1 00:00:01,120 --> 00:00:04,080 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class from how 2 00:00:04,120 --> 00:00:13,600 Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot Com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:13,760 --> 00:00:16,960 Speaker 1: I'm Tracy V. Wilson and I'm Holly Fry. If you 4 00:00:17,040 --> 00:00:21,040 Speaker 1: have been watching the fourth season of the TV show Outlander, 5 00:00:21,840 --> 00:00:24,360 Speaker 1: one of the things that keeps coming up is that 6 00:00:24,400 --> 00:00:28,400 Speaker 1: there are some rebellious people in colonial North Carolina who 7 00:00:28,440 --> 00:00:31,920 Speaker 1: are called the Regulators, and that they're mad about something 8 00:00:32,280 --> 00:00:35,760 Speaker 1: about unfair taxes and corruption. The show doesn't really make 9 00:00:35,800 --> 00:00:39,720 Speaker 1: it all that clear. This season of Outlander was roughly 10 00:00:39,760 --> 00:00:42,400 Speaker 1: based on the novel Drums of Autumn, which, to be clear, 11 00:00:42,479 --> 00:00:45,440 Speaker 1: I haven't read. I also haven't read the next novel 12 00:00:45,520 --> 00:00:47,960 Speaker 1: after that one, which is called The Fiery Cross. And 13 00:00:48,000 --> 00:00:51,720 Speaker 1: this episode is being recorded before the last episode of 14 00:00:51,720 --> 00:00:53,360 Speaker 1: this season of the TV show, but it's gonna come 15 00:00:53,360 --> 00:00:56,080 Speaker 1: out after, so I don't have any idea what's happening 16 00:00:56,080 --> 00:01:00,360 Speaker 1: in the season finale, but it seemed like with all 17 00:01:00,440 --> 00:01:03,080 Speaker 1: of this, uh, it would be a good time to 18 00:01:03,160 --> 00:01:06,200 Speaker 1: do an episode on the Regulator War also known as 19 00:01:06,240 --> 00:01:09,720 Speaker 1: the War of the Regulation, also known as the Regulator Movement, 20 00:01:09,920 --> 00:01:12,280 Speaker 1: which is something that people started asking us to do 21 00:01:12,400 --> 00:01:14,920 Speaker 1: all the way back during the last time we did 22 00:01:14,959 --> 00:01:18,520 Speaker 1: an Outlander themed episode, and that was in with our 23 00:01:18,560 --> 00:01:23,840 Speaker 1: installment on the Jacobite Rising of seventy. Yeah, I'll confess 24 00:01:23,920 --> 00:01:25,880 Speaker 1: that part of me wanted this to be some very 25 00:01:25,959 --> 00:01:31,199 Speaker 1: weird steampunky because it does. The name sounds so good. 26 00:01:31,720 --> 00:01:35,000 Speaker 1: It does. And one of the things that currently is 27 00:01:35,000 --> 00:01:36,720 Speaker 1: a bit of a challenge this will all be sorted 28 00:01:36,720 --> 00:01:39,280 Speaker 1: out by the time this episode comes out, is finding 29 00:01:39,319 --> 00:01:42,560 Speaker 1: the artwork to go with it on our website, because 30 00:01:42,920 --> 00:01:47,240 Speaker 1: I keep getting these strange uh not. I mean, they're beautiful, 31 00:01:47,280 --> 00:01:51,080 Speaker 1: some of them, but they're definitely steampunk inspired watches and 32 00:01:51,160 --> 00:01:54,480 Speaker 1: not and not anything to do with the actual historical 33 00:01:54,600 --> 00:01:57,280 Speaker 1: event now. And I also do I do want to 34 00:01:57,320 --> 00:01:59,080 Speaker 1: say right up here at the top that there is 35 00:01:59,200 --> 00:02:02,840 Speaker 1: really a lot to unpack with this season of Outlander 36 00:02:02,920 --> 00:02:06,480 Speaker 1: in terms of its representation of a number of people's 37 00:02:06,560 --> 00:02:09,799 Speaker 1: and that is not what today's episode is about at all, 38 00:02:10,480 --> 00:02:12,280 Speaker 1: but there's a lot there, so I just wanted to 39 00:02:12,320 --> 00:02:15,480 Speaker 1: acknowledge that it exists. I have not been watching, so 40 00:02:15,560 --> 00:02:18,960 Speaker 1: I have no idea, but to make sense of this 41 00:02:19,000 --> 00:02:21,760 Speaker 1: whole series of events we're talking about, we first need 42 00:02:21,800 --> 00:02:25,480 Speaker 1: to get into some North Carolina geography. North Carolina is 43 00:02:25,520 --> 00:02:29,080 Speaker 1: divided into three geographical regions from west to east. They 44 00:02:29,080 --> 00:02:33,200 Speaker 1: are the Mountains, the Piedmont, and the coastal Plain. Sometimes 45 00:02:33,240 --> 00:02:35,960 Speaker 1: the coastal plain is even further divided into the inner 46 00:02:35,960 --> 00:02:40,360 Speaker 1: coastal plain and the tide water. Naturally, when Europeans started 47 00:02:40,360 --> 00:02:43,280 Speaker 1: colonizing this part of North America, they started out along 48 00:02:43,320 --> 00:02:45,880 Speaker 1: the coastal plain. And it's not just because that's where 49 00:02:45,880 --> 00:02:49,880 Speaker 1: they landed. Aside from the swampy bits, the coastal plains 50 00:02:49,960 --> 00:02:53,040 Speaker 1: soil is really soft and flat and rich. It's not 51 00:02:53,120 --> 00:02:58,079 Speaker 1: particularly rocky. This part of the continent has navigable rivers 52 00:02:58,120 --> 00:03:00,640 Speaker 1: that are really good for carrying things can force to 53 00:03:00,680 --> 00:03:03,520 Speaker 1: the ocean. And overall, this was a lot of what 54 00:03:03,639 --> 00:03:07,000 Speaker 1: would become North Carolina's best farmland, and it was a 55 00:03:07,040 --> 00:03:12,040 Speaker 1: place where wealthy planters started establishing big plantations with enslaved workforces. 56 00:03:12,480 --> 00:03:15,840 Speaker 1: The coastal Plain is separated from the adjacent Piedmont by 57 00:03:15,840 --> 00:03:19,360 Speaker 1: a geological boundary known as the fall line. This is 58 00:03:19,400 --> 00:03:22,760 Speaker 1: basically a dividing line between the harder, rockier, more clay 59 00:03:22,800 --> 00:03:26,680 Speaker 1: like Piedmont and the softer, sandy or coastal plaine. In 60 00:03:26,720 --> 00:03:29,560 Speaker 1: addition to the differences in the soil and farming conditions 61 00:03:29,600 --> 00:03:32,480 Speaker 1: on either side of the line. Rivers crossing the line 62 00:03:32,480 --> 00:03:36,720 Speaker 1: descend through waterfalls and rapids, making them impractical too impossible 63 00:03:36,760 --> 00:03:40,480 Speaker 1: to use to transport people and goods. There are of 64 00:03:40,520 --> 00:03:42,840 Speaker 1: course fall lines all over the world, and in terms 65 00:03:42,840 --> 00:03:45,680 Speaker 1: of the Atlantic Seaboard fall Line, it runs from New 66 00:03:45,760 --> 00:03:48,920 Speaker 1: York to Georgia. Yeah, you could still certainly grow things 67 00:03:48,960 --> 00:03:51,480 Speaker 1: in the Piedmont, but it was harder, and then it 68 00:03:51,520 --> 00:03:54,320 Speaker 1: was harder to get them anywhere, a little bit of 69 00:03:54,320 --> 00:03:56,760 Speaker 1: a disadvantage. It makes me think of the various stories 70 00:03:56,800 --> 00:03:59,720 Speaker 1: we've done on on things like, um, I think Brook 71 00:03:59,760 --> 00:04:02,080 Speaker 1: Farm had this problem the brook Farm community where they 72 00:04:02,080 --> 00:04:03,560 Speaker 1: were like, we're going to go start a thing where 73 00:04:03,760 --> 00:04:06,280 Speaker 1: no one else is doing stuff. We're gonna farm here, 74 00:04:06,320 --> 00:04:07,960 Speaker 1: and it's like, no one else is farming here for 75 00:04:08,000 --> 00:04:13,440 Speaker 1: a reason. It is made of rocks. Also, just to 76 00:04:13,560 --> 00:04:18,160 Speaker 1: clear up a little geographical confusion for Outlander viewers who 77 00:04:18,279 --> 00:04:20,159 Speaker 1: might be trying to imagine where all of this is 78 00:04:20,200 --> 00:04:24,120 Speaker 1: happening in relation to the TV show, the fictional Fraser's 79 00:04:24,240 --> 00:04:27,440 Speaker 1: Ridge is in the Blue Ridge Mountains in northwest North Carolina, 80 00:04:27,560 --> 00:04:31,039 Speaker 1: somewhere near the real places of Boone and blowing Rock, 81 00:04:31,120 --> 00:04:33,760 Speaker 1: and that is on the opposite end of the state 82 00:04:33,839 --> 00:04:37,760 Speaker 1: from Wilmington's which is out on the southeastern coast, roughly 83 00:04:37,880 --> 00:04:41,960 Speaker 1: three hundred miles or four eighty kilometers away. Fraser's Ridge 84 00:04:42,000 --> 00:04:45,080 Speaker 1: also would not be very close to Cross Creek or 85 00:04:45,160 --> 00:04:47,400 Speaker 1: the Cape Beer River, which is home to the show's 86 00:04:47,440 --> 00:04:51,159 Speaker 1: fictional plantation of River Run. That is roughly two hundred 87 00:04:51,160 --> 00:04:55,280 Speaker 1: miles or three