1 00:00:00,240 --> 00:00:28,000 Speaker 1: Ridiculous History is a production of I Heart Radio. Welcome 2 00:00:28,080 --> 00:00:32,400 Speaker 1: to the show Ridiculous Historians, and hello to you and 3 00:00:32,640 --> 00:00:36,720 Speaker 1: whatever neck of the global would you find yourself today. 4 00:00:37,240 --> 00:00:41,519 Speaker 1: I gotta tell you this episode and this topic for 5 00:00:41,560 --> 00:00:45,320 Speaker 1: today's episode is calling up some memories for me of 6 00:00:45,400 --> 00:00:49,000 Speaker 1: a very strange weekend. There was one time where circumstances 7 00:00:49,000 --> 00:00:52,360 Speaker 1: found me in Dublin for like twenty six hours. You 8 00:00:52,400 --> 00:00:54,720 Speaker 1: do that from time to time, don't you. Man. Things happen, 9 00:00:54,800 --> 00:00:57,360 Speaker 1: the old things happened. We were just before we went 10 00:00:57,400 --> 00:01:02,440 Speaker 1: on the air, asking our super producer, Casey Pegrum, who 11 00:01:02,560 --> 00:01:06,440 Speaker 1: is probably the most well traveled of the three of us, 12 00:01:06,680 --> 00:01:10,720 Speaker 1: if he had ever been to Ireland. And Casey you said, 13 00:01:10,800 --> 00:01:12,800 Speaker 1: you said no, Right. I don't know if I'm the 14 00:01:12,840 --> 00:01:16,479 Speaker 1: most traveled in terms of countries visited or if I'm 15 00:01:16,480 --> 00:01:18,560 Speaker 1: just the most frequently traveled, because I keep going to 16 00:01:18,560 --> 00:01:21,920 Speaker 1: Paris every year, because I actually I kind of made 17 00:01:21,959 --> 00:01:24,000 Speaker 1: my tour of Europe and then I just stayed in 18 00:01:24,000 --> 00:01:27,560 Speaker 1: Paris after that, and every time I get ready to go, 19 00:01:27,600 --> 00:01:29,320 Speaker 1: I'm like, I should see some more places, and then 20 00:01:29,319 --> 00:01:31,479 Speaker 1: I'm just like, no, I'm not. I was gonna stay here. 21 00:01:31,680 --> 00:01:34,920 Speaker 1: What was amazing about Ireland, the very small amount of 22 00:01:34,959 --> 00:01:40,440 Speaker 1: time I spent there was everybody had these amazing musical accents. 23 00:01:40,680 --> 00:01:44,360 Speaker 1: And this might not seem like a big deal to 24 00:01:44,560 --> 00:01:47,760 Speaker 1: a lot of US listening in Europe or maybe Australia 25 00:01:47,880 --> 00:01:51,400 Speaker 1: or other places. But here in the US, North Americans 26 00:01:51,400 --> 00:01:56,040 Speaker 1: and probably this includes Canadians as well, love the Irish accent. 27 00:01:56,200 --> 00:01:59,680 Speaker 1: I heard two guys getting into a street fight at 28 00:01:59,720 --> 00:02:02,000 Speaker 1: like two in the morning, and I thought they were 29 00:02:02,040 --> 00:02:04,760 Speaker 1: just being very kind to each other. One of them 30 00:02:04,840 --> 00:02:07,520 Speaker 1: was like, I'll be seeing you then, and the other 31 00:02:07,560 --> 00:02:10,480 Speaker 1: one said, oh no, I'll be seeing you. It's like 32 00:02:11,560 --> 00:02:14,320 Speaker 1: he was like, oh no, I'll and he's like yeah. 33 00:02:14,320 --> 00:02:16,079 Speaker 1: And this is the line the guy used. He said, 34 00:02:16,240 --> 00:02:20,280 Speaker 1: I'll see you very well. And I turned around. I 35 00:02:20,360 --> 00:02:24,959 Speaker 1: see I turned around and the police force, uh like 36 00:02:25,160 --> 00:02:29,440 Speaker 1: Alreadia they're called. They were holding these guys back, and 37 00:02:29,520 --> 00:02:31,600 Speaker 1: one of them had a bottle that he was like 38 00:02:31,720 --> 00:02:35,480 Speaker 1: brandishing at the other one. It sounded like this very polite, 39 00:02:35,560 --> 00:02:40,360 Speaker 1: maybe slightly drunken conversation between friends, right, who are just 40 00:02:40,400 --> 00:02:43,000 Speaker 1: trying to like one up their bromance. But no, those 41 00:02:43,000 --> 00:02:44,720 Speaker 1: guys were going to beat the tar out of each other. 42 00:02:44,800 --> 00:02:47,880 Speaker 1: We've we've we've probably sounded that way to passers by before, 43 00:02:48,600 --> 00:02:52,200 Speaker 1: slightly in our cups on the porch of the old Local. 44 00:02:52,400 --> 00:02:55,120 Speaker 1: This is the bar that we frequent, Yes, our local 45 00:02:55,160 --> 00:02:58,359 Speaker 1: bars called the Local. It's very true. Chicken wings great 46 00:02:58,400 --> 00:03:00,280 Speaker 1: chicken wing is really easy to remember. Ben, want to 47 00:03:00,280 --> 00:03:01,839 Speaker 1: take an opportunity here at the top of the show, 48 00:03:01,880 --> 00:03:04,040 Speaker 1: real quick. Yeah, we You and I had a very 49 00:03:04,080 --> 00:03:07,440 Speaker 1: interesting texts exchange to the other night where um, you 50 00:03:07,560 --> 00:03:10,280 Speaker 1: mentioned the fact that you had uh an add amount 51 00:03:10,320 --> 00:03:12,040 Speaker 1: of pictures of a mutual friend of ours on your 52 00:03:12,040 --> 00:03:14,000 Speaker 1: phone and you asked me if I want to subscribe 53 00:03:14,040 --> 00:03:17,840 Speaker 1: to a service called nick Picks Nicks and you just 54 00:03:17,880 --> 00:03:19,800 Speaker 1: send me this email as though it were from a boss, 55 00:03:19,840 --> 00:03:22,440 Speaker 1: saying you've you have subscribed to nick Pick. Press F 56 00:03:22,639 --> 00:03:26,280 Speaker 1: in the chat renamed for good luck unsubscribed by being lame, 57 00:03:26,520 --> 00:03:29,320 Speaker 1: and then I hit F and then Ben proceeded to 58 00:03:29,360 --> 00:03:33,239 Speaker 1: send me like a dozen screenshots of the iTunes reviews 59 00:03:33,320 --> 00:03:37,360 Speaker 1: for this show, and my response was, what the hell? 60 00:03:37,880 --> 00:03:40,880 Speaker 1: That was brutal? I avoid these reviews like the plague. 