,000 --> 00:28:58,360 Speaker 2: Something I want you to know when we do our 483 00:28:58,400 --> 00:29:04,320 Speaker 2: strange news segments about newer analysis of these lead levels 484 00:29:04,600 --> 00:29:09,760 Speaker 2: showing that lead contamination led to cognitive decline in the 485 00:29:09,840 --> 00:29:12,280 Speaker 2: Roman Empire. That's not the same thing we're talking about here. 486 00:29:12,320 --> 00:29:16,080 Speaker 2: We're talking about things well beyond the realms of intellect. 487 00:29:16,440 --> 00:29:19,400 Speaker 2: But we could also argue that what led to a 488 00:29:19,480 --> 00:29:24,560 Speaker 2: decline in their powers was also brought on by lead levels. 489 00:29:24,640 --> 00:29:27,480 Speaker 1: Oh yeah, yeah, making them dumber. Yes, yeah, yeah yeah. 490 00:29:27,960 --> 00:29:31,240 Speaker 1: Check out our upcoming stuff they'll want you to know 491 00:29:31,320 --> 00:29:39,720 Speaker 1: episode about the proposed connection between lead levels and serial killers. Again, 492 00:29:40,000 --> 00:29:41,880 Speaker 1: like you were saying, Noel, a little bit outside the 493 00:29:41,920 --> 00:29:45,320 Speaker 1: scope of this episode, but we're always going to be closing. 494 00:29:45,480 --> 00:29:48,720 Speaker 2: And we're looking at the lead levels here as a 495 00:29:48,800 --> 00:29:53,200 Speaker 2: positive because it represents new industry that was emerging. 496 00:29:53,520 --> 00:29:53,880 Speaker 4: Yeah. 497 00:29:53,920 --> 00:29:57,959 Speaker 1: Our buddy Christopher Loveluck over at the University of Nottingham 498 00:29:58,000 --> 00:30:02,920 Speaker 1: points out that these led levels are smoking gun evidence 499 00:30:03,280 --> 00:30:07,520 Speaker 1: of mining. So silver is smelted from this lead or 500 00:30:08,000 --> 00:30:11,800 Speaker 1: the lead is a sign that silver is back in business, 501 00:30:11,840 --> 00:30:15,800 Speaker 1: Silver is back in demand. The economy is rebounding from 502 00:30:15,960 --> 00:30:20,640 Speaker 1: these volcanic eruptions. You see another lead peak in six 503 00:30:20,640 --> 00:30:23,840 Speaker 1: point sixty. This means there was a ton of silver 504 00:30:24,440 --> 00:30:29,280 Speaker 1: going into the medieval economy, and it suggests that gold 505 00:30:29,440 --> 00:30:33,800 Speaker 1: became increasingly scarce because more people were trading, so you 506 00:30:33,880 --> 00:30:38,280 Speaker 1: had to move to silver. In essence, we don't have 507 00:30:38,360 --> 00:30:41,280 Speaker 1: any more Coca cola. Would you take a pepsi? 508 00:30:41,600 --> 00:30:45,480 Speaker 2: No, I'd rather start, I'd rather die thirst. You're not 509 00:30:45,520 --> 00:30:48,400 Speaker 2: a pepsi guy, not onlike pepsi, not on like pepsi. No, 510 00:30:48,560 --> 00:30:51,120 Speaker 2: it insists upon itself, it really does. It's just it's 511 00:30:51,200 --> 00:30:52,840 Speaker 2: very syrapy. It's not my thing. And it also could 512 00:30:52,880 --> 00:30:56,479 Speaker 2: well be just where we live and the loyalty I 513 00:30:56,480 --> 00:30:59,840 Speaker 2: think we all have for the cocup. 514 00:30:58,560 --> 00:31:00,920 Speaker 3: In here and say, I don't really feel much loyalty 515 00:31:01,000 --> 00:31:01,360 Speaker 3: to coke. 516 00:31:01,480 --> 00:31:03,080 Speaker 2: Now, I think. 