kilometers. Today, you would measure it from 88 00:04:55,400 --> 00:04:58,400 Speaker 1: roughly Boone to Fayetteville, which is what Cross Creek is 89 00:04:58,440 --> 00:05:01,000 Speaker 1: known as today. The kind of makes it look like 90 00:05:01,040 --> 00:05:03,720 Speaker 1: these places are all next door to each other. They 91 00:05:03,720 --> 00:05:08,320 Speaker 1: are not. This geography might seem like a weird thing 92 00:05:08,360 --> 00:05:10,520 Speaker 1: to be spending all this much time on, but in 93 00:05:10,560 --> 00:05:14,080 Speaker 1: colonial North Carolina, the division between the Piedmont and the 94 00:05:14,120 --> 00:05:18,400 Speaker 1: coastal plain contributed to huge divisions among the colonists and 95 00:05:18,680 --> 00:05:22,560 Speaker 1: between the colonists and the government. At first, the vast 96 00:05:22,640 --> 00:05:26,000 Speaker 1: majority of colonial activity was happening out on the coastal plain, 97 00:05:26,200 --> 00:05:29,760 Speaker 1: with mostly English colonists, and they were arriving by boat, 98 00:05:29,880 --> 00:05:32,760 Speaker 1: either from Europe or from other colonies. But in the 99 00:05:32,800 --> 00:05:36,400 Speaker 1: seventeen hundreds that really started to change. The western part 100 00:05:36,440 --> 00:05:41,040 Speaker 1: of the colony experienced a huge population boom. Newcomers were 101 00:05:41,160 --> 00:05:43,960 Speaker 1: arriving in the mountains and the Piedmont along the Great 102 00:05:44,080 --> 00:05:47,440 Speaker 1: Wagon Road also known as the Great Philadelphia Wagon Road. 103 00:05:48,279 --> 00:05:50,279 Speaker 1: This had started out as a trading route that was 104 00:05:50,320 --> 00:05:53,320 Speaker 1: being used by eastern North America's native peoples, and it 105 00:05:53,400 --> 00:05:56,640 Speaker 1: ran from Philadelphia down to Georgia. By the eighteenth century, 106 00:05:56,640 --> 00:06:00,000 Speaker 1: it had been widened to accommodate wagons in some places 107 00:06:00,120 --> 00:06:02,679 Speaker 1: had been shifted to cross rivers and to get around 108 00:06:02,720 --> 00:06:06,480 Speaker 1: obstacles more easily. Many of these new arrivals were Scots, 109 00:06:06,560 --> 00:06:09,840 Speaker 1: Irish or German, and while most of the English colonists 110 00:06:09,880 --> 00:06:12,520 Speaker 1: out on the coast were Anglican, the Scots, Irish and 111 00:06:12,560 --> 00:06:18,400 Speaker 1: German people arriving in North Carolina included a lot more Baptists, Presbyterians, Quakers, 112 00:06:18,440 --> 00:06:22,760 Speaker 1: and Moravians. So from settlement to settlement, or even within settlements, 113 00:06:22,880 --> 00:06:25,680 Speaker 1: people often didn't speak the same language or follow the 114 00:06:25,720 --> 00:06:29,599 Speaker 1: same religious practices and observances, and as a general trend, 115 00:06:29,720 --> 00:06:32,880 Speaker 1: the Piedmont was much poorer than the coast, with most 116 00:06:32,920 --> 00:06:36,240 Speaker 1: people scratching out a living as subsistence farmers rather than 117 00:06:36,320 --> 00:06:41,160 Speaker 1: running large plantations. The influx of Europeans to the Piedmont 118 00:06:41,400 --> 00:06:46,000 Speaker 1: was huge. North Carolina's population more than doubled between seventeen 119 00:06:46,080 --> 00:06:49,120 Speaker 1: thirty and seventeen fifty, and then nearly tripled in the 120 00:06:49,160 --> 00:06:52,440 Speaker 1: twenty years after that. Most of these new arrivals were 121 00:06:52,480 --> 00:06:55,160 Speaker 1: settling in what was known then as the back counties. 122 00:06:55,200 --> 00:06:58,120 Speaker 1: That was the Piedmont, which is at the time considered 123 00:06:58,120 --> 00:07:02,880 Speaker 1: the North Carolina Frontier. This combination of geography and demographics 124 00:07:02,960 --> 00:07:07,320 Speaker 1: led to many problems people in the Piedmont and the mountains, 125 00:07:07,400 --> 00:07:09,640 Speaker 1: but our focus for this is really the Piedmont. In 126 00:07:09,640 --> 00:07:13,000 Speaker 1: this episode, uh thought that they were being unfairly taxed 127 00:07:13,080 --> 00:07:16,040 Speaker 1: because various taxes were levied at the same rate there 128 00:07:16,360 --> 00:07:18,360 Speaker 1: as they were out on the coast, where people had 129 00:07:18,440 --> 00:07:22,320 Speaker 1: more money. Settlers in the Piedmont were also represented in 130 00:07:22,360 --> 00:07:26,120 Speaker 1: the Assembly, but those Assembly seats had not been reapportioned 131 00:07:26,160 --> 00:07:29,600 Speaker 1: in light of the population boom, so the Piedmont settlers 132 00:07:29,640 --> 00:07:32,440 Speaker 1: also felt that they weren't really being fairly represented in 133 00:07:32,440 --> 00:07:36,800 Speaker 1: the Assembly either. A lot of local political and court 134 00:07:36,880 --> 00:07:40,560 Speaker 1: offices were being filled by appointment, either by the monarch 135 00:07:40,800 --> 00:07:43,400 Speaker 1: or by the governor or by the Assembly. A lot 136 00:07:43,440 --> 00:07:46,800 Speaker 1: of these appointees were wealthy and powerful people from the 137 00:07:46,840 --> 00:07:50,680 Speaker 1: coast or friends of theirs. So, together with the tax issues, 138 00:07:50,720 --> 00:07:53,200 Speaker 1: that really led to a perception that the Piedmont did 139 00:07:53,240 --> 00:07:56,160 Speaker 1: not matter to the Assembly or to the governor except 140 00:07:56,160 --> 00:07:58,560 Speaker 1: when it came to being taxed, and even when there 141 00:07:58,760 --> 00:08:01,520 Speaker 1: was some local control roll over who was in charge. 142 00:08:02,000 --> 00:08:06,160 Speaker 1: The government and courts were very cliquish. Technically, most officials 143 00:08:06,160 --> 00:08:08,640 Speaker 1: were appointed by the governor, but in many cases the 144 00:08:08,680 --> 00:08:11,880 Speaker 1: governor made these appointments based on the recommendations of the 145 00:08:11,920 --> 00:08:16,960 Speaker 1: court itself, so those officers would recommend themselves and their friends, 146 00:08:17,080 --> 00:08:21,040 Speaker 1: ultimately creating a courthouse ring where the same powerful people 147 00:08:21,080 --> 00:08:25,280 Speaker 1: were always in control of local politics and the legal system. 148 00:08:25,440 --> 00:08:28,920 Speaker 1: The existence of these courthouse rings wasn't necessarily the biggest 149 00:08:28,960 --> 00:08:32,280 Speaker 1: problem in people's minds. A bigger issue in the Piedmont 150 00:08:32,720 --> 00:08:35,600 Speaker 1: was that those legal and political positions went from being 151 00:08:35,640 --> 00:08:38,840 Speaker 1: held by farmers and planters to being held by lawyers 152 00:08:38,840 --> 00:08:41,880 Speaker 1: and merchants. So it seems like all the political power 153 00:08:41,960 --> 00:08:45,600 Speaker 1: had increasingly moved toward these wealthy outsiders, a lot of 154 00:08:45,640 --> 00:08:48,160 Speaker 1: them either from the coast or connected to people from 155 00:08:48,200 --> 00:08:50,760 Speaker 1: the coast, and all of them in cahoots to stay 156 00:08:50,800 --> 00:08:53,240 Speaker 1: in power. And it also seemed like they were in 157 00:08:53,320 --> 00:08:56,959 Speaker 1: cahoots to take advantage of people. There were laws meant 158 00:08:57,000 --> 00:08:59,679 Speaker 1: to keep officials from abusing their positions, but they were 159 00:08:59,720 --> 00:09:03,200 Speaker 1: not consistently enforced, and people had to handle a lot 160 00:09:03,280 --> 00:09:06,560 Speaker 1: of matters through the court, everything from filing deeds to 161 00:09:06,640 --> 00:09:10,960 Speaker 1: trying to collect debts. The widespread perception was that everyone 162 00:09:11,040 --> 00:09:14,080 Speaker 1: from lawyers to clerks was making things take longer and 163 00:09:14,160 --> 00:09:17,840 Speaker 1: running up fees just to line their own pockets. For example, 164 00:09:17,880 --> 00:09:20,160 Speaker 1: if you were trying to file something with the Register 165 00:09:20,240 --> 00:09:23,839 Speaker 1: of Deeds, he might tax you three times, once for 166 00:09:23,920 --> 00:09:27,360 Speaker 1: each of the forms necessary to finish the transaction, rather 167 00:09:27,440 --> 00:09:30,240 Speaker 1: than just once for the whole transaction you were trying 168 00:09:30,280 --> 00:09:33,080 Speaker 1: to do. As another example of all this, people did 169 00:09:33,120 --> 00:09:36,640 Speaker 1: not trust the sheriffs at all. One of the sheriff's 170 00:09:36,720 --> 00:09:40,040 Speaker 1: duties was to collect the taxes, and here's how people 171 00:09:40,200 --> 00:09:44,600 Speaker 1: thought this process generally went down. It's clear that sometimes 172 00:09:44,640 --> 00:09:47,400 Speaker 1: the process did go down this way. Not clear whether 173 00:09:47,400 --> 00:09:49,360 Speaker 1: it happened every time, but this was how when somebody 174 00:09:49,360 --> 00:09:51,600 Speaker 1: said the sheriff's coming to collect the tax people just 175 00:09:51,600 --> 00:09:53,120 Speaker 1: sort of thought, Okay, this is how this is going 176 00:09:53,160 --> 00:09:55,960 Speaker 1: to happen. The sheriff would show up and demand the 177 00:09:56,040 --> 00:09:58,800 Speaker 1: tax but the taxpayer would not have the cash on 178 00:09:58,920 --> 00:10:01,400 Speaker 1: hand to actually pay it, because people didn't have a 179 00:10:01,440 --> 00:10:04,200 Speaker 1: lot of need to carry cash, and there was also 180 00:10:04,320 --> 00:10:08,319 Speaker 1: a serious shortage of actual physical currency to pay things with. 181 00:10:08,960 --> 00:10:11,720 Speaker 1: But most communities did have somebody who would keep cash 182 00:10:11,720 --> 00:10:14,920 Speaker 1: and basically acted like a banker, So the taxpayer would 183 00:10:14,960 --> 00:10:17,960 Speaker 1: ask to go see that person to get some money, 184 00:10:18,040 --> 00:10:20,839 Speaker 1: and the sheriff would refuse and seize some of their 185 00:10:20,880 --> 00:10:24,360 Speaker 1: property instead. I love that people just presume this is 186 00:10:24,400 --> 00:10:26,840 Speaker 1: how the process works, like there's a horrible flow chart 187 00:10:26,920 --> 00:10:31,319 Speaker 1: that ends with property seized. Um. People, though, did not 188 00:10:31,840 --> 00:10:35,000 Speaker 1: want to pay their taxes in property arbitrarily seized by 189 00:10:35,000 --> 00:10:37,520 Speaker 1: the sheriff. If it had to be paid, they wanted 190 00:10:37,520 --> 00:10:39,960 Speaker 1: to pay it with something of known value, like money. 191 00:10:40,160 --> 00:10:43,280 Speaker 1: So then taxpayers would try to negotiate, asking if they 192 00:10:43,280 --> 00:10:45,439 Speaker 1: could get their property back if they went and got 193 00:10:45,480 --> 00:10:47,880 Speaker 1: some money and then caught up to the sheriff down 194 00:10:47,920 --> 00:10:50,680 Speaker 1: the road, and the sheriff might even agree to this, 195 00:10:50,760 --> 00:10:54,520 Speaker 1: but then disappear. Later on, the taxpayer might hear that 196 00:10:54,640 --> 00:10:57,120 Speaker 1: his property had been sold off for much less than 197 00:10:57,160 --> 00:11:00,120 Speaker 1: it was worth, so he would still owe money. And 198 00:11:00,240 --> 00:11:02,720 Speaker 1: it was not just the taxpayers who thought that they 199 00:11:02,720 --> 00:11:05,360 Speaker 1: were being ripped off by crooked sheriffs and all this. 200 00:11:05,640 --> 00:11:09,880 Speaker 1: In seventeen sixty seven, North Carolina Governor William Tryon said 201 00:11:09,880 --> 00:11:13,080 Speaker 1: that he thought the sheriff's had embezzled half of the 202 00:11:13,200 --> 00:11:16,560 Speaker 1: money that they had been charged with collecting. Another thing, 203 00:11:16,640 --> 00:11:20,960 Speaker 1: the Piedmont settlers were unhappy with Governor Tryon. And we're 204 00:11:20,960 --> 00:11:22,880 Speaker 1: gonna get to that after we first paused for a 205 00:11:22,920 --> 00:11:33,600 Speaker 1: little sponsor break. So before the break, we talked about 206 00:11:33,640 --> 00:11:36,160 Speaker 1: a lot of stresses happening in North Carolina. We did 207 00:11:36,160 --> 00:11:40,760 Speaker 1: not even get into the tensions between the colonists and 208 00:11:40,800 --> 00:11:44,440 Speaker 1: the native people already living there, or the tensions with 209 00:11:44,520 --> 00:11:47,679 Speaker 1: the enslaved people that were also in North Carolina. Like, 210 00:11:47,720 --> 00:11:49,840 Speaker 1: there was really a lot going on. One of the 211 00:11:49,840 --> 00:11:52,440 Speaker 1: biggest things, though, in the minds of the regulators was 212 00:11:52,480 --> 00:11:56,480 Speaker 1: the Governor William Tryon. He had been appointed Lieutenant governor 213 00:11:56,520 --> 00:12:00,240 Speaker 1: of North Carolina in seventeen sixty four under Governor Arthur Dobs, 214 00:12:00,280 --> 00:12:03,240 Speaker 1: but Dobbs retired really soon after that and then died 215 00:12:03,280 --> 00:12:07,600 Speaker 1: in seventeen sixty five. When Trion became governor, he represented 216 00:12:07,640 --> 00:12:10,560 Speaker 1: the royal prerogative in the colony of North Carolina and 217 00:12:10,679 --> 00:12:15,280 Speaker 1: soon he established North Carolina's first permanent capital in Newbern, 218 00:12:15,760 --> 00:12:18,160 Speaker 1: which is near the coast and connected to the Atlantic 219 00:12:18,200 --> 00:12:22,280 Speaker 1: by the NEOs River. Tryon planned to build an extravagant 220 00:12:22,320 --> 00:12:25,280 Speaker 1: seat of the government and governor's residence in New Bern. 221 00:12:25,880 --> 00:12:29,160 Speaker 1: To that end, even before leaving England to become Lieutenant Governor, 222 00:12:29,200 --> 00:12:33,040 Speaker 1: he had convinced architect John Hawks to join him. Tryon 223 00:12:33,120 --> 00:12:36,240 Speaker 1: made his first request for funding for this project, nicknamed 224 00:12:36,360 --> 00:12:41,120 Speaker 1: Tryon's Palace, on November a, seventeen sixty six. Not long 225 00:12:41,160 --> 00:12:44,520 Speaker 1: after the Assembly allotted five thousand pounds to both by 226 00:12:44,559 --> 00:12:47,480 Speaker 1: the land and get started on the building. A lot 227 00:12:47,520 --> 00:12:50,760 Speaker 1: of people in the Piedmont thought this was extravagant, and then, 228 00:12:50,800 --> 00:12:53,320 Speaker 1: to make things worse than just the fact that it 229 00:12:53,400 --> 00:12:56,400 Speaker 1: was five thousand pounds to build something that was nicknamed 230 00:12:56,440 --> 00:12:59,800 Speaker 1: a palace, the money to do it was taken from 231 00:12:59,800 --> 00:13:03,360 Speaker 1: a one that had been established for public schools, and 232 00:13:03,360 --> 00:13:05,920 Speaker 1: then to restore the money back to that fund, the 233 00:13:06,040 --> 00:13:09,560 Speaker 1: Assembly imposed a poll tax and, more importantly, in the 234 00:13:09,559 --> 00:13:13,680 Speaker 1: minds of some people, a levy on alcoholic beverages. That 235 00:13:13,840 --> 00:13:17,800 Speaker 1: five thousand pounds was just the beginning, though another ten 236 00:13:17,880 --> 00:13:20,840 Speaker 1: thousand pounds was earmarked for the project two years later, 237 00:13:21,440 --> 00:13:23,640 Speaker 1: and then when it was finally time to open the 238 00:13:23,679 --> 00:13:28,120 Speaker 1: palace in seventeen seventy, Governor Tryon planned a huge gala 239 00:13:28,240 --> 00:13:33,040 Speaker 1: to celebrate. Tryon's palace wasn't the governor's only extravagance. In 240 00:13:33,120 --> 00:13:37,280 Speaker 1: seventeen sixty seven, he mounted an expensive expedition that he 241 00:13:37,400 --> 00:13:41,400 Speaker 1: personally went on to survey and negotiate a new border 242 00:13:41,520 --> 00:13:45,480 Speaker 1: between North Carolina and the Cherokee Nation, and as had 243 00:13:45,520 --> 00:13:48,520 Speaker 1: happened with Triump's Palace, taxes were used to pay for this. 244 00:13:49,040 --> 00:13:51,160 Speaker 1: Settlers who were on the wrong side of the line 245 00:13:51,200 --> 00:13:54,800 Speaker 1: were required to move the following January, and the general 246 00:13:54,840 --> 00:13:59,200 Speaker 1: perception among the people of the Piedmont was that Tryon 247 00:13:59,280 --> 00:14:03,280 Speaker 1: had made this a whole lavish production just to draw 248 00:14:03,360 --> 00:14:07,080 Speaker 1: attention to himself. That was described as quote making a 249 00:14:07,120 --> 00:14:11,280 Speaker 1: splendid exhibition of himself to the Indians. The regulators also 250 00:14:11,360 --> 00:14:14,280 Speaker 1: had a particular problem with one of the governor's friends, 251 00:14:14,440 --> 00:14:17,959 Speaker 1: Edmund Fanning. Fanning was a great example of the way 252 00:14:17,960 --> 00:14:20,520 Speaker 1: a small group of people were holding a huge amount 253 00:14:20,560 --> 00:14:23,160 Speaker 1: of power, which we touched on before we had our 254 00:14:23,200 --> 00:14:26,280 Speaker 1: commercial break and born in New York, he was a lawyer, 255 00:14:26,440 --> 00:14:29,560 