61 00:03:40,920 --> 00:03:45,040 Speaker 1: Explain yourself, sir. Oh. Also, don't forget that you did 62 00:03:45,160 --> 00:03:49,120 Speaker 1: get along with that some top notch Nick pick picks, 63 00:03:49,520 --> 00:03:54,120 Speaker 1: which a friend of ours ni Nick Benson, Admiral Turbot. 64 00:03:54,200 --> 00:03:56,000 Speaker 1: He goes, but but I bring it up because I 65 00:03:56,040 --> 00:03:58,600 Speaker 1: wanted to read. Most of these were quite good, and 66 00:03:58,600 --> 00:03:59,920 Speaker 1: Ben has a good point that a lot of our 67 00:04:00,040 --> 00:04:02,400 Speaker 1: tunes reviews are either Apple podcast or either one star 68 00:04:02,520 --> 00:04:04,880 Speaker 1: or five stars, depending on where you fall in the spectrum. 69 00:04:04,920 --> 00:04:07,560 Speaker 1: But this is one I quite enjoyed. The subject is 70 00:04:07,800 --> 00:04:10,720 Speaker 1: such a waste of resources, and here's the review, so 71 00:04:10,840 --> 00:04:13,720 Speaker 1: one star. The topics and headlines of the new podcast 72 00:04:13,800 --> 00:04:16,880 Speaker 1: episodes are great, but when you listen, you realize they 73 00:04:16,920 --> 00:04:19,159 Speaker 1: aren't there to cover it, but to go off on 74 00:04:19,360 --> 00:04:23,400 Speaker 1: nerd tangents and dialogue that is completely irrelevant. No offense, 75 00:04:23,600 --> 00:04:25,839 Speaker 1: But I don't want to listen to your side convos 76 00:04:25,839 --> 00:04:28,920 Speaker 1: and inside jokes. Stay on topic and present the story. 77 00:04:29,240 --> 00:04:31,760 Speaker 1: One of the guys is the worst and always takes 78 00:04:31,800 --> 00:04:35,159 Speaker 1: it off topic all caps. No one cares stick to 79 00:04:35,240 --> 00:04:38,080 Speaker 1: the content. He didn't identify who which one of us 80 00:04:38,160 --> 00:04:41,120 Speaker 1: was the worst, but I would conjecture that if you're 81 00:04:41,160 --> 00:04:43,680 Speaker 1: listening to the show now, and you're still listening, then 82 00:04:43,720 --> 00:04:45,800 Speaker 1: you're one of those people who likes the side convos 83 00:04:45,800 --> 00:04:47,719 Speaker 1: in the nerd chat at the top of the show. 84 00:04:47,839 --> 00:04:50,919 Speaker 1: I remember that when and I don't know who that is. 85 00:04:50,960 --> 00:04:53,520 Speaker 1: I feel like they're naming all three of us. There 86 00:04:53,600 --> 00:04:55,840 Speaker 1: was one There was one review I can't remember if 87 00:04:55,880 --> 00:04:58,479 Speaker 1: I sent this to that that made me laugh and 88 00:04:58,480 --> 00:05:00,680 Speaker 1: it made me think of you, Casey, because a lot 89 00:05:00,720 --> 00:05:04,960 Speaker 1: of it was telling us not not to They were like, 90 00:05:05,000 --> 00:05:08,200 Speaker 1: we don't understand. I don't understanding of this, Casey Pegram 91 00:05:08,320 --> 00:05:11,400 Speaker 1: is why are these guys fawning? That's the word they use, fawning, 92 00:05:11,520 --> 00:05:14,279 Speaker 1: great word f a w N. Why are they fawning 93 00:05:14,320 --> 00:05:16,400 Speaker 1: over this person? We don't know? And I thought, wow, 94 00:05:16,480 --> 00:05:19,760 Speaker 1: you have not listened to the show ever, because, uh, 95 00:05:19,839 --> 00:05:22,719 Speaker 1: super producer Casey Pegram has been there since day one. 96 00:05:23,360 --> 00:05:25,000 Speaker 1: I did see that review and it cracked me up. 97 00:05:25,120 --> 00:05:27,240 Speaker 1: Just somebody coming in the middle and be like, what, 98 00:05:27,400 --> 00:05:30,160 Speaker 1: who is this guy? Why do they keep mentioning this guy? Well, 99 00:05:30,200 --> 00:05:31,800 Speaker 1: I'll tell you we we we at. We don't we 100 00:05:31,880 --> 00:05:33,880 Speaker 1: fawn for a good reason. I mean, it's a fund 101 00:05:33,960 --> 00:05:36,920 Speaker 1: that comes honestly because Casey Pegram is one of both 102 00:05:36,920 --> 00:05:38,839 Speaker 1: of our favorite people. And if you can't get on 103 00:05:38,880 --> 00:05:41,840 Speaker 1: board with that, listener, then maybe you need to find 104 00:05:41,880 --> 00:05:45,200 Speaker 1: yourself a different podcast. We literally have a T shirt 105 00:05:45,520 --> 00:05:48,280 Speaker 1: with Casey's face on it, thanks again for letting us 106 00:05:48,320 --> 00:05:50,680 Speaker 1: pull that one off it right now, and Noel is 107 00:05:50,720 --> 00:05:54,120 Speaker 1: wearing one of them. Yeah, so folks on is baffled 108 00:05:54,160 --> 00:05:56,360 Speaker 1: by all of this, as as you are said, well, well, 109 00:05:56,360 --> 00:05:59,320 Speaker 1: they don't know the backstory of how I spent the 110 00:05:59,400 --> 00:06:02,359 Speaker 1: better part of what seven months trying to talk you 111 00:06:02,400 --> 00:06:04,640 Speaker 1: into letting me get a shirt with your face on it, 112 00:06:04,680 --> 00:06:07,120 Speaker 1: and you politely told me it was weird. But now 113 00:06:07,120 --> 00:06:11,880 Speaker 1: we're doing it for a show. Yeah, that's that's. Uh, 114 00:06:11,920 --> 00:06:15,920 Speaker 1: that was a severely I'll tolerate you've been response from 115 00:06:15,960 --> 00:06:18,160 Speaker 1: our good friend Casey. I'm fine with that. I think 116 00:06:18,200 --> 00:06:21,479 Speaker 1: Casey held it together delightfully. Uh. Speaking of holding it 117 00:06:21,520 --> 00:06:25,360 Speaker 1: together delightfully, we should probably do an