517 00:31:05,720 --> 00:31:07,480 Speaker 3: That's what I'm saying. It's it's like I don't really 518 00:31:07,480 --> 00:31:09,520 Speaker 3: even drink so that much. I don't really feel that 519 00:31:09,600 --> 00:31:12,120 Speaker 3: much loyalty to coke. And I think coke is vastly 520 00:31:12,200 --> 00:31:14,880 Speaker 3: spirit of pepsi. It's just it. It does. It insists 521 00:31:14,920 --> 00:31:18,120 Speaker 3: upon itself. It is the hata odyssey of sodas. 522 00:31:18,120 --> 00:31:20,440 Speaker 1: Oh yo, you got me back. That was a roller 523 00:31:20,480 --> 00:31:23,400 Speaker 1: coaster commet. You're manipulating me so well. 524 00:31:23,560 --> 00:31:26,560 Speaker 2: You know else kind of insists upon themselves. The upper 525 00:31:26,600 --> 00:31:27,320 Speaker 2: middle class. 526 00:31:27,800 --> 00:31:31,960 Speaker 1: Ah, yes, yeah, I lovel merge. 527 00:31:32,240 --> 00:31:35,000 Speaker 2: We don't we with that merchant class? 528 00:31:35,120 --> 00:31:38,640 Speaker 1: Yeah, love Luck argues this is the Rise of the 529 00:31:38,720 --> 00:31:40,000 Speaker 1: Merchant Class. 530 00:31:39,640 --> 00:31:42,320 Speaker 2: Which is the most boring Marvel movie title of all. 531 00:31:42,240 --> 00:31:46,320 Speaker 1: Time, The Rise of the Merchant Class. I love, I 532 00:31:46,360 --> 00:31:49,200 Speaker 1: love ten minutes of it. I don't know if I 533 00:31:49,200 --> 00:31:50,160 Speaker 1: love two hours of it. 534 00:31:50,320 --> 00:31:52,760 Speaker 2: Yeah, I don't need it. 535 00:31:52,880 --> 00:31:55,920 Speaker 1: Just give me a YouTube review, right for sure. 536 00:31:55,960 --> 00:32:05,800 Speaker 2: That's how we do our recent But there was a 537 00:32:05,800 --> 00:32:08,640 Speaker 2: cool YouTube you linked to Ben in this research from 538 00:32:08,680 --> 00:32:11,800 Speaker 2: Weird History, which is a great channel. In the videos 539 00:32:11,840 --> 00:32:14,240 Speaker 2: called year five thirty six was the worst year to 540 00:32:14,280 --> 00:32:16,240 Speaker 2: be alive? What happened? Right? 541 00:32:16,400 --> 00:32:20,160 Speaker 1: Yeah? In that video, which cites some of the research 542 00:32:20,240 --> 00:32:24,440 Speaker 1: we're citing here as well. We ultimately conclude the ice 543 00:32:24,560 --> 00:32:27,480 Speaker 1: has a lot to say for those who know how 544 00:32:27,520 --> 00:32:31,360 Speaker 1: to listen, and it shows us another Just following the 545 00:32:31,440 --> 00:32:34,719 Speaker 1: lead patterns is so weird because it shows us another 546 00:32:34,800 --> 00:32:39,600 Speaker 1: tough time in history. Lead vanishes again during the Black 547 00:32:39,640 --> 00:32:41,640 Speaker 1: Death from thirteen forty nine to. 548 00:32:41,720 --> 00:32:44,720 Speaker 2: Thirteen to fifty three. You know, you got to weigh 549 00:32:44,720 --> 00:32:46,200 Speaker 2: out a little bit. You gotta got lead or we 550 00:32:46,280 --> 00:32:49,400 Speaker 2: got the Black Death, right right, one or the other. 