Speaker 1: an assemblyman, the Register of Deeds of Orange County, and 256 00:14:29,640 --> 00:14:32,640 Speaker 1: a colonel in the militia. He was not at all 257 00:14:32,880 --> 00:14:35,800 Speaker 1: the only person who had multiple titles like this. That 258 00:14:35,920 --> 00:14:38,800 Speaker 1: crossover among the Assembly and the courts and the militia 259 00:14:38,960 --> 00:14:42,040 Speaker 1: was huge and was contributing to the perception that the 260 00:14:42,080 --> 00:14:46,120 Speaker 1: Piedmont was being controlled by a few wealthy people. Fanning 261 00:14:46,240 --> 00:14:49,000 Speaker 1: was just the one who raised the most ire. There 262 00:14:49,040 --> 00:14:51,840 Speaker 1: was even a song about him, more than one. This 263 00:14:51,880 --> 00:14:54,720 Speaker 1: is the one we're going to read. When Fanning first 264 00:14:54,760 --> 00:14:57,560 Speaker 1: to Orange came, he looked both pale and wan, an 265 00:14:57,600 --> 00:15:00,720 Speaker 1: old patched coat upon his back, an old mayor. He 266 00:15:00,760 --> 00:15:04,400 Speaker 1: wrote on both man and mayor want worth five pounds, 267 00:15:04,400 --> 00:15:08,280 Speaker 1: as I've been offense hold, but by his civil robberies, 268 00:15:08,320 --> 00:15:12,280 Speaker 1: He's laced his coat with gold. On top of all 269 00:15:12,400 --> 00:15:15,440 Speaker 1: of this, the geography and the taxes, and the representation, 270 00:15:15,800 --> 00:15:19,080 Speaker 1: and the governor and the governor's friend, the colonists and 271 00:15:19,120 --> 00:15:22,880 Speaker 1: settlers of North Carolina were just fractious. The colony went 272 00:15:22,920 --> 00:15:26,080 Speaker 1: through numerous uprisings and rebellions in the decades leading up 273 00:15:26,120 --> 00:15:29,960 Speaker 1: to this. In sixteen seventy seven, Culpepper's rebellion was an 274 00:15:30,080 --> 00:15:33,640 Speaker 1: armed uprising largely in response to the Navigation Acts that 275 00:15:33,720 --> 00:15:38,840 Speaker 1: restricted colonial trade. In sixteen eighty nine, colonists arrested corrupt 276 00:15:38,880 --> 00:15:41,680 Speaker 1: Governor Says Sawthel, who was then put on trial and 277 00:15:41,720 --> 00:15:45,480 Speaker 1: banished by the Assembly. The next year, John Gibbs, who 278 00:15:45,520 --> 00:15:49,480 Speaker 1: replaced Governor Sauthel, led an armed uprising against his successor 279 00:15:49,600 --> 00:15:52,720 Speaker 1: and vowed to fight him to the death. Then there 280 00:15:52,760 --> 00:15:55,400 Speaker 1: was Carrie's Rebellion in seventeen eleven, which is a lot 281 00:15:55,440 --> 00:15:58,240 Speaker 1: harder to sum up in one sentence. It is named 282 00:15:58,280 --> 00:16:01,560 Speaker 1: for former Governor Thomas Ry, who led an armed rebellion 283 00:16:01,600 --> 00:16:06,120 Speaker 1: against his successor that was rooted in both religion and politics. 284 00:16:06,160 --> 00:16:09,600 Speaker 1: The first seeds of the regulator movement had started back 285 00:16:09,680 --> 00:16:12,720 Speaker 1: before Governor Tryon asked for that five thousand pounds for 286 00:16:12,800 --> 00:16:17,040 Speaker 1: his palace. It was August seventeen sixty six a group 287 00:16:17,120 --> 00:16:20,000 Speaker 1: of Quakers met in Orange County to talk about all 288 00:16:20,040 --> 00:16:23,280 Speaker 1: their various grievances, all those issues that were connected to 289 00:16:23,320 --> 00:16:26,720 Speaker 1: taxation and corruption. One of them was a man named 290 00:16:26,720 --> 00:16:29,880 Speaker 1: Herman Husband, who's often described as one of the leaders 291 00:16:29,920 --> 00:16:33,040 Speaker 1: of the Regulator movement. It's a little more complicated than that. 292 00:16:33,640 --> 00:16:36,120 Speaker 1: As a Quaker, he could not get behind some of 293 00:16:36,120 --> 00:16:38,640 Speaker 1: the more violent acts that they took, and he really 294 00:16:38,760 --> 00:16:41,720 Speaker 1: distanced himself from the movement as it became more violent. 295 00:16:42,360 --> 00:16:45,040 Speaker 1: The people that met in August of seventeen sixty six 296 00:16:45,080 --> 00:16:48,640 Speaker 1: called themselves the Sandy Creek Association, and they planned to 297 00:16:48,680 --> 00:16:52,400 Speaker 1: go through the more typical, non violent means of trying 298 00:16:52,400 --> 00:16:54,960 Speaker 1: to get things changed. They were going to file petitions, 299 00:16:55,360 --> 00:16:58,239 Speaker 1: they were going to try to get representation in the Assembly, 300 00:16:58,680 --> 00:17:01,880 Speaker 1: things like that. The same New Creek Association didn't make 301 00:17:01,920 --> 00:17:05,320 Speaker 1: a lot of headway and escalated to things like refusing 302 00:17:05,320 --> 00:17:08,320 Speaker 1: to pay taxes. And then a law was passed in 303 00:17:08,359 --> 00:17:12,160 Speaker 1: seventeen sixty eight that required sheriffs to be at specific 304 00:17:12,200 --> 00:17:16,000 Speaker 1: places on specific days to collect taxes, rather than just 305 00:17:16,119 --> 00:17:20,159 Speaker 1: showing up in the Piedmont. This made things worse instead 306 00:17:20,200 --> 00:17:23,280 Speaker 1: of better. Taxpayers felt like now the burden was on 307 00:17:23,359 --> 00:17:26,480 Speaker 1: them to travel somewhere to pay taxes, and because the 308 00:17:26,520 --> 00:17:29,560 Speaker 1: counties then were much larger than they are now, this 309 00:17:29,600 --> 00:17:33,639 Speaker 1: could be a very time consuming and expensive inconvenience. The 310 00:17:33,680 --> 00:17:36,720 Speaker 1: new law also didn't do anything to address the many 311 00:17:36,840 --> 00:17:41,320 Speaker 1: other concerns with embezzlement and corruption. Yeah, it seems like 312 00:17:41,680 --> 00:17:44,320 Speaker 1: having a person take their taxes to the sheriff at 313 00:17:44,320 --> 00:17:47,280 Speaker 1: a specific time and place, rather than having the sheriff 314 00:17:47,320 --> 00:17:49,199 Speaker 1: show up and demand money. Like it seems like that 315 00:17:49,200 --> 00:17:53,040 Speaker 1: would be an improvement, was not really read as an improvement. 316 00:17:53,880 --> 00:17:56,960 Speaker 1: In the early spring of seventeen sixty eight, the Orange 317 00:17:57,000 --> 00:17:59,480 Speaker 1: County sheriff posted a list of all the places that 318 00:17:59,520 --> 00:18:02,480 Speaker 1: he would be collect the tax, along with a fine 319 00:18:02,640 --> 00:18:04,560 Speaker 1: for the people who did not make it to those 320 00:18:04,600 --> 00:18:07,560 Speaker 1: places at the right time. And taxpayers were really angry 321 00:18:07,560 --> 00:18:10,360 Speaker 1: about this, and they thought it might be illegal. By 322 00:18:10,400 --> 00:18:13,600 Speaker 1: this point, they had also heard about that additional money 323 00:18:13,680 --> 00:18:16,960 Speaker 1: that had been allotted to build Triumphs Palace. So a 324 00:18:17,040 --> 00:18:20,639 Speaker 1: group of Orange County residents got together. They drafted a 325 00:18:20,760 --> 00:18:23,720 Speaker 1: letter which they sent to all of their various officials, 326 00:18:24,440 --> 00:18:27,960 Speaker 1: and here is what it said. Whereas the taxes in 327 00:18:28,000 --> 00:18:31,280 Speaker 1: the county are larger according to the number of taxables 328 00:18:31,320 --> 00:18:35,000 Speaker 1: than adjacent counties, and continue so year after year, and 329 00:18:35,040 --> 00:18:38,160 Speaker 1: as the jealousy still prevails among us that we are wronged, 330 00:18:38,600 --> 00:18:40,760 Speaker 1: and having the more reason to think so, as we 331 00:18:40,840 --> 00:18:43,119 Speaker 1: have been at the trouble of choosing men and sending 332 00:18:43,160 --> 00:18:46,040 Speaker 1: them after the civilist manner, that we could to know 333 00:18:46,160 --> 00:18:49,680 Speaker 1: what we paid our levy for. But could receive no satisfaction. 