actual show right right. So, 118 00:06:25,600 --> 00:06:29,960 Speaker 1: I'm not mentioning the beautiful lilt of the how do 119 00:06:30,000 --> 00:06:32,000 Speaker 1: we get to the reviews, I'm not mentioning the beautiful 120 00:06:32,040 --> 00:06:37,320 Speaker 1: lilt of the Irish accent for nothing. Today's show does 121 00:06:37,480 --> 00:06:44,120 Speaker 1: concern the Irish, but not necessarily Ireland. We're talking about 122 00:06:44,120 --> 00:06:50,800 Speaker 1: a time when the Irish invaded our fair country to 123 00:06:50,880 --> 00:06:54,119 Speaker 1: the north of the US. Canada did we do another 124 00:06:54,160 --> 00:06:57,479 Speaker 1: Canada invasion story pretty recently. We did. It was a 125 00:06:57,680 --> 00:07:00,800 Speaker 1: Fort Blunder, which was built on the wrong side of 126 00:07:00,839 --> 00:07:03,480 Speaker 1: the border. That's right, because we were concerned about an 127 00:07:03,520 --> 00:07:08,240 Speaker 1: invasion from Canada. This episode concerns an invasion of Canada 128 00:07:08,560 --> 00:07:12,640 Speaker 1: by the Fenians, who were members of a nineteenth century 129 00:07:12,800 --> 00:07:18,120 Speaker 1: movement that was all about Irish independence from Britain Um. 130 00:07:18,200 --> 00:07:22,600 Speaker 1: They were a secret organization, They were outlawed in the 131 00:07:22,640 --> 00:07:27,840 Speaker 1: British Empire um and they were also known in Britain 132 00:07:28,080 --> 00:07:32,080 Speaker 1: as the Irish Republican Brotherhood. Is this a precursor to 133 00:07:32,160 --> 00:07:36,520 Speaker 1: the IRA? A, Ben, I believe. I believe that is correct, 134 00:07:36,960 --> 00:07:41,880 Speaker 1: at least in terms of concepts, right, So the IRA 135 00:07:42,040 --> 00:07:47,280 Speaker 1: would be thematically descended or ideologically descended, if not directly descended. 136 00:07:47,440 --> 00:07:49,560 Speaker 1: So tell us a little bit about those roots, then, 137 00:07:49,600 --> 00:07:53,480 Speaker 1: Ben of the Fenians shut. The Finian Brotherhood was founded 138 00:07:53,520 --> 00:07:58,120 Speaker 1: in the United States in eighteen fifty eight, and it 139 00:07:58,200 --> 00:08:02,440 Speaker 1: was a precursor to things like the Irish Republican Brotherhood. 140 00:08:02,800 --> 00:08:08,160 Speaker 1: The members were known as Finnians and Mahoney John Mahoney, 141 00:08:08,200 --> 00:08:10,720 Speaker 1: that is, one of the founders, was a Gaelic scholar 142 00:08:10,760 --> 00:08:15,560 Speaker 1: who named his organization after the Fianna legendary band of 143 00:08:15,760 --> 00:08:20,520 Speaker 1: Irish warriors. So they trace their origins back to the 144 00:08:20,560 --> 00:08:24,960 Speaker 1: seventeen nineties when there was a rebellion seeking to end 145 00:08:25,000 --> 00:08:28,280 Speaker 1: British rule in Ireland, first for self government and then 146 00:08:28,480 --> 00:08:33,600 Speaker 1: later to establish an Irish Republic. When John O'Mahoney had 147 00:08:33,920 --> 00:08:37,080 Speaker 1: founded this, he did it after he had traveled to 148 00:08:37,200 --> 00:08:40,920 Speaker 1: the continent to avoid rest in Ireland, and then he 149 00:08:40,960 --> 00:08:43,720 Speaker 1: had lived in France for a little bit, still planning 150 00:08:43,760 --> 00:08:47,040 Speaker 1: to overthrow British rule in Ireland, and in eighteen fifty 151 00:08:47,120 --> 00:08:49,840 Speaker 1: six he came to the United States to found the 152 00:08:49,880 --> 00:08:57,760 Speaker 1: Finian Brotherhood. And in some ways the Finian Brotherhood was 153 00:08:58,280 --> 00:09:02,880 Speaker 1: aiming to become a replacement Irish government. They had adopted 154 00:09:02,960 --> 00:09:08,120 Speaker 1: a constitution, rules for general governance and so on, and 155 00:09:08,160 --> 00:09:10,840 Speaker 1: this was it's important to know this was an American 156 00:09:10,960 --> 00:09:15,560 Speaker 1: branch of this larger Finian movement, and the main thing 157 00:09:15,640 --> 00:09:20,400 Speaker 1: that they did originally was to raise funds and obtain 158 00:09:20,520 --> 00:09:24,280 Speaker 1: weapons to send to Ireland. The mission of the Finians 159 00:09:24,440 --> 00:09:29,720 Speaker 1: was always ultimately to overthrow and drive out the British forces. 160 00:09:29,960 --> 00:09:32,480 Speaker 1: So here's the thing too. Most of the Finians had 161 00:09:32,480 --> 00:09:38,040 Speaker 1: been made super battle weary and hardened rugged even by 162 00:09:38,200 --> 00:09:42,360 Speaker 1: the American Civil War where they had fought. They were experienced, 163 00:09:42,800 --> 00:09:47,600 Speaker 1: they had seen plenty of brutal and bloody battle, and 164 00:09:47,800 --> 00:09:50,680 Speaker 1: they were very, very skilled. Right. Out of all these 165 00:09:50,760 --> 00:09:54,760 Speaker 1: immigrants who had fought in the Civil War, ten thousand 166 00:09:54,880 --> 00:09:58,480 Speaker 1: joined the Fenians after the war ended in eighteen sixty five. 167 00:09:58,559 --> 00:10:01,080 Speaker 1: That's the U s Civil War, under the leadership of 168 00:10:01,080 --> 00:10:04,960 Speaker 1: a Brigadier General Thomas William Sweeney. They also elected that 169 00:10:05,040 --> 00:10:08,520 Speaker 1: government in exile when we're talking about New York, and 170 00:10:09,240 --> 00:10:14,080 Speaker 1: they changed their strategy. They said, instead of just moving 171 00:10:14,480 --> 00:10:21,880 Speaker 1: money and soldiers and weapons to Ireland, let's do something else. 172 00:10:22,240 --> 00:10:27,079 Speaker 1: Let's take the fight for Irish freedom to British Canada. 