551 00:32:49,640 --> 00:32:52,320 Speaker 2: I said, a plaque, not a plague. It would be 552 00:32:52,320 --> 00:32:54,560 Speaker 2: insult to injury if we had both, is all I'm 553 00:32:54,600 --> 00:32:57,760 Speaker 2: getting it, you know. Yeah, rising lead levels and the 554 00:32:57,800 --> 00:33:00,120 Speaker 2: Black Death that would be just too much. But yeah, 555 00:33:00,120 --> 00:33:02,640 Speaker 2: black Death, I'm not meaning to make light. That was 556 00:33:03,080 --> 00:33:07,040 Speaker 2: another gnarly historical wiper outer of populations. 557 00:33:07,320 --> 00:33:10,520 Speaker 1: Yeah, it was not a great day for most people. 558 00:33:10,880 --> 00:33:14,520 Speaker 1: But this so we've solved the case, right, the boffins 559 00:33:14,680 --> 00:33:17,680 Speaker 1: have figured out that five point thirty six became a 560 00:33:17,800 --> 00:33:22,400 Speaker 1: terrible year that launched a thousand ships of disaster because 561 00:33:22,440 --> 00:33:25,920 Speaker 1: of volcanic eruptions. But is it the worst year ever? 562 00:33:26,040 --> 00:33:28,360 Speaker 1: Is it alarmist or a hyperbolic to call it that? 563 00:33:29,000 --> 00:33:29,760 Speaker 1: Maybe a little? 564 00:33:30,120 --> 00:33:32,800 Speaker 2: I mean, the worst anything ever is in its very 565 00:33:32,880 --> 00:33:34,840 Speaker 2: nature hyperbolic. That is what that is. 566 00:33:35,400 --> 00:33:36,680 Speaker 1: Yeah, yeah, things. 567 00:33:36,440 --> 00:33:38,440 Speaker 2: Could always get worse. We also don't, well, I guess 568 00:33:38,440 --> 00:33:41,480 Speaker 2: we are talking about things that have happened. So if 569 00:33:41,520 --> 00:33:44,000 Speaker 2: you did the math, there's probably some arguments that could 570 00:33:44,000 --> 00:33:47,240 Speaker 2: be made that you could unequivocally rank it as s 571 00:33:47,360 --> 00:33:48,840 Speaker 2: tier worse year. 572 00:33:49,200 --> 00:33:53,520 Speaker 1: Jbe what of right, definitely one of the worst years. 573 00:33:54,120 --> 00:33:58,040 Speaker 1: It reminds me a little bit of that poem by W. 574 00:33:58,360 --> 00:34:04,600 Speaker 1: H Auden about the Old Masters. In the poem, he's 575 00:34:04,640 --> 00:34:08,239 Speaker 1: talking about this painting where Icarus is falling from the 576 00:34:08,320 --> 00:34:09,600 Speaker 1: sky because he got. 577 00:34:09,520 --> 00:34:10,640 Speaker 2: Too close to the sun. 578 00:34:10,840 --> 00:34:15,240 Speaker 1: Yeah, and the biggest, the twist of it, to spoil 579 00:34:15,320 --> 00:34:19,320 Speaker 1: this poem is that there's also a boat in the painting, 580 00:34:19,719 --> 00:34:22,360 Speaker 1: and the people on the boat do not care that 581 00:34:22,520 --> 00:34:25,759 Speaker 1: Icarus is falling. Their life is fine. So there are 582 00:34:25,880 --> 00:34:30,200 Speaker 1: populations in other parts of the world that don't know 583 00:34:30,320 --> 00:34:33,200 Speaker 1: five thirty six is the worst year ever because they 584 00:34:33,200 --> 00:34:35,799 Speaker 1: don't even have the calendar that tells them it's five 585 00:34:35,920 --> 00:34:36,520 Speaker 1: thirty six. 586 00:34:37,320 --> 00:34:38,000 Speaker 2: It's a good point. 587 00:34:38,160 --> 00:34:43,000 Speaker 1: They're just alive. And they might hear a traveler from 588 00:34:43,040 --> 00:34:46,919 Speaker 1: Afar who's who's like, hey, I'm from what we call 589 00:34:47,600 --> 00:34:52,080 Speaker 1: the world it's Western Europe spoiler, and everything's terrible there, 590 00:34:52,120 --> 00:34:55,800 Speaker 1: and they're like, hey man, we're fine, you know, welcome 591 00:34:55,840 --> 00:34:56,759 Speaker 1: to Botswana. 