334 00:18:50,560 --> 00:18:53,960 Speaker 1: We are obliged to seek redress by denying paying anymore 335 00:18:54,080 --> 00:18:56,800 Speaker 1: until we have a full settlement for what has passed 336 00:18:56,880 --> 00:18:59,959 Speaker 1: and have a true regulation with our officers. As our 337 00:19:00,119 --> 00:19:03,119 Speaker 1: grievances are too many to notify in a small piece 338 00:19:03,119 --> 00:19:07,440 Speaker 1: of writing, we desire that you are assemblymen and vestrymen, 339 00:19:07,680 --> 00:19:11,040 Speaker 1: may appoint a time before next court at the courthouse, 340 00:19:11,080 --> 00:19:13,240 Speaker 1: and let us know by the bearer, and we will 341 00:19:13,320 --> 00:19:16,480 Speaker 1: choose men to act for us. We desire that the 342 00:19:16,560 --> 00:19:19,359 Speaker 1: sheriffs will not come this way to collect the levy, 343 00:19:19,480 --> 00:19:21,720 Speaker 1: for we will pay none before there is a settlement 344 00:19:21,720 --> 00:19:25,120 Speaker 1: to our satisfaction. And as the nature of an officer 345 00:19:25,320 --> 00:19:27,800 Speaker 1: is a servant to the public, we are determined to 346 00:19:27,840 --> 00:19:30,840 Speaker 1: have the officers of this county under a better and 347 00:19:30,960 --> 00:19:33,959 Speaker 1: honester regulation than they have been for some time past. 348 00:19:34,840 --> 00:19:37,480 Speaker 1: Think not to frighten us with rebellion in this case, 349 00:19:37,880 --> 00:19:40,440 Speaker 1: For if the inhabitants of this province have not as 350 00:19:40,440 --> 00:19:42,639 Speaker 1: good a right to inquire into the nature of our 351 00:19:42,680 --> 00:19:46,359 Speaker 1: constitution and disbursement of our funds as those of our 352 00:19:46,400 --> 00:19:49,760 Speaker 1: mother country, we think it is by arbitrary proceedings that 353 00:19:49,800 --> 00:19:52,840 Speaker 1: we are debarred of that right. Therefore, to be plain 354 00:19:52,960 --> 00:19:55,320 Speaker 1: with you, it is our intent to have a full 355 00:19:55,320 --> 00:19:58,760 Speaker 1: settlement of yawn in every particular point that is matter 356 00:19:58,840 --> 00:20:01,439 Speaker 1: of doubt with us. So fail not to send an 357 00:20:01,440 --> 00:20:04,840 Speaker 1: answer by the bearer. They're basically refusing to pay any 358 00:20:04,840 --> 00:20:09,679 Speaker 1: taxes until these things are settled. Some cooler headed people 359 00:20:09,920 --> 00:20:13,160 Speaker 1: decided that the language in this initial letter was much 360 00:20:13,200 --> 00:20:16,080 Speaker 1: too aggressive, so they arranged to have a second meeting, 361 00:20:16,160 --> 00:20:20,119 Speaker 1: and at that second meeting they adopted this set of 362 00:20:20,520 --> 00:20:25,359 Speaker 1: articles that I find to just be delightfully conciliatory. Here's 363 00:20:25,440 --> 00:20:30,119 Speaker 1: what it says. We, the subscribers, do voluntarily agree to 364 00:20:30,240 --> 00:20:34,879 Speaker 1: form ourselves into an association to assemble ourselves for conference 365 00:20:34,960 --> 00:20:39,159 Speaker 1: for regulating public aggrievances and abuses of power in the 366 00:20:39,200 --> 00:20:42,760 Speaker 1: following particulars, with others of a like nature that may occur. 367 00:20:43,119 --> 00:20:45,880 Speaker 1: One we will pay no more taxes until we are 368 00:20:45,920 --> 00:20:48,879 Speaker 1: satisfied that they are agreeable to law and applied to 369 00:20:48,880 --> 00:20:52,399 Speaker 1: the purposes therein mentioned, unless we cannot help it or 370 00:20:52,560 --> 00:20:57,119 Speaker 1: are forced. Two, we will pay no officer any more 371 00:20:57,160 --> 00:21:00,040 Speaker 1: fees than the law allows, unless we are a i 372 00:21:00,359 --> 00:21:03,080 Speaker 1: to do it, and then to show our dislike and 373 00:21:03,119 --> 00:21:07,720 Speaker 1: bear open testimony against it. Three, we will attend all 374 00:21:07,720 --> 00:21:11,280 Speaker 1: our meetings of conferences as often as we conveniently can, 375 00:21:11,440 --> 00:21:15,840 Speaker 1: et cetera. Four, we will contribute to collections for defraying 376 00:21:15,920 --> 00:21:20,520 Speaker 1: necessary expenses attending the work according to our abilities. Five 377 00:21:20,760 --> 00:21:23,439 Speaker 1: in case of the difference and judgment, we will submit 378 00:21:23,480 --> 00:21:26,720 Speaker 1: to the judgment of the majority of our body. So 379 00:21:26,760 --> 00:21:28,280 Speaker 1: this is a lot more like we're not going to 380 00:21:28,359 --> 00:21:31,280 Speaker 1: pay our taxes unless we have to, but then we 381 00:21:31,320 --> 00:21:36,159 Speaker 1: will complain about it. Both of these documents talked about regulating, 382 00:21:36,320 --> 00:21:39,680 Speaker 1: but the term regulators, as these men came to be known, 383 00:21:39,960 --> 00:21:42,480 Speaker 1: was likely picked up from a similar movement in South 384 00:21:42,520 --> 00:21:46,639 Speaker 1: Carolina that started the year before, although that particular movement 385 00:21:46,680 --> 00:21:50,840 Speaker 1: was more about combating lawlessness than tax reform and government corruption. 386 00:21:51,400 --> 00:21:54,040 Speaker 1: Even though the regulators had tried to walk back that 387 00:21:54,080 --> 00:21:57,719 Speaker 1: first more aggressive statement, it was really too late. That 388 00:21:57,800 --> 00:22:00,960 Speaker 1: statement had already been sent to Orange County officers who 389 00:22:01,000 --> 00:22:05,280 Speaker 1: were affronted. But soon things really started to escalate, and 390 00:22:05,359 --> 00:22:14,960 Speaker 1: we will get to that. After another quick sponsor break 391 00:22:16,040 --> 00:22:20,840 Speaker 1: on April four, seventy, the regulators called for another meeting, 392 00:22:21,560 --> 00:22:23,800 Speaker 1: this time to ask the sheriff to meet with the 393 00:22:23,800 --> 00:22:26,880 Speaker 1: committee to talk about their grievances, but before that meeting 394 00:22:26,920 --> 00:22:29,920 Speaker 1: could actually happen, one of the regulators saddle and bridle 395 00:22:30,000 --> 00:22:33,000 Speaker 1: were seized to pay off the levy. A group of 396 00:22:33,040 --> 00:22:35,680 Speaker 1: regulators went to try to get them back. That led 397 00:22:35,720 --> 00:22:40,640 Speaker 1: to weapons being drawn, but apparently no physical violence. Authorities 398 00:22:40,680 --> 00:22:44,760 Speaker 1: tried to deploy a militia to reseize the reclaimed saddle 399 00:22:44,840 --> 00:22:48,080 Speaker 1: and bridle, but not enough people reported for duty to 400 00:22:48,160 --> 00:22:51,000 Speaker 1: go and do this, presumably because they were sympathetic to 401 00:22:51,000 --> 00:22:53,359 Speaker 1: the regulators and didn't want to go take up arms 402 00:22:53,400 --> 00:22:57,119 Speaker 1: against them. Edmund Fanning, having read only that first angry 403 00:22:57,200 --> 00:23:00,000 Speaker 1: Or document, wrote to the governor saying that these regular 404 00:23:00,080 --> 00:23:02,520 Speaker 1: leaders were going to burn down the Orange County seat 405 00:23:02,520 --> 00:23:06,920 Speaker 1: of Hillsboro. At first, the governor was at least somewhat conciliatory, 406 00:23:06,960 --> 00:23:11,240 Speaker 1: and on April the regulators selected thirteen delegates to attend 407 00:23:11,240 --> 00:23:14,640 Speaker 1: a meeting to discuss their grievances. But before that meeting 408 00:23:14,720 --> 00:23:18,000 Speaker 1: could happen, Fanning had herman husband, and a regulator named 409 00:23:18,040 --> 00:23:22,360 Speaker 1: William Butler arrested and jailed, and this just inflamed tensions 410 00:23:22,480 --> 00:23:26,399 Speaker 1: even further. What followed was months and a lot of 411 00:23:26,440 --> 00:23:30,480 Speaker 1: confusion and miscommunication, which is not really surprising considering that 412 00:23:30,520 --> 00:23:32,600 Speaker 1: now there have been two meetings that were thwarted by 413 00:23:32,640 --> 00:23:37,280 Speaker 1: some other action. Local authorities were trying to prosecute the regulators, 414 00:23:37,320 --> 00:23:40,320 Speaker 1: and the regulators were refusing to pay taxes and also 415 00:23:40,480 --> 00:23:43,600 Speaker 1: trying to bring charges against the officials who they thought 416 00:23:43,640 --> 00:23:47,919 Speaker 1: were corrupt. In July, Husband and Butler were tried and 417 00:23:47,960 --> 00:23:52,600 Speaker 1: acquitted for inciting the populace to rebellion, and that same 418 00:23:52,680 --> 00:23:57,840 Speaker 1: court session, Fanning was indicted for taking excessive fees. Try 419 00:23:57,880 --> 00:24:00,679 Speaker 1: On also traveled to Hillsboro himself off during all this, 420 00:24:00,800 --> 00:24:03,920 Speaker 1: hoping that his presence would calm things down, and one 421 00:24:03,960 --> 00:24:06,080 Speaker 1: of the things he had to do was to dispel 422 00:24:06,240 --> 00:24:09,879 Speaker 1: rumors that he was recruiting a Native American fighting force 423 00:24:10,000 --> 00:24:13,840 Speaker 1: to go after the regulators. By August, a new sheriff 424 00:24:13,880 --> 00:24:16,879 Speaker 1: had been appointed in Orange County, and he came bearing 425 00:24:16,880 --> 00:24:19,840 Speaker 1: a letter from the governor condemning the regulators and calling 426 00:24:19,880 --> 00:24:25,560 Speaker 1: their actions illegal. The next month, regulators, all of them farmers, 427 00:24:25,840 --> 00:24:29,000 Speaker 1: sent a proposal to the governor. Quote desiring to know 428 00:24:29,119 --> 00:24:32,840 Speaker 1: the terms on which their submission would be accepted, they 429 00:24:32,880 --> 00:24:35,320 Speaker 1: were told that if they surrendered, nine of their leaders 430 00:24:35,359 --> 00:24:38,840 Speaker 1: from three counties laid down their arms and paid all 431 00:24:38,880 --> 00:24:43,080 Speaker 1: their taxes, they would be pardoned. Only about thirty people 432 00:24:43,160 --> 00:24:46,399 Speaker 1: accepted this agreement, and tryon sent troops to try to 433 00:24:46,440 --> 00:24:49,240 Speaker 1: track down and arrest some of the biggest ring leaders. 