173 00:10:32,480 --> 00:10:35,720 Speaker 1: Here's how it came about. In eighteen sixty an American 174 00:10:35,800 --> 00:10:39,800 Speaker 1: ship called Errand's Hope E R I N S was 175 00:10:40,160 --> 00:10:43,079 Speaker 1: intercepted by the British Navy on the way to Ireland. 176 00:10:43,760 --> 00:10:48,240 Speaker 1: The ship was loaded with soldiers and ammunition bound for 177 00:10:48,320 --> 00:10:52,960 Speaker 1: this planned Finnian revolt. The mission failed and the Finnian 178 00:10:53,080 --> 00:10:58,400 Speaker 1: branch in America held an emergency convention in Philadelphia. A 179 00:10:58,440 --> 00:11:02,600 Speaker 1: guy named William Randall Roberts, who was a radical fire brand, 180 00:11:02,679 --> 00:11:05,720 Speaker 1: was elected president. Of the Fenians, and he said, let's 181 00:11:05,880 --> 00:11:11,160 Speaker 1: invade the British North American colonies of Canada. And they 182 00:11:11,200 --> 00:11:13,880 Speaker 1: thought this was maybe not a good idea. They thought 183 00:11:13,880 --> 00:11:16,240 Speaker 1: it was something they could pull off. They thought it 184 00:11:16,280 --> 00:11:18,800 Speaker 1: was possible and plausible. Because even then, I mean, the 185 00:11:18,800 --> 00:11:22,120 Speaker 1: Canadians probably have the same reputation they have now is 186 00:11:22,160 --> 00:11:27,760 Speaker 1: being pretty chill, agreeable folks. Right. It's interesting because the 187 00:11:27,800 --> 00:11:32,880 Speaker 1: Fenians already had some support politically in the US and 188 00:11:33,040 --> 00:11:36,120 Speaker 1: the government didn't really mess with their meetings or gatherings 189 00:11:36,120 --> 00:11:40,000 Speaker 1: and stuff, and Canada's borders were virtually unsecured. The only 190 00:11:40,000 --> 00:11:45,600 Speaker 1: guards they had were citizen volunteers. So all these veterans 191 00:11:45,600 --> 00:11:48,920 Speaker 1: who have military experience and are armed because they were 192 00:11:48,960 --> 00:11:50,880 Speaker 1: able to get this I didn't know this. After the 193 00:11:50,920 --> 00:11:53,880 Speaker 1: Civil War. They were able to purchase their rifles and 194 00:11:54,000 --> 00:11:58,120 Speaker 1: AMMO at a super deep discount, like, hey, congratulations on 195 00:11:58,240 --> 00:12:03,000 Speaker 1: surviving this usual lead cost you know, but we'll give 196 00:12:03,000 --> 00:12:05,640 Speaker 1: it to you for two just because of like as 197 00:12:05,679 --> 00:12:09,080 Speaker 1: a as a reward almost for their service. Congratulations, you 198 00:12:09,120 --> 00:12:11,240 Speaker 1: are alive. Here's a deep discount for you. Let's you 199 00:12:11,240 --> 00:12:12,760 Speaker 1: know better than nothing. I guess I know. The next 200 00:12:12,760 --> 00:12:15,839 Speaker 1: thing you want is another, another gun, and more stuff 201 00:12:15,880 --> 00:12:18,199 Speaker 1: to do, that's right, and more and more people to 202 00:12:18,320 --> 00:12:21,560 Speaker 1: kill and uh, protect yourself from from being killed by. 203 00:12:21,600 --> 00:12:23,000 Speaker 1: But you know, if there was anyone I wanted to 204 00:12:23,000 --> 00:12:24,920 Speaker 1: do that with, it would be the Canadians. But that 205 00:12:24,960 --> 00:12:29,280 Speaker 1: could be entirely incorrect. That reputation could be absolutely um 206 00:12:29,320 --> 00:12:32,720 Speaker 1: a fabrication, and Canadians could actually be bloodthirsty killers. But 207 00:12:32,840 --> 00:12:37,479 Speaker 1: we don't really have that information here in this story right. Well, 208 00:12:37,559 --> 00:12:40,559 Speaker 1: we do know is that the idea for the invasion 209 00:12:40,720 --> 00:12:43,080 Speaker 1: or the seeds were planted as far back as eighteen 210 00:12:43,160 --> 00:12:47,240 Speaker 1: sixty five when the Fenians in the us UH split 211 00:12:47,320 --> 00:12:51,760 Speaker 1: up into two factions. One was headed by William Roberts, 212 00:12:51,800 --> 00:12:54,720 Speaker 1: the other by a guy named John o' mahoney um 213 00:12:54,800 --> 00:12:56,920 Speaker 1: who was a member it was one of the founding 214 00:12:56,960 --> 00:13:00,160 Speaker 1: members of the Brother Right, and the Robert's wing is 215 00:13:00,200 --> 00:13:05,680 Speaker 1: actually the one that suggested doing this invasion of Canada. Um. 216 00:13:05,720 --> 00:13:08,760 Speaker 1: And here are some of the supporting details that they 217 00:13:08,920 --> 00:13:12,800 Speaker 1: put forth as a justification for this plan. They pointed 218 00:13:12,840 --> 00:13:15,199 Speaker 1: to the fact that there were hundreds of thousands of 219 00:13:15,240 --> 00:13:20,920 Speaker 1: these battle hardened veterans that could support this invasion and 220 00:13:20,960 --> 00:13:23,600 Speaker 1: if they did it and timed it in the right way, 221 00:13:23,640 --> 00:13:27,120 Speaker 1: it could bring about a real revolution in Ireland if 222 00:13:27,160 --> 00:13:31,000 Speaker 1: they controlled Canada. It would also force the British government 223 00:13:31,080 --> 00:13:36,319 Speaker 1: to be engaged in two different wars separated by an ocean, 224 00:13:36,400 --> 00:13:41,880 Speaker 1: which logistically is incredibly expensive. And eventually they realized that 225 00:13:41,880 --> 00:13:44,960 Speaker 1: that rebellion they were hoping for, the revolution they were 226 00:13:45,000 --> 00:13:49,280 Speaker 1: hoping for in Ireland, was not actually going to take 227 00:13:49,320 --> 00:13:51,800 Speaker 1: place or