592 00:34:57,080 --> 00:34:59,719 Speaker 2: Well, you know, in theory, we are fine. If you've 593 00:35:00,040 --> 00:35:03,480 Speaker 2: ask forward to this year being on the cusp of 594 00:35:03,480 --> 00:35:06,000 Speaker 2: twenty twenty six, we are still sitting here in twenty 595 00:35:06,040 --> 00:35:09,239 Speaker 2: twenty five. Humanity has you know, persevered as we are 596 00:35:09,280 --> 00:35:11,440 Speaker 2: wont to do. Broken a lot of eggs in the 597 00:35:11,480 --> 00:35:15,680 Speaker 2: process of making that what is it? Civilizational omelet? 598 00:35:16,000 --> 00:35:20,200 Speaker 1: Nailed it, nailed it ten ten no notes. I like it. 599 00:35:20,800 --> 00:35:22,520 Speaker 2: I made an omelet this morning. It's on my mind. 600 00:35:22,560 --> 00:35:25,239 Speaker 1: You did you make an omelet on a work day? 601 00:35:25,719 --> 00:35:27,759 Speaker 2: I make an omelet in the morning. Yeah, I'm working 602 00:35:27,760 --> 00:35:30,160 Speaker 2: from home. I cook a nice little breakfast, made some 603 00:35:30,200 --> 00:35:31,120 Speaker 2: bacon and an omelet. 604 00:35:31,600 --> 00:35:32,200 Speaker 1: That's coffel. 605 00:35:32,840 --> 00:35:36,680 Speaker 2: Yeah, I like fun. So we you make an omelet 606 00:35:36,719 --> 00:35:42,719 Speaker 2: on a workday that allowed on the weekend. That's crazy, man, 607 00:35:43,800 --> 00:35:46,600 Speaker 2: too hard, cool night, Nolan. 608 00:35:46,719 --> 00:35:49,600 Speaker 1: Nolan and I are friends because we have vastly different 609 00:35:49,680 --> 00:35:53,080 Speaker 1: religions and philosophy, and we have vastly different morning routine. Right, 610 00:35:53,160 --> 00:35:54,920 Speaker 1: Why do I sound scandalized? 611 00:35:55,200 --> 00:35:57,319 Speaker 2: It was funny. I have to question it, but I'm 612 00:35:57,360 --> 00:36:03,080 Speaker 2: here for it, man. And then a workday not help 613 00:36:03,120 --> 00:36:05,600 Speaker 2: you if you put any garlic in it? 614 00:36:05,760 --> 00:36:08,600 Speaker 1: Oh my gosh. I have so many questions that we 615 00:36:08,680 --> 00:36:12,200 Speaker 1: have to save for off air. And I love I 616 00:36:12,280 --> 00:36:14,080 Speaker 1: love getting to know you. 617 00:36:14,560 --> 00:36:17,240 Speaker 2: Oh so we're here for Yeah, podcasting is all about 618 00:36:17,280 --> 00:36:21,960 Speaker 2: but we're we're here making omelets literal and figurative. We 619 00:36:22,000 --> 00:36:25,200 Speaker 2: do still have some issues. Was the climate does seem 620 00:36:25,239 --> 00:36:29,520 Speaker 2: to be approaching levels of unpredictability that we've described in 621 00:36:29,640 --> 00:36:34,200 Speaker 2: this aforementioned worst year ever. Experts cross the planet are 622 00:36:34,239 --> 00:36:37,239 Speaker 2: proposing some pretty wild solutions as well. We remember that 623 00:36:37,280 --> 00:36:39,120 Speaker 2: guy we talked about this recently on Stuff that I 624 00:36:39,239 --> 00:36:40,919 Speaker 2: want you to know, who like he was just a guy. 625 00:36:40,960 --> 00:36:42,680 Speaker 2: He wasn't even like had no authority or was an 626 00:36:42,680 --> 00:36:46,200 Speaker 2: expert really, but he suggested