434 00:24:49,920 --> 00:24:52,399 Speaker 1: After all of this, several people were put on trial 435 00:24:52,480 --> 00:24:55,240 Speaker 1: for their involvement with the regulators, and those who were 436 00:24:55,240 --> 00:24:58,439 Speaker 1: convicted paid fine and spent some time in prison, But 437 00:24:58,560 --> 00:25:01,760 Speaker 1: later on the governor pardoned everybody who had been found guilty. 438 00:25:02,240 --> 00:25:05,399 Speaker 1: That summer, he also dissolved the assembly and called for 439 00:25:05,440 --> 00:25:09,040 Speaker 1: a new election with new representatives, at which point several 440 00:25:09,040 --> 00:25:12,280 Speaker 1: men who had sympathies to the regulators or had been 441 00:25:12,320 --> 00:25:15,080 Speaker 1: really involved in the movement were elected to the Assembly. 442 00:25:15,560 --> 00:25:19,320 Speaker 1: The regulators had little success bringing corrupt officials to trial, 443 00:25:19,400 --> 00:25:23,800 Speaker 1: though Edmund Fanning and another official named Francis Nash were 444 00:25:23,800 --> 00:25:28,200 Speaker 1: both charged with taking illegal fees. Nash was ultimately acquitted, 445 00:25:28,320 --> 00:25:31,960 Speaker 1: while Fanning was convicted but find only one penny for 446 00:25:32,040 --> 00:25:34,879 Speaker 1: each of the five offenses and resigned his post as 447 00:25:34,920 --> 00:25:38,560 Speaker 1: register of deeds. That Register of Deeds example we gave 448 00:25:38,560 --> 00:25:41,160 Speaker 1: earlier in the show, where he was collecting multiple fees 449 00:25:41,200 --> 00:25:45,840 Speaker 1: on one transaction, was essentially what he was convicted of doing. Convicted, 450 00:25:45,880 --> 00:25:51,120 Speaker 1: but not really punished in a very meaningful way penny. 451 00:25:51,440 --> 00:25:55,760 Speaker 1: His His argument was was misconstruction of the law. Basically 452 00:25:55,760 --> 00:25:58,680 Speaker 1: that he had he had misunderstood that this was not allowed, 453 00:26:01,000 --> 00:26:04,000 Speaker 1: and for punishment he can join the Columbia Records Club. 454 00:26:05,160 --> 00:26:09,920 Speaker 1: One penny thing is a little too much. In November 455 00:26:10,080 --> 00:26:15,000 Speaker 1: of seventeen sixty nine, regulators from multiple counties brought petitions 456 00:26:15,040 --> 00:26:19,040 Speaker 1: before the Assembly in New bern A petition from Anson 457 00:26:19,119 --> 00:26:22,560 Speaker 1: County called for changes to voting rights and taxation, for 458 00:26:22,640 --> 00:26:25,680 Speaker 1: paper money to be issued and loaned on land, for 459 00:26:25,920 --> 00:26:29,320 Speaker 1: the ability to sue for small debts without involving a lawyer. 460 00:26:30,000 --> 00:26:32,240 Speaker 1: That was important to that whole idea that the courts 461 00:26:32,240 --> 00:26:34,480 Speaker 1: were running up bees. If you could just handle small 462 00:26:34,480 --> 00:26:36,760 Speaker 1: debts without getting a lawyer involved, there would be less 463 00:26:36,760 --> 00:26:41,000 Speaker 1: of that. Reportedly, also some changes to how court officials 464 00:26:41,000 --> 00:26:45,160 Speaker 1: were paid, in particular paying them salaries rather than having 465 00:26:45,200 --> 00:26:49,200 Speaker 1: them paid out of the fees. This petition also called 466 00:26:49,280 --> 00:26:52,600 Speaker 1: for all of the religious denominations to have the rights 467 00:26:52,640 --> 00:26:56,600 Speaker 1: to conduct legal marriages. For a long time, only Anglican 468 00:26:56,720 --> 00:26:59,960 Speaker 1: clergy had been able to legally perform marriages in North Carolina, 469 00:27:00,040 --> 00:27:03,080 Speaker 1: uh and once Presbyterians were also allowed to do it. 470 00:27:03,240 --> 00:27:05,960 Speaker 1: Part of their fees were still going to the Anglican Church. 471 00:27:06,560 --> 00:27:10,199 Speaker 1: The Anson County regulators also called for Benjamin Franklin or 472 00:27:10,280 --> 00:27:14,320 Speaker 1: some other patriot to act as the colony's representative in London. 473 00:27:14,640 --> 00:27:18,960 Speaker 1: Regulators from Orange and Royanne Counties submitted a very similar petition, 474 00:27:19,040 --> 00:27:21,720 Speaker 1: asking for a lot of the same reforms, along with 475 00:27:21,800 --> 00:27:25,240 Speaker 1: calling for the assemblies yea and nay votes to be recorded. 476 00:27:25,560 --> 00:27:29,480 Speaker 1: In response, the Assembly introduced a number of bills meant 477 00:27:29,480 --> 00:27:32,760 Speaker 1: to do several of these very things, although the lower 478 00:27:32,800 --> 00:27:35,840 Speaker 1: house did also pass a resolution that anyone who didn't 479 00:27:35,840 --> 00:27:38,879 Speaker 1: pay taxes was an enemy of the country. But on 480 00:27:38,920 --> 00:27:42,639 Speaker 1: November six, seventeen sixty nine, Governor Tryon got back to 481 00:27:42,680 --> 00:27:45,600 Speaker 1: the Assembly after having been ill, he saw these bills 482 00:27:45,640 --> 00:27:49,040 Speaker 1: that had been introduced. He dissolved the Assembly again and 483 00:27:49,119 --> 00:27:53,720 Speaker 1: called for another new election. Once again, though several pro 484 00:27:53,880 --> 00:27:58,600 Speaker 1: regulator people were either elected or reelected. This included Herman 485 00:27:58,720 --> 00:28:02,240 Speaker 1: husband and John Pryor. But back in the Piedmont, many 486 00:28:02,280 --> 00:28:06,080 Speaker 1: of the regulators were incredibly frustrated. By this point. They 487 00:28:06,119 --> 00:28:09,160 Speaker 1: had been trying to get issues with taxation and corruption 488 00:28:09,240 --> 00:28:13,480 Speaker 1: resolved for roughly four years. They have no confidence that 489 00:28:13,520 --> 00:28:16,320 Speaker 1: the Assembly was actually going to get new laws passed, 490 00:28:16,560 --> 00:28:18,119 Speaker 1: and it felt like everything that they had tried to 491 00:28:18,160 --> 00:28:22,040 Speaker 1: accomplish so far had been thwarted. So on Saturday, September 492 00:28:22,680 --> 00:28:26,159 Speaker 1: seventeen seventy, a group of regulators took a petition to 493 00:28:26,240 --> 00:28:29,959 Speaker 1: the Superior Court in Hillsboro. They felt that the juries 494 00:28:30,000 --> 00:28:33,879 Speaker 1: were prejudiced. They wanted the corrupt officers fairly tried, and 495 00:28:33,920 --> 00:28:36,800 Speaker 1: they wanted all these ongoing tax issues to be cleared 496 00:28:36,880 --> 00:28:39,840 Speaker 1: up and fairly settled. They were told to come back 497 00:28:39,880 --> 00:28:42,000 Speaker 1: on Monday, and when they did, it was with a 498 00:28:42,120 --> 00:28:46,640 Speaker 1: hundred and fifty regulators armed with switches and sticks. They 499 00:28:46,640 --> 00:28:49,600 Speaker 1: took over the courtroom and disrected the court proceedings, and 500 00:28:49,640 --> 00:28:53,000 Speaker 1: then they surrounded the courthouse, whipping a lawyer and the 501 00:28:53,040 --> 00:28:55,720 Speaker 1: assistant district attorney when they tried to enter the building. 502 00:28:56,280 --> 00:28:59,880 Speaker 1: Then they whipped Edmund Fanning until he finally convinced them 503 00:28:59,880 --> 00:29:01,920 Speaker 1: to let him go home if he promised to come 504 00:29:01,960 --> 00:29:04,600 Speaker 1: back in the morning. He did return in the morning, 505 00:29:04,760 --> 00:29:07,520 Speaker 1: and the regulators ran him out of town and then 506 00:29:07,560 --> 00:29:10,840 Speaker 1: tore down his house. But the judge did not return 507 00:29:10,880 --> 00:29:13,200 Speaker 1: to the courthouse, having fled in the middle of the night. 