gain the momentum they wanted it to gain. 228 00:13:52,200 --> 00:13:54,400 Speaker 1: They kept with the idea of the invasion, but the 229 00:13:54,440 --> 00:13:58,000 Speaker 1: goal changed. Instead, they said, let's make sure we can 230 00:13:58,040 --> 00:14:02,840 Speaker 1: engineer a border incident between the US and Britain that 231 00:14:02,920 --> 00:14:08,080 Speaker 1: will force them into another war. And you know, it's 232 00:14:08,200 --> 00:14:11,320 Speaker 1: it's no secret at this point that the US and 233 00:14:12,040 --> 00:14:15,400 Speaker 1: Britainer is still very sore at one another. The British 234 00:14:15,400 --> 00:14:20,080 Speaker 1: Empire heavily favored the Confederacy during the Civil War, which 235 00:14:20,240 --> 00:14:23,800 Speaker 1: is a fact that many people are unaware of. Uh 236 00:14:23,920 --> 00:14:27,920 Speaker 1: During the war, in fact, the British government almost granted 237 00:14:28,000 --> 00:14:33,640 Speaker 1: diplomatic recognition to the Confederacy. And this kind of tense, 238 00:14:34,080 --> 00:14:39,560 Speaker 1: uncool vibe between the US and the Brits was probably 239 00:14:39,600 --> 00:14:42,880 Speaker 1: not going to lead to another full scale war, but 240 00:14:43,160 --> 00:14:46,760 Speaker 1: it did mean that the US government was certainly not 241 00:14:46,800 --> 00:14:49,960 Speaker 1: going to go out of its way to assist British 242 00:14:50,000 --> 00:14:53,040 Speaker 1: forces in Canada. As a matter of fact, we have 243 00:14:53,320 --> 00:14:56,560 Speaker 1: we have solid proof that President Andrew Johnson was aware 244 00:14:56,600 --> 00:15:00,000 Speaker 1: of the Finian's plan for this Irish invasion of Canada, 245 00:15:00,400 --> 00:15:02,520 Speaker 1: but he really do anything to stop it. He was 246 00:15:02,600 --> 00:15:05,840 Speaker 1: kind of like Gene Wilder playing Willie Wonka in the 247 00:15:06,000 --> 00:15:10,120 Speaker 1: UH the original and good adaptation of Charlie and Chocolate Factory, 248 00:15:10,240 --> 00:15:14,960 Speaker 1: where he says, no, stop, hell please. Yeah it's true. Um, 249 00:15:15,000 --> 00:15:19,560 Speaker 1: So let's go a little deeper into what the US 250 00:15:19,880 --> 00:15:21,880 Speaker 1: role in this whole thing was. Yeah, why were they 251 00:15:21,880 --> 00:15:23,880 Speaker 1: okay with all of this? So, like you said before, 252 00:15:23,920 --> 00:15:27,480 Speaker 1: I mean Andrew Johnson was clearly more or less okay 253 00:15:27,520 --> 00:15:30,200 Speaker 1: with letting the Finnian Brotherhood kind of poke Britain in 254 00:15:30,240 --> 00:15:35,200 Speaker 1: the eye, but he actually had some more strategic, kind 255 00:15:35,240 --> 00:15:38,760 Speaker 1: of long term things to gain here. UH. US was 256 00:15:38,880 --> 00:15:41,840 Speaker 1: really deep into this idea of manifest destiny of expanding 257 00:15:42,120 --> 00:15:46,400 Speaker 1: their territorial holdings UM to the west, and the government 258 00:15:46,440 --> 00:15:52,040 Speaker 1: actually participated in this planned rebellion UM. Johnson met with 259 00:15:52,080 --> 00:15:55,000 Speaker 1: some of the leaders of the Fenians UH and helped 260 00:15:55,080 --> 00:15:58,920 Speaker 1: get them discounts on weapons um that they sold to them, 261 00:15:59,160 --> 00:16:02,960 Speaker 1: and he gave them his backing with the understanding that 262 00:16:03,040 --> 00:16:06,880 Speaker 1: if the Irish did take over Canada, they would sort 263 00:16:06,880 --> 00:16:08,960 Speaker 1: of be in league with the United States. That would 264 00:16:09,000 --> 00:16:12,320 Speaker 1: be better than having a territory bordering our country that 265 00:16:12,440 --> 00:16:14,880 Speaker 1: was controlled by the British, who, while we were tasked 266 00:16:14,960 --> 00:16:17,720 Speaker 1: with at the time, we're not, you know, fast friends. 267 00:16:17,720 --> 00:16:21,280 Speaker 1: There's a lot of like simmering resentments held over from 268 00:16:21,280 --> 00:16:25,320 Speaker 1: obviously the Revolutionary War, right uh, and even during the 269 00:16:25,360 --> 00:16:29,400 Speaker 1: Civil War. At the time, Johnson is pressing the British 270 00:16:29,440 --> 00:16:33,960 Speaker 1: government to pay reparations for different damages incurred during the 271 00:16:33,960 --> 00:16:37,320 Speaker 1: Civil War for which he feels they are responsible. And 272 00:16:37,360 --> 00:16:41,560 Speaker 1: we've still okay, back to our two competing Finnian factions. 273 00:16:42,040 --> 00:16:45,400 Speaker 1: This is the Finnian faction fact check. I got through that, 274 00:16:45,440 --> 00:16:49,240 Speaker 1: all right, thank you, sir, thank you. So these two 275 00:16:49,280 --> 00:16:54,000 Speaker 1: different factions launched two different operations in April of eighteen 276 00:16:54,120 --> 00:16:58,240 Speaker 1: sixty six. The O'Mahoney Wing tries to seize an island 277 00:16:58,280 --> 00:17:05,000 Speaker 1: near New Brunswick, but the US Navy oddly enough disperses them. 278 00:17:05,080 --> 00:17:08,400 Speaker 1: They had gathered in Maine, but they were disbanded under 279 00:17:08,480 --> 00:17:12,159 Speaker 1: the eyes of watchful US troops. No one in the 280 00:17:12,200 --> 00:17:16,840 Speaker 1: federal government was super stoked about reigning in these Fenians 281 00:17:17,680 --> 00:17:21,040 Speaker 1: because they thought that they might lose the Irish vote, 282 00:17:21,080 --> 00:17:24,119 Speaker 1: which was a huge voting block right. So as a result, 283 00:17:24,160 --> 00:17:28,040 