like detonating an atomic beyonderground, 627 00:36:46,480 --> 00:36:48,560 Speaker 2: and that it would have some crazy effect of like 628 00:36:49,080 --> 00:36:51,600 Speaker 2: reducing pollution or I don't remember exactly, but I just 629 00:36:51,640 --> 00:36:54,560 Speaker 2: do remember that there was some there were some experts 630 00:36:54,560 --> 00:36:56,560 Speaker 2: saying it's crazy, but it just might work. 631 00:36:56,760 --> 00:37:03,000 Speaker 1: Yeahs, nuclear weaponry, NU clear technology is the shiny new 632 00:37:03,040 --> 00:37:06,319 Speaker 1: toy right up there with large language models are so 633 00:37:06,400 --> 00:37:10,160 Speaker 1: called artificial intelligence. So logically, a lot of people said, 634 00:37:10,480 --> 00:37:13,520 Speaker 1: I don't know, man, maybe we nuke stuff, Maybe we can. 635 00:37:13,680 --> 00:37:16,799 Speaker 1: Maybe nukes are the solution to all those problems we 636 00:37:16,880 --> 00:37:20,919 Speaker 1: created and cannot solve. But in that spirit, Noel. One 637 00:37:20,960 --> 00:37:26,480 Speaker 1: of the most well researched outlandish solutions is something we 638 00:37:26,560 --> 00:37:28,759 Speaker 1: talked about in a recent episode of Stuff They will want, 639 00:37:28,800 --> 00:37:34,239 Speaker 1: you know, Stratospheric aerosol injection or SAI. The ideas you 640 00:37:34,320 --> 00:37:38,280 Speaker 1: can just wish wish a lot of solid particle aerosols 641 00:37:38,320 --> 00:37:46,160 Speaker 1: into Earth's stratosphere and then that can help mitigate global warming. 642 00:37:46,680 --> 00:37:49,640 Speaker 1: That we're talking a fleet of airplanes, six thousand flights 643 00:37:50,000 --> 00:37:54,600 Speaker 1: every day, thirty eight million metric tons of sulfur dioxide 644 00:37:54,719 --> 00:38:00,880 Speaker 1: or similar stuff. Basically, the proposal is to artify create 645 00:38:01,520 --> 00:38:04,359 Speaker 1: conditions similar to five thirty. 646 00:38:04,080 --> 00:38:07,439 Speaker 2: Six c Can I just backcheck one split second, because 647 00:38:07,440 --> 00:38:10,000 Speaker 2: I think people are wondering. The dude I was talking 648 00:38:10,040 --> 00:38:13,040 Speaker 2: about was a twenty five year old Microsoft software engineer, 649 00:38:13,080 --> 00:38:16,160 Speaker 2: so an expert in something but not a climate change, 650 00:38:16,560 --> 00:38:20,160 Speaker 2: and he proposed, yeah, a precision detonation of a nuclear 651 00:38:20,200 --> 00:38:24,560 Speaker 2: bomb under the ocean that would quote, according to NDTV 652 00:38:24,680 --> 00:38:28,040 Speaker 2: dot com, viscerate the carbon absorbing rocks that make up 653 00:38:28,120 --> 00:38:32,800 Speaker 2: the seabed and causing rapid rock weathering at a scale 654 00:38:32,840 --> 00:38:36,800 Speaker 2: substantial enough to make a meaningful dent and atmospheric carbon levels. 655 00:38:38,280 --> 00:38:40,560 Speaker 2: It was also published in a non peer reviewed website, 656 00:38:40,640 --> 00:38:43,319 Speaker 2: not even a journal, a website. Just sorry, I just 657 00:38:43,719 --> 00:38:48,040 Speaker 2: I was reminded of this, this crazy idea, among many 658 00:38:48,120 --> 00:38:51,000 Speaker 2: other crazy ideas to do something about you know, what's 659 00:38:51,000 --> 00:38:51,920 Speaker 2: going on with the climate. 