508 00:29:13,840 --> 00:29:16,800 Speaker 1: So the regulators broke into the courtroom and started trying 509 00:29:16,840 --> 00:29:20,360 Speaker 1: cases on the docket themselves. In the words of John 510 00:29:20,400 --> 00:29:24,920 Speaker 1: Spencer Bassett, who wrote a history of all of this quote, 511 00:29:25,280 --> 00:29:27,880 Speaker 1: whatever we may think of the justness of the cause 512 00:29:27,920 --> 00:29:31,040 Speaker 1: of the Regulators, we must readily agree that their conduct 513 00:29:31,080 --> 00:29:35,640 Speaker 1: on this occasion was illegal. After these incidents in Hillsborough, 514 00:29:35,840 --> 00:29:40,600 Speaker 1: Governor Tryon became understandably alarmed. He asked whether the Regulator's 515 00:29:40,680 --> 00:29:43,800 Speaker 1: actions constituted treason and was told that no, that not. 516 00:29:44,480 --> 00:29:46,920 Speaker 1: Even so he started considering whether he could raise a 517 00:29:46,960 --> 00:29:50,480 Speaker 1: militia to fight them. Then, on November twelve, Judge Richard 518 00:29:50,520 --> 00:29:55,400 Speaker 1: Henderson's barn was burned down, presumably by regulators. Governor Tryon 519 00:29:55,560 --> 00:29:58,800 Speaker 1: convened the Assembly to determine a course of action. The 520 00:29:58,880 --> 00:30:02,680 Speaker 1: Assembly expect old Herman husband from his seat in the Assembly, 521 00:30:02,720 --> 00:30:04,800 Speaker 1: and he was then put in jail, even though he 522 00:30:04,840 --> 00:30:07,400 Speaker 1: claimed he had no involvement with the Regulators at this 523 00:30:07,440 --> 00:30:11,200 Speaker 1: point and disabout all their actions. Regulators and the Piedmont 524 00:30:11,320 --> 00:30:15,600 Speaker 1: started planning a march to New Bern. Soon, Johnston's Riot 525 00:30:15,640 --> 00:30:18,640 Speaker 1: Act was introduced to the Assembly and it passed on 526 00:30:18,720 --> 00:30:23,080 Speaker 1: January fifteen, seventeen seventy one. It was an Act for 527 00:30:23,200 --> 00:30:27,200 Speaker 1: preventing tumultuous and riotous assemblies, and for the more speedy 528 00:30:27,240 --> 00:30:31,080 Speaker 1: and effectually punishing the rioters, and for restoring and preserving 529 00:30:31,120 --> 00:30:34,680 Speaker 1: the public peace of this Province. It made rioting a 530 00:30:34,760 --> 00:30:38,240 Speaker 1: felony punishable by death, and it authorized the governor to 531 00:30:38,360 --> 00:30:41,160 Speaker 1: raise a militia to deal with it. At the same time, 532 00:30:41,200 --> 00:30:44,920 Speaker 1: the Assembly also passed several other bills relating to things 533 00:30:44,960 --> 00:30:49,600 Speaker 1: like sheriff's appointments and attorney fees, and faster collections of 534 00:30:49,640 --> 00:30:53,880 Speaker 1: small debts and salaries for the Chief Justice. They also 535 00:30:54,000 --> 00:30:57,800 Speaker 1: divided several of the counties into smaller, more manageable ones. 536 00:30:58,000 --> 00:31:00,680 Speaker 1: All of these reforms related to the things that the 537 00:31:00,720 --> 00:31:04,240 Speaker 1: regulators had been advocating for for so long, but rather 538 00:31:04,280 --> 00:31:07,520 Speaker 1: than waiting to see whether they resolved the situation, Governor 539 00:31:07,560 --> 00:31:10,680 Speaker 1: Tryon took advantage of the Johnson's Riot Act and raised 540 00:31:10,680 --> 00:31:15,160 Speaker 1: a militia. The regulators were outraged at this. The existence 541 00:31:15,200 --> 00:31:18,240 Speaker 1: of the Johnston Riot Act had inflamed tensions even further, 542 00:31:18,720 --> 00:31:20,800 Speaker 1: and the idea that the governor was actually raising a 543 00:31:20,880 --> 00:31:24,680 Speaker 1: militia to come after them raised numerous questions about civil 544 00:31:24,720 --> 00:31:27,520 Speaker 1: liberties and whether the governor was just going to resort 545 00:31:27,560 --> 00:31:31,600 Speaker 1: to violence anytime someone disagreed with him. This militia left 546 00:31:31,680 --> 00:31:35,280 Speaker 1: Newbern in April of seventeen seventy one and arrived in 547 00:31:35,400 --> 00:31:38,680 Speaker 1: Hillsboro on May nine to find that it was vastly 548 00:31:38,760 --> 00:31:43,640 Speaker 1: outnumbered by the regulators. The militia was also short on ammunition. 549 00:31:43,800 --> 00:31:46,920 Speaker 1: After a powder raid that had been undertaken by nine 550 00:31:47,000 --> 00:31:50,920 Speaker 1: young men dressed as Native Americans. They were later nicknamed 551 00:31:50,960 --> 00:31:55,720 Speaker 1: the Black Boys of Cabaris, reinforcements arrived on May eleventh, 552 00:31:55,720 --> 00:31:58,680 Speaker 1: which gave the militia a force of about one thousand men. 553 00:31:59,160 --> 00:32:02,320 Speaker 1: They were still outnumbered by the regulators two to one, 554 00:32:02,640 --> 00:32:06,200 Speaker 1: but the militia were much better trained and also better armed. 555 00:32:06,680 --> 00:32:09,720 Speaker 1: On May sixteenth, the regulators were told to disarm themselves 556 00:32:09,840 --> 00:32:13,560 Speaker 1: near Alamance Creek, but before the deadline given to do so, 557 00:32:13,640 --> 00:32:17,080 Speaker 1: the Governor's militia opened fire. This came to be known 558 00:32:17,120 --> 00:32:19,440 Speaker 1: as the Battle of Alamance, and it lasted a couple 559 00:32:19,440 --> 00:32:23,400 Speaker 1: of hours before the regulators ran out of ammunition. Nine 560 00:32:23,440 --> 00:32:26,560 Speaker 1: were killed on each side, although many more regulators were 561 00:32:26,560 --> 00:32:31,400 Speaker 1: wounded than militiamen. This effectively ended the regulator movement, although 562 00:32:31,440 --> 00:32:35,640 Speaker 1: Tryon's militia continued moving through the Piedmont, rounding people up 563 00:32:35,680 --> 00:32:40,160 Speaker 1: for some time. Afterward, one regulator named James Few was 564 00:32:40,320 --> 00:32:43,360 Speaker 1: executed on the spot at the Battle of Alamance. To 565 00:32:43,400 --> 00:32:47,280 Speaker 1: set an example, twelve more people were arrested and put 566 00:32:47,320 --> 00:32:50,600 Speaker 1: on trial. The six who were convicted were executed for 567 00:32:50,640 --> 00:32:55,280 Speaker 1: treason on June seventeen seventy one. Here is the sentencing 568 00:32:55,320 --> 00:32:58,400 Speaker 1: of one of them, a man named Benjamin Merrill. Quote. 569 00:32:58,480 --> 00:33:01,680 Speaker 1: I must now close by afflict duty by pronouncing upon 570 00:33:01,760 --> 00:33:04,280 Speaker 1: you the awful sentence of law, which is that you, 571 00:33:04,440 --> 00:33:07,680 Speaker 1: Benjamin Merrill, be carried to the place from whence you came. 572 00:33:08,120 --> 00:33:10,880 Speaker 1: That you be drawn from thence to the place of execution, 573 00:33:10,920 --> 00:33:13,120 Speaker 1: where you are to be hanged by the neck. That 574 00:33:13,240 --> 00:33:16,560 Speaker 1: you be cut down, while yet alive. That your bowels 575 00:33:16,560 --> 00:33:19,560 Speaker 1: be taken out and burnt before your face, That your 576 00:33:19,560 --> 00:33:22,320 Speaker 1: head be cut off, that your body be divided into 577 00:33:22,400 --> 00:33:25,480 Speaker 1: four quarters. And this to be at His Majesty's disposal. 578 00:33:25,680 --> 00:33:29,120 Speaker 1: And the Lord have mercy on your soul. After all this, 579 00:33:29,640 --> 00:33:33,280 Speaker 1: nearly sixty d settlers in the Piedmont were made to 580 00:33:33,320 --> 00:33:37,040 Speaker 1: swear allegiance to the government. This was about three quarters 581 00:33:37,040 --> 00:33:38,960 Speaker 1: of the white men in the more remote parts of 582 00:33:38,960 --> 00:33:43,520 Speaker 1: the colony, and afterward, many former regulators left North Carolina, 583 00:33:44,000 --> 00:33:46,360 Speaker 1: many of them settling near the Watauga River in what 584 00:33:46,400 --> 00:33:50,000 Speaker 1: would become East Tennessee. Tryon got back to New Burn 585 00:33:50,080 --> 00:33:52,960 Speaker 1: in June of seventeen seventy one, but then he left 586 00:33:53,040 --> 00:33:55,720 Speaker 1: the colony not long after that to become Governor of 587 00:33:55,800 --> 00:33:59,760 Speaker 1: New York. Fanning went with him to be his personal secretary. 588 00:34:00,160 --> 00:34:03,440 Speaker 1: Both Tryon and Fanning were on the Loyalist side in 589 00:34:03,440 --> 00:34:07,800 Speaker 1: the Revolutionary War. Trion died in London in seventeen eighty eight, 590 00:34:07,840 --> 00:34:12,960 Speaker 1: and Fanning died in eighteen eighteen. Herman husband fled to Pennsylvania, 591 00:34:13,040 --> 00:34:15,560 Speaker 1: where he was part of the Whiskey Rebellion, for which 592 00:34:15,560 --> 00:34:18,920 Speaker 1: he was convicted and condemned to death, but then later freed. 