Speaker 1: the Fenians were able to organize a much larger campaign. Later, 284 00:17:28,680 --> 00:17:32,000 Speaker 1: the other wing, the Robert's Wing, launched its attack on 285 00:17:32,160 --> 00:17:35,080 Speaker 1: Canada under the command of a civil war veteran on 286 00:17:35,240 --> 00:17:39,639 Speaker 1: June the first, eighteen sixty six, General O'Neill led a 287 00:17:39,680 --> 00:17:43,119 Speaker 1: force of over one thousand men into Canadian territory near 288 00:17:43,200 --> 00:17:47,719 Speaker 1: Fort Erie and Ontario, and initially they had some some 289 00:17:47,760 --> 00:17:51,080 Speaker 1: pretty good success. They won two battles, including the Battle 290 00:17:51,119 --> 00:17:54,640 Speaker 1: of Ridgeway, and they only had about ten people die 291 00:17:54,680 --> 00:17:57,439 Speaker 1: on their side, same number of people dead, around the 292 00:17:57,440 --> 00:17:59,920 Speaker 1: same number dead on the Canadian side. But what was 293 00:18:00,040 --> 00:18:02,960 Speaker 1: is the What was the Battle of Ridgeway? And why 294 00:18:03,000 --> 00:18:05,320 Speaker 1: it's funny because in our notes here we haven't listed 295 00:18:05,359 --> 00:18:08,919 Speaker 1: as the so called Battle of Ridgeway. Was it just 296 00:18:08,960 --> 00:18:11,240 Speaker 1: too small to be a battle or what was it? 297 00:18:11,480 --> 00:18:14,159 Speaker 1: So this conflict had had several names. There was the 298 00:18:14,320 --> 00:18:17,440 Speaker 1: Battle of lime Ridge or Limestone Ridge, and of course 299 00:18:17,480 --> 00:18:20,600 Speaker 1: the Battle of Ridgeway. Um and this began this conflict 300 00:18:20,600 --> 00:18:23,360 Speaker 1: on the morning of June the second, nineteen sixty six, 301 00:18:23,359 --> 00:18:26,040 Speaker 1: and it was near a village called Ridgeway and also 302 00:18:26,240 --> 00:18:30,040 Speaker 1: a town in Canada called Fort erie Um, which is 303 00:18:30,080 --> 00:18:33,879 Speaker 1: now Ontario, And there were eight hundred Canadian soldiers and 304 00:18:33,920 --> 00:18:36,960 Speaker 1: they faced off against around the same number a little 305 00:18:37,040 --> 00:18:41,119 Speaker 1: less actually Finnians, around eight between seven hundred Finians who 306 00:18:41,160 --> 00:18:46,040 Speaker 1: had crossed the Niagara River from Buffalo, New York. And 307 00:18:46,040 --> 00:18:49,119 Speaker 1: it's interesting because historically this is a significant thing for 308 00:18:49,320 --> 00:18:53,760 Speaker 1: Canada because it's the first battle of the Industrial Age 309 00:18:53,800 --> 00:18:58,600 Speaker 1: that was fought entirely by Canadians and led exclusively by 310 00:18:58,680 --> 00:19:02,159 Speaker 1: Canadian troops, because they were typically part of a British offensive. Right, 311 00:19:02,200 --> 00:19:04,480 Speaker 1: it's a good point. This also the last battle fought 312 00:19:04,480 --> 00:19:08,800 Speaker 1: in Ontario against a foreign invasion force, and in nineteen 313 00:19:08,880 --> 00:19:17,840 Speaker 1: twenty one it became a national Historic site. So one 314 00:19:17,960 --> 00:19:21,080 Speaker 1: thing that I think reflects well on the character of 315 00:19:21,080 --> 00:19:24,560 Speaker 1: the Fenians in this conflict is that the troops were 316 00:19:24,600 --> 00:19:30,720 Speaker 1: respectful of local civilians and Canadian prisoners of war. In fact, 317 00:19:31,160 --> 00:19:35,760 Speaker 1: one Canadian soldier, Lance Corporal William Ellis, later writing about 318 00:19:35,760 --> 00:19:39,280 Speaker 1: his experience, remarked that the Fenians treatment of myself and 319 00:19:39,320 --> 00:19:42,560 Speaker 1: the other prisoners, was kind and considerate in the extreme. 320 00:19:42,680 --> 00:19:46,120 Speaker 1: So they've got that contagious Canadian vibe, right, it gets 321 00:19:46,119 --> 00:19:51,600 Speaker 1: into everything. O'Neill was aware that the Canadian forces overall 322 00:19:51,960 --> 00:19:55,119 Speaker 1: were much much larger than the team he had put together, 323 00:19:55,480 --> 00:19:58,879 Speaker 1: and eventually those forces would come to bear. So on 324 00:19:58,960 --> 00:20:01,680 Speaker 1: the third of June he said, Okay, we're gonna take 325 00:20:01,720 --> 00:20:04,800 Speaker 1: the army back into US territory and we're gonna wait 326 00:20:04,840 --> 00:20:09,800 Speaker 1: for some friendly reinforcements. But at this point the US government, 327 00:20:10,359 --> 00:20:15,040 Speaker 1: because politics is nothing if not fickle, the US government said, 328 00:20:15,160 --> 00:20:17,719 Speaker 1: all right, maybe this is getting out of control, Like 329 00:20:17,840 --> 00:20:21,280 Speaker 1: we don't like the Brits either, but come on, guys. 330 00:20:21,800 --> 00:20:25,560 Speaker 1: So once they got back across the border, O'Neill's army 331 00:20:25,840 --> 00:20:29,840 Speaker 1: was met by American troops who said, nope, no more 332 00:20:29,920 --> 00:20:33,919 Speaker 1: crossing the border. You can't make any more attacks, and 333 00:20:33,960 --> 00:20:37,480 Speaker 1: over the next few days, the American forces broke up 334 00:20:37,520 --> 00:20:43,040 Speaker 1: the Finian army. O'Neill was even arrested and temporarily incarcerated. Yeah, 335 00:20:43,040 --> 00:20:46,640 Speaker 1: I think the U. S marshals sexually swept through and 336 00:20:46,640 --> 00:20:50,800 Speaker 1: and did the the arresting and incarcerating in question. There Um, 337 00:20:50,840 --> 00:20:55,520 Speaker 1: there was a smaller incursion um into Canada a smaller 