660 00:38:52,400 --> 00:38:55,560 Speaker 1: So what we're telling you here, folks, is essentially that 661 00:38:55,920 --> 00:39:00,880 Speaker 1: people are attempting to artificially create a vault canic winter 662 00:39:01,800 --> 00:39:06,080 Speaker 1: like back in the halcyon days of five thirty six CE. 663 00:39:06,600 --> 00:39:10,000 Speaker 1: What do you think, pretty good year? Is it time 664 00:39:10,080 --> 00:39:13,600 Speaker 1: to roll the dice? Should we bring back five thirty six? 665 00:39:14,480 --> 00:39:19,879 Speaker 1: Just talk about retro? Right? Should we bring back five 666 00:39:20,000 --> 00:39:23,960 Speaker 1: thirty six? Well, we will talk about that and more 667 00:39:24,280 --> 00:39:28,560 Speaker 1: much more in the future as we're bringing in twenty 668 00:39:28,719 --> 00:39:32,359 Speaker 1: twenty six. Thank you as always for joining us on 669 00:39:32,400 --> 00:39:36,720 Speaker 1: our mad continuing adventures to boldly go into the most 670 00:39:36,800 --> 00:39:38,600 Speaker 1: ridiculous of history. 671 00:39:38,840 --> 00:39:40,560 Speaker 2: Are we mad cap? Ben? 672 00:39:40,760 --> 00:39:41,160 Speaker 1: I think so? 673 00:39:41,560 --> 00:39:42,440 Speaker 2: Would we qualify? 674 00:39:42,680 --> 00:39:42,919 Speaker 1: Yeah? 675 00:39:43,000 --> 00:39:46,040 Speaker 2: We call these mad cap adventures. We can we even 676 00:39:46,080 --> 00:39:48,160 Speaker 2: go so far as to call them capers. Perhaps I 677 00:39:48,200 --> 00:39:50,120 Speaker 2: love a caper. Yeah, I love a heist. 678 00:39:50,520 --> 00:39:52,479 Speaker 1: Yeah, it's gonna start it on a heist, and even 679 00:39:52,520 --> 00:39:55,359 Speaker 1: a caper just on a bagel. You know, I'm done. 680 00:39:55,440 --> 00:39:57,719 Speaker 2: You love a caper? I love a caper. It's a 681 00:39:57,719 --> 00:39:59,840 Speaker 2: delightful little what do you call like a bubble of flavor, 682 00:40:00,040 --> 00:40:01,200 Speaker 2: almost like a fish egg. 683 00:40:01,680 --> 00:40:05,160 Speaker 1: Yeah, there we go. That's a good comparison. We also 684 00:40:05,200 --> 00:40:08,760 Speaker 1: love you folks for supporting our little show and tuning 685 00:40:08,800 --> 00:40:10,600 Speaker 1: in with us. Give us a review. 686 00:40:11,320 --> 00:40:14,000 Speaker 2: Yeah, it all means, give us an end of the year, 687 00:40:14,280 --> 00:40:16,440 Speaker 2: give us the gift of a nice review, a little 688 00:40:16,480 --> 00:40:20,600 Speaker 2: at a boy, you know, help the sleep there it is. 689 00:40:20,960 --> 00:40:23,560 Speaker 1: And we also want to give a big shout out 690 00:40:23,600 --> 00:40:26,839 Speaker 1: to our super producer, mister Max Williams, who cuts a 691 00:40:26,960 --> 00:40:28,360 Speaker 1: clever figure in a suit. 692 00:40:28,440 --> 00:40:30,760 Speaker 2: We just cuts a real nice figure and he cuts 693 00:40:30,760 --> 00:40:36,920 Speaker 2: a mean podcast. Yeah, he also cuts. He'll cut you 694 00:40:36,640 --> 00:40:37,799 Speaker 2: if you look at him. 695 00:40:37,800 --> 00:40:43,520 Speaker 1: Funny, Oh, behave and big thanks to our composer Alex Williams. 696 00:40:43,719 --> 00:40:46,239 Speaker 2: We're going to yoga together tonight, me and Alex. Oh, 697 00:40:46,560 --> 00:40:49,839 Speaker 2: we're doing a yoga m and ages. I'm looking forward. 