593 00:34:19,360 --> 00:34:24,400 Speaker 1: He died in seventeen nine. As for Tryon's palace, his successor, 594 00:34:24,560 --> 00:34:28,480 Speaker 1: Josiah Martin, furnished it really extravagantly, but then he fled 595 00:34:28,520 --> 00:34:30,920 Speaker 1: the capital in May of seventeen seventy six out of 596 00:34:30,960 --> 00:34:34,640 Speaker 1: fear of the Revolutionary War. The state government took control 597 00:34:34,680 --> 00:34:37,279 Speaker 1: of the building in seventeen seventy seven, although it was 598 00:34:37,320 --> 00:34:41,480 Speaker 1: again abandoned as the war went on. The building was 599 00:34:41,520 --> 00:34:44,680 Speaker 1: also damaged when large amounts of lead that had been 600 00:34:44,760 --> 00:34:47,000 Speaker 1: used in its construction were torn out of it and 601 00:34:47,080 --> 00:34:50,640 Speaker 1: made into musket balls. The state capital was moved to 602 00:34:50,719 --> 00:34:54,120 Speaker 1: Raleigh in seventeen ninety two, at which point Trion's Palace 603 00:34:54,160 --> 00:34:58,200 Speaker 1: had been damaged by vandals and squatters. It burned down 604 00:34:58,280 --> 00:35:03,279 Speaker 1: on February seven. It was restored and rebuilt in the 605 00:35:03,360 --> 00:35:06,200 Speaker 1: nineteen fifties and is now just known as Tryon Palace 606 00:35:06,640 --> 00:35:10,560 Speaker 1: without the s. Some historians argue that the regulator movement 607 00:35:10,600 --> 00:35:14,279 Speaker 1: was a precursor to the Revolutionary War, especially given how 608 00:35:14,360 --> 00:35:17,400 Speaker 1: much of the dispute was between ordinary farmers and the 609 00:35:17,480 --> 00:35:20,400 Speaker 1: royal governor, and how many of the same or similar 610 00:35:20,480 --> 00:35:24,600 Speaker 1: grievances were shared between the regulators and the patriots. In 611 00:35:24,640 --> 00:35:28,719 Speaker 1: addition to taxation and representation and other issues that we discussed. 612 00:35:29,200 --> 00:35:31,840 Speaker 1: Tryon supported the British government when it came to the 613 00:35:31,880 --> 00:35:35,160 Speaker 1: Stamp Act of seventeen sixty five, and had refused to 614 00:35:35,239 --> 00:35:38,800 Speaker 1: allow a delegation from North Carolina to attend the Stamp 615 00:35:38,800 --> 00:35:42,720 Speaker 1: Act Congress that October. And this whole incident does seem 616 00:35:42,760 --> 00:35:46,759 Speaker 1: to have inspired some of the patriots in Pennsylvania and Massachusetts, 617 00:35:46,800 --> 00:35:49,439 Speaker 1: but it does not appear that most of the regulators 618 00:35:49,440 --> 00:35:53,040 Speaker 1: became involved in the revolution themselves. None of this is 619 00:35:53,040 --> 00:35:57,080 Speaker 1: anything that I would have gleaned from watching Outlander, because 620 00:35:57,120 --> 00:36:00,600 Speaker 1: as we all know, Outlander is not really a source 621 00:36:01,000 --> 00:36:06,920 Speaker 1: of historical accuracy. Uh that is, that is not its mission. 622 00:36:08,560 --> 00:36:12,400 Speaker 1: You have listener mail for us, I sure do. This 623 00:36:12,560 --> 00:36:15,480 Speaker 1: is from John. John says, I just finished your two 624 00:36:15,520 --> 00:36:18,040 Speaker 1: part episode on so Journal Truth and really enjoyed it. 625 00:36:18,360 --> 00:36:20,719 Speaker 1: I teach high school history and have used some of 626 00:36:20,760 --> 00:36:23,680 Speaker 1: your podcast episodes in the past for source material as 627 00:36:23,760 --> 00:36:25,960 Speaker 1: well as some lessons for my students. Thank you for 628 00:36:26,040 --> 00:36:28,919 Speaker 1: always citing your sources. That is a lesson we try 629 00:36:28,920 --> 00:36:30,680 Speaker 1: to get across to our students, and it is nice 630 00:36:30,680 --> 00:36:33,640 Speaker 1: to you reinforce that. This past summer, I took a 631 00:36:33,719 --> 00:36:36,840 Speaker 1: course on American protest and we were looking at some 632 00:36:36,880 --> 00:36:40,239 Speaker 1: photographs that were sold during the abolitionist movement, including some 633 00:36:40,320 --> 00:36:43,320 Speaker 1: of so Journal Truth. One of the photos that Truth 634 00:36:43,400 --> 00:36:46,480 Speaker 1: posed for was her holding some yarn with a string 635 00:36:46,520 --> 00:36:48,640 Speaker 1: of yarn on her lap. In the outline of the 636 00:36:48,719 --> 00:36:51,920 Speaker 1: United States, you can infer that the nation is becoming 637 00:36:52,160 --> 00:36:55,399 Speaker 1: untangled over the issue of slavery. I included a link 638 00:36:55,440 --> 00:36:57,759 Speaker 1: to the photo and an online source. I thought you 639 00:36:57,800 --> 00:36:59,920 Speaker 1: would enjoy that fact. I also included a link to 640 00:37:00,040 --> 00:37:03,080 Speaker 1: an article on knitting and social activism for you, hoping 641 00:37:03,160 --> 00:37:05,600 Speaker 1: you would enjoy it. Thank you both for your enthusiasm 642 00:37:05,640 --> 00:37:09,440 Speaker 1: and passion for history, Sincerely, John, Thanks so much John 643 00:37:09,920 --> 00:37:13,440 Speaker 1: for this uh for this email. That photo is really 644 00:37:13,480 --> 00:37:17,040 Speaker 1: interesting because it's not possible for us to really know 645 00:37:17,120 --> 00:37:22,480 Speaker 1: whether the yarn was intentionally draped out that way, um 646 00:37:22,520 --> 00:37:25,440 Speaker 1: because it does kind of resemble the United States. But 647 00:37:25,600 --> 00:37:30,200 Speaker 1: also people are primed to see patterns and things. Uh So, 648 00:37:30,320 --> 00:37:32,880 Speaker 1: regardless of whether that was part of the initial intent 649 00:37:33,000 --> 00:37:37,360 Speaker 1: of the photographer, it does make it a really striking image. UM. 650 00:37:37,480 --> 00:37:39,759 Speaker 1: For that and other reasons, there are also a lot 651 00:37:39,840 --> 00:37:46,400 Speaker 1: of very interesting articles about those particular photos and how 652 00:37:46,440 --> 00:37:48,839 Speaker 1: they were posed and how they were framed and sort 653 00:37:48,880 --> 00:37:51,520 Speaker 1: of the more staged aspects to them and what they 654 00:37:51,520 --> 00:37:54,600 Speaker 1: all mean. It is super interesting for folks who were 655 00:37:54,600 --> 00:37:58,440 Speaker 1: interested in um like the history of photography and the 656 00:37:58,600 --> 00:38:05,040 Speaker 1: history of pick sure's, as like political meanings and even propaganda. 657 00:38:05,200 --> 00:38:09,160 Speaker 1: It's all tied together. So thanks so much John for 658 00:38:09,440 --> 00:38:12,319 Speaker 1: that note. If you would like to write to us 659 00:38:12,360 --> 00:38:14,920 Speaker 1: about this or any other podcast, we are at History 660 00:38:15,000 --> 00:38:17,040 Speaker 1: Podcasts at how Stuff Works. Dot com, and then we're 661 00:38:17,080 --> 00:38:19,960 Speaker 1: all over social media at missed in History. That is 662 00:38:20,000 --> 00:38:22,080 Speaker 1: where you will find our Facebook and our pinterest, in, 663 00:38:22,120 --> 00:38:25,279 Speaker 1: our Instagram, and our Twitter. I think is the one 664 00:38:25,280 --> 00:38:27,319 Speaker 1: that I left off. If you would like to come 665 00:38:27,360 --> 00:38:30,080 Speaker 1: to our website, which is missed in history dot com, 666 00:38:30,320 --> 00:38:32,719 Speaker 1: you will find up at the top of the page 667 00:38:32,800 --> 00:38:37,480 Speaker 1: where it says Paris trip exclamation point, information about the 668 00:38:37,480 --> 00:38:40,239 Speaker 1: trip we are taking to Paris later this year that 669 00:38:40,320 --> 00:38:43,000 Speaker 1: you can go on. UH. You can also find a 670 00:38:43,040 --> 00:38:45,919 Speaker 1: searchable archive of every episode we have ever done, and 671 00:38:46,000 --> 00:38:48,640 Speaker 1: you can find all of the show notes for the 672 00:38:48,680 --> 00:38:51,080 Speaker 1: episodes Holly and I have done. And you can find 673 00:38:51,120 --> 00:38:54,000 Speaker 1: and subscribe to our show in Apple podcast, the I 674 00:38:54,080 --> 00:39:02,120 Speaker 1: Heart Radio app, and anywhere else you get podcasts. For 675 00:39:02,239 --> 00:39:04,759 Speaker 1: more on this and thousands of other topics, visit how 676 00:39:04,800 --> 00:39:11,759 Speaker 1: staff works dot com.