338 00:20:55,520 --> 00:20:59,760 Speaker 1: contingent of a Finian troops um. But this was pretty 339 00:20:59,880 --> 00:21:04,760 Speaker 1: much quashed as well. Uh, the second Finian Army UM 340 00:21:04,880 --> 00:21:09,040 Speaker 1: was broken up by the US forces when they got 341 00:21:09,040 --> 00:21:11,400 Speaker 1: back to American soil, and by the eighth of June, 342 00:21:12,000 --> 00:21:14,720 Speaker 1: it was all over. That was it. That was it. Yeah, 343 00:21:14,840 --> 00:21:17,159 Speaker 1: there was kind there with a whimper really yeah. So 344 00:21:17,160 --> 00:21:19,360 Speaker 1: that's why it's a so called battle, right, It's more 345 00:21:19,359 --> 00:21:23,679 Speaker 1: of a series of skirmishes. About eight hundred and fifty 346 00:21:23,760 --> 00:21:26,679 Speaker 1: Fenians were captured by US authorities, as you have mentioned. 347 00:21:26,720 --> 00:21:30,160 Speaker 1: Another one hundred were caught by the Canadian militia. There 348 00:21:30,240 --> 00:21:34,240 Speaker 1: was another raid, no casualties. A lot of the reason 349 00:21:34,280 --> 00:21:37,800 Speaker 1: there was no casualties because US federal authorities had taken 350 00:21:37,840 --> 00:21:43,440 Speaker 1: the Finians guns and ammunition, and the Fenians eventually after 351 00:21:43,480 --> 00:21:48,280 Speaker 1: these failed attempts are more or less disbanded. Because the 352 00:21:48,480 --> 00:21:53,399 Speaker 1: entire invasion demonstrated the futility of their strategy. It proved 353 00:21:53,400 --> 00:21:56,760 Speaker 1: that Canadian forces would fight to preserve their land, and 354 00:21:56,840 --> 00:22:01,000 Speaker 1: more importantly, they could mobilize thousands of volunteers from their 355 00:22:01,080 --> 00:22:05,199 Speaker 1: population to fight for it. There wasn't much hope that 356 00:22:05,240 --> 00:22:08,120 Speaker 1: the Finians could get as many people as they needed 357 00:22:08,160 --> 00:22:12,720 Speaker 1: to first seize Canadian territory, much less hold it against 358 00:22:13,359 --> 00:22:18,400 Speaker 1: volunteer Canadian forces that far outnumbered them. And the Fineans 359 00:22:18,560 --> 00:22:22,400 Speaker 1: learned that no matter what the US government might say 360 00:22:22,480 --> 00:22:24,960 Speaker 1: or how it might feel about the British Empire, they're 361 00:22:25,000 --> 00:22:27,719 Speaker 1: not going to offer any real support, you know what 362 00:22:27,760 --> 00:22:29,520 Speaker 1: I mean? They were They were kind of doing a 363 00:22:29,560 --> 00:22:33,520 Speaker 1: proxy war thing exactly, That's totally true. So, um, what 364 00:22:33,720 --> 00:22:39,080 Speaker 1: happened in eight seventy was that a convention took place 365 00:22:39,600 --> 00:22:43,840 Speaker 1: within the Brotherhood and that's when they decided to launch 366 00:22:43,960 --> 00:22:46,639 Speaker 1: another attack on Canada because it worked so well the 367 00:22:46,760 --> 00:22:49,040 Speaker 1: first let's do this, they're there, they were resolved, and 368 00:22:49,040 --> 00:22:55,160 Speaker 1: so John O'Neill um was to head up the Finian forces. Um, 369 00:22:55,240 --> 00:22:59,119 Speaker 1: and we have John Boyle, John Boil O'Reilly that is, 370 00:22:59,400 --> 00:23:02,320 Speaker 1: who is a journalist, who is who's who's hanging out 371 00:23:02,320 --> 00:23:05,080 Speaker 1: as well. O'Reilly is the reason that we have a 372 00:23:05,080 --> 00:23:09,200 Speaker 1: lot of the juicy details from from this these conflicts, 373 00:23:09,640 --> 00:23:14,959 Speaker 1: and uh, this one was particularly disastrous for the concept 374 00:23:15,040 --> 00:23:20,720 Speaker 1: of Finnianism and these fair United States. Right. What's strange 375 00:23:21,320 --> 00:23:27,159 Speaker 1: is that they did have an unintended benefit for nationalism 376 00:23:27,200 --> 00:23:30,800 Speaker 1: it just wasn't Irish nationalism. Those raids in eighteen sixty 377 00:23:30,880 --> 00:23:36,200 Speaker 1: six didn't do much for Irish nationalism patriotism, but they 378 00:23:36,240 --> 00:23:40,320 Speaker 1: became a defining moment in Canadian history. In February of 379 00:23:40,359 --> 00:23:45,080 Speaker 1: eighteen sixty seven, various Canadian colonies were combined into the 380 00:23:45,160 --> 00:23:50,200 Speaker 1: Dominion of Canada, while some factions of Fenians continued fighting. 381 00:23:50,600 --> 00:23:54,199 Speaker 1: I live the alliteration here. They clearly, if you just 382 00:23:54,240 --> 00:23:57,720 Speaker 1: look at your closest available world map, did not manage 383 00:23:57,760 --> 00:24:02,280 Speaker 1: to liberate northern Ireland. Yet a ship full of Irish 384 00:24:02,320 --> 00:24:05,440 Speaker 1: American fighters landed in western Ireland in May of eighteen 385 00:24:05,480 --> 00:24:09,480 Speaker 1: sixty seven. In eighteen seventy there was another Finnian raid. 386 00:24:09,680 --> 00:24:14,440 Speaker 1: In October eighteen seventy one, a few dozen Finians marched 387 00:24:14,560 --> 00:24:18,960 Speaker 1: in Manitoba or towards Manitoba, hoping to join some rebels. 388 00:24:19,040 --> 00:24:23,800 Speaker 1: They got arrested. They just couldn't get the leverage they need. 389 00:24:23,840 --> 00:24:26,360 Speaker 1: But you have to wonder, what do you think those 390 00:24:26,359 --> 00:24:28,880 Speaker 1: guys would think of Brexit if they heard about it now? 391 00:24:29,160 --> 00:24:31,560 Speaker 1: Because Ireland is Ireland proper is still going to be 392 00:24:31,600 --> 00:24:34,280 Speaker 1: a member of the European Union. It's a good question. 