698 00:40:49,960 --> 00:40:54,080 Speaker 1: That's awesome. We also want to note that Jonathan Strickland 699 00:40:54,120 --> 00:40:57,840 Speaker 1: ak the Quister, did not show up to our holiday party. 700 00:40:58,480 --> 00:41:00,680 Speaker 2: You know what. He didn't. But he's also allergic to 701 00:41:00,719 --> 00:41:03,560 Speaker 2: alcohol and shellfish, and both of those things were on 702 00:41:03,680 --> 00:41:06,240 Speaker 2: offer at this event, So he may well have died. 703 00:41:06,880 --> 00:41:10,120 Speaker 2: Perhaps perhaps he may well have choked him, chook the 704 00:41:10,200 --> 00:41:11,080 Speaker 2: life right out of him. 705 00:41:11,200 --> 00:41:14,360 Speaker 1: Well, he's contractually obligated to come back from the dead 706 00:41:14,520 --> 00:41:19,440 Speaker 1: and appear appear on Ridiculous History, so stay tuned for that. 707 00:41:20,000 --> 00:41:23,399 Speaker 2: A ghost of Christmas future. Who do you think which 708 00:41:23,400 --> 00:41:25,440 Speaker 2: ghost would would would would he be? Or is he 709 00:41:25,560 --> 00:41:28,600 Speaker 2: just the scrooge of it all? He's the scrooge and 710 00:41:28,719 --> 00:41:31,000 Speaker 2: he likes that main character energy I want to be. 711 00:41:31,040 --> 00:41:33,000 Speaker 2: Whichever ghost was played by the guy from the New 712 00:41:33,080 --> 00:41:38,360 Speaker 2: York Dolls who drives the cab the blackout teeth. 713 00:41:38,680 --> 00:41:42,680 Speaker 1: Yeah, yeah, we mentioned him previously as well. He's probably 714 00:41:42,680 --> 00:41:46,160 Speaker 1: one of my favorites too. We also have more people 715 00:41:46,200 --> 00:41:51,439 Speaker 1: to thank. Eve's jeffco christa vassiotis here in spirit. Yeah, 716 00:41:51,560 --> 00:41:56,120 Speaker 1: here in Christmas spirit. Nice one. What else should we, guys? 717 00:41:56,120 --> 00:41:59,759 Speaker 1: Should we just be the volcano that. 718 00:41:59,800 --> 00:42:01,520 Speaker 2: We what you want to be? The volcano you wish 719 00:42:01,600 --> 00:42:04,480 Speaker 2: to see in the world. Yeah, which is hopefully not 720 00:42:04,560 --> 00:42:07,239 Speaker 2: that many active ones anymore. Well, there are three, there 721 00:42:07,280 --> 00:42:09,640 Speaker 2: are four of us. There's the three of us recording, 722 00:42:09,719 --> 00:42:13,400 Speaker 2: there's you joining us at home. So between four volcanoes, 723 00:42:13,680 --> 00:42:15,560 Speaker 2: we can the world. We can out the sun. 724 00:42:15,800 --> 00:42:18,439 Speaker 1: Yes, believe in yourself. There we go. That's a show. 725 00:42:18,600 --> 00:42:21,239 Speaker 1: Tune in, uh, tune in later this week. We're gonna 726 00:42:21,280 --> 00:42:24,040 Speaker 1: get to some stuff we didn't get to in previous 727 00:42:24,120 --> 00:42:25,839 Speaker 1: episodes across twenty twenty five. 728 00:42:25,960 --> 00:42:27,680 Speaker 2: Oh, I like the way you put that. We'll see 729 00:42:27,680 --> 00:42:37,279 Speaker 2: you next time, folks. For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit 730 00:42:37,360 --> 00:42:40,440 Speaker 2: the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to 731 00:42:40,520 --> 00:42:41,400 Speaker 2: your favorite shows.