393 00:24:34,320 --> 00:24:37,040 Speaker 1: I mean, I think it would It seems like I 394 00:24:37,080 --> 00:24:40,560 Speaker 1: don't know. I mean, Brexit is more about British Britain 395 00:24:40,640 --> 00:24:43,440 Speaker 1: for the British, and this one's sort of about Irish 396 00:24:43,480 --> 00:24:46,360 Speaker 1: Ireland for the Irish, or like breaking away from Britain, 397 00:24:46,480 --> 00:24:49,160 Speaker 1: so I think they'd probably be into it, right. Yeah, 398 00:24:49,200 --> 00:24:55,040 Speaker 1: I'm wondering because the idea of Northern Ireland gaining independence 399 00:24:55,119 --> 00:24:59,680 Speaker 1: to retain EU status, you know, I I just wonder 400 00:24:59,760 --> 00:25:02,200 Speaker 1: these these are new politics to us, but they are 401 00:25:02,240 --> 00:25:06,040 Speaker 1: politics with a long, long story. Well, Casey, I think 402 00:25:06,080 --> 00:25:08,360 Speaker 1: you've you've spent the most time out of the three 403 00:25:08,359 --> 00:25:10,960 Speaker 1: of us in the EU. Do you do you have 404 00:25:11,000 --> 00:25:13,639 Speaker 1: any insight on what's going to happen? Could breaksit in 405 00:25:13,680 --> 00:25:18,919 Speaker 1: a way end up reunineteen Ireland reuniting or reigniting the 406 00:25:18,920 --> 00:25:22,760 Speaker 1: troubles is kind of the fear um that the kind 407 00:25:22,760 --> 00:25:25,640 Speaker 1: of the very delicate piece that's been worked out there 408 00:25:26,080 --> 00:25:28,640 Speaker 1: since the height of the troubles sounds like it could 409 00:25:28,680 --> 00:25:31,040 Speaker 1: be in jeopardy again, and that that border with Northern 410 00:25:31,080 --> 00:25:34,399 Speaker 1: Ireland could become contentious and could be more of like 411 00:25:34,440 --> 00:25:37,120 Speaker 1: a I think a patrolled border. There could be difficulties 412 00:25:37,160 --> 00:25:40,760 Speaker 1: with like imports and exports. So it's I don't know. 413 00:25:40,800 --> 00:25:43,239 Speaker 1: It's it's a very like messy and delicate situation. From 414 00:25:43,280 --> 00:25:45,640 Speaker 1: what I understand, I'm far, far, far from an expert 415 00:25:46,280 --> 00:25:49,360 Speaker 1: in that region, but that's that's kind of what I've 416 00:25:49,359 --> 00:25:53,320 Speaker 1: heard Casey on the case. And we want to hear 417 00:25:53,400 --> 00:25:56,800 Speaker 1: your take, folks, because one thing this show has taught 418 00:25:56,880 --> 00:26:02,520 Speaker 1: us is that history is chock full of strange attempts 419 00:26:02,520 --> 00:26:05,879 Speaker 1: at revolution that sort of devolved into a couple of 420 00:26:05,960 --> 00:26:09,520 Speaker 1: dozen dudes, maybe with guns, maybe not, Yeah, I mean 421 00:26:09,560 --> 00:26:11,719 Speaker 1: hopefully with guns. It makes for a more interesting story, right, 422 00:26:12,480 --> 00:26:17,080 Speaker 1: What What are your what are your weirdest invasion stories 423 00:26:17,119 --> 00:26:20,679 Speaker 1: that you've encountered locally or in your travels. Let us know. 424 00:26:21,000 --> 00:26:22,760 Speaker 1: You can find us on Instagram, you can find us 425 00:26:22,760 --> 00:26:25,720 Speaker 1: on Facebook, you can find us on Twitter. Were ridiculous 426 00:26:25,800 --> 00:26:28,720 Speaker 1: Historians on Facebook where you can meet one of our 427 00:26:28,760 --> 00:26:32,320 Speaker 1: favorite parts of the show, your fellow listeners if you wish. 428 00:26:32,359 --> 00:26:35,480 Speaker 1: You can find me on Instagram at how Now Noel 429 00:26:35,520 --> 00:26:37,600 Speaker 1: Brown or I just you know, do various and sundry 430 00:26:37,680 --> 00:26:39,600 Speaker 1: things around the house and a little bit of travel, 431 00:26:39,600 --> 00:26:41,080 Speaker 1: a little bit of kicking it with the kid and 432 00:26:41,280 --> 00:26:43,240 Speaker 1: going to shows and whatnot. And I think Ben is 433 00:26:43,280 --> 00:26:45,720 Speaker 1: on there as well, I am. The rumors are true. 434 00:26:45,840 --> 00:26:48,840 Speaker 1: You can find me at ben Boland. You'll see me 435 00:26:48,880 --> 00:26:53,000 Speaker 1: getting kicked into and out of various places on my 436 00:26:53,200 --> 00:26:57,520 Speaker 1: quest for the perfect slice of pizza. I'm kidding. When 437 00:26:57,560 --> 00:27:00,040 Speaker 1: it comes to food, I am. I'm a I'm a 438 00:27:00,040 --> 00:27:02,960 Speaker 1: garbage fire, I'm a dumpster. Just throw food at me. 439 00:27:03,080 --> 00:27:05,160 Speaker 1: I don't need to plate I will just I'll catch 440 00:27:05,200 --> 00:27:08,480 Speaker 1: it and eat it. But yeah, you can see some 441 00:27:08,480 --> 00:27:12,040 Speaker 1: some various, ill informed misadventures there at ben Bowland. We 442 00:27:12,080 --> 00:27:15,280 Speaker 1: want to give a big thanks to super producer Casey 443 00:27:15,359 --> 00:27:18,960 Speaker 1: le Bouche peg Room, who want to also thank Christopher Hasiotis, 444 00:27:19,320 --> 00:27:22,679 Speaker 1: eve's Jeff cot Gabe Luzier, our research associate, and a 445 00:27:22,720 --> 00:27:26,040 Speaker 1: new edition to the show, research pal Ryan Parrish, and 446 00:27:26,119 --> 00:27:28,640 Speaker 1: of course Alex Williams, who composed our theme. We'll see 447 00:27:28,640 --> 00:27:37,920 Speaker 1: you next time. Fix For more podcasts for my Heart Radio, 448 00:27:38,000 --> 00:27:40,600 Speaker 1: visit the I Heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever 449 00:27:40,760 --> 00:27:42,320